4788:
5484:
1030:
5510:
751:
5498:
738:
929:
5116:
36:
907:. Aquatic primary productivity refers to the production of organic matter, such as phytoplankton, aquatic plants, and algae, in aquatic ecosystems, which include oceans, lakes, and rivers. Terrestrial primary productivity refers to the organic matter production that takes place in terrestrial ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
1242:
on the correlation between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning is that productivity increases as species diversity increases. One reasoning for this is that the likelihood of discovering a highly productive species increases as the number of species initially present in an ecosystem increases.
1241:
The connection between plant productivity and biodiversity is a significant topic in ecology, although it has been controversial for decades. Both productivity and species diversity are constricted by other variables such as climate, ecosystem type, and land use intensity. According to some research
910:
Primary production is divided into Net
Primary Production (NPP) and Gross Primary Production (GPP). Gross primary production measures all carbon assimilated into organic molecules by primary producers. Net primary production measures the organic molecules by primary producers. Net primary production
1245:
Other researchers believe that the relationship between species diversity and productivity is unimodal within an ecosystem. A 1999 study on grassland ecosystems in Europe, for example, found that increasing species diversity initially increased productivity but gradually leveled off at intermediate
1254:
Anthropogenic activities (human activities) have impacted the productivity and biomass of several ecosystems. Examples of these activities include habitat modification, freshwater consumption, an increase in nutrients due to fertilizers, and many others. Increased nutrients can stimulate an algal
858:
The productivity of an ecosystem is influenced by a wide range of factors, including nutrient availability, temperature, and water availability. Understanding ecological productivity is vital because it provides insights into how ecosystems function and the extent to which they can support life.
2762:
Carroll, Oliver; Batzer, Evan; Bharath, Siddharth; Borer, Elizabeth T.; Campana, SofĂa; Esch, Ellen; Hautier, Yann; Ohlert, Timothy; Seabloom, Eric W.; Adler, Peter B.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Biederman, Lori; Bugalho, Miguel N.; Caldeira, Maria; Chen, Qingqing (2021-12-27). Penuelas, Josep (ed.).
1133:
Secondary production can be estimated through a number of different methods including increment summation, removal summation, the instantaneous growth method and the Allen curve method. The choice between these methods will depend on the assumptions of each and the ecosystem under study. For
1148:
is defined as the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. The formula to calculate net ecosystem production is NEP = GPP - respiration (by autotrophs) - respiration (by heterotrophs). The key difference between NPP and NEP is that NPP focuses primarily on
2494:
Fraser, Lauchlan H.; Pither, Jason; Jentsch, Anke; Sternberg, Marcelo; Zobel, Martin; Askarizadeh, Diana; Bartha, Sandor; Beierkuhnlein, Carl; Bennett, Jonathan A.; Bittel, Alex; Boldgiv, Bazartseren; Boldrini, Ilsi I.; Bork, Edward; Brown, Leslie; Cabido, Marcelo (2015).
2075:
Galassi, Diana M. P.; Fiasca, Barbara; Di
Lorenzo, Tiziana; Montanari, Alessandro; Porfirio, Silvano; Fattorini, Simone (2017-03-01). "Groundwater biodiversity in a chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem: how geochemistry regulates microcrustacean community structure".
1255:
bloom in waterbodies, increasing primary production but making the ecosystem less stable. This would raise secondary production and have a trophic cascade effect across the food chain, ultimately increasing overall ecosystem productivity.
1009:). Organisms in the SAR clade that developed plastids did so through a secondary or a tertiary endosymbiotic relationships with green algae and/or red algae. The SAR clade includes many aquatic and marine primary producers such as
2576:
Hector, A.; Schmid, B.; Beierkuhnlein, C.; Caldeira, M. C.; Diemer, M.; Dimitrakopoulos, P. G.; Finn, J. A.; Freitas, H.; Giller, P. S.; Good, J.; Harris, R.; Högberg, P.; Huss-Danell, K.; Joshi, J.; Jumpponen, A. (1999-11-05).
911:
also measures the amount of carbon assimilated into organic molecules by primary producers, but does not include organic molecules that are then broken down again by these organism for biological processes such as
1246:
levels of diversity. More recently, a meta-analysis of 44 studies from various ecosystem types observed that the interaction between diversity and production was unimodal in all but one study.
