History of agriculture

4058: 1651: 2086: 3977: 1786: 4468: 4242: 2601: 1079: 53: 4101: 3280: 3544: 2537: 3427: 686: 1829: 2407: 12596: 12237: 10875: 12249: 1719: 2311: 3737: 3069:). All are plants of humid climates and their existence at this time on the semi-arid Santa Elena peninsula may be evidence that they were transplanted there from more humid environments. In another study, this area of South America was identified as one of the four oldest places of origin for agriculture, along with the Fertile Crescent, China, and Mesoamerica, dated between 6200 BC and 10000 BC. (To facilitate comprehension by readers, 2992: 3842: 2584:, and it quoted many other Chinese books that were written previously, but no longer survive. The contents of Jia's 6th century book include sections on land preparation, seeding, cultivation, orchard management, forestry, and animal husbandry. The book also includes peripherally related content covering trade and culinary uses for crops. The work and the style in which it was written proved influential on later Chinese 3190: 4417: 12273: 2043: 3004: 12261: 4284: 1704:

pushing hunter-gatherers into denser woodlands. Only the middle-late Bronze Age and Iron Age societies were able to fully replace hunter-gatherers in their final stronghold located in the most densely forested areas. Unlike their Bronze and Iron Age counterparts, Neolithic societies couldn't establish themselves in dense forests, and Copper Age societies had only limited success.

3874:. This transformation was driven by a number of factors including the diffusion of many crops and plants along Muslim trade routes, the spread of more advanced farming techniques, and an agricultural-economic system which promoted increased yields and efficiency. The shift in agricultural practice changed the economy, 4455:

has led to cheaper livestock as well. Further, global yield increases were experienced later in the 20th century when high-yield varieties of common staple grains such as rice, wheat, and corn were introduced as a part of the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution exported the technologies (including

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fertilizing properties. Crop yields peaked in the 13th century, and stayed more or less steady until the 18th century. Though the limitations of medieval farming were once thought to have provided a ceiling for the population growth in the Middle Ages, recent studies have shown that the technology of

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In two regions of Central Australia, the central west coast and eastern central Australia, forms of agriculture were practiced. People living in permanent settlements of over 200 residents sowed or planted on a large scale and stored the harvested food. The Nhanda and Amangu of the central west coast

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have been collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago, and possibly much longer. Exact dates are hard to determine, as people collected and ate seeds before domesticating them, and plant characteristics may have changed during this period without human selection. An example is the semi-tough

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Although the Green Revolution at first significantly increased rice yields in Asia, yield then levelled off. The genetic "yield potential" has increased for wheat, but the yield potential for rice has not increased since 1966, and the yield potential for maize has "barely increased in 35 years". It

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was transformed through human selection into the ancestor of modern maize, about 7,000 BC. It gradually spread across North America and to South America and was the most important crop of Native Americans at the time of European exploration. Other Mesoamerican crops include hundreds of varieties of

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practiced "intensive agriculture, based on human labour." Europeans wanted control of land for the grazing of their livestock and property rights for the control of production. Though they were impressed with the productivity of traditional farming techniques, they saw no connection to their system

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and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians were among the first peoples to practice agriculture on a large scale, starting in the pre-dynastic period from the end

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Larson, G.; Piperno, D.R.; Allaby, R.G.; Purugganan, M.D.; Andersson, L.; Arroyo-Kalin, M.; Barton, L.; Climer Vigueira, C.; Denham, T.; Dobney, K.; Doust, A.N.; Gepts, P.; Gilbert, M.T.P.; Gremillion, K.J.; Lucas, L.; Lukens, L.; Marshall, F.B.; Olsen, K.M.; Pires, J.C.; Richerson, P.J.; Rubio De

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Maize and cassava were introduced from Brazil into Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century, becoming staple foods, replacing native African crops. After its introduction from South America to Spain in the late 1500s, the potato became a staple crop throughout Europe by the late 1700s. The

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as the Americas lacked large-seeded, easily domesticated grains (such as wheat and barley) and large domestic animals that could be used for agricultural labor. Rather than the practice which developed in the Old World of sowing a field with a single crop, pre-historic American agriculture usually

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The number of people involved in farming in industrial countries fell radically from 24 percent of the American population to 1.5 percent in 2002. The number of farms also decreased, and their ownership became more concentrated; for example, between 1967 and 2002, one million pig farms in America

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in the 18th century. The system (wheat, turnips, barley and clover) opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop allowing livestock to be bred year-round. The use of clover was especially important as the legume roots replenished soil nitrates. The mechanisation and rationalisation of agriculture was

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enabled hunter-gatherers in some areas to form the first settled villages at this time. Across Western Eurasia it was not until approximately 4,000 BP that farming societies completely replaced hunter-gatherers. These technologically advanced societies expanded faster in areas with less forest,

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National Heritage Places – Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape". Australian Government. Dept of the Environment and Energy. 20 July 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2020. See also attached documents: National Heritage List Location and Boundary Map, and Government Gazette, 20 July

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and credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and

4010:. Before the adoption of the potato as a major crop, the dependence on grain had caused repetitive regional and national famines when the crops failed, including 17 major famines in England between 1523 and 1623. The resulting dependence on the potato however caused the 4279:

and other equipment have been developed, further revolutionizing agriculture. These inventions allowed farming tasks to be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible, leading modern farms to output much greater volumes of high-quality produce per land unit.

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to turn over the heavy, wet soils of northern Europe. This led to the clearing of northern European forests and an increase in agricultural production, which in turn led to an increase in population. At the same time, some farmers in Europe moved from a two field

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Larson, Greger; Dobney, Keith; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina (2005-03-11). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication".

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and others. The main problem in sustaining agriculture in one place for a long time was the depletion of nutrients, most importantly nitrogen levels, in the soil. To allow the soil to regenerate, productive land was often let fallow and, in some places,

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traveled from the Old World to the New. There had been few livestock species in the New World, with horses, cattle, sheep and goats being completely unknown before their arrival with Old World settlers. Crops moving in both directions across the

3886:, and trade enabled the diffusion of many crops, plants and farming techniques across the region, as well as the adaptation of crops, plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world. This diffusion introduced major crops to Europe by way of 4401:

Famines however continued to sweep the globe through the 20th century. Through the effects of climatic events, government policy, war and crop failure, millions of people died in each of at least ten famines between the 1920s and the 1990s.

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of the Paleolithic into the Neolithic, between around 10,000 BC and 4000 BC. This was made possible with the development of basin irrigation. Their staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as

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was critical in the exchange of crops and technology between the European, Asia and African continents. Besides transporting numerous crops, they introduced the concept of summer irrigation to Europe and developed the beginnings of the

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At the time of first contact between the Europeans and the Americans, the Europeans practiced "extensive agriculture, based on the plough and draught animals," with tenants under landlords, but also forced labor or slavery, while the

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Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta (2018-07-23).

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potato allowed farmers to produce more food, and initially added variety to the European diet. The increased supply of food reduced disease, increased births and reduced mortality, causing a population boom throughout the

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of AD 535, written by Jia Sixie. Jia's writing style was straightforward and lucid relative to the elaborate and allusive writing typical of the time. Jia's book was also very long, with over one hundred thousand written

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in southern Europe and southwestern Asia, but instead had a north–south pattern with a variety of different climatic zones in close proximity to each other. This fostered the domestication of many different plants.

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were collected and eaten from at least 104,000 years ago. However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with the

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Scarcelli, Nora; Cubry, Philippe; Akakpo, Roland; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Obidiegwu, Jude; Baco, Mohamed N.; Otoo, Emmanuel; Sonké, Bonaventure; Dansi, Alexandre; Djedatin, Gustave; Mariac, Cédric (2019-05-03).

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suggested in the 1980s that there was evidence of 'intensification' in progress across Australia, a process that appeared to have continued through the preceding 5,000 years. These concepts led the historian

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by the 1st century BC. Although it found other purposes, its main function to pound, decorticate, and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually. The Chinese also began using the square-pallet

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in 1843. He investigated the impact of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yield and founded one of the first artificial fertilizer manufacturing factories in 1842. Fertilizer, in the shape of

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by 4200 BC; another species of cotton was domesticated in Mesoamerica and became by far the most important species of cotton in the textile industry in modern times. Evidence of agriculture in the

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Hillman, G.C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D.R. Harris (ed.)

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Pitt, Daniel; Sevane, Natalia; Nicolazzi, Ezequiel L.; MacHugh, David E.; Park, Stephen D. E.; Colli, Licia; Martinez, Rodrigo; Bruford, Michael W.; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo (January 2019).

3586:, Aboriginals were regarded as not having been capable of sustained agriculture. However, the current consensus is that various agricultural methods were employed by the indigenous people. 1180:

may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim remains controversial. Regardless, rye's spread from Southwest Asia to the Atlantic was independent of the Neolithic founder crop package.

1956:. About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, probably in China, with rice rather than wheat as the primary crop. Maize was domesticated from the wild grass 4460:

famously predicted that the Earth would not be able to support its growing population, but technologies such as the Green Revolution have allowed the world to produce a surplus of food.

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Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent

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was built on techniques originally pioneered by the Sumerians, transmitted to them by subsequent cultures, with a specific emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade and export.

1677:, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Current models indicate that wild stands that had been harvested previously started to be planted, but were not immediately domesticated. 10843: 5751:

Gavashelishvili, A; et al. (2023), "The time and place of origin of South Caucasian languages: insights into past human societies, ecosystems and human population genetics",

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Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011).

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to a three-field crop rotation in which one field of three was left fallow every year. This resulted in increased productivity and nutrition, as the change in rotations permitted

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Larson, Greger; Albarella, Umberto; Dobney, Keith; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Schibler, Jörg; Tresset, Anne; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Schlumbaum, Angela (2007-09-25).

1120:. The development of agriculture about 12,000 years ago changed the way humans lived. They switched from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to permanent settlements and farming. 10314: 2947:

consisted of cultivating many crops close to each other utilizing only hand labor. Moreover, agricultural areas in the Americas lacked the uniformity of the east–west area of

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can be divided into three categories. Small farms were from 18 to 88 iugera (one iugerum is equal to about 0.65 acre). Medium-sized farms were from 80 to 500 iugera (singular

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was in use in China in Neolithic times and may have been domesticated there; it was in use both as a fibre for ropemaking and as a medicine in Ancient Egypt by about 2350 BC.

6916: 1583:. Since 1900, agriculture in the developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as human labour has been replaced by 1058: 2969:, the hemisphere's most important crop, was more productive than Old World grain crops. Maize produced two and one-half times more calories per acre than wheat and barley. 4464:

takes only a decade or two for herbicide-resistant weeds to emerge, and insects become resistant to insecticides within about a decade, delayed somewhat by crop rotation.

2755:, and olives, dairy products came mostly from sheep and goats, and meat, which was consumed on rare occasion for most people, usually consisted of pork, beef, and lamb. 11073: 2684:, however, argues for a development of the Chinese plough as late as the 9th century, implying its spread east from similar designs known in Italy by the 7th century.) 3509:

is a poultry bird that was domesticated in West Africa, and while the time of the guineafowl's domestication remains unclear, there is evidence that it was present in

1521:, agriculture was transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees such as the 3829:

medieval agriculture was always sufficient for the needs of the people under normal circumstances, and that it was only during exceptionally harsh times, such as the

2449:. Archaeological evidence also suggests that the spread of agriculture was facilitated by the influx of farming communities from the tropical Sahara 6,500 years ago. 9969: 3274: 3237:

was fertile, but not large enough to produce the amount of food needed for the population of their expanding empire. The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed

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by around 4500 BC. The size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as a result of this innovation, leading to more thoroughly planned settlements which used

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initiatives, between the 1940s and the late 1970s. It increased agriculture production around the world, especially from the late 1960s. The initiatives, led by

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and were dismissive of Native American practices as "gardening" rather than a commercializable enterprise. Due to several thousand years of selective breeding,

5075:"On the Origins and Dissemination of Domesticated Sorghum and Pearl Millet across Africa and into India: a View from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel" 1318:

In South America, agriculture began as early as 9000 BC, starting with the cultivation of several species of plants that later became only minor crops. In the

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were domesticated between 3000 and 1000 BC. The coastal region of West Africa is often referred to as the "Yam Belt", due to its high production of yams. The

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tractor marked a major point in the replacement of draft animals (particularly horses) with machines. Since that time, self-propelled mechanical harvesters (

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Between the 17th century and the mid-19th century, Britain saw a large increase in agricultural productivity and net output. New agricultural practices like

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rivers. Irrigation canals leading from the rivers permitted the growth of cereals in large enough quantities to support cities. The first ploughs appear in

10416: 10037: 7386:"4500-Year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway" 5132:"4500-Year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway" 1037: 11423: 11419: 5350: 9648:

Campbell, Bruce M.S.; M. Overton (1993). "A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture: Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming, c.1250-c.1850".

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Colledge, Sue; Conolly, James (2010). "Reassessing the evidence for the cultivation of wild crops during the Younger Dryas at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria".

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in 1720 to around 30 US bushels (1,100 L; 240 US dry gal; 230 imp gal) by 1840, marking a major turning point in history.

2243:, 2-row and 6-row barley were cultivated, along with einkorn, emmer, and durum wheats, and dates. In the earliest levels of Merhgarh, wild game such as 4616: 4366:

In the past century agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labour,

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Localised climate change is the favoured explanation for the origins of agriculture in the Levant. When major climate change took place after the last

10789: 9455: 12551: 8872: 3669:, archaeological evidence suggests that agriculture independently emerged around 7,000 years ago with the domestication of crops such as bananas and 2458: 7541: 5073:

Winchell, Frank; Brass, Michael; Manzo, Andrea; Beldados, Alemseged; Perna, Valentina; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018).

10498: 8395: 10213: 4181:, used to drive a threshing machine, in 1812. Mechanisation spread to additional farm uses throughout the 19th century. The first petrol-driven 12222: 11877: 11840: 3890:, along with the techniques for their cultivation and cuisine. Sugar cane, rice, and cotton were among the major crops transferred, along with 607: 567: 85: 7680:

Gupta, Anil K (10 July 2004). "Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration".

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Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin

2986: 7341:"Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group" 12310: 11573: 2462: 2023:, consisting of extensive tracts of land enclosed by stone walls, date to 3500 BC and are the oldest known field systems in the world. The 3641:

and other groups had developed sophisticated eel farming and fish trapping systems over a period of nearly 5,000 years. The archaeologist

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in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands, ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available. The

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had four systems of farm management: direct work by the owner and his family; slaves doing work under the supervision of slave managers;

10863: 6207: 2136:, starting at around 3,500 to 2,000 BC. This migration event also saw the introduction of cultivated and domesticated food plants from 12581: 12323: 10318: 4125: 4062: 2474:

by 9000 BC. Barley and wheat cultivation – along with the domestication of cattle, primarily sheep and goats – followed in

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Sempat Assadourian, Carlos (1992). "The Colonial Economy; The Transfer of the European System of Production to New Spain and Peru".

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

6823: 3882:, the distribution of the labour force, cooking, diet, and clothing across the Islamic world. Muslim traders covered much of the 1065: 8843:

Morgan, John (6 November 2013). "Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science".

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Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; et al. (2012).

5245:"Genetic, textual, and archeological evidence of the historical global spread of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.)" 2398:. The meat of sheep, goats, cows and poultry was eaten, mainly by the elite. Fish was preserved by drying, salting and smoking. 1661:

Scholars have developed a number of hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from

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Choi, Jae Young; Zaidem, Maricris; Gutaker, Rafal; Dorph, Katherine; Singh, Rakesh Kumar; Purugganan, Michael D. (2019-03-07).

9896: 5697:, UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203; Sato, Y. (2003) "Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin". In Y. Yasuda (ed.) 4819:

Seabra, Luís; Teira-Brión, Andrés; López-Dóriga, Inés; Martín-Seijo, María; Almeida, Rubim; Tereso, João Pedro (10 May 2023).

4093:. The productivity of wheat went up from 19 US bushels (670 L; 150 US dry gal; 150 imp gal) per 3673:. Pigs and chickens were imported to New Guinea, which were later innovated by other Pacific Island nations, such as those in 3637:, to enhance natural productivity. In the 1970s and 1980s archaeological research in south west Victoria established that the 11125: 11070: 10548: 10351: 10197: 10170: 10145: 10012: 9856: 9826: 9757: 9730: 9705: 9680: 9632: 9605: 9431: 9350: 9323: 9150: 9123: 9094: 9067: 9042: 8957: 8613: 8588: 8561: 8527: 8500: 8469: 8005: 7834: 7768: 7738: 7708: 7636: 7525: 7498: 7471: 7439: 7320: 7251: 7068: 6616: 6434: 6257: 6131: 5876: 5849: 5822: 5623: 5305: 4542: 3998:, the US and Europe. The introduction of the potato also brought about the first intensive use of fertilizer, in the form of 714: 6874: 10505: 7139:

Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (24 December 2011).

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Hillman, Gordon (1978). "On the Origins of Domestic rye: Secale Cereale: The Finds from Aceramic Can Hasan III in Turkey".

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is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. Two major crops,

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Gammage, Bill (October 2011). The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 281–304.