4947:
5439:
1889:
Lazar, Cassandre Sara; Stoll, Wenke; Lehmann, Robert; Herrmann, Martina; Schwab, Valérie F.; Akob, Denise M.; Nawaz, Ali; Wubet, Tesfaye; Buscot, François (2017-06-13).
2828:
Conley, Daniel J.; Paerl, Hans W.; Howarth, Robert W.; Boesch, Donald F.; Seitzinger, Sybil P.; Havens, Karl E.; Lancelot, Christiane; Likens, Gene E. (2009-02-20).
4942:
2320:
Brun, Philipp; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; Graham, Catherine H.; Lavergne, SĂ©bastien; Pellissier, LoĂŻc; MĂĽnkemĂĽller, Tamara; Thuiller, Wilfried (2019-12-12).
1840:
Grattepanche, Jean-David; Walker, Laura M.; Ott, Brittany M.; Paim Pinto, Daniela L.; Delwiche, Charles F.; Lane, Christopher E.; Katz, Laura A. (2018).
4972:
1743:
Ford
Doolittle, W (1998-12-01). "You are what you eat: a gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic nuclear genomes".
3647:
2900:
4464:
2119:
2147:
4812:
3791:
4557:
3861:
782:
2249:
72:
4787:
3433:
2455:
Waide, R. B.; Willig, M. R.; Steiner, C. F.; Mittelbach, G.; Gough, L.; Dodson, S. I.; Juday, G. P.; Parmenter, R. (November 1999).
3398:
4962:
4747:
1149:
autotrophic production, whereas NEP incorporates the contributions of other aspects of the ecosystem to the total carbon budget.
3871:
3599:
1316:
2029:
4977:
3876:
688:
469:
5075:
4937:
4064:
683:
1512:
Scognamiglio, Viviana; Giardi, Maria Teresa; Zappi, Daniele; Touloupakis, Eleftherios; Antonacci, Amina (January 2021).
3817:
3640:
3481:
2893:
4967:
3153:
5539:
4602:
4457:
1302:
3614:
1842:"Microbial Diversity in the Eukaryotic SAR Clade: Illuminating the Darkness Between Morphology and Molecular Data"
3896:
3609:
3476:
3188:
2290:
5544:
5429:
4281:
4154:
2695:
Isbell, Forest; Reich, Peter B.; Tilman, David; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Polasky, Stephen; Binder, Seth (2013-07-16).
775:
1071:
domains. Lithoautotrophy is the only form of primary production possible in ecosystems without light such as
4327:
3926:
3881:
3633:
2886:
989:. The productivity of plants, while being photoautotrophs, is also dependent on factors such as salinity and
949:
Photoautotrophs exists across the tree of life. Many bacterial taxa are known to be photoautotrophic such as
3413:
5449:
5434:
3759:
2630:"Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity"
2274:
5444:
4450:
4116:
3007:
915:. The formula used to calculate NPP is net primary production = gross primary production - respiration.
4752:
4181:
3901:
3388:
3105:
3002:
993:
from the surrounding environment. The rest of the eukaryotic photoautotrophic organisms are within the
2390:"Diversity–productivity relationships: Initial effects, long-term patterns, and underlying mechanisms"
5060:
4954:
4362:
3974:
3866:
3724:
3709:
3704:
3383:
3095:
2456:
1455:"The global impact factors of net primary production in different land cover types from 2005 to 2011"
1279:
1111:
food. Secondary production is sometimes defined to only include consumption of primary producers by
768:
51:
2878:
1581:"Cyanobacteria: A Precious Bio-resource in Agriculture, Ecosystem, and Environmental Sustainability"
5534:
5513:
5306:
5301:
4597:
4352:
4347:
4317:
4121:
3584:
3466:
1145:
678:
3625:
3256:
5214:
5025:
4919:
4647:
4637:
4196:
4059:
3969:
3837:
3719:
3689:
3546:
3511:
3231:
3198:
3173:
1308:
1640:"Carbon Metabolic Pathways in Phototrophic Bacteria and Their Broader Evolutionary Implications"
5040:
5030:
4732:
4342:
4286:
4221:
4084:
4019:
3954:
3516:
3304:
2992:
2497:"Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness"
1108:
673:
279:
1339:
1099:(consumer) organisms in a system. This is driven by the transfer of organic material between
5459:
5386:
5321:
5186:
5161:
5136:
5020:
4767:
4547:
4246:
4191:
4054:
4039:
3822:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3521:
3501:
3357:
3347:
3289:
3284:
3120:
2972:
364:
339:
319:
154:
134:
2578:
2275:"Net Ecosystem Production: A Comprehensive Measure of Net Carbon Accumulation by Ecosystems"
1119:
consumers), but is more commonly defined to include all biomass generation by heterotrophs.
5194:
5156:
4487:
4372:
4337:
4332:
4256:
4251:
4206:
4104:
4074:
4069:
3921:
3784:
3774:
3319:
3158:
2947:
2708:
2697:"Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity"
2641:
2624:
Cardinale, Bradley J.; Wright, Justin P.; Cadotte, Marc W.; Carroll, Ian T.; Hector, Andy;
2508:
2401:
2333:
2207:
2085:
2041:
1957:
1701:
1525:
912:
706:
584:
394:
344:
8:
5416:
5070:
4879:
4837:
4607:
4567:
4422:
4397:
4261:
4231:
4176:
4089:
3979:
3964:
3911:
3744:
3679:
3561:
3491:
3423:
3022:
2273:
Randerson, J. T.; Chapin, F. S.; Harden, J. W.; Neff, J. C.; Harmon, M. E. (2002-08-01).
1139:
1135:
986:
958:
721:
711:
499:
369:
61:
2764:
2712:
2645:
2512:
2405:
2337:
2211:
2089:
2045:
2030:"The role of anaerobic fungi in fundamental biogeochemical cycles in the deep biosphere"
1961:
1705:
1529:
5336:
5331:
5199:
5141:
5035:
4884:
4802:
4687:
4667:
4577:
4520:
4433:
4382:
4377:
4186:
4149:
3891:
3847:
3812:
3669:
3594:
3496:
3428:
3418:
3352:
3299:
3110:
3055:
3017:
2942:
2865:
2810:
2739:
2696:
2672:
2629:
2558:
2542:
2362:
2321:
2302:
2231:
2101:
2057:
1921:
1890:
1871:
1814:
1779:
1725:
1666:
1639:
1615:
1580:
1556:
1513:
1489:
1454:
1397:
881:
873:
868:
668:
614:
594:
579:
404:
399:
68:
56:
2829:
2765:"Nutrient identity modifies the destabilising effects of eutrophication in grasslands"
2432:
2389:
1756:
5346:
5224:
5171:
5090:
4757:
4722:
4662:
4622:
4592:
4562:
4473:
4322:
4291:
4079:
3906:
3714:
3579:
3556:
3294:
3070:
2982:
2967:
2952:
2932:
2857:
2849:
2814:
2802:
2794:
2744:
2726:
2677:
2659:
2606:
2598:
2550:
2534:
2476:
2472:
2437:
2419:
2367:
2349:
2294:
2223:
2195:
1970:
1945:
1926:
1863:
1819:
1801:
1760:
1717:
1671:
1620:
1602:
1561:
1543:
1494:
1476:
1402:
1384:
1312:
1269:
1264:
1076:
828:
804:
716:
599:
479:
334:
167:
105:
2869:
2562:
2306:
2105:
2061:
1780:"Benefits to Plant Health and Productivity From Enhancing Plant Microbial Symbionts"
1729:
1059:
to fix carbon and participate in primary production. Lithoautotrophic organisms are
5454:
5146:
5050:
5002:
4914:
4807:
4505:
4276:
4139:
4131:
4049:
3931:
3916:
3852:
3832:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3699:
3531:
3471:
3342:
3143:
3085:
2997:
2957:
2841:
2784:
2776:
2734:
2716:
2667:
2649:
2625:
2590:
2524:
2516:
2468:
2427:
2409:
2357:
2341:
2286:
2235:
2215:
2093:
2049:
2008:
1998:
1965:
1916:
1906:
1875:
1853:
1809:
1791:
1752:
1709:
1661:
1651:
1610:
1592:
1551:
1533:
1484:
1466:
1433:
1392:
1376:
1104:
1048:
877:
755:
324:
163:
2594:
1713:
5424:
5391:
5252:
5204:
5080:
5055:
4864:
4817:
4742:
4587:
4572:
4412:
4271:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4159:
4144:
4024:
4004:
3886:
3754:
3660:
3551:
3461:
3403:
2987:
2913:
939:
884:
molecules. Primary production in most ecosystems is dominated by the process of
609:
574:
1029:
139:
5288:
5242:
5237:
5209:
5176:
5045:
4904:
4832:
4822:
4672:
4617:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4392:
4216:
4169:
4099:
4094:
3989:
3856:
3729:
3536:
3526:
3506:
3309:
3274:
3213:
3090:
3045:
2937:
2345:
2322:"The productivity-biodiversity relationship varies across diversity dimensions"
1080:
1040:
1018:
994:
990:
970:
961:
gained the ability to participate in photosynthesis through the development of
954:
943:
885:
742:
464:
274:
2219:
2097:
2053:
1692:(1968-09-06). "Evolutionary criteria in thallophytes: a radical alternative".