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Advice on more productive techniques for farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century, from writers such as

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allowed for increased production in Europe, leading to developments in the production of agricultural implements such as

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Sugihara, Neil G.; Jan W. Van Wagtendonk; Shaffer, Kevin E.; Fites-Kaufman, Joann; Thode, Andrea E., eds. (2006). "17".

8975:"P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time" 6542:"Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico" 1477:. From 100 BC to 1600 AD, world population continued to grow along with land use, as evidenced by the rapid increase in 12483: 12458: 12122: 9422:

Bourke, R. Michael (2009), "History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea", in Bourke, R. Michael; Harwood, Tracy (eds.),

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that only allowed for roughly 10% of the land to be cultivated properly, necessitating the specialised exportation of

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Fox, H.S.A. (November 1986). "The Alleged Transformation from Two-Field to Three-Field Systems in Medieval England".

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Lal, R. (2001). "Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000".

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was cultivated by the 5th–4th millennium BC. By the 5th millennium BC, agricultural communities became widespread in

938: 8486: 8293:"The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments" 6848: 2085: 1650: 12303: 11566: 2934:

in which the owner and a tenant divide up a farm's produce; and situations in which a farm was leased to a tenant.

2342:, starting to live in villages from about 8000 BC. Given the low rainfall of the region, agriculture relied on the 958: 6708:

Denham, T.P.; Haberle, S.G.; Lentfer, C.; Fullagar, R.; Field, J.; Therin, M.; Porch, N.; Winsborough, B. (2003).

4451:, pesticides and mechanization, have greatly increased crop yields in the early 20th century. Increased supply of 12620: 12430: 12370: 12340: 12170: 12155: 12150: 11927: 4196: 4042: 4031: 3336:, were used extensively in prehistoric times but do not appear to have been domesticated until the 19th century. 3026: 2982: 2531: 1778:

characteristics were attained without any human intervention, implying that apparent domestication of the cereal

1580: 1530: 649: 634: 629: 135: 10420: 7268: 3976: 3402:). The maize provides a structure for the beans to climb, eliminating the need for poles. The beans provide the 2275:

cattle by the fifth millennium BC, indicating the gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

12625: 12405: 12217: 12212: 12160: 11907: 7221:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond" 4048: 3691: 639: 602: 597: 115: 19: 7089:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator" 12435: 11892: 11603: 9522: 8718: 4260:

constructed the first commercially successful gasoline-powered general-purpose tractor in 1901, and the 1923

4170: 3830: 3596:), while various groups in eastern central Australia (the Corners Region) planted and harvested bush onions ( 2872: 2756: 2706: 2687:

Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago in China, with a single genetic origin from the wild rice

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by Austronesian sailors also led to an exchange of food plants which later became the origin of the valuable

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

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called for farming without synthetic pesticides, and his Agriculture Course of 1924 laid the foundation for

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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

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to 5.7 million in 1750, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the

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wheels to lift water for irrigation and household use were among the technologies introduced to Europe via

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was likely also domesticated in North-East Africa, around 7000 BC, and later crossbred with other species.

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Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation: The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming from 1066 to 1500

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and initiated a process of inbreeding to maximise desirable traits from the mid 18th century, such as the

3926:, and agricultural manuals were widely adopted. Irrigation, partly based on Roman technology, made use of 12599: 12296: 11897: 11559: 9848: 8759:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication" 8391:"A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping" 7549: 7269:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" 4146: 4104: 3960:

were the key crops that spread from the New World to the Old, while varieties of wheat, barley, rice and

3375: 3352: 1395: 874: 105: 10708:"Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924" 12395: 11937: 11872: 11699: 11546: 11340: 10509: 10443: 9818: 8923:, edited by Richard I. Ford. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers 75. 8886:

Heiser, Carl B. Jr. (1992). "On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America".

7141:"Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet" 6994:"Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago" 4398:, 74 percent of the world's poultry, 43 percent of beef, and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way. 4291: 3184: 2024: 928: 426: 145: 80: 11362: 7385: 5398: 5374: 5131: 3708:

and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The

3222:, one of the most important poultry birds, was probably domesticated in Mexico or the U.S. Southwest. 2490:

included threshing, planting crops in rows – either of two or of six – and storing grain in

1607:. Modern agriculture has raised social, political, and environmental issues including overpopulation, 12630: 11674: 10217: 9923: 8000:. Volume 11 of The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages Series. Psychology Press. p. 270. 3981: 3870:

underwent a transformation in agricultural practice, described by the historian Andrew Watson as the

2503: 1462: 707: 401: 11457: 7340: 6709: 6633: 5540:"- Invited Review - African Indigenous Cattle: Unique Genetic Resources in a Rapidly Changing World" 12355: 12185: 11771: 11684: 11669: 11624: 9233: 5130:

Manning, Katie; Pelling, Ruth; Higham, Tom; Schwenniger, Jean-Luc; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2011-02-01).

4522:

in 1940. This became a worldwide movement, and organic farming is now practiced in many countries.

4333:, the use of synthetic fertilizer increased rapidly, in sync with the increasing world population. 4272: 4145:

sheep. Machines were invented to improve the efficiency of various agricultural operation, such as

4130: 4078: 3986: 2390:, grapes, apples, melons, and figs. Alongside their farming, Sumerians also caught fish and hunted 2271:

were all hunted for food. These are successively replaced by domesticated sheep, goats, and humped

1895:

was the first to be grown and harvested on a significant scale. At around the same time (9400 BC),

1394:

United States dates to about 3000 BCE. Several plants were cultivated, later to be replaced by the

664: 498: 411: 396: 334: 260: 11223:

Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century: a comparative survey of recent agrarian history

9521:

Andersen, Thomas Barnebeck; Jensen, Peter Sandholt; Skovsgaard, Christian Volmar (December 2014).

9254:

Grigson, Caroline (1991). "An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence".

8947: 4794: 12473: 12410: 12350: 12112: 11835: 11830: 11721: 11689: 10485: 8817: 8234:"Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador" 7731:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds

4552: 4261: 4178: 4011: 3875: 3792: 3360: 2545: 2185: 2181: 1914: 1884: 1848: 1805:

had multiple centres of origin in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where

1405: 1137: 751: 562: 557: 448: 416: 11314:

The Plough that Broke the Steppes: Agriculture and Environment on Russia's Grasslands, 1700–1914

11187: 9114:

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources

8453:

Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation

5424:"Genomic Analyses Unveil Helmeted Guinea Fowl ( Numida meleagris ) Domestication in West Africa" 4394:

consolidated into 114,000, with 80 percent of the production on factory farms. According to the

3249:

between 400 BC to 900 AD used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland on the

3017:

The earliest known areas of possible agriculture in the Americas dating to about 9000 BC are in

1684:(c. 11,000 BC), much of the earth became subject to long dry seasons. These conditions favoured 12503: 12453: 12425: 12385: 12180: 12165: 12107: 12102: 11788: 11781: 11593: 11452: 10928: 9172:"The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche" 8191: 6992:

Lu, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, K.B.; Wu, N.; Li, Y.; Zhou, K.; Ye, M.; Zhang, T.; et al. (2009).

6608: 6601: 4640:

Mercader, J. (December 2009). "Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone Age".

4532: 4511: 4287: 4215:(birds droppings). The first commercial process for fertilizer production was the obtaining of 4166: 4052: 4019: 4007: 3573: 3554: 3113: 2133: 2011:

for honey in the Middle East around 7000 BC. Archaeological evidence from various sites on the

1184:

was domesticated in China by 6200 BC with earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by

1051: 948: 763: 659: 644: 515: 508: 270: 9842: 9597: 9084: 8689:"Potato germplasm collecting expedition to the Guaitecas and Chonos Archipelagos, Chile, 1990" 8517: 8451: 7995: 7590: 7515: 7488: 7461: 6539: 12524: 11996: 11776: 11443:

Mundlak, Yair (2005). "Economic Growth: Lessons from Two Centuries of American Agriculture".

10444:"Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995" 10343:

The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe: Comparison and Entanglements

10240: 10187: 9622: 9482: 8974: 8866: 8578: 8551: 7758: 7427: 6424: 6208:"The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley" 4577: 4562: 4343:

countries, China, and Vietnam, starting in the 1930s in the Soviet Union; one result was the

4090: 3435: 3406:

to the soil that the other plants use, and the squash spreads along the ground, blocking the

3395: 3238: 3164: 2995:

Agriculture terraces were (and are) common in the austere, high-elevation environment of the

2948: 2784: 2744: 2728: 2680:. These slowly spread west, revolutionizing farming in Northern Europe by the 10th century. ( 2552: 2354:

from Uruk around 3000 BC; seed-ploughs that funneled seed into the ploughed furrow appear on

2141: 2129: 1785: 1654: 1502: 953: 768: 503: 329: 265: 238: 11528: 10597: 10341: 9340: 9189:

Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey".

7654:"Indigenous African Agriculture" In the origins of agriculture: an international perspective 5866: 5839: 4124:

was used. The Dutch four-field rotation system was popularised by the British agriculturist

3172: 12556: 12529: 12468: 12415: 12241: 12077: 11867: 11726: 11679: 11188:"The long march of history: Farm wages, population, and economic growth, England 1209–1869" 10988:

Last Hunters – First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture

10650: 8770: 8404: 8343: 8245: 8034: 7859: 7397: 7152: 7103: 7005: 6958: 6771: 6553: 6540:

Dolores, R.; Piperno, Anthony J.; Ranere, Irene Holst; Iriarte, Jose; Dickau, Ruth (2009).

6506: 6463: 6337: 6282: 6160: 6076: 6021: 5965: 5905: 5760: 5486: 5422:

Shen, Quan-Kuan; Peng, Min-Sheng; Adeola, Adeniyi C; Kui, Ling; et al. (8 June 2021).

5191: 5143: 5021: 4896: 4832: 4704: 4649: 4567: 4395: 4356: 3612: 3549: 3034: 2589: 2564: 2527: 2326: 2113: 2109: 2090: 1713: 1640: 1576: 1428:, agriculture was invented at a currently unspecified period, with the oldest eel traps of 1239:

were domesticated in several distinct locations, including West Africa (unknown date), and

980: 700: 453: 406: 75: 11256: 10707: 10602:. IFPRI Discussion Paper. International Food Policy Research Institute. GGKEY:HS2UT4LADZD. 10266: 9778:

Watson, Andrew M. (1974). "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100".

4329:, successfully commercialized the process and secured further patents. In the years after 3250: 1665:

to agricultural societies indicate an antecedent period of intensification and increasing

1196:

beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and cultivated by 1000 BC.

8: 12561: 12498: 12390: 12375: 12265: 11694: 6947:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China" 5351:"Plant studies show where Africa's early farmers tamed some of the continent's key crops" 4491: 4467: 4432: 4298: 3970: 3741: 3626: 3506: 3046: 2891: 2780: 2694: 2661: 2471: 2105: 1631:

developed in the twentieth century as an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides.

1486: 1466: 1264: 795: 421: 10654: 10289: 8774: 8408: 8389:

Spooner, David M.; McLean, Karen; Ramsay, Gavin; Waugh, Robbie; Bryan, Glenn J. (2005).

8347: 8249: 8038: 7863: 7401: 7156: 7107: 7060: 7009: 6962: 6775: 6557: 6510: 6467: 6341: 6286: 6164: 6080: 6025: 5969: 5909: 5781: 5764: 5490: 5195: 5147: 5025: 4900: 4855: 4836: 4820: 4708: 4653: 3801:

were introduced by the Romans, but were improved throughout the Middle Ages, along with

2600: 1078: 52: 12571: 12519: 12380: 12365: 12345: 12319: 12253: 12175: 12001: 11917: 11301: 11293: 11210: 11094: 11025: 10674: 10619: 10393: 10368: 10096: 10092: 9795: 9570: 9566: 9437: 9271: 9214: 9112: 8903: 8793: 8758: 8710: 8654: 8646: 8427: 8390: 8366: 8331: 8312: 8268: 8233: 8172: 8057: 8022: 7625: 7363: 7291: 7220: 7201: 7121: 7028: 6993: 6974: 6805: 6740: 6683: 6664: 6576: 6541: 6522: 6479: 6450:

Hillman, Gordon; Hedges, Robert; Moore, Andrew; Colledge, Susan; Pettitt, Paul (2001).

6398: 6390: 6306: 6230: 6183: 6148: 6099: 6064: 6045: 5988: 5953: 5928: 5893: 5572: 5539: 5515: 5474: 5450: 5423: 5274: 5220: 5179: 5107: 5074: 5055: 5010:"The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes" 4981: 4946: 4919: 4884: 4775: 4767: 4727: 4692: 4673: 4348: 4336: 4174: 4138: 4082: 3969:

caused population growth around the world and a lasting effect on many cultures in the

3949: 3943: 3867: 3853: 3634: 3562: 3502: 3486: 3399: 3371: 3348: 3070: 3038: 2796: 2650: 2581: 1738: 1592: 1584: 1534: 1379: 1220: 1008: 901: 842: 690: 654: 243: 125: 10682: 9156: 9000: 8292: 7871: 7182:"On the Beginnings of South Asian Spice Trade with the Mediterranean Region: A Review" 6827: 5894:"The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops" 4427:

of the 1970s, is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation.

4173:

was producing 86 plough models for different soils. Powered farm machinery began with

1925:

of central Europe, c. 1800–1500 BC. Claims of much earlier cultivation of rye, at the

1918: 12360: 12248: 11845: 11818: 11766: 11736: 11305: 11214: 11206: 11121: 11102: 10666: 10544: 10398: 10347: 10193: 10166: 10141: 10008: 9852: 9822: 9799: 9753: 9726: 9701: 9676: 9628: 9601: 9590: 9427: 9346: 9319: 9275: 9206: 9146: 9119: 9090: 9063: 9038: 8977:. Pland & Animal Genome Conference XXVI January 13–17, 2018 San Diego, California 8953: 8907: 8798: 8658: 8629:

Isendahl, Christian (December 2011). "The Domestication and Early Spread of Manioc".

8609: 8584: 8557: 8523: 8496: 8465: 8432: 8371: 8273: 8140: 8105: 8084: 8062: 8001: 7830: 7805: 7764: 7734: 7704: 7701:

The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India

7657: 7632: 7521: 7494: 7467: 7435: 7367: 7316: 7247: 7064: 7033: 6978: 6946: 6809: 6797: 6759: 6732: 6656: 6612: 6581: 6526: 6518: 6451: 6430: 6355: 6298: 6253: 6226: 6188: 6127: 6104: 6037: 5993: 5933: 5872: 5845: 5818: 5786: 5619: 5577: 5559: 5520: 5502: 5455: 5301: 5278: 5266: 5225: 5207: 5159: 5112: 5094: 5047: 5039: 4986: 4968: 4924: 4860: 4732: 4665: 4557: 4375: 4268: 4241: 4236: 4208: 4192: 4158: 3825: 3772: 3617: 3530:

and serving as the main production of modern-day coffee since the late 15th century.

3246: 3148: 3077: 3022: 3007: 2978: 2952: 2895: 2887: 2864: 2855: 2804: 2800: 2487: 2121: 2012: 1798: 1478: 1432:

dating to 6,600 BC and the deployment of several crops ranging from yams to bananas.

1117: 1104:

began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of

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Harskamp, Jaap (2009). "The Low Countries and the English Agricultural Revolution".

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imported to Europe from Peru, and the first artificial pesticide, in the form of an

3132:

of South America grew large surpluses of food which they stored in buildings called

12576: 12082: 12040: 11932: 11823: 11731: 11716: 11462: 11391: 11285: 11202: 11017: 10678: 10658: 10388: 10380: 10084: 10042: 9900: 9787: 9653: 9562: 9263: 9198: 8895: 8852: 8825: 8788: 8778: 8714: 8702: 8638: 8457: 8422: 8412: 8361: 8351: 8304: 8263: 8253: 8052: 8042: 7867: 7609: 7605: 7405: 7355: 7283: 7193: 7160: 7111: 7056: 7023: 7013: 6966: 6787: 6779: 6758:

Roffet-Salque, Mélanie; Regert, Martine; Evershed, Richard P.; et al. (2015).

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pesticides and synthetic nitrogen) of the developed world to the developing world.

4424: 4411: 4310: 3602: 3577: 3344: 3313: 3279: 3171:

agriculture near 44° South latitude, as noted by the mention of the cultivation of

2843: 2483: 2002: 1998: 1930: 1840: 1832: 1771: 1742: 1670: 1600: 1421: 1417: 1248: 1025: 1020: 1015: 985: 896: 550: 458: 443: 181: 140: 33: 11002:

Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I, The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages

10111: 10061: 5891: 2697:

valley region of China. Rice cultivation then spread to South and Southeast Asia.

2645:

pulling an on a system of mechanical wheels. Although the chain pump found use in

1883:. These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( 12566: 12057: 11793: 11115: 11077: 10897:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 2, A World with Agriculture, 12000 BCE–500 CE

10878:; covers historiographical traditions within geographic regions across the world. 10793: 10538: 9747: 9506:

White, Lynn (1967). "The Life of the Silent Majority". In Hoyt, Robert S. (ed.).

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He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (7 June 2017).

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McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M. (2013).