1471:
5528:
5502:
5396:
5361:
5262:
5257:
5232:
4762:
4727:
4702:
4552:
4515:
4417:
3393:
3367:
3324:
3314:
3269:
3236:
3128:
2962:
2917:
2853:
2798:
2730:
2663:
2602:
2538:
2480:
2423:
2353:
2298:
2227:
1805:
1796:
1689:
1656:
1606:
1597:
1547:
1514:"Photoautotrophs–Bacteria Co-Cultures: Advances, Challenges and Applications"
1480:
1388:
1138:
should be distinguished, whether linear mortality can be assumed and whether
1100:
966:
950:
544:
439:
329:
304:
299:
2845:
2721:
2654:
2520:
2414:
2003:
1986:
5488:
5267:
5247:
5151:
4889:
4772:
4692:
4652:
4642:
4612:
4402:
4387:
4044:
4014:
3959:
3842:
3807:
3684:
3183:
2861:
2806:
2748:
2681:
2610:
2554:
2441:
2371:
1930:
1911:
1867:
1858:
1841:
1823:
1721:
1675:
1624:
1565:
1498:
1406:
1044:
998:
589:
569:
534:
529:
519:
514:
494:
474:
384:
354:
314:
294:
284:
264:
259:
254:
249:
149:
2175:
Allen, K.R. (1951). "The
Horokiwi Stream: A study of a trout population".
1764:
1579:
Singh, Jay
Shankar; Kumar, Arun; Rai, Amar N.; Singh, Devendra P. (2016).
1157:
Following is the list of ecosystems in order of decreasing productivity.
5401:
5376:
5371:
5341:
5124:
5100:
5065:
4874:
4777:
4697:
4657:
4510:
3694:
3241:
3203:
3178:
3168:
3133:
3080:
3060:
1438:
1421:
1096:
1072:
1056:
982:
978:
844:
639:
634:
604:
559:
504:
444:
429:
424:
389:
349:
239:
229:
224:
144:
90:
2546:
2496:
1380:
5381:
5316:
5105:
5085:
4869:
4842:
4627:
4540:
4407:
3984:
3949:
3589:
3541:
3486:
3456:
3362:
3279:
3223:
3100:
3050:
2789:
2529:
1538:
1060:
824:
624:
619:
564:
549:
489:
454:
449:
419:
379:
359:
289:
269:
129:
124:
5497:
2780:
1638:
Tang, Kuo-Hsiang; Tang, Yinjie J.; Blankenship, Robert Eugene (2011).
1364:
5406:
5311:
5095:
4859:
4852:
4827:
4737:
4442:
4312:
4266:
3994:
3438:
3408:
3208:
3163:
3138:
3075:
3065:
3040:
3032:
2977:
2908:
2579:"Plant Diversity and Productivity Experiments in European Grasslands"
2196:"Is Net Ecosystem Production Equal to Ecosystem Carbon Accumulation?"
2013:
1116:
1112:
1002:
974:
832:
808:
664:
539:
524:
509:
459:
434:
187:
100:
95:
5356:
5166:
4712:
4707:
4632:
4367:
4296:
3827:
3655:
3334:
3246:
3193:
3148:
2194:
Lovett, Gary M.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (2006-01-30).
2155:
2127:
1274:
1064:
1006:
889:
737:
629:
554:
484:
414:
409:
234:
203:
182:
1511:
1236:
928:
5366:
5326:
5296:
5274:
4894:
4682:
4582:
4357:
4164:
4034:
4029:
3656:
3604:
3264:
2909:
2575:
1123:
1092:
1068:
1052:
962:
942:, and thus participate in primary production, are referred to as
796:
644:
374:
244:
191:
177:
27:
5115:
4485:
2074:
1122:
Organisms responsible for secondary production include animals,
5351:
4677:
1895:
Fixers in
Carbonate-/Siliciclastic-Rock Groundwater Ecosystems"
1839:
1778:
Harman, Gary; Khadka, Ram; Doni, Febri; Uphoff, Norman (2021).
1014:
985:
originating from an ancient endosymbiotic relationship with an
848:
309:
199:
1987:"Chemoautotrophy at Deep-Sea Vents: Past, Present, and Future"
2623:
1127:
836:
195:
35:
2493:
2457:"The Relationship Between Productivity and Species Richness"
2454:
2319:
4847:
2291:
10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0937:NEPACM]2.0.CO;2
1010:
816:
812:
115:
4909:
4899:
2761:
2272:
1888:
1043:. Lithoautotrophs use reduced chemical compounds such as
901:
893:
820:
2827:
2694:
888:, In which organisms synthesize organic molecules from
1777:
2830:"Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus"
1985:
Sievert, Stefan; Vetriani, Costantino (2012-03-01).
815:
per volume (unit surface) per unit of time, such as
2388:van Ruijven, Jasper; Berendse, Frank (2005-01-18).
2387:
1637:
1946:"Microbial biodiversity in groundwater ecosystems"
1578:
1115:consumers (with tertiary production referring to
5526:
2628:; Loreau, Michel; Weis, Jerome J. (2007-11-13).
2177:New Zealand Marine Department Fisheries Bulletin
2701:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2634:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2394:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1984:
1943:
1835:
1833:
1237:Species diversity and productivity relationship
2193:
2028:Drake, Henrik; Ivarsson, Magnus (2018-01-01).
1742:
1422:"Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems"
4748:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
4458:
3641:
2894:
2027:
776:
16:Rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem
2120:"Definition of term: "Secondary production""
1830:
4813:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2148:"Definition of term: "Tertiary production""
1063:and are represented by members of both the
1039:The other process of primary production is
4465:
4451:
3862:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3648:
3634:
2901:
2887:
1091:Secondary production is the generation of
783:
769:
2788:
2738:
2720:
2671:
2653:
2528:
2431:
2413:
2361:
2012:
2002:
1969:
1920:
1910:
1857:
1813:
1795:
1665:
1655:
1614:
1596:
1555:
1537:
1488:
1470:
1437:
1396:
3760:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3399:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2461:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2250:"The Flow of Energy: Primary Production"
1688:
1419:
1296:
1294:
1028:
927:
823:(g m d). The unit of mass can relate to
3792:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1362:
1086:
938:Organisms that rely on light energy to
5527:
4472:
3600:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1452:
1337:
1300:
5001:
5000:
4484:
4446:
3629:
2882:
2383:
2381:
2174:
1291:
1249:
1103:, and represents the quantity of new
862:
3615:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
918:
803:refers to the rate of generation of
5076:Oceanic physical-biological process
4938:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
4065:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
13:
3818:Ecological effects of biodiversity
2378:
1944:Griebler, C.; Lueders, T. (2009).
1420:Woodwell, George (1 August 2015).
1363:Johnson, Matthew P. (2016-10-26).
1024:
923:
14:
5556:
3154:Generalist and specialist species
1453:Yu, Bo; Chen, Fang (2016-08-02).