5812: 4963: 4845: 4717: 4519: 4485: 4367: 4216: 4086: 3805:, and used to grind grains into flour, to cut wood and to process flax and wool. 3781: 3709: 3642: 3490: 3215: 2911: 2836: 2772: 2764: 2689: 2149: 1926: 1836: 1662: 1628: 1608: 1288: 1236: 906: 889: 739: 520: 292: 277: 213: 196: 12288: 11475:

American Organic: A Cultural History of Farming, Gardening, Shopping, and Eating

10634:

Tilman, D.; Cassman, K.G.; Matson, P.A.; Naylor, R.; Polasky, S. (August 2002).

9924:"Advances in Maize Streak Virus Disease Research in Eastern and Southern Africa" 6452:"New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates" 5750: 4100: 3712:

allowed large landowners to control their land and its laborers, in the form of

2653:, it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling 2016: 1251:) was also independently domesticated in West Africa and cultivated by 1000 BC. 12013: 11466: 9342:

The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug

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Contreras, Andrés; Ciampi, Luigi; Padulosi, Stefano; Spooner, David M. (1993).

8642: 8238:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7884: 7754: 7545: 7088: 6998:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6475: 6149:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" 5772: 4507: 4457: 4448: 4436: 4420: 4371: 4224: 4200: 4112: 3995: 3966: 3953: 3768: 3543: 3522: 3510: 3482: 3447: 3431: 3283: 3233:

were active farmers and had an agriculturally focused economy. The land around

3207: 3054: 2880: 2876: 2832: 2820: 2732: 2511: 2282: 2161: 1993: 1973: 1896: 1839:

in the 1930s. Area 3 (grey) is no longer recognised as a centre of origin, and

1790: 1624: 1522: 1506: 1494: 1474: 1331: 1300: 1133: 773: 319: 10046: 9946: 9791: 9441: 8553:

The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present

7409: 7165: 7140: 7116: 5729: 5155: 5090: 5034: 5009: 4821:"The introduction and spread of rye (Secale cereale) in the Iberian Peninsula" 4771: 4750:

Zeder, Melinda (October 2011). "The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East".

4374:. Other applications of scientific research since 1950 in agriculture include 12614: 12207: 12072: 12030: 11976: 11798: 11619: 11008:

Teall, John L. (1959). "The grain supply of the Byzantine Empire, 330–1025".

10923: 10818: 10633: 10031: 7974: 6970: 6065:"Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe" 5563: 5506: 5270: 5243:

Herniter, Ira A.; Muñoz-Amatriaín, María; Close, Timothy J. (December 2020).

5211: 5163: 5098: 5043: 4972: 4947:"The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima" 4582: 4360: 4306: 4186: 4162: 4154: 4142: 4121: 4066: 4015: 3923: 3788: 3777: 3582: 3383: 3333: 3219: 3088:, still a major crop to this day, was domesticated in the Andes, as were the 2931: 2927: 2788: 2724: 2536: 2433: 2383: 2355: 2318: 2224: 2101: 2028: 1872: 1856: 1759: 1596: 1568: 1470: 1454: 1256: 1161: 1145: 1030: 973: 916: 835: 790: 783: 592: 525: 307: 208: 201: 11396: 11379: 10911:

The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture

10828:

A History of World Agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis

10449:. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications 10088: 9657: 9202: 8783: 8417: 8356: 8258: 7197: 7018: 6728: 6652: 6566: 6350: 6325: 6294: 6173: 6089: 6033: 5978: 5918: 4909: 4661: 3426: 1561:, and livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats to the Americas. 12127: 11986: 11961: 11803: 11761: 11706: 11664: 11375: 11276:

McNeill, William H. (1948). "The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland".

11106: 10670: 10540:

Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy

10402: 10384: 9210: 8857: 8802: 8676:. Bulletin 143. Vol. I. –Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 55–79. 8436: 8375: 8277: 8066: 7991: 7490:

The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?

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Edward, Sue B. (1991), Hawkes, J. G.; Engels, J. M. M.; Worede, M. (eds.),

5229: 5203: 5180:"Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication" 5116: 5051: 4990: 4928: 4864: 4736: 4669: 4387: 4352: 4340: 4330: 4276: 4116: 3879: 3647: 3467: 3455: 3364: 3356: 3234: 3168: 3140: 2923: 2899: 2828: 2681: 2673: 2646: 2605: 2576: 2541: 2387: 2236: 2208: 2153: 2094: 2067: 2063: 2047: 1802: 1775: 1685: 1550: 1498: 1490: 1312: 1232: 943: 911: 864: 800: 778: 746: 530: 488: 433: 391: 348: 324: 11166:

The Wild and the Sown: Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1350–1850

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McNeill, William H. (1999). "How the Potato Changed the World's History".

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Annals of the Labouring Poor, Social Change and Agrarian England 1660–1900

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Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia

8829: 8580:

The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

7517:

Global Environments Through the Quaternary: Exploring Environmental Change

5555: 5440: 4885:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 4693:"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long before Neolithic Farming" 4317:

to overcome previous constraints. It was first patented by German chemist

3952:

of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Maize, potatoes,

2015:

suggest the domestication of plants and animals between 6000 and 4500 BC.

1828: 12536: 12117: 12052: 12035: 12008: 11981: 11966: 11942: 11813: 11654: 11582: 10499:"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels" 7432:

In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World

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Mwai, Okeyo; Hanotte, Olivier; Kwon, Young-Jun; Cho, Seoae (2015-06-11).

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Stevens, C.E. "Agriculture and Rural Life in the Later Roman Empire" in

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8650: 8139:(Paperback ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 123–128, 134–142. 8047: 6849:"Ceide Fields Visitor Centre, Ballycastle, County Mayo, West of Ireland" 6783: 3286:

village of grass houses surrounded by maize fields in the United States.

3152: 2180:

coast, including bananas and rice. Rice was also spread southwards into

2176:, bringing Southeast Asian and South Asian food plants with them to the 2046:

Clay and wood model of a bull cart carrying farm produce in large pots,

1446:, witnessed the intensification of agriculture in civilizations such as 12478: 11808: 11756: 11751: 11634: 11297: 11062: 11029: 9574: 9267: 8706: 7051:

Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".

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built upon existing systems of agriculture while also establishing the

1436: 1409: 1355: 1308: 1276: 1193: 830: 730: 535: 483: 478: 371: 361: 250: 228: 223: 9060:

Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians

8176: 8023:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 7656:( ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 59–71. 5498: 3841: 2567:

from the 5th century BC to 2nd century AD which included a nationwide

1200:

were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 years ago, followed by

12546: 12493: 12488: 12463: 12018: 11746: 10734:"Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography" 9523:"The Heavy Plough and the Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe" 9057: 6273:

Kislev, M. E. (2006). "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley".

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of 1701 that mechanised seeding at the correct depth and spacing and

4074: 3911: 3895: 3883: 3798: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3701: 3674: 3650:

to argue that in effect the whole continent was a managed landscape.

3592: 3317: 3309: 3101: 2943: 2816: 2812: 2792: 2625: 2609: 2478:

by 8000–6000 BC. This period also saw the first domestication of the

2411: 2347: 2310: 2294: 2252: 2228: 2157: 2071: 1934: 1910: 1876: 1806: 1718: 1666: 1588: 1425: 1401: 1327: 1185: 1113: 1109: 1087: 473: 11335:

Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape 1700–1870

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War, Agriculture, and Food: Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s

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The economic history of china: with special reference to agriculture

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The Western European Loess Belt: Agrarian History, 5300 BC – AD 1000

7246:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 6760:"Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers" 6710:"Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea" 6634:"Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea" 6386: 5261: 5244: 5006: 2991: 2839:, Mesopotamia was a crucial area for the production of wheat, while 2406: 1579:

and developed much further in the past 200 years, starting with the

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Zarrillo, S.; Pearsall, D. M.; Tisdale, M. A.; Quon, D. J. (2008).

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pulled by two oxen. Similar ploughs were used throughout antiquity.

1763: 1689: 1510: 1482: 1429: 1375: 1335: 1292: 1284: 1260: 1165: 1129: 933: 438: 11246:

Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450–1815

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Bird, Junius (1946). "The Alacaluf". In Steward, Julian H. (ed.).

8461: 7829:. International Association of Hydrological Science. p. 279. 5796: 3382:. Three crops that complemented each other were planted together: 2418:, digging, tree-cutting and ploughing from Ancient Egypt. Tomb of 2066:

speakers at around 8000 to 6000 BC, becoming the main crop of the

28:"Agrarian history" redirects here. For the social philosophy, see 12067: 12023: 11991: 11071:

New Cambridge History of India: An Agrarian History of South Asia

9749:

The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century

6757: 6062: 4416: 4383: 4264: 4250: 4246: 4182: 4003: 3899: 3817: 3784: 3764: 3713: 3451: 3299: 3189: 3144: 3097: 3030: 2915: 2907: 2568: 2499: 2491: 2446: 2395: 2375: 2244: 2204: 2189: 2173: 2104:

basin at around 11,500 to 6200 BC, along with the development of

2075: 2032: 2020: 1945:

dates, and identifications based solely on grain, rather than on

1818: 1681: 1612: 1359: 1224: 1209: 859: 287: 233: 10951:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

10636:"Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices" 8936:

Publications in Anthropology 16. University of Kansas, Lawrence.

5695:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

4431:

The Green Revolution was a series of research, development, and

4161:

of 1784. Ploughs were steadily improved, from Joseph Foljambe's

4020:

famine and the death of over one million people in Ireland alone

3878:, vegetation cover, agricultural production, population levels, 3466:

at approximately 5000 BC. Archaeological evidence suggests that

3003: 2042: 1941:, remain controversial. Critics point to inconsistencies in the 1813:

were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 11,000 BC and 9000 BC.

1557:

to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and

12045: 11971: 11639: 11629: 11359:

History of agriculture in the northern United States, 1620-1860

10778:

Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture 1800–2000

10317:. International Fertilizer Industry Association. Archived from 8449: 5892:

Allaby, Robin G.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Brown, Terence A. (2008).

5841:

The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design

5129: 4294: 3961: 3957: 3915: 3891: 3752: 3705: 3654: 3517: 3459: 3160: 3133: 3121: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3081: 2808: 2776: 2736: 2716: 2515: 2495: 2467: 2415: 2371: 2363: 2343: 2335: 2290: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2216: 2200: 2137: 2125: 2059: 1988: 1977: 1965: 1961: 1888: 1868: 1860: 1822: 1814: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1700: 1674: 1620: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1413: 1383: 1351: 1339: 1323: 1304: 1296: 1268: 1240: 1205: 1173: 1157: 1149: 1124: 852: 820: 186: 11551: 11505:

How Agriculture Made Canada: Farming in the Nineteenth Century

11369:

The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis

8686: 8332:"Current Perspectives and the Future of Domestication Studies" 7928: 7591:"Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture" 5954:"Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies" 2168:. In the 1st millennium AD, Austronesian sailors also settled 12062: 11498:

A Long Deep Furrow: Three Centuries of Farming In New England

7899: 7897: 7878: 6408: 5950: 5614: 5612: 4452: 4212: 4204: 3999: 3927: 3907: 3903: 3845: 3733:

growing through the use of slaves for intensive cultivation.

3463: 3415: 3387: 3329: 3245:

or artificial islands, also known as "floating gardens". The

3230: 3117: 2996: 2966: 2840: 2748: 2657: 2419: 2367: 2339: 2331: 2315: 2278: 2196: 2117: 2055: 1946: 1938: 1899: 1892: 1810: 1801:. Some of the earliest known domestications were of animals. 1734: 1730: 1722: 1696: 1538: 1513:

system that became a bedrock of medieval agriculture. In the

1458: 1450: 1363: 1347: 1319: 1228: 1213: 1201: 1105: 302: 11416:

History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860

11117:

Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization

11057:

Kerridge, Erik. "The Agricultural Revolution Reconsidered."

10845:

Hunger and History: The Influence of Hunger on Human History

9897:"Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa" 9142:

Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation

8192:"Returning Corn, Beans, and Squash to Native American Farms" 7244:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

6707: 5952:

Casas, R.; Sanjur, O.I.; Thomas, M.G.; Fuller, D.Q. (2014).

5242: 5176: 4283: 2751:, and barley, while common vegetables included peas, beans, 2116:-speakers. Other food plants were also harvested, including 1362:

was domesticated in the Amazon Basin no later than 7000 BC.

18:"Agricultural history" redirects here. For the journal, see 11953: 11741: 11521:

Whereby we thrive: A history of American farming, 1607–1972

8231: 7946: 7915: 4503: 4326: 4195:

began the scientific investigation of fertilization at the

4094: 3813: 3717: 3670: 3520:

were also domesticated throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, with

3411: 3391: 3211: 3109: 3085: 2642: 2613: 2442: 2391: 2379: 2272: 2264: 2232: 2227:

began practicing agriculture around 7000 BC, domesticating

1953: 1880: 1825:

were domesticated relatively late, perhaps around 3000 BC.

1692: 1387: 1343: 1280: 1252: 1244: 1181: 1169: 468: 168: 11239:

The Industrial Archaeology of Farming in England and Wales

10185: 8478: 7997:

Medieval Science, Technology And Medicine: An Encyclopedia

7937: 7906: 7894: 7728: 6603:

The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery

6449: 6326:"Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"" 5814:

The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia

5609: 5472: 5072: 4359:

from 1959 to 1961 and ultimately reshaped the thinking of

2711: 11263:

A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538–1840

11138:

Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History

6824:"Southern Europe, 8000–2000 B.C. Timeline of Art History" 6010: 5642:"Indigenous Australians 'farmed bananas 2,000 years ago'" 5300:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 42–74, 3809: 3275:

Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States

3218:, also domesticated in the region, was a major crop. The 3151:), which was domesticated before 7000 BCE, likely in the 2910:, which flourished in the Middle Ages. The farm sizes in 2624:

For agricultural purposes, the Chinese had innovated the

2184:

by around 2000 to 1500 BC by the migrations of the early

1983:

Agriculture was independently developed on the island of

1906: 1864: 1326:

was domesticated between 8000 BC and 5000 BC, along with

1197: 1189: 1177: 1153: 10613:

Barrionuevo, Alexei; Bradsher, Keith (8 December 2005).

9714: 9520: 9426:, Australian National University Press, pp. 10–26, 8738: 8388: 7514:

Anderson, David; Goudie, Andrew; Parker, Adrian (2013).

4882: 3458:, which were domesticated between 3000 and 2500 BC. The 3197:(top), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), to maize (bottom) 3037:. The plants cultivated (or manipulated by humans) were 2575:. An important early Chinese book on agriculture is the 2518:

dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization.

1847:

It was not until after 9500 BC that the eight so-called

1821:

in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC.

1212:

in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC.

11052:

The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food

9528:. European Historical Economics Society. Archived from 8570: 8217:

Ensminger, Marion Eugene; Ensminger, Audrey H. (1994).

5864: 3073:

dates in the above sources have been converted to BC.)

2700: 1952:

By 8000 BC, farming was entrenched on the banks of the

11180:

Agriculture in England: A Survey of Farming, 1870–1947

11171:

Brassley, Paul, Yves Segers, and Leen Van Molle, eds.

10135: 8608:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 15, 27. 8382: 7955: 6199: 6126:(Fifth ed.). Interstate Printers and Publishers. 5837: 4944: 3680: 3653:

Torres Strait Islanders are now known to have planted

3076:

In the Andes region, with civilizations including the

1980:(8000 BC onwards) were domesticated in the New World. 1603:

fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing

11529:

Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789

10813:

Kiple, Kenneth F., and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas, eds.