5509:
5508:
5496:
5482:
5114:
4786:
4603:Colored dissolved organic matter
3877:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2473:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.257
1971:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02013.x
1166:Biomass productivity (gC/m²/yr)
811:, usually expressed in units of
750:
749:
736:
34:
4948:Latin America and the Caribbean
3897:Relative abundance distribution
3610:Plant defense against herbivory
3477:Competitive exclusion principle
3189:Mesopredator release hypothesis
2821:
2755:
2688:
2617:
2569:
2487:
2448:
2313:
2266:
2242:
2187:
2168:
2140:
2112:
2068:
2021:
1978:
1937:
1882:
1771:
1736:
1152:
5430:Ecological values of mangroves
4973:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3482:Consumer–resource interactions
1682:
1631:
1572:
1505:
1446:
1413:
1356:
1331:
1307:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK:
1301:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2006) .
1:
4328:Biological data visualization
4155:Environmental niche modelling
3882:Population viability analysis
2595:10.1126/science.286.5442.1123
1757:10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01494-2
1714:10.1126/science.161.3845.1020
1285:
5450:Marine conservation activism
5435:Fisheries and climate change
3813:Density-dependent inhibition
1034:Chemosynthetic Microbial Mat
843:, while the productivity of
827:or to the mass of generated
7:
5445:Human impact on marine life
5322:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
4558:Aquatic population dynamics
4282:Liebig's law of the minimum
4117:Resource selection function
3008:Metabolic theory of ecology
1258:
1107:created through the use of
981:, and plants, have evolved
957:(formerly proteobacteria).
10:
5561:
4182:Niche apportionment models
3902:Relative species abundance
3106:Primary nutritional groups
3003:List of feeding behaviours
2346:10.1038/s41467-019-13678-1
2254:www.globalchange.umich.edu
1891:"Archaeal Diversity and CO
1784:Frontiers in Plant Science
1338:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-01).
866:
5476:
5415:
5287:
5223:
5185:
5132:
5123:
5112:
5061:Marine primary production
5013:
5009:
4996:
4955:List of marine ecoregions
4930:
4795:
4784:
4498:
4494:
4480:
4431:
4363:Ecosystem based fisheries
4305:
4205:
4130:
4003:
3975:Interspecific competition
3940:
3867:Minimum viable population
3800:
3725:Maximum sustainable yield
3710:Intraspecific competition
3705:Effective population size
3668:
3585:Anti-predator adaptations
3570:
3449:
3376:
3333:
3255:
3222:
3119:
3096:Photosynthetic efficiency
3031:
2925:
2220:10.1007/s10021-005-0036-3
2098:10.1007/s10452-016-9599-7
2054:10.1016/j.fbr.2017.10.001
1644:Frontiers in Microbiology
1585:Frontiers in Microbiology
1472:10.1186/s40064-016-2910-1
1280:Agricultural productivity
689:List of unsolved problems
5307:Coastal biogeomorphology
5302:Marine coastal ecosystem
4353:Ecological stoichiometry
4318:Alternative stable state
1797:10.3389/fpls.2020.610065
1657:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00165
1598:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00529
1146:Net ecosystem production
684:List of research methods
5540:Biological oceanography
5215:Paradox of the plankton
5026:Diel vertical migration
4920:Freshwater swamp forest
4638:GIS and aquatic science
4486:General components and
4197:Ontogenetic niche shift
4060:Ideal free distribution
3970:Ecological facilitation
3720:Malthusian growth model
3690:Consumer-resource model
3547:Paradox of the plankton
3512:Energy systems language
3232:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3199:Optimal foraging theory
3174:Heterotrophic nutrition
2846:10.1126/science.1167755
2722:10.1073/pnas.1310880110
2655:10.1073/pnas.0709069104
2521:10.1126/science.aab3916
2415:10.1073/pnas.0407524102
2279:Ecological Applications
2004:10.5670/oceanog.2012.21
1309:Oxford University Press
1304:A Dictionary of Ecology
1083:, and cave ecosystems.