10615:"Sometimes a Bumper Crop Is Too Much of a Good Thing" 8102:

History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age

8081:

History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age

7724: 7722: 7720: 6697:. Hōlualoa, Hawaiʻi: Permanent Agriculture Resources. 6121: 4518:

developed these ideas and presented his manifesto of

3894:

and other fruit trees, nut trees, vegetables such as

3833:, that the needs of the population could not be met. 3740:

Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of

3343:

and the Pacific Northwest practiced various forms of

2001:, dates back to 5000 BC, and possibly to 8000 BC, in 10904:

Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times

10271:

The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology

10138:

300 Years of Farm Implements and Machinery 1630–1930

10112:"The British Plough: Some Stages in its Development" 9188: 8949:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America

8484: 7981:(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982). 7824: 7513: 6917:"Cannabis: Marijuana, hemp and its cultural history" 5002: 5000: 2942:

Agricultural history took a different path from the

1481:

from cattle and the cultivation of rice. During the

1038:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants

11321:

The Agrarian History of Western Europe, AD 500–1850

10339: 9086:

State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California

9058:Blackburn, Thomas C. and Kat Anderson, ed. (1993). 8583:. Food & Agriculture Organization. p. 10. 8073: 7889:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Part 2

1699:. An abundance of readily storable wild grains and 1275:. Other plant foods domesticated in Africa include 10918:Modes of Production in Africa: The Precolonial Era 10030: 9876:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 9835: 9815:Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World 9647: 9592:Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays 9589: 9339:Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). 9111: 8999:. Pecankernel.tamu.edu. 2006-08-18. Archived from 8815: 8576: 8519:Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement, Volume 1 8216: 8162: 8020: 7717: 7703:. State University of New York Press. p. 19. 7624: 7507: 6681: 6600: 6205: 5537: 4169:'s improved "Scots Plough" metal in 1763. In 1789 4036: 12318: 10830:(Monthly Review Press, 2006) Marxist perspective. 10768:Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People 8094: 7791:, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press. 7760:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society 7180:Gilboa, Ayelet; Namdar, Dvory (9 February 2016). 6682:Nelson, S.C.; Ploetz, R.C.; Kepler, A.K. (2006). 6423:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). 5421: 4997: 2823:depended on for subsistence, while the Ptolemaic 2459:History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent 1725:harvester's sickle, 3000 BC, made from baked clay 12612: 11145:Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History 10346:. Central European University Press. p. 9. 10340:Iordachi, Constantin; Bauerkamper, Arnd (2014). 10241:"Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical" 9961: 9316:The Origins and Development of African Livestock 7990: 6826:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from 6695:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry 5744: 5709: 5707: 3820:became common from the 13th century onward as a 3633:Indigenous Australians used systematic burning, 3241:hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed 2100:In southern China, rice was domesticated in the 2050:. The site was abandoned in the 19th century BC. 1809:were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago. 1688:which die off in the long dry season, leaving a 1216:were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. 11543:"The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture" 11482:Readings in the history of American agriculture 9991:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 9620: 9313: 9076: 9037:. University of California Press. p. 417. 8336:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7763:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44, 51. 7747: 7302: 7138: 7082: 7080: 6875:"The Céide Fields and North West Mayo Boglands" 6496: 6429:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 62. 6422: 6069:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5958:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5898:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5475:"Domestication of cattle: Two or three events?" 4940: 4938: 4889:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3442:In the Sahel region, civilizations such as the 3359:which prevented larger, catastrophic fires and 11407:A History of Agriculture in Europe and America 11231:A history of agriculture in Europe and America 11152:The History and Social Influence of the Potato 11147:(Heinemann, 2008) a standard scholarly history 10417:"Title 05 – Agriculture and rural development" 10074: 9938: 9922:Wambugu, Florence; Wafula, John, eds. (2000). 9721:Langdon, John (2010). Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). 9338: 8934:Prehistoric Agriculture in the Central Plains. 8577:Rischkowsky, Barbara; Pilling, Dafydd (2007). 8225: 7434:. University of California Press. p. 24. 7218: 6877:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from 6816: 6607:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 6416: 6247: 4490:For most of its history, agriculture has been 4339:was widely practiced in the Soviet Union, the 3866:From the 8th century to the 14th century, the 3355:on a regional scale to create a low-intensity 3308:, as well as crops no longer grown, including 2819:, major grain-producing regions that mainland 2676:had been developed with iron ploughshares and 12552:History of the creation-evolution controversy 12304: 11567: 10264: 9944: 9921: 9720: 9480: 9234:"The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" 8871:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 8741:Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World 7698: 7679: 7588: 7493:. Oxford University Press. pp. 159–161. 7459: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7421: 7419: 7212: 6944: 5713: 5704: 5544:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 5294:"Crops with wild relatives found in Ethiopia" 4382:, and the development of economically viable 4313:represented a major breakthrough and allowed 2987:Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin 1059: 708: 32:. For the topic of agricultural society, see 11357:Bidwell, Percy Wells, and John I. Falconer. 10808:Themes in Rural History of the Western World 10589: 10532: 10530: 10474: 10267:"The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture" 10041:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9967: 9510:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 88. 9022:http://www.concordgrape.org/bodyhistory.html 8921:Prehistoric Food Production in North America 8842: 8104:, 2nd edition, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 8083:, 2nd edition, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 7622: 7260: 7179: 7077: 7044: 6991: 6490: 5375:"Why It's Difficult to Chart Banana History" 4935: 4325:, while working for German chemical company 3470:may have been independently domesticated in 3139:The most important crop domesticated in the 2514:. Archeological evidence of an animal-drawn 2463:Agriculture in the Indus Valley Civilisation 1737:for their own benefit through means such as 11330:(Cambridge University Press, 8 vols., 1978) 10872:The Oxford Handbook of Agricultural History 10731: 10627: 10606: 10571: 10435: 9899:. The Ohio State University. Archived from 9725:. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–23. 9505: 9483:"Islamic Influences on Western Agriculture" 9314:Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin C. (1999). 8543: 7308: 6598: 5868:The forest-garden farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka 5595:World Cotton Production, Yara North America 4506:. With the advent of chemical agriculture, 3341:indigenous people in what is now California 3271:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains 3263:History of agriculture in the United States 2297:in the Eastern Woodlands of North America. 1729:Early people began altering communities of 12311: 12297: 11574: 11560: 11513:The social history of American agriculture 11493:(University of North Carolina Press, 1949) 11430:The Changing Scale of American Agriculture 11343:, Rachel Duffett, and Alain Drouard, eds. 10958:Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction 10895:Barker, Graeme, and Candice Goucher, eds. 9871: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9673:English Seigniorial Agriculture, 1250–1450 9664: 9641: 9596:. University of California Press. p. 9453: 9178:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln: 110–124. 9082: 8939: 8680: 8210: 8158: 8156: 7977:, trans. by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, 7965:, Rosen Publishing Group, 2006, pp. 11–12. 7827:The Basis of Civilization – Water Science? 7820: 7818: 7480: 7448: 7416: 7173: 6206:Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2013). 5636: 5634: 5632: 4347:. Another consequence occurred during the 3787:such as peas, lentils and beans. Improved 3414:. The squash leaves also act as a "living 3167:in modern Chile was the southern limit of 2649:of providing water for urban and palatial 1917:(c. 7600 – c. 6000 BC) Can Hasan III near 1913:sites in (Asia Minor) Turkey, such as the 1108:. At least eleven separate regions of the 1082:Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in 1066: 1052: 715: 701: 12582:Relationship between religion and science 11456: 11395: 11328:The Agrarian History of England and Wales 10997:(5 vols., 2014). From 2000 BC to present. 10862:( John Wiley & Sons, 2009), 800+ pp. 10817:(2 vol Cambridge University Press, 2000) 10527: 10491: 10392: 10290:"Tifton, Georgia: A Peanut Pest Showdown" 10238: 9894: 9508:Life and Thought in the Early Middle Ages 8856: 8792: 8782: 8622: 8426: 8416: 8365: 8355: 8267: 8257: 8190:Hill, Christina Gish (24 November 2020). 8056: 8046: 7584: 7582: 7570: 7276:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 7235: 7164: 7132: 7115: 7027: 7017: 6940: 6938: 6791: 6575: 6565: 6349: 6323: 6182: 6172: 6098: 6088: 5987: 5977: 5927: 5917: 5871:. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 1. 5780: 5658: 5571: 5514: 5449: 5439: 5260: 5219: 5106: 5033: 4980: 4962: 4918: 4908: 4854: 4844: 4726: 4716: 3906:, and the use of imported spices such as 3700:saw further improvements in agriculture. 3084:, domesticated between 8000 and 5000 BC. 2358:around 2300 BC. Vegetable crops included 2239:from the eighth millennium BC onwards at 2207:was domesticated by 3000 BC in Sudan and 1587:, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, 1398:cultivation of maize, squash, and beans. 1303:were cultivated in Africa by 3000 BC and 11345:Food and war in twentieth century Europe 10956:Isager, Signe and Jens Erik Skydsgaard. 10916:Crummey, Donald and Stewart, C.C., eds. 10902:Bowman, Alan K. and Rogan, Eugene, eds. 10780:(Princeton UP, 2005) highly quantitative 10216:. Cambridgeshire History. Archived from 9723:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 9670: 9424:Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea 9399:. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 9377:Jones, R. (1969). "Fire-stick Farming". 9109: 8747: 8628: 8597: 8450:Office of International Affairs (1989). 8284: 8128: 7675: 7673: 7520:. Oxford University Press. p. 283. 7338: 7266: 7086: 7050: 6443: 6140: 5716:Australia and the Origins of Agriculture 4639: 4538:Effects of climate change on agriculture 4466: 4415: 4282: 4240: 4099: 4056: 3975: 3840: 3735: 3542: 3425: 3292:Eastern U.S. domesticated numerous crops 3278: 3188: 3002: 2990: 2859: 2710: 2599: 2535: 2405: 2309: 2084: 2070:basin by 5500 BC. They were followed by 2041: 1843:(red, 'P') was identified more recently. 1827: 1784: 1717: 1649: 1231:region of Africa by 3000 BC, along with 1077: 11442: 11275: 11113: 11084: 10826:Mazoyer, Marcel, and Laurence Roudart. 10801:Seed to Civilization: The Story of Food 10579:"Ten worst famines of the 20th century" 10557: 10287: 10109: 10038:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9766: 9698:Decision-Making in Medieval Agriculture 9689: 9458:. Ohio State University. Archived from 9332: 9253: 9163: 9132: 8818:"Mayans converted wetlands to farmland" 8753: 8739:Johannessen, S.; Hastorf, C.A. (eds.). 8603: 8443: 8323: 8290: 8153: 8134: 8014: 7815: 7777: 7688:(1). Indian Academy of Sciences: 58–59. 7534: 7383: 6914: 6372: 6366: 5807: 5629: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4297:leaves (bottom) protect from damage by 3410:, helping prevent the establishment of 2875:in Belgium, which was then part of the 2128:. Rice cultivation was later spread to 12613: 11432:. (University of Virginia Press, 2004) 11038:The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture 10595: 10536: 10154: 10117:. British Agricultural History Society 10028: 9812: 9777: 9745: 9421: 9169: 9145:. Dodo Press. pp. 25 and passim. 8885: 8816:Mascarelli, Amanda (5 November 2010). 8549: 8515: 8329: 8115: 7753: 7579: 7486: 7425: 7309:Walter, Annie; Lebot, Vincent (2007). 6935: 6631: 6272: 6122:Ensminger, M.E.; Parker, R.O. (1986). 5699:The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture 5291: 4479: 2452: 1789:An Indian farmer with a rock-weighted 1370:) found its way to South America from 1086:. Painting from the burial chamber of 12292: 11555: 11437:American Agriculture: A Brief History 11185: 11007: 10705: 10461: 10441: 10160: 10002: 9695: 9587: 9412:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 9376: 8945: 8183: 7891:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. pp. 55–56. 7729:Harris, David R.; Gosden, C. (1996). 7692: 7670: 7463:Plants, Biotechnology and Agriculture 7379: 7377: 7334: 7332: 7241: 4792: 4749: 4543:Farming/language dispersal hypothesis 4447:Synthetic nitrogen, along with mined 4025: 3937: 3767:heavy plough improved on the earlier 3421: 2219:were also domesticated in Africa. In 1782:could have occurred quite naturally. 12260: 11484:(University of Illinois Press, 1960) 11380:"American Farmers: The New Minority" 11374: 11114:Manning, Richard (1 February 2005). 10506:United Nations Environment Programme 10366: 10032:"Blith, Walter (bap. 1605, d. 1654)" 9415: 8997:"Pecans at Texas A&M University" 8972: 8671: 8189: 7651: 7627:Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography 7412:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 6915:Vergara, Daniela (2 December 2014). 6751: 5885: 4871: 4690: 4635: 4633: 4603: 4601: 4599: 3363:in loose rotation; a sort of "wild" 2701:Ancient Greece and Hellenistic world 2637:by the 1st century AD, powered by a 1921:, but is otherwise absent until the 1707: 1645: 1291:, along with tree crops such as the 12272: 11361:(1925), massive scholarly history. 10815:The Cambridge world history of food 10715:European Journal of Social Sciences 10140:. Krause Publications. p. 33. 9552: 9456:"Medieval Horticulture/Agriculture" 7934:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 89, 110. 7849: 7843: 7087:Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011). 7061:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2 6919:. Cannabis Genomics. Archived from 6250:Plant Evolution under Domestication 5659:Stromberg, Joseph (February 2013). 5298:Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia 4405: 3771:, with the adoption of the Chinese 3681:Middle Ages and Early Modern period 3361:sustained a low-density agriculture 3143:and tropical lowlands was probably 2846:was also practiced in other parts. 1976:(8000 BC) and several varieties of 1960:in southern Mexico by 6700 BC. The 1909:occurs in small quantities at some 1378:was domesticated about 7000 BC and 13: 12459:Central dogma of molecular biology 12123:Environmental impact of irrigation 11477:(University Press of Kansas, 2015) 11351: 11265:(Cambridge University Press, 1990) 10755: 10165:. Shire Publications. p. 30. 9567:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1986.tb01255.x 9345:. Psychology Press. pp. 3–4. 9290:"Celebrating Nigeria's yummy yams" 9118:. University of California Press. 8674:Handbook of South American Indians 8221:. London: CRC-Press. p. 1104. 7925:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. p. 184 7374: 7329: 7267:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). 7219:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). 6985: 3720:. During the medieval period, the 3660: 2962:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2719:, symbol of wealth in the city of 2502:. Irrigation was developed in the 14: 12642: 11536: 11371:(University of Minnesota P, 1993) 10986:Price, T.D. and A. Gebauer, eds. 10508:. 16 October 2009. Archived from 10186:Macmillan, Don; Broehl, Wayne G. 9957:from the original on 11 May 2000. 9256:The African Archaeological Review 9089:. Heyday. pp. 135, 173–202. 8219:Food & Nutrition Encyclopedia 8165:Journal of Latin American Studies 7390:Journal of Archaeological Science 6851:. Museums of Mayo. Archived from 5136:Journal of Archaeological Science 5079:The African Archaeological Review 4630: 4596: 4014:, a disastrous crop failure from 3324:were harvested. The domesticated 3175:by a Spanish expedition in 1557. 2414:, a grain store, harvesting with 1311:was domesticated in West Africa. 12595: 12594: 12271: 12259: 12247: 12236: 12235: 11253:The Farmer in England, 1650–1980 11207:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00358.x 10725: 10699: 10409: 10369:"Water Pollution by Agriculture" 10360: 10333: 10307: 10281: 10258: 10232: 10206: 10179: 10129: 10103: 10068: 10022: 9996: 9970:"How the Potato Changed History" 9915: 9888: 9865: 9806: 9746:Jordan, William Chester (1997). 9739: 9614: 9581: 9546: 9514: 9499: 9474: 9447: 9402: 9389: 9370: 9359: 9307: 9282: 9247: 9225: 9182: 9103: 9051: 9026: 9014: 8989: 8966: 8926: 8914: 8879: 8836: 8809: 8732: 8665: 8509: 8330:Larson, Gregor (29 April 2014). 8171:(Quincentenary Supplement): 62. 7384:Manning, Katie (February 2011). 7339:Winchell, Frank (October 2017). 6688:species (bananas and plantains)" 6519:10.1179/146141010X12640787648504 6227:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089 5865:McConnell, Douglas John (1992). 4609:"The Development of Agriculture" 4081:to maintain soil nutrients, and 3256: 2972: 2521: 2401: 2300: 1817:were domesticated from the wild 1537:brought New World crops such as 1208:were domesticated from the wild 684: 51: 12191:Agriculture and the environment 11928:British Agricultural Revolution 11581: 11490:The story of tobacco in America 10995:History of Agriculture in India 10993:Srivastava, Vinod Chandra, ed. 10944:Agrarian System of Mughal India 10136:Barlow, Robert Stockes (2003). 9976:(November 2011). Archived from 9780:The Journal of Economic History 9138: 9035:Fire in California's Ecosystems 9020:The History of Concord Grapes, 7984: 7968: 7963:The Technology of Ancient China 7952:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 110. 7794: 7789:Oxford Companion to Archaeology 7645: 7631:. University of Chicago Press. 7616: 7564: 6908: 6893: 6867: 6841: 6701: 6675: 6625: 6592: 6533: 6317: 6266: 6241: 6115: 6056: 6004: 5944: 5858: 5838:Douglas John McConnell (2003). 5831: 5722: 5718:. Archaeopress. pp. 29–30. 5701:, Roli Books, New Delhi, p. 196 5687: 5652: 5599: 5588: 5531: 5466: 5415: 5391: 5367: 5343: 5319: 5285: 5236: 5170: 5123: 5066: 4619:from the original on 2023-01-30 4230: 4197:Rothamsted Experimental Station 4107:'s seed drill, invented in 1701 4087:unprecedented population growth 4069:and the cultivation of turnips. 4043:British Agricultural Revolution 4037:British agricultural revolution 4032:History of agricultural science 3824:for animals and also for their 3553:, was planted and harvested by 2983:History of agriculture in Chile 2937: 2849: 2827:also played a critical role in 2775:and importation of grains from 2532:Agriculture (Chinese mythology) 1581:British Agricultural Revolution 1575:were introduced soon after the 1531:voyages of Christopher Columbus 1172: – were cultivated in the 1136:. By around 9500 BC, the eight 670:Agriculture and the environment 136:British Agricultural Revolution 12484:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis 12135:Climate change and agriculture 11908:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 11445:Journal of Economic Literature 11323:(Edward Arnold, reprint, 1963) 10974:The First European Agriculture 10543:. Macmillan. pp. 26, 29. 10294:Agricultural Research magazine 10288:Suszkiw, Jan (November 1999). 10192:. Voyageur Press. p. 45. 10007:. Cambridge University Press. 9752:. Princeton University Press. 9675:. Cambridge University Press. 7943:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 33. 7912:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 57. 7903:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 56. 7610:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 7055:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5732:. National Climate Data Center 4812: 4795:"Domestication History of Rye" 4786: 4743: 4684: 4245:Early 20th-century image of a 4171:Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies 4049:List of agricultural machinery 3795:further improved cultivation. 3692:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 3178: 3114:Animals were also domesticated 2743:The major cereal crops of the 1617:genetically modified organisms 116:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 1: 11120:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 10858:Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. 10567:. Worldwatch Institute. 2006. 10189:The John Deere Tractor Legacy 9671:Campbell, Bruce M.S. (2000). 9627:. McFarland. pp. 88–89. 9624:Daily Life in the Middle Ages 9588:White, Lynn Townsend (1978). 8604:Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012). 8485:John Michael Francis (2005). 7872:10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2 7825:Rodda & Ubertini (2004). 6905:. Princeton University Press. 5399:"Early Africans Went Bananas" 4589: 4207:, was imported to Britain by 3836: 3557:in eastern central Australia. 3290:The indigenous people of the 2757:Agriculture in ancient Greece 2707:Agriculture in ancient Greece 2571:system and widespread use of 2386:. They grew fruits including 1851:of agriculture appear: first 1762:(about 9500 BC) in the early 1440: 1116:were involved as independent 1091: 11913:Arab Agricultural Revolution 10882: 10853:Agriculture in World History 10373:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 10062:UK public library membership 8291:Piperno, Dolores R. (2011). 7804:. Blackwell Publishing. 47. 7783:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). 7288:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 5428:Genome Biology and Evolution 4964:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414 4846:10.1371/journal.pone.0284222 4718:10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 4018:that resulted in widespread 3872:Arab agricultural revolution 3862:Arab Agricultural Revolution 3538: 3267:Eastern Agricultural Complex 2902:laid the groundwork for the 2428:Ancient Egyptian agriculture 1132:people on the shores of the 121:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7: 11341:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina 11158: 10969:(Columbia University, 1921) 10937:Economy of the Roman Empire 10596:Hazell, Peter B.R. (2009). 9849:National Geographic Society 9844:Food Journeys of a Lifetime 9700:. Oxford University Press. 9555:The Economic History Review 9318:. London: UCL. p. 10. 8516:Rajpal, Vijay Rani (2016). 7428:"Food and the African Past" 7225:eJournal of Indian Medicine 6693:. In Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). 4525: 3831:terrible weather of 1315–17 3747:By AD 900, developments in 3576:were predominately nomadic 3513:during the 5th century BC. 3193:The creation of maize from 2906:economic system, involving 2563:provide a picture of early 2089:Chronological dispersal of 1657:camp by Skinner Prout, 1876 10: 12647: 11873:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 11547:Cornell University Library 11467:10.1257/002205105775362005 10760: 10741:Journal of Organic Systems 10599:The Asian Green Revolution 10315:"A Historical Perspective" 9947:"The Impact of the Potato" 9819:Cambridge University Press 9813:Watson, Andrew M. (1983). 9379:Australian Natural History 9170:Landon, Amanda J. (2008). 9083:Cunningham, Laura (2010). 8643:10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.452 8125:(Cornell University Press) 7733:. Routledge. p. 385. 6899:Anthony, David W. (2007). 6476:10.1191/095968301678302823 5773:10.1038/s41598-023-45500-w 4483: 4409: 4234: 4129:another important factor. 4063:Charles 'Turnip' Townshend 4046: 4040: 4029: 3941: 3859: 3689: 3566: 3560: 3533: 3477:In the tropical region of 3380:developed in North America 3302:, varieties of squash and 3260: 3185:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 3182: 2976: 2853: 2704: 2525: 2456: 2425: 2324: 2314:Domesticated animals on a 2062:was domesticated by early 1711: 1638: 1634: 1382:to become domestic maize. 81:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 27: 17: 12590: 12512: 12444: 12331: 12232: 12223:Universities and colleges 12199: 12143: 12091: 11952: 11856: 11841:Universities and colleges 11653: 11646: 11612: 11589: 11532:(Houghton, Mifflin, 1891) 11526:Weeden, William Babcock. 11507:(McGill-Queen's UP, 2012) 11500:(UP of New England, 1981) 11480:Rasmussen, Wayne D., ed. 11278:Journal of Modern History 11044: 10981:Origin of Cultivated Rice 10946:(Oxford UP, 3rd ed. 2013) 10565:"State of the World 2006" 9792:10.1017/s0022050700079602 9110:Anderson, M. 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The helmeted 608:Universities and colleges 568:Universities and colleges 12208:Agriculturist profession 11685:Agricultural engineering 11670:Agricultural cooperative 10537:Scully, Matthew (2002). 10214:"The Coprolite Industry" 9874:"The Columbian Exchange" 9621:Newman, Paul B. (2001). 9139:Wilson, Gilbert (1917). 8631:Latin American Antiquity 8079:Koester, Helmut (1995), 7921:Needham, Joseph (1986). 7571:Tannahill, Reay (1968). 6971:10.1177/0959683617708455 5671:(10): 18. Archived from 4345:Soviet famine of 1932–33 4219:from the dissolution of 4185:was built in America by 4079:four-field crop rotation 3922:. Intensive irrigation, 2922:) were over 500 iugera. 2616:grain with a horizontal 2470:was domesticated in the 2305: 1227:was domesticated in the 593:Agriculturist profession 412:Agricultural engineering 397:Agricultural cooperative 12113:Agricultural wastewater 11836:Sustainable food system 11831:Sustainable agriculture 11722:Animal-free agriculture 11690:Agricultural technology 11397:10.17077/0003-4827.8923 11319:Slicher van Bath, B.H. 11251:Hoyle, Richard W., ed. 11195:Economic History Review 11186:Clark, Gregory (2007). 11065:, in Britain, 1750–1850 11061:( 1969) 43:4, 463–475. 10935:Duncan-Jones, Richard. 10842:Prentice, E. Parmalee. 10486:Oxford University Press 10097:10.1525/gfc.2009.9.3.32 10089:10.1525/gfc.2009.9.3.32 9851:. 2015. pp. 126–. 9203:10.1126/science.1096008 9176:Nebraska Anthropologist 8952:. OUP US. pp. 1–. 8784:10.1073/pnas.0909724107 8488:Iberia and the Americas 8418:10.1073/pnas.0507400102 8357:10.1073/pnas.1323964111 8259:10.1073/pnas.0800894105 8135:Diamond, Jared (1999). 8100:Helmut Koester (1995), 7487:Barker, Graeme (2009). 7466:. CABI. pp. 153–. 7426:Carney, Judith (2011). 7198:10.2458/azu_rc.57.18562 7019:10.1073/pnas.0900158106 6729:10.1126/science.1085255 6653:10.1126/science.1085255 6567:10.1073/pnas.0812525106 6412:(subscription required) 6351:10.1126/science.1132636 6295:10.1126/science.1125910 6248:Ladizinsky, G. (1998). 6174:10.1073/pnas.1303367110 6090:10.1073/pnas.0703411104 6034:10.1126/science.1106927 5979:10.1073/pnas.1323964111 5919:10.1073/pnas.0803780105 4910:10.1073/pnas.1104686108 4662:10.1126/science.1173966 4553:Historical hydroculture 4262:International Harvester 4179:stationary steam engine 4012:European Potato Failure 4008:Colorado potato beetles 4006:compound used to fight 3934:, dams and reservoirs. 3876:population distribution 3580:. Due to the policy of 3353:natives controlled fire 3316:. Wild foods including 2592:and his groundbreaking 2546:Yuanyang County, Yunnan 2410:Agricultural scenes of 2182:Mainland Southeast Asia 2142:Maritime Southeast Asia 2130:Maritime Southeast Asia 1915:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 1263:by 3000 BC, along with 1138:Neolithic founder crops 563:Sustainable food system 558:Sustainable agriculture 449:Animal-free agriculture 417:Agricultural technology 12621:History of agriculture 12504:Spontaneous generation 12454:Germ theory of disease 12431:Zoology (through 1859) 12213:Agricultural machinery 12171:History of agriculture 12156:Agriculture by country 12151:Agricultural machinery 12108:Agricultural pollution 12103:Agricultural expansion 11878:Austronesian expansion 11789:Mechanised agriculture 11150:Salaman, Redcliffe N. 10929:Guns, Germs, and Steel 10899:. (Cambridge UP, 2015) 10786:Food in Global History 10467:Weasel, Lisa H. 2009. 10385:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176 10265:Reid, John F. (2011). 10003:Snell, K.D.M. (1985). 9945:Chapman, Jeff (2000). 9481:Janick, Jules (2008). 8946:Smith, Andrew (2013). 8932:Adair, Mary J. (1988) 8861:(inactive 2024-04-24). 8858:10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf 8757:; et al. (2010). 8137:Guns, Germs, and Steel 7800:Stein, Burton (1998). 7699:Baber, Zaheer (1996). 7589:Janick, Jules (2002). 7460:Murphy, Denis (2011). 7315:. IRD Éditions-CIRAD. 6407: – via 6324:Lev-Yadun, S. (2006). 6124:Sheep and Goat Science 5844:. Ashgate. p. 1. 5714:Gerritsen, R. (2008). 5204:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 4533:Agricultural expansion 4512:biodynamic agriculture 4476: 4428: 4351:in China initiated by 4302: 4254: 4108: 4070: 4065:introduced four-field 4053:Mechanised agriculture 3990: 3857: 3854:medieval Islamic world 3808:Crops included wheat, 3744: 3574:Indigenous Australians 3558: 3555:Indigenous Australians 3439: 3287: 3198: 3014: 3010:using a human-powered 3000: 2883: 2867:harvesting machine, a 2740: 2620: 2608:(960–1127 AD) Chinese 2548: 2423: 2322: 2293:in South America, and 2134:Austronesian expansion 2097: 2051: 2025:horse was domesticated 1844: 1794: 1726: 1658: 1420:in the same period in 1322:of South America, the 1098: 691:Agriculture portal 650:History of agriculture 635:Agriculture by country 630:Agricultural machinery 598:Agricultural machinery 516:Mechanised agriculture 86:Austronesian expansion 12626:History of industries 12525:Philosophy of biology 12218:Government ministries 12161:Agriculture companies 11997:Convertible husbandry 11675:Agricultural supplies 11625:Agricultural Engineer 11523:(Iowa State UP, 1972) 11367:Cochrane, Willard W. 11326:Thirsk, Joan, et al. 11241:(HarperCollins, 1980) 11182:(Manchester UP, 1987) 11010:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 10963:Lee, Mabel Ping-hua. 10835:Food in world history 10810:(Iowa State UP, 1993) 10583:Sydney Morning Herald 10442:James, Clive (1996). 10161:Hodge, James (1973). 10047:10.1093/ref:odnb/2655 10029:Thirsk, Joan (2004). 9993:, by Charles C. 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Allen & Unwin. 5556:10.5713/ajas.15.0002R 4578:History of the potato 4563:History of fertilizer 4470: 4419: 4355:that resulted in the 4286: 4244: 4235:Further information: 4163:Rotherham iron plough 4103: 4091:Industrial Revolution 4060: 3979: 3844: 3739: 3546: 3429: 3390:(corn), and climbing 3282: 3261:Further information: 3206:locally domesticated 3201:In Mesoamerica, wild 3192: 3165:Guaitecas Archipelago 3035:Santa Elena peninsula 3006: 2994: 2863: 2854:Further information: 2745:ancient Mediterranean 2714: 2705:Further information: 2603: 2539: 2526:Further information: 2409: 2313: 2285:were domesticated in 2088: 2045: 1831: 1788: 1721: 1712:Further information: 1655:Indigenous Australian 1653: 1517:, both in Europe and 1503:ancient Mediterranean 1408:were domesticated in 1259:were domesticated in 1081: 640:Agriculture companies 603:Government ministries 402:Agricultural supplies 239:Convertible husbandry 12557:Human Genome Project 12469:Great chain of being 12436:Zoology (since 1859) 12371:Evolutionary thought 12341:Agricultural science 11868:Neolithic Revolution 11727:Cellular agriculture 11680:Agricultural science 11519:Schlebecker John T. 11337:(Liverpool UP, 2002) 11272:(Cambridge UP, 1986) 11248:(Princeton UP, 1996) 11221:Dovring, Folke, ed. 11168:(Cambridge UP, 1997) 11059:Agricultural History 11004:(Cambridge UP, 1971) 10976:(Edinburgh UP, 1970) 10972:Murray, Jacqueline. 10939:(Cambridge UP, 1982) 10833:Pilcher, Jeffrey M. 10803:(W.H. Freeman, 1990) 10776:Federico, Giovanni. 10732:Paull, John (2014). 10706:Paull, John (2011). 10367:Moss, Brian (2008). 9395:Williams, E. (1988) 8888:Current Anthropology 8556:. UPNE. p. 81. 8474:– via nap.edu. 8297:Current Anthropology 7961:Robert Greenberger, 7573:The fine art of food 7348:Current Anthropology 6599:Smith, A.F. (1994). 5020:(14): 2274–2282.e6. 4752:Current Anthropology 4691:Snir, Ainit (2015). 4568:History of gardening 4494:, without synthetic 4396:Worldwatch Institute 4357:Great Chinese Famine 4292:genetically modified 4061:The agriculturalist 3613:Panicum decompositum 3593:Dioscorea hastifolia 3550:Panicum decompositum 3462:was domesticated in 3430:Yam festival in the 3128:. The people of the 3108:was domesticated in 2759:was hindered by the 2739:, c. 530–510 BC 2668:. By the end of the 2528:Agriculture in China 2436:was indebted to the 2432:The civilization of 2327:Neolithic Revolution 2211:by 2500 BC in Mali. 2091:Austronesian peoples 1758:from just after the 1754:and larger seeds of 1714:List of food origins 1641:Neolithic Revolution 1577:Neolithic Revolution 1525:to Europe by way of 1519:in the Islamic world 1416:were cultivated and 1386:was domesticated in 929:Types of communities 454:Cellular agriculture 407:Agricultural science 76:Neolithic Revolution 21:Agricultural History 12562:Humboldtian science 12499:Sequence hypothesis 12406:Molecular evolution 11473:O'Sullivan, Robin. 11428:Hart, John Fraser. 11411:(F.S. Crofts, 1925) 11244:Hoffman, Philip T. 11068:Ludden, David, ed. 10953:, (Routledge, 1996) 10932:(W.W. Norton, 1997) 10806:Herr, Richard, ed. 10799:Heiser, Charles B. 10663:10.1038/nature01014 10655:2002Natur.418..671T 10515:on 22 November 2009 10480:Douglas, James S., 10246:. Purdue University 9488:. Purdue University 8775:2010PNAS..107.2807S 8755:Speller, Camilla F. 8409:2005PNAS..10214694S 8403:(41): 14694–14699. 8348:2014PNAS..111.6139L 8250:2008PNAS..105.5006Z 8048:10.1038/nature11532 8039:2012Natur.490..497H 7864:2001STilR..61....3L 7402:2011JArSc..38..312M 7157:2011Rice....4..178H 7108:2011Rice....4...93B 7010:2009PNAS..106.7367L 6963:2017Holoc..27.1885H 6784:10.1038/nature15757 6776:2015Natur.527..226R 6558:2009PNAS..106.5019P 6511:2010EnvAr..15..124C 6468:2001Holoc..11..383H 6342:2006Sci...314.1683L 6287:2006Sci...312.1372K 6281:(5778): 1372–1374. 6165:2013PNAS..110E1398M 6081:2007PNAS..10415276L 6075:(39): 15276–15281. 6026:2005Sci...307.1618L 6020:(5715): 1618–1621. 5970:2014PNAS..111.6139L 5910:2008PNAS..10513982A 5904:(37): 13982–13986. 5765:2023NatSR..1321133G 5491:2019EvApp..12..123P 5441:10.1093/gbe/evab090 5331:Crop Wild Relatives 5196:2019SciA....5.1947S 5148:2011JArSc..38..312M 5026:2018CBio...28E2274C 4901:2011PNAS..108.8351M 4837:2023PLoSO..1884222S 4709:2015PLoSO..1031422S 4654:2009Sci...326.1680M 4648:(5960): 1680–1683. 4613:National Geographic 4480:Organic agriculture 4471:An organic farmer, 4433:technology transfer 3971:Early Modern period 3816:. Peas, beans, and 3742:Pietro de Crescenzi 3627:Marsilea drummondii 3516:Several species of 3487:Sea Island red peas 3474:at around 1600 BC. 3450:empires cultivated 3067:Lagenaria siceraria 3051:Maranta arundinacea 3021:, near present-day 2892:Classical antiquity 2747:region were wheat, 2565:Chinese agriculture 2472:Indian subcontinent 2453:Indian Subcontinent 2106:wetland agriculture 2031:around 4000 BC. In 1937:valley of northern 1669:; examples are the 1597:Haber-Bosch process 1489:, the expansion of 1487:classical antiquity 1467:Indian subcontinent 335:Steam sterilization 12572:Natural philosophy 12520:History of science 12320:History of biology 12002:Rotational grazing 11918:Columbian exchange 11503:Russell, Peter A. 11487:Robert, Joseph C. 11435:Hurt, R. Douglas. 11255:(Routledge, 2013) 11164:Ambrosoli, Mauro. 11081:(Cambridge, 1999). 11076:2011-06-04 at the 10949:Harris, D.R., ed. 10837:(Routledge, 2023). 10792:2011-06-04 at the 10766:Civitello, Linda. 10620:The New York Times 10423:on 4 December 2013 10163:Richard Trevithick 9268:10.1007/BF01117218 8707:10.1007/BF02361797 8303:(S-4): S453–S470. 7802:A History of India 7312:Gardens of Oceania 6830:on 26 January 2007 5753:Scientific Reports 5675:on 15 October 2013 4477: 4429: 4349:Great Leap Forward 4337:Collective farming 4307:Haber-Bosch method 4303: 4255: 4175:Richard Trevithick 4139:selective breeding 4109: 4083:selective breeding 4071: 4026:Modern agriculture 3991: 3944:Columbian exchange 3938:Columbian exchange 3858: 3745: 3704:spread throughout 3635:fire-stick farming 3606:), native millet ( 3563:Fire-stick farming 3559: 3440: 3422:Sub-Saharan Africa 3372:companion planting 3349:fire-stick farming 3288: 3199: 3015: 3001: 2953:semi-arid climates 2884: 2797:Hellenistic period 2741: 2621: 2582:Chinese characters 2549: 2424: 2422:, 15th century BC. 2323: 2098: 2052: 1845: 1795: 1745:very early. Wild 1739:fire-stick farming 1727: 1659: 1593:selective breeding 1535:Columbian exchange 1099: 843:Indigenous peoples 244:Rotational grazing 126:Columbian exchange 12608: 12607: 12474:Hierarchy of life 12421:Plant systematics 12401:Molecular biology 12286: 12285: 11846:Urban agriculture 11819:Rice-duck farming 11767:Intensive farming 11737:Extensive farming 11510:Schafer, Joseph. 11496:Russell, Howard. 11439:(Purdue UP, 2002) 11418:(P. Smith, 1933) 11333:Williamson, Tom. 11316:(Oxford UP, 2014) 11178:Brown, Jonathan. 11175:(Routledge, 2012) 11154:(Cambridge, 2010) 11127:978-1-4668-2342-6 11050:Collingham, E.M. 10960:(Routledge, 1995) 10906:(Oxford UP, 1999) 10870:Whayne, Jeannie. 10860:A history of food 10855:(Routledge, 2008) 10649:(6898): 671–677. 10585:. 15 August 2011. 10550:978-0-312-31973-1 10471:Amacom Publishing 10379:(1491): 659–666. 10353:978-615-5225-63-5 10199:978-1-61060-529-8 10172:978-0-85263-177-5 10147:978-0-87349-632-2 10060:(Subscription or 10014:978-0-521-24548-7 9968:Mann, Charles C. 9858:978-1-4262-1609-1 9828:978-0-521-24711-5 9759:978-1-4008-2213-3 9732:978-0-19-866262-4 9707:978-0-19-924776-9 9682:978-0-521-30412-2 9634:978-0-7864-5052-7 9607:978-0-520-03566-9 9433:978-1-921536-60-1 9352:978-0-415-92723-9 9325:978-1-84142-018-9 9159:on 14 March 2016. 9152:978-1-4099-4233-7 9125:978-0-520-24851-9 9096:978-1-59714-136-9 9069:978-0-87919-126-9 9062:. Ballena Press. 9044:978-0-520-24605-8 8959:978-0-19-973496-2 8743:. Westview Press. 8615:978-0-8223-5310-2 8590:978-92-5-105762-9 8563:978-0-87451-649-4 8529:978-3-319-27096-8 8502:978-1-85109-426-4 8471:978-0-309-04264-2 8342:(17): 6139–6146. 8244:(13): 5006–5011. 8033:(7421): 497–501. 8007:978-0-415-96930-7 7836:978-1-901502-57-2 7770:978-0-521-57652-9 7740:978-1-85728-538-3 7710:978-0-7914-2919-8 7638:978-0-226-42914-4 7527:978-0-19-969726-7 7500:978-0-19-955995-4 7473:978-1-84593-913-7 7441:978-0-520-94953-9 7322:978-1-86320-470-5 7253:978-0-415-10054-0 7070:978-0-470-01617-6 7004:(18): 7367–7372. 6957:(12): 1885–1898. 6770:(7577): 226–230. 6723:(5630): 189–193. 6647:(5630): 189–193. 6618:978-1-57003-000-0 6552:(13): 5019–5024. 6436:978-0-19-954906-1 6375:Anatolian Studies 6259:978-0-412-82210-0 6133:978-0-8134-2464-4 5878:978-92-5-102898-8 5851:978-0-7546-0958-2 5824:978-1-74237-748-3 5648:. 12 August 2020. 5624:978-1-74237-748-3 5499:10.1111/eva.12674 5307:978-0-521-38456-8 4558:History of cotton 4376:gene manipulation 4309:for synthesizing 4237:Intensive farming 4209:John Thomas North 4193:John Bennet Lawes 4159:threshing machine 4126:Charles Townshend 4077:, mechanization, 3826:nitrogen-fixation 3773:mouldboard plough 3436:Thomas E. Bowdich 3376:the Three Sisters 3251:Yucatán Peninsula 3149:Manihot esculenta 2979:Incan agriculture 2896:Roman agriculture 2888:Greco-Roman world 2856:Roman agriculture 2606:Northern Song era 2551:Records from the 2013:Iberian peninsula 1833:Centres of origin 1799:centers of origin 1708:Early development 1646:Origin hypotheses 1501:, throughout the 1479:methane emissions 1221:subsaharan Africa 1118:centers of origin 1076: 1075: 725: 724: 573:Urban agriculture 546:Rice-duck farming 494:Intensive farming 464:Extensive farming 12638: 12631:History by topic 12598: 12597: 12577:Natural theology 12313: 12306: 12299: 12290: 12289: 12275: 12274: 12263: 12262: 12251: 12239: 12238: 12083:Wildlife farming 11933:Green Revolution 11884:Ancient history 11824:Rice-fish system 11732:Contract farming 11717:Animal husbandry 11576: 11569: 11562: 11553: 11552: 11516:(Da Capo, 1970 ) 11470: 11460: 11401: 11399: 11376:Fite, Gilbert C. 11309: 11225:(Springer, 1965) 11218: 11192: 11131: 11110: 11036:Yasuda, Y., ed. 11033: 10983:(Elsevier, 2012) 10892:(Springer, 2009) 10749: 10748: 10738: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10687: 10681:. Archived from 10640: 10631: 10625: 10624: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10593: 10587: 10586: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10534: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10514: 10503: 10495: 10489: 10478: 10472: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10448: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10419:. Archived from 10413: 10407: 10406: 10396: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10245: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10183: 10177: 10176: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10116: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10034: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10000: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9965: 9959: 9958: 9951:History Magazine 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9872:Crosby, Alfred. 9869: 9863: 9862: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9810: 9804: 9803: 9775: 9764: 9763: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9650:Past and Present 9645: 9639: 9638: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9595: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9534: 9527: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9487: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9462:on 14 April 2013 9454:Jourdan, Pablo. 9451: 9445: 9444: 9419: 9413: 9406: 9400: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9374: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9155:. 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Archived from 8684: 8678: 8677: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8430: 8420: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8369: 8359: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8271: 8261: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8132: 8126: 8119: 8113: 8098: 8092: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8060: 8050: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7992:Glick, Thomas F. 7988: 7982: 7979:Han Civilization 7972: 7966: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7926: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7904: 7901: 7892: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7822: 7813: 7798: 7792: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7726: 7715: 7714: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7630: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7595: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7575:. Folio Society. 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7548:. Archived from 7538: 7532: 7531: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7457: 7446: 7445: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7326: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7151:(3–4): 178–183. 7136: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7093: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7021: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6795: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6714: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6692: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6638: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6606: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6569: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6353: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6212: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6176: 6159:(15): 1398–406. 6144: 6138: 6137: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6092: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5981: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5921: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5811:(October 2011). 5805: 5794: 5793: 5784: 5759:(21133): 21133, 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5711: 5702: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5638: 5627: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5575: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5443: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5264: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5223: 5184:Science Advances 5174: 5168: 5167: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5037: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4984: 4966: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4912: 4880: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4848: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4720: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4605: 4573:History of sugar 4548:Green Revolution 4516:Lord Northbourne 4425:Green Revolution 4423:, father of the 4412:Green Revolution 4406:Green Revolution 4311:ammonium nitrate 3603:Cyperus bulbosus 3578:hunter-gatherers 3481:, crops such as 3345:forest gardening 3043:Calathea allouia 2844:animal husbandry 2801:Ptolemaic Empire 2484:Pastoral farming 2476:Mehrgarh culture 2003:Papua New Guinea 1931:Tell Abu Hureyra 1841:Papua New Guinea 1772:Fertile Crescent 1743:forest gardening 1671:Natufian culture 1601:ammonium nitrate 1445: 1442: 1422:Papua New Guinea 1412:around 7000 BC. 1380:selectively bred 1096: 1093: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1026:Peasant movement 1016:Nomadic conflict 764:Delivery service 727: 726: 717: 710: 703: 689: 688: 687: 551:Rice-fish system 459:Contract farming 444:Animal husbandry 182:Animal husbandry 141:Green Revolution 92:Ancient history 55: 41: 40: 34:agrarian society 12646: 12645: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12586: 12567:Natural history 12508: 12446: 12440: 12396:Model organisms 12333: 12327: 12317: 12287: 12282: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12195: 12186:Poultry farming 12139: 12094: 12087: 12058:Poultry farming 11948: 11924:Modern history 11904:Post-classical 11852: 11851: 11850: 11794:Organic farming 11649: 11648: 11644: 11608: 11585: 11580: 11539: 11458:10.1.1.582.8537 11451:(4): 989–1024. 11420:Volume I online 11354: 11347:(Ashgate, 2011) 11268:Langdon, John. 11261:Kussmaul, Ann. 11237:Harvey, Nigel. 11190: 11161: 11140:(Penguin, 1986) 11136:Mintz, Sidney. 11128: 11087:Social Research 11078:Wayback Machine 11054:(Penguin, 2012) 11047: 11022:10.2307/1291130 10913:(Yale UP, 1977) 10885: 10794:Wayback Machine 10783:Grew, Raymond. 10763: 10758: 10756:Further reading 10753: 10752: 10736: 10730: 10726: 10710: 10704: 10700: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10611: 10607: 10594: 10590: 10577: 10576: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10535: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10479: 10475: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10436: 10426: 10424: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10321:on 9 March 2012 10313: 10312: 10308: 10298: 10296: 10286: 10282: 10263: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10239:Janick, Jules. 10237: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10220:on 4 April 2016 10212: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10173: 10159: 10155: 10148: 10134: 10130: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10073: 10069: 10059: 10051: 10049: 10027: 10023: 10015: 10001: 9997: 9983: 9981: 9966: 9962: 9943: 9939: 9929: 9927: 9920: 9916: 9906: 9904: 9895:Wagner, Holly. 9893: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9811: 9807: 9776: 9767: 9760: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9669: 9665: 9652:(141): 38–105. 9646: 9642: 9635: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9586: 9582: 9551: 9547: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9504: 9500: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9475: 9465: 9463: 9452: 9448: 9434: 9420: 9416: 9407: 9403: 9394: 9390: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9360: 9353: 9337: 9333: 9326: 9312: 9308: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9187: 9183: 9168: 9164: 9153: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9056: 9052: 9045: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9006: 9004: 8995: 8994: 8990: 8980: 8978: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8944: 8940: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8884: 8880: 8864: 8863: 8841: 8837: 8814: 8810: 8752: 8748: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8722: 8694:Potato Research 8685: 8681: 8670: 8666: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8606:Vertical Empire 8602: 8598: 8591: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8448: 8444: 8387: 8383: 8328: 8324: 8289: 8285: 8230: 8226: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8188: 8184: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8133: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8099: 8095: 8078: 8074: 8019: 8015: 8008: 7989: 7985: 7973: 7969: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7885:Needham, Joseph 7883: 7879: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7823: 7816: 7799: 7795: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7727: 7718: 7711: 7697: 7693: 7682:Current Science 7678: 7671: 7664: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7621: 7617: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7552:on 16 June 2016 7540: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7449: 7442: 7424: 7417: 7382: 7375: 7343: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7240: 7236: 7217: 7213: 7178: 7174: 7137: 7133: 7102:(3–4): 93–103. 7091: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7049: 7045: 6990: 6986: 6943: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6923:on 9 April 2016 6913: 6909: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6881:on Oct 17, 2011 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6855:on 22 July 2011 6847: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6831: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6756: 6752: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6690: 6680: 6676: 6636: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6597: 6593: 6538: 6534: 6495: 6491: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6387:10.2307/3642748 6371: 6367: 6336:(5806): 1683a. 6322: 6318: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6246: 6242: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6120: 6116: 6061: 6057: 6009: 6005: 5964:(17): 6139–46. 5949: 5945: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5806: 5797: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5712: 5705: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5661:"Classical gas" 5657: 5653: 5640: 5639: 5630: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5589: 5536: 5532: 5471: 5467: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5327:"Finger Millet" 5325: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5290: 5286: 5262:10.1002/leg3.57 5241: 5237: 5190:(5): eaaw1947. 5175: 5171: 5128: 5124: 5071: 5067: 5014:Current Biology 5005: 4998: 4957:(3): e1007414. 4943: 4936: 4881: 4872: 4831:(5): e0284222. 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4791: 4787: 4758:(S4): 221–235. 4748: 4744: 4703:(7): e0131422. 4689: 4685: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4528: 4520:organic farming 4488: 4486:Organic farming 4482: 4414: 4408: 4368:water pollution 4239: 4233: 4131:Robert Bakewell 4055: 4045: 4039: 4034: 4028: 3950:global exchange 3946: 3940: 3864: 3839: 3789:horse harnesses 3782:nitrogen-fixing 3710:manorial system 3694: 3688: 3683: 3663: 3661:Pacific Islands 3643:Harry Lourandos 3571: 3565: 3547:Native millet, 3541: 3536: 3526:originating in 3483:black-eyed peas 3424: 3277: 3259: 3187: 3181: 3173:Chiloé potatoes 2989: 2975: 2940: 2858: 2852: 2837:Seleucid Empire 2765:mainland Greece 2709: 2703: 2690:Oryza rufipogon 2622: 2534: 2524: 2465: 2455: 2430: 2404: 2366:, peas, beans, 2329: 2308: 2303: 2156:. Contact with 2150:Pacific Islands 2122:water chestnuts 1991:cultivation of 1927:Epipalaeolithic 1887:) sites in the 1837:Nikolai Vavilov 1716: 1710: 1663:hunter-gatherer 1648: 1643: 1637: 1629:organic farming 1627:. In response, 1609:water pollution 1443: 1406:root vegetables 1289:black eyed peas 1094: 1072: 1043: 1042: 999: 991: 990: 976: 966: 965: 892: 882: 881: 816: 808: 807: 769:Electrification 742: 721: 685: 683: 678: 677: 676: 675: 674: 665:Poultry farming 622: 614: 613: 612: 587: 579: 578: 577: 521:Organic farming 386: 378: 377: 376: 351: 341: 340: 339: 171: 161: 160: 159: 158: 157: 132:Modern history 112:Post-classical 65: 37: 26: 12: 11: 5: 12644: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12450: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12337: 12335: 12329: 12328: 12316: 12315: 12308: 12301: 12293: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12269: 12257: 12245: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12099: 12097: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12049: 12048: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12016: 12014:Insect farming 12011: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11958: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11893:Ancient Greece 11890: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11862: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11579: 11578: 11571: 11564: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11538: 11537:External links 11535: 11534: 11533: 11524: 11517: 11508: 11501: 11494: 11485: 11478: 11471: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11412: 11404:Gras, Norman. 11402: 11390:(7): 553–555. 11384:Annals of Iowa 11372: 11365: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11290:10.1086/237272 11284:(3): 218–221. 11273: 11266: 11259: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11234:(Crofts, 1925) 11228:Gras, Norman. 11226: 11219: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11148: 11143:Reader, John. 11141: 11133: 11132: 11126: 11111: 11082: 11066: 11055: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11041: 11034: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10961: 10954: 10947: 10942:Habib, Irfan. 10940: 10933: 10924:Diamond, Jared 10921: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10867: 10866: 10856: 10851:Tauger, Mark. 10849: 10848:(Harper, 1939) 10839: 10838: 10831: 10823: 10822: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10781: 10774: 10770:(Wiley, 2011) 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10724: 10698: 10626: 10605: 10588: 10570: 10556: 10549: 10526: 10490: 10473: 10460: 10434: 10408: 10359: 10352: 10332: 10306: 10280: 10257: 10231: 10205: 10198: 10178: 10171: 10153: 10146: 10128: 10102: 10067: 10021: 10013: 9995: 9960: 9937: 9914: 9887: 9864: 9857: 9834: 9827: 9805: 9765: 9758: 9738: 9731: 9713: 9706: 9688: 9681: 9663: 9640: 9633: 9613: 9606: 9580: 9561:(4): 526–548. 9545: 9513: 9498: 9473: 9446: 9442:j.ctt24h987.12 9432: 9414: 9401: 9388: 9369: 9358: 9351: 9331: 9324: 9306: 9281: 9262:(1): 119–144. 9246: 9231:Roger Blench, 9224: 9197:(1781): 1781. 9181: 9162: 9151: 9131: 9124: 9102: 9095: 9075: 9068: 9050: 9043: 9025: 9013: 8988: 8965: 8958: 8938: 8925: 8913: 8900:10.1086/204032 8878: 8835: 8808: 8746: 8731: 8701:(4): 309–316. 8679: 8664: 8621: 8614: 8596: 8589: 8569: 8562: 8542: 8528: 8508: 8501: 8477: 8470: 8456:. p. 92. 8442: 8381: 8322: 8309:10.1086/659998 8283: 8224: 8209: 8182: 8152: 8145: 8127: 8114: 8093: 8072: 8013: 8006: 7983: 7967: 7954: 7945: 7936: 7927: 7914: 7905: 7893: 7877: 7858:(1–2): 3–12 . 7842: 7835: 7814: 7793: 7776: 7769: 7755:Wright, Rita P 7746: 7739: 7716: 7709: 7691: 7669: 7662: 7644: 7637: 7615: 7604:(582): 23–39. 7578: 7563: 7546:British Museum 7533: 7526: 7506: 7499: 7479: 7472: 7447: 7440: 7415: 7396:(2): 312–322. 7373: 7360:10.1086/693898 7354:(5): 673–683. 7328: 7321: 7301: 7282:(2): 169–189. 7259: 7252: 7234: 7211: 7192:(2): 265–283. 7172: 7131: 7076: 7069: 7043: 6984: 6934: 6907: 6892: 6866: 6840: 6815: 6750: 6700: 6674: 6624: 6617: 6591: 6532: 6505:(2): 124–138. 6489: 6462:(4): 383–393. 6442: 6435: 6415: 6365: 6316: 6265: 6258: 6240: 6221:(2): 277–285. 6198: 6139: 6132: 6114: 6055: 6003: 5943: 5884: 5877: 5857: 5850: 5830: 5823: 5795: 5743: 5721: 5703: 5686: 5651: 5628: 5608: 5598: 5587: 5550:(7): 911–921. 5530: 5485:(1): 123–136. 5465: 5414: 5390: 5366: 5342: 5318: 5306: 5284: 5249:Legume Science 5235: 5169: 5142:(2): 312–322. 5122: 5085:(4): 483–505. 5065: 4996: 4934: 4895:(20): 8351–6. 4870: 4811: 4785: 4772:10.1086/659307 4764:10.1086/659307 4742: 4683: 4629: 4615:. 2022-07-08. 4594: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4508:Rudolf Steiner 4502:, and without 4484:Main article: 4481: 4478: 4458:Thomas Malthus 4449:rock phosphate 4437:Norman Borlaug 4421:Norman Borlaug 4410:Main article: 4407: 4404: 4372:farm subsidies 4232: 4229: 4225:sulphuric acid 4201:sodium nitrate 4113:Samuel Hartlib 4041:Main article: 4038: 4035: 4027: 4024: 3996:British Empire 3987:Pieter Bruegel 3982:The Harvesters 3967:Atlantic Ocean 3954:sweet potatoes 3948:After 1492, a 3942:Main article: 3939: 3936: 3930:water wheels, 3860:Main article: 3838: 3835: 3769:scratch plough 3690:Main article: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3662: 3659: 3561:Main article: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3523:Coffea arabica 3511:Ancient Greece 3432:Ashanti Empire 3423: 3420: 3334:Concord grapes 3258: 3255: 3183:Main article: 3180: 3177: 3061:species), and 2974: 2971: 2939: 2936: 2928:tenant farming 2881:Gallia Belgica 2851: 2848: 2833:Roman Republic 2785:Greek colonies 2733:southern Italy 2729:Greek colonies 2702: 2699: 2598: 2553:Warring States 2523: 2520: 2454: 2451: 2426:Main article: 2403: 2400: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2225:Papuan peoples 2162:Southern India 2009:Bees were kept 1994:Musa acuminata 1897:parthenocarpic 1859:, then hulled 1835:identified by 1791:scratch plough 1770:region of the 1709: 1706: 1647: 1644: 1639:Main article: 1636: 1633: 1625:farm subsidies 1551:sweet potatoes 1507:Western Europe 1475:ancient Greece 1444: 3300 BC 1134:Sea of Galilee 1095: 1200 BC 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 977: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 936: 931: 926: 925: 924: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 875:in Agriculture 867: 862: 857: 856: 855: 845: 840: 839: 838: 833: 828: 826:Family farmers 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 798: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 756: 755: 754: 743: 738: 737: 734: 733: 723: 722: 720: 719: 712: 705: 697: 694: 693: 680: 679: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 625: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 554: 553: 548: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 512: 511: 506: 501: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 430: 429: 424: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 353: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 320:Slash-and-burn 317: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 274: 273: 268: 263: 253: 248: 247: 246: 241: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 179: 173: 172: 167: 166: 163: 162: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 110: 109: 108: 103: 101:Ancient Greece 98: 90: 89: 88: 83: 78: 69: 68: 67: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12643: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12601: 12593: 12592: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12443: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356:Biotechnology 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12330: 12325: 12321: 12314: 12309: 12307: 12302: 12300: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12280: 12279: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12258: 12256: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12234: 12231: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12181:Meat industry 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12166:Biotechnology 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12093:Environmental 12090: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12073:Sheep farming 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11977:Dairy farming 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11954:Farming Types 11951: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11888:Ancient Egypt 11886: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11799:Paludiculture 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11700:Biotechnology 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11658: 11656: 11652: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11620:Agriculturist 11618: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11577: 11572: 11570: 11565: 11563: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11441: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11355: 11352:North America 11346: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11312:Moon, David. 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11258: 11257:online review 11254: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11201:(1): 97–135. 11200: 11196: 11189: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11072: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10888:Bakels, C.C. 10887: 10886: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10746: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10688:on 2011-07-16 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10609: 10601: 10600: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10566: 10560: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10533: 10531: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10494: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10470: 10464: 10445: 10438: 10422: 10418: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10336: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10295: 10291: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10261: 10242: 10235: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10201: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10182: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10132: 10113: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10063: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10039: 10033: 10025: 10016: 10010: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9989:Adapted from 9980:on 2013-11-02 9979: 9975: 9971: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9925: 9918: 9903:on 2013-12-08 9902: 9898: 9891: 9875: 9868: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9838: 9830: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9742: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9603: 9599: 9594: 9593: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9535:on 2016-08-18 9531: 9524: 9517: 9509: 9502: 9484: 9477: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9405: 9398: 9392: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9367: 9362: 9354: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9335: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9243:(235 KB) 9235: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9106: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9079: 9071: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9029: 9023: 9017: 9003:on 2010-05-25 9002: 8998: 8992: 8976: 8969: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8942: 8935: 8929: 8922: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8868: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8845:Soil Horizons 8839: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8742: 8735: 8721:on 2020-08-01 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8675: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8592: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8573: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8546: 8531: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8481: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8462:10.17226/1398 8459: 8455: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8157: 8148: 8146:0-393-31755-2 8142: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8123:Roman Farming 8118: 8111: 8110:3-11-014693-2 8107: 8103: 8097: 8090: 8089:3-11-014693-2 8086: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7976: 7975:Wang Zhongshu 7971: 7964: 7958: 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6209: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5809:Gammage, Bill 5804: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951:PLOS Genetics 4948: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4584: 4583:Rural history 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4361:Deng Xiaoping 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277:transplanters 4274: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249:ploughing an 4248: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4187:John Froelich 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:Andrew Meikle 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143:New Leicester 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4122:crop rotation 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4067:crop rotation 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3924:crop rotation 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3868:Islamic world 3863: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812:, barley and 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3778:crop rotation 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:iron smelting 3743: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3608:cooly, tindil 3605: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3583:terra nullius 3579: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384:winter squash 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314:little barley 3311: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257:North America 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3025:, and by the 3024: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973:South America 2970: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2949:Mediterranean 2945: 2935: 2933: 2932:sharecropping 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795:. During the 2794: 2790: 2789:Pontic Greeks 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:Magna Graecia 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:heavy ploughs 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2542:rice terraces 2538: 2533: 2529: 2522:Ancient China 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2434:Ancient Egypt 2429: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2402:Ancient Egypt 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2320: 2319:cylinder seal 2317: 2312: 2301:Civilizations 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2186:Austroasiatic 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Yangtze River 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Pontic steppe 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999:hybridization 1996: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905:Domesticated 1903: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:einkorn wheat 1854: 1850: 1849:founder crops 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Domestic pigs 1800: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:Younger Dryas 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686:annual plants 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:mechanization 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:crop rotation 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533:in 1492, the 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:ancient China 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:ancient Sudan 1456: 1455:ancient Egypt 1452: 1449: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1396:Three Sisters 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374:, where wild 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:finger millet 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:hulled barley 1147: 1146:einkorn wheat 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:Ohalo II 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1089: 1085: 1084:Ancient Egypt 1080: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031:Via Campesina 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 975: 970: 969: 960: 959:United States 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 891: 886: 885: 876: 873: 872: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 844: 841: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 822: 819: 818: 812: 811: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 792: 789: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 760: 757: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 744: 741: 736: 735: 732: 729: 728: 718: 713: 711: 706: 704: 699: 698: 696: 695: 692: 682: 681: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 660:Meat industry 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645:Biotechnology 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 618: 617: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 583: 582: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 526:Paludiculture 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 428: 427:Biotechnology 425: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 382: 381: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 350: 345: 344: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 315: 311: 309: 308:Sharecropping 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 257: 254: 252: 249: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 170: 165: 164: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 133: 131: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 111: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 96:Ancient Egypt 94: 93: 91: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 71: 70: 64: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 39: 35: 31: 24: 22: 16: 12411:Paleontology 12351:Biochemistry 12276: 12264: 12252: 12240: 12128:Overdrafting 11987:Goat farming 11898:Ancient Rome 11857: 11804:Permaculture 11762:Horticulture 11707:Agroforestry 11665:Agribusiness 11598: 11527: 11520: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11448: 11444: 11436: 11429: 11415: 11405: 11387: 11383: 11368: 11358: 11344: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11281: 11277: 11269: 11262: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11229: 11222: 11198: 11194: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11151: 11144: 11137: 11116: 11093:(1): 67–83. 11090: 11086: 11069: 11058: 11051: 11037: 11013: 11009: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10927: 10920:(Sagem 1981) 10917: 10910: 10909:Cohen, M.N. 10903: 10896: 10889: 10871: 10859: 10852: 10844: 10834: 10827: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10785: 10777: 10767: 10744: 10740: 10727: 10718: 10714: 10701: 10690:. Retrieved 10683:the original 10646: 10642: 10629: 10618: 10608: 10598: 10591: 10582: 10573: 10559: 10539: 10517:. Retrieved 10510:the original 10493: 10482:Hydroponics, 10481: 10476: 10468: 10463: 10451:. Retrieved 10437: 10425:. Retrieved 10421:the original 10411: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10342: 10335: 10323:. Retrieved 10319:the original 10309: 10297:. Retrieved 10293: 10283: 10274: 10270: 10260: 10248:. Retrieved 10234: 10222:. Retrieved 10218:the original 10208: 10188: 10181: 10162: 10156: 10137: 10131: 10119:. Retrieved 10110:Payne, F.G. 10105: 10083:(3): 32–41. 10080: 10077:Gastronomica 10076: 10070: 10050:. Retrieved 10036: 10024: 10004: 9998: 9990: 9982:. Retrieved 9978:the original 9973: 9963: 9950: 9940: 9928:. Retrieved 9917: 9905:. Retrieved 9901:the original 9890: 9878:. Retrieved 9867: 9843: 9837: 9814: 9808: 9783: 9779: 9748: 9741: 9722: 9716: 9697: 9691: 9672: 9666: 9649: 9643: 9623: 9616: 9591: 9583: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9537:. 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Retrieved 8195: 8185: 8168: 8164: 8136: 8130: 8122: 8117: 8101: 8096: 8091:, pp. 76–77. 8080: 8075: 8030: 8026: 8016: 7996: 7986: 7978: 7970: 7962: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7922: 7917: 7908: 7888: 7880: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7826: 7801: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7759: 7749: 7730: 7700: 7694: 7685: 7681: 7653: 7647: 7626: 7618: 7601: 7597: 7572: 7566: 7554:. Retrieved 7550:the original 7536: 7516: 7509: 7489: 7482: 7462: 7431: 7393: 7389: 7351: 7347: 7311: 7304: 7279: 7275: 7262: 7243: 7237: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7099: 7095: 7052: 7046: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6954: 6951:The Holocene 6950: 6925:. Retrieved 6921:the original 6910: 6900: 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6879:the original 6869: 6857:. Retrieved 6853:the original 6843: 6832:. 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Retrieved 4612: 4489: 4462: 4446: 4444:to farmers. 4430: 4400: 4392: 4365: 4353:Mao Tse-tung 4341:Eastern Bloc 4335: 4331:World War II 4304: 4256: 4231:20th century 4203:deposits in 4191: 4117:Walter Blith 4110: 4072: 3992: 3980: 3947: 3880:urban growth 3865: 3807: 3797: 3746: 3695: 3664: 3652: 3648:Bill Gammage 3632: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3581: 3572: 3548: 3521: 3515: 3476: 3468:Sanga cattle 3456:pearl millet 3441: 3400:common beans 3396:tepary beans 3370:A system of 3369: 3365:permaculture 3357:fire ecology 3338: 3303: 3289: 3235:Lake Texcoco 3224: 3200: 3169:Pre-Hispanic 3141:Amazon Basin 3138: 3116:, including 3112:by 4200 BC. 3075: 3066: 3063:bottle gourd 3058: 3050: 3042: 3016: 3008:Inca farmers 2958: 2941: 2938:The Americas 2885: 2868: 2850:Roman Empire 2825:grain market 2742: 2688: 2686: 2682:Thomas Glick 2651:pipe systems 2647:public works 2623: 2593: 2577:Qimin Yaoshu 2550: 2466: 2431: 2330: 2277: 2237:Indus Valley 2209:pearl millet 2194: 2178:East African 2154:canoe plants 2110:Austronesian 2099: 2095:Indo-Pacific 2068:Yellow River 2064:Sino-Tibetan 2054:In northern 2053: 2048:Mohenjo-daro 2017:Céide Fields 2007: 1997:, including 1992: 1982: 1951: 1904: 1873:bitter vetch 1846: 1796: 1776:Monophyletic 1728: 1679: 1660: 1563: 1529:. After the 1495:the Republic 1491:ancient Rome 1448:Mesopotamian 1434: 1400: 1367: 1317: 1313:Sanga cattle 1249:African rice 1243:by 2500 BC. 1235:by 2000 BC. 1233:pearl millet 1218: 1162:bitter vetch 1122: 1100: 981:Agricultural 922:Agricultural 865:Smallholders 848:Pastoralists 531:Permaculture 489:Horticulture 434:Agroforestry 392:Agribusiness 349:Hydroculture 325:Smallholding 313: 106:Ancient Rome 62: 38: 20: 15: 12537:Ethnobotany 12426:RNA biology 12334:disciplines 12278:Wikiproject 12118:Overgrazing 12053:Pig farming 12036:Paddy field 12009:Hydroponics 11982:Fur farming 11967:Aquaculture 11962:Agrivoltaic 11943:Monoculture 11864:Prehistory 11814:Polyculture 11635:Farm worker 11613:Occupations 11583:Agriculture 11414:Gray, L.C. 11040:(SAB, 2003) 10747:(1): 31–53. 10721:(1): 64–70. 10488:, 1975. 1–3 10299:23 November 10052:2 September 9974:Smithsonian 9786:(1): 8–35. 8981:28 February 8196:JSTOR Daily 7186:Radiocarbon 6793:10379/13692 6381:: 157–174. 5665:Smithsonian 5403:science.org 5355:science.org 4496:fertilisers 4380:hydroponics 4319:Fritz Haber 4315:crop yields 4299:corn borers 4211:as well as 4167:James Small 4165:in 1730 to 4147:Jethro Tull 4137:introduced 4135:Thomas Coke 4105:Jethro Tull 4085:enabled an 3932:water mills 3822:fodder crop 3793:whippletree 3761:horse shoes 3702:Monasteries 3698:Middle Ages 3639:Gunditjmara 3590:grew yams ( 3499:Jollof rice 3479:West Africa 3472:East Africa 3394:(typically 3322:maple sugar 3310:marsh elder 3305:Chenopodium 3227:Mesoamerica 3179:Mesoamerica 3157:Mato Grosso 3130:Inca Empire 3126:guinea pigs 3029:culture in 3012:foot plough 2803:controlled 2735:), stamped 2695:Pearl River 2678:mouldboards 2670:Han dynasty 2630:trip hammer 2586:agronomists 2573:sericulture 2561:Han dynasty 2557:Qin dynasty 2352:pictographs 2287:Mesoamerica 2192:-speakers. 2166:spice trade 2108:, by early 2093:across the 1972:(4000 BC), 1964:(8000 BC), 1943:radiocarbon 1891:, although 1605:crop yields 1573:fertilizers 1515:Middle Ages 1485:and era of 1372:Mesoamerica 1356:guinea pigs 1255:and likely 1142:emmer wheat 1102:Agriculture 1004:Agrarianism 796:Reservation 759:Development 541:Polyculture 367:Hydroponics 357:Aquaculture 298:Paddy field 283:Monoculture 177:Agrivoltaic 151:Monoculture 72:Prehistory 45:Agriculture 30:agrarianism 12615:Categories 12479:Lamarckism 12386:Immunology 12144:Categories 11809:Plantation 11757:Free range 11752:Feed ratio 11016:: 87–139. 10979:Oka, H-I. 10692:2013-11-28 10519:24 October 10469:Food Fray. 10064:required.) 9984:2013-11-28 9539:2017-04-05 9492:2013-05-23 9300:2023-11-15 9007:2010-06-03 8725:2019-01-11 8637:(4): 464. 6834:2011-07-16 6252:. Kluwer. 5736:1 December 5408:2022-08-11 5384:2022-08-11 5360:2022-08-09 5336:2022-08-09 5313:2022-08-09 4623:2023-01-30 4590:References 4500:pesticides 4473:California 4442:pesticides 4323:Carl Bosch 4321:. In 1910 4258:Dan Albone 4221:coprolites 4151:seed drill 4047:See also: 4030:See also: 3888:Al-Andalus 3850:Al-Andalus 3837:Arab world 3799:Watermills 3757:hand tools 3729:system of 3727:plantation 3722:Arab world 3667:New Guinea 3567:See also: 3507:guineafowl 3326:strawberry 3296:Sunflowers 3159:states of 2977:See also: 2924:The Romans 2920:latifundia 2900:The Romans 2873:Roman wall 2783:) and the 2761:topography 2727:(i.e. the 2721:Metapontum 2715:An ear of 2655:irrigation 2639:waterwheel 2635:chain pump 2618:waterwheel 2588:, such as 2457:See also: 2438:Nile River 2325:See also: 2295:sunflowers 2249:swamp deer 2223:, ancient 2221:New Guinea 2199:region of 2170:Madagascar 2146:New Guinea 2114:Hmong-Mien 1985:New Guinea 1923:Bronze Age 1919:Çatalhöyük 1877:chick peas 1589:pesticides 1565:Irrigation 1527:Al-Andalus 1499:the Empire 1437:Bronze Age 1418:hybridized 1410:New Guinea 1309:guineafowl 1277:watermelon 1021:Parliament 939:By Country 831:Farmworker 731:Rural area 621:Categories 536:Plantation 484:Free range 479:Feed ratio 372:Aeroponics 362:Aquaponics 229:Free-range 224:Fertilizer 12547:Dysgenics 12530:Teleology 12494:RNA world 12489:Protocell 12464:Darwinism 12445:Theories, 12416:Phycology 12176:Livestock 12019:Livestock 11747:Farmhouse 11453:CiteSeerX 11306:145099646 11215:154325999 10883:Premodern 10019:Chapter 4 9800:154359726 9276:162307756 8908:144433864 8894:: 54–56. 8659:161372308 7598:Acta Hort 7542:"Farming" 7368:149402650 7231:: 87–140. 6979:133660098 6810:205246432 6527:129087203 5730:"Climate" 5679:27 August 5564:1011-2367 5507:1752-4571 5379:ThoughtCo 5279:220516241 5271:2639-6181 5212:2375-2548 5164:0305-4403 5099:0263-0338 5044:0960-9822 4973:1553-7404 4799:ThoughtCo 4288:Bt-toxins 4217:phosphate 4189:in 1892. 4075:enclosure 3912:coriander 3896:aubergine 3884:Old World 3803:windmills 3731:sugarcane 3675:Polynesia 3618:sporocarp 3539:Australia 3495:kola nuts 3318:wild rice 3243:chinampas 3102:pineapple 3059:Cucurbita 3047:arrowroot 3027:Las Vegas 2944:Old World 2871:, from a 2835:. In the 2817:Cyrenaica 2813:Phoenicia 2793:Black Sea 2791:near the 2693:, in the 2628:-powered 2626:hydraulic 2614:dehusking 2610:watermill 2596:of 1313. 2590:Wang Zhen 2492:granaries 2412:threshing 2360:chickpeas 2348:Euphrates 2321:, 2500 BC 2253:blackbuck 2235:. In the 2229:sugarcane 2158:Sri Lanka 2148:into the 1935:Euphrates 1911:Neolithic 1807:wild boar 1667:sedentism 1497:and then 1426:Australia 1404:and some 1402:Sugarcane 1301:Plantains 1166:chickpeas 1114:New World 1088:Sennedjem 1009:Socialism 907:Diversity 740:Economics 655:Livestock 474:Farmhouse 256:Intensive 219:Extensive 23:(journal) 12600:Category 12542:Eugenics 12447:concepts 12391:Medicine 12376:Genetics 12324:timeline 12242:Category 12068:Orchards 12041:Pastoral 11712:Agronomy 11424:Volume 2 11378:(1983). 11107:22416329 11099:40971302 11074:Archived 11063:in JSTOR 10790:Archived 10671:12167873 10484:5th ed. 10403:17666391 9955:Archived 9930:16 April 9466:24 April 9366:Dark Emu 9294:BBC News 9219:12783335 9211:15205528 8851:(6): 3. 8803:20133614 8651:23072569 8493:ABC-CLIO 8437:16203994 8376:24757054 8317:83061925 8278:18362336 8112:, p. 77. 8067:23034647 7994:(2005). 7887:(1986). 7785:Mehrgarh 7757:(2009). 7296:55763047 7206:55719842 7126:44675525 7038:19383791 6802:26560301 6745:10644185 6737:12817084 6669:10644185 6661:12817084 6586:19307570 6484:84930632 6403:85225244 6360:17170278 6311:42150441 6303:16741119 6235:44282748 6215:Tel Aviv 6193:23530234 6109:17855556 6050:39923483 6042:15761152 5998:24757054 5938:18768818 5791:38036582 5782:10689496 5646:BBC News 5582:26104394 5525:30622640 5460:34009300 5230:31114806 5117:30880862 5060:51600014 5052:29983312 4991:30845217 4929:21536870 4865:37163473 4856:10171662 4825:PLOS ONE 4804:18 April 4737:26200895 4697:PLOS ONE 4678:44865552 4670:20019285 4617:Archived 4526:See also 4386:such as 4384:biofuels 4273:planters 4269:combines 3920:cinnamon 3791:and the 3714:peasants 3616:) and a 3569:Dark Emu 3528:Ethiopia 3408:sunlight 3404:nitrogen 3239:terraced 3214:, while 3203:teosinte 3195:teosinte 3153:Rondônia 3019:Colombia 2904:manorial 2877:province 2829:the rise 2781:Bulgaria 2666:farmland 2662:channels 2594:Nong Shu 2540:Ancient 2508:drainage 2480:elephant 2332:Sumerian 2316:Sumerian 2291:potatoes 2261:wild ass 2241:Mehrgarh 2213:Kola nut 2172:and the 2037:Cannabis 1958:teosinte 1929:site of 1764:Holocene 1723:Sumerian 1613:biofuels 1547:tomatoes 1543:potatoes 1511:manorial 1483:Iron Age 1430:Budj Bim 1376:teosinte 1368:Zea mays 1336:tomatoes 1297:oil palm 1293:kola nut 1285:tamarind 1261:Ethiopia 1140: – 998:Politics 986:Regional 934:Rurality 897:Agrarian 774:Internet 439:Agronomy 303:Ranching 12513:Related 12381:Geology 12366:Ecology 12346:Anatomy 12332:Fields, 12266:Commons 12078:Terrace 12024:Pasture 11992:Grazing 11938:Organic 11858:History 11772:animals 11695:Digital 11655:General 11599:History 11594:Outline 11298:1876068 11030:1291130 10876:excerpt 10874:(2024) 10772:excerpt 10761:Surveys 10679:3016610 10651:Bibcode 10453:17 July 10427:16 June 10394:2610176 10224:5 April 10121:5 April 9575:2596482 9191:Science 8794:2840336 8771:Bibcode 8715:6759459 8535:9 April 8428:1253605 8405:Bibcode 8367:4035915 8344:Bibcode 8269:2278185 8246:Bibcode 8198:. JSTOR 8058:7518720 8035:Bibcode 7860:Bibcode 7556:15 June 7398:Bibcode 7153:Bibcode 7104:Bibcode 7029:2678631 7006:Bibcode 6959:Bibcode 6927:20 June 6885:16 July 6859:16 July 6772:Bibcode 6717:Science 6641:Science 6577:2664021 6554:Bibcode 6507:Bibcode 6464:Bibcode 6395:3642748 6338:Bibcode 6330:Science 6283:Bibcode 6275:Science 6184:3625352 6161:Bibcode 6100:1976408 6077:Bibcode 6022:Bibcode 6014:Science 5989:4035915 5966:Bibcode 5929:2544565 5906:Bibcode 5761:Bibcode 5573:4478499 5516:6304694 5487:Bibcode 5451:8214406 5221:6527260 5192:Bibcode 5144:Bibcode 5108:6394749 5022:Bibcode 4982:6424484 4920:3101000 4897:Bibcode 4833:Bibcode 4780:8202907 4728:4511808 4705:Bibcode 4650:Bibcode 4642:Science 4492:organic 4388:ethanol 4265:Farmall 4251:alfalfa 4247:tractor 4183:tractor 4016:disease 4004:arsenic 3962:turnips 3900:spinach 3852:in the 3818:vetches 3785:legumes 3765:carruca 3753:ploughs 3655:bananas 3534:Oceania 3452:sorghum 3448:Songhai 3438:– 1817. 3374:called 3300:tobacco 3284:Wichita 3145:cassava 3134:Qullqas 3122:alpacas 3098:tobacco 3033:on the 3031:Ecuador 3023:Pereira 2916:iugerum 2908:serfdom 2886:In the 2841:nomadic 2831:of the 2569:granary 2500:Kashmir 2447:papyrus 2416:sickles 2396:gazelle 2384:mustard 2376:lettuce 2364:lentils 2245:gazelle 2205:sorghum 2195:In the 2190:Kra-Dai 2174:Comoros 2132:by the 2126:foxnuts 2082:beans. 2033:Siberia 2027:in the 2021:Ireland 1933:in the 1869:lentils 1819:aurochs 1766:in the 1756:cereals 1690:dormant 1682:ice age 1673:in the 1635:Origins 1621:tariffs 1559:turnips 1493:, both 1465:of the 1439:, from 1414:Bananas 1392:Eastern 1360:Cassava 1352:alpacas 1340:peanuts 1305:bananas 1241:cowpeas 1225:sorghum 1210:aurochs 1158:lentils 974:History 917:Tourism 902:Country 890:Society 860:Peasant 791:Poverty 784:Housing 499:animals 422:Digital 385:Related 330:Terrace 314:Colonia 293:Organic 288:Orchard 278:Natural 261:animals 234:Grazing 214:Dryland 197:poultry 169:On land 146:Organic 63:History 12361:Botany 12254:Portal 12095:impact 12046:Bocage 11972:Cattle 11640:Herder 11630:Farmer 11455: 11363:online 11304: 11296: 11213: 11159:Europe 11124: 11105: 11097: 11045:Modern 11028: 10990:(1995) 10864:online 10819:online 10796:(1999) 10677: 10669: 10643:Nature 10547: 10401: 10391: 10350: 10250:24 May 10196: 10169: 10144: 10095: 10058: 10011: 9907:11 May 9880:11 May 9855: 9825: 9798: 9756: 9729: 9704: 9679: 9631: 9604: 9573: 9440: 9430: 9385:: 224. 9349: 9322: 9274: 9241: 9217: 9209: 9149: 9122: 9093: 9066: 9041: 8956: 8906: 8822:Nature 8801: 8791: 8713: 8657: 8649: 8612: 8587: 8560: 8526: 8499: 8468: 8435: 8425: 8374: 8364: 8315: 8276: 8266: 8202:9 July 8177:156945 8175: 8143: 8108: 8087: 8065: 8055: 8027:Nature 8004: 7833: 7808: 7767: 7737: 7707: 7660: 7635: 7524: 7497: 7470: 7438: 7366: 7319: 7294: 7250: 7204: 7124: 7067: 7036: 7026: 6977: 6808: 6800: 6764:Nature 6743: 6735: 6667: 6659: 6615: 6584: 6574: 6525: 6482: 6433: 6401: 6393: 6358: 6309: 6301: 6256: 6233: 6191: 6181: 6130: 6107: 6097: 6048: 6040: 5996: 5986: 5936: 5926: 5875: 5848: 5821: 5789: 5779: 5622: 5580: 5570: 5562: 5523: 5513: 5505: 5458: 5448: 5304: 5277: 5269: 5228: 5218: 5210: 5162: 5115: 5105: 5097: 5058: 5050: 5042: 4989: 4979: 4971: 4927: 4917: 4863: 4853: 4778: 4770: 4735: 4725: 4676: 4668: 4475:, 1972 4453:grains 4370:, and 4301:(top). 4295:peanut 3989:– 1565 3958:manioc 3916:nutmeg 3892:citrus 3763:. The 3706:Europe 3686:Europe 3622:ngardu 3518:coffee 3503:kokoro 3460:donkey 3330:pecans 3273:, and 3231:Aztecs 3229:, the 3220:turkey 3208:squash 3163:. The 3161:Brazil 3124:, and 3118:llamas 3106:Cotton 3100:, and 3094:tomato 3090:peanut 3082:potato 3055:squash 2985:, and 2869:vallus 2821:Greeks 2815:, and 2809:Cyprus 2799:, the 2777:Thrace 2737:stater 2717:barley 2658:canals 2559:, and 2516:plough 2512:sewers 2496:Cotton 2468:Jujube 2372:garlic 2368:onions 2344:Tigris 2336:barley 2283:squash 2269:nilgai 2267:, and 2257:chital 2217:coffee 2201:Africa 2144:, and 2138:Taiwan 2124:, and 2118:acorns 2060:millet 1989:Banana 1974:squash 1970:pepper 1966:tomato 1962:potato 1889:Levant 1861:barley 1823:Camels 1815:Cattle 1780:rachis 1768:Levant 1752:rachis 1747:grains 1701:pulses 1675:Levant 1595:. The 1591:, and 1571:, and 1555:manioc 1553:, and 1523:orange 1473:, and 1461:, the 1384:Cotton 1354:, and 1348:llamas 1332:squash 1324:potato 1273:coffee 1271:, and 1269:ensete 1214:Camels 1206:Cattle 1174:Levant 1168:, and 1125:grains 944:Canada 912:Flight 853:Herder 836:Tenant 821:Farmer 815:People 801:Ghetto 779:Health 747:Crafts 187:cattle 12200:Lists 12063:Ranch 12031:Mixed 11782:crops 11604:Index 11545:from 11302:S2CID 11294:JSTOR 11211:S2CID 11191:(PDF) 11095:JSTOR 11026:JSTOR 10737:(PDF) 10711:(PDF) 10686:(PDF) 10675:S2CID 10639:(PDF) 10513:(PDF) 10502:(PDF) 10447:(PDF) 10325:7 May 10244:(PDF) 10115:(PDF) 10093:JSTOR 9953:(2). 9796:S2CID 9571:JSTOR 9533:(PDF) 9526:(PDF) 9486:(PDF) 9438:JSTOR 9272:S2CID 9237:(PDF) 9215:S2CID 8904:S2CID 8711:S2CID 8655:S2CID 8647:JSTOR 8313:S2CID 8173:JSTOR 7594:(PDF) 7364:S2CID 7344:(PDF) 7292:S2CID 7272:(PDF) 7202:S2CID 7122:S2CID 7092:(PDF) 6975:S2CID 6806:S2CID 6741:S2CID 6713:(PDF) 6691:(PDF) 6665:S2CID 6637:(PDF) 6523:S2CID 6480:S2CID 6409:JSTOR 6399:S2CID 6391:JSTOR 6307:S2CID 6231:S2CID 6211:(PDF) 6046:S2CID 5606:2004. 5434:(6). 5275:S2CID 5255:(4). 5056:S2CID 4776:S2CID 4768:JSTOR 4674:S2CID 4253:field 4213:guano 4205:Chile 4000:guano 3928:noria 3908:cumin 3904:chard 3846:Noria 3718:serfs 3464:Nubia 3416:mulch 3412:weeds 3392:beans 3388:maize 3247:Mayas 3216:cocoa 3212:beans 3039:lerén 2997:Andes 2967:maize 2865:Roman 2805:Egypt 2749:emmer 2488:India 2420:Nakht 2388:dates 2380:leeks 2356:seals 2340:wheat 2306:Sumer 2279:Maize 2197:Sahel 2080:azuki 2056:China 1947:chaff 1939:Syria 1893:wheat 1853:emmer 1811:Sheep 1735:fauna 1731:flora 1697:tuber 1539:maize 1451:Sumer 1424:. 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