155:Response to environment
5041:Large marine ecosystem
4733:Shoaling and schooling
4343:Ecological forecasting
4287:Marginal value theorem
4085:Landscape epidemiology
4020:Cross-boundary subsidy
3955:Biological interaction
3305:Microbial intelligence
2993:Green world hypothesis
2034:Fungal Biology Reviews
1859:10.1002/bies.201700198
1369:Essays in Biochemistry
1340:"Ecological Condition"
1036:
935:
853:secondary productivity
831:. The productivity of
674:List of biology awards
280:Biological engineering
5545:Chemical oceanography
5460:Marine protected area
5387:Salt pannes and pools
5162:Marine larval ecology
5137:Census of Marine Life
5021:Deep scattering layer
4978:San Francisco Estuary
4943:Africa and Madagascar
4768:Underwater camouflage
4548:Aquatic biomonitoring
4488:freshwater ecosystems
4348:Ecological humanities
4247:Ecological energetics
4192:Niche differentiation
4055:Habitat fragmentation
3823:Ecological extinction
3770:Small population size
3522:Feed conversion ratio
3502:Ecological succession
3434:San Francisco Estuary
3348:Ecological efficiency
3290:Microbial cooperation
2326:Nature Communications
1032:
931:
819:per square metre per
365:Developmental biology
340:Computational biology
320:Cellular microbiology
5195:Marine bacteriophage
5157:Marine invertebrates
4373:Evolutionary ecology
4338:Ecological footprint
4333:Ecological economics
4257:Ecological threshold
4252:Ecological indicator
4122:Source–sink dynamics
4075:Land change modeling
4070:Insular biogeography
3922:Species distribution
3661:Modelling ecosystems
3320:Microbial metabolism
3159:Intraguild predation
2948:Biogeochemical cycle
2914:Modelling ecosystems
2626:Srivastava, Diane S.
1912:10.1155/2017/2136287
1087:Secondary production
959:Eukaryotic organisms
913:cellular respiration
876:is the synthesis of
841:primary productivity
707:Agricultural science
585:Reproductive biology
470:Mathematical biology
395:Evolutionary biology
345:Conservation biology
5071:Ocean fertilization
4880:Trophic state index
4838:Lake stratification
4568:Aquatic respiration
4423:Theoretical ecology
4398:Natural environment
4262:Ecosystem diversity
4232:Ecological collapse
4222:Bateman's principle
4177:Limiting similarity
4090:Landscape limnology
3912:Species homogeneity
3750:Population modeling
3745:Population dynamics
3562:Trophic state index
2840:(5917): 1014–1015.
2713:2013PNAS..11011911I
2707:(29): 11911–11916.
2646:2007PNAS..10418123C
2640:(46): 18123–18128.
2589:(5442): 1123–1127.
2513:2015Sci...349..302F
2406:2005PNAS..102..695V
2338:2019NatCo..10.5691B
2212:2006Ecosy...9..152L
2090:2017AqEco..51...75G
2046:2018FunBR..32...20D
1962:2009FrBio..54..649G
1706:1968Sci...161.1020M
1700:(3845): 1020–1022.
1530:2021Mate...14.3027S
1381:10.1042/EBC20160016
1171:Swamps and Marshes
1130:and many bacteria.
987:Alphaproteobacteria
712:Biomedical sciences
370:Ecological genetics
22:Part of a series on
5337:Intertidal wetland
5332:Intertidal ecology
5200:Marine prokaryotes
5142:Deep-sea community
5036:Iron fertilization
4959:Specific examples
4885:Upland and lowland
4803:Freshwater biology
4668:Microbial food web
4578:Aquatic toxicology
4521:Aquatic adaptation
4474:Aquatic ecosystems
4434:Outline of ecology
4383:Industrial ecology
4378:Functional ecology
4242:Ecological deficit
4187:Niche construction
4150:Ecosystem engineer
3927:Species–area curve
3848:Introduced species
3663:: Other components
3595:Deimatic behaviour
3497:Ecological network
3429:North Pacific Gyre
3414:hydrothermal vents
3353:Ecological pyramid
3300:Microbial food web
3111:Primary production
3056:Foundation species
2152:The Glossary Table
2124:The Glossary Table
1950:Freshwater Biology
1745:Trends in Genetics
1539:10.3390/ma14113027
1439:10.1093/icb/8.1.19
1426:American Zoologist
1250:Human interactions
1203:Temperate forests
1134:instance, whether
1037:
936:
874:Primary production
869:Primary production
863:Primary production
743:Biology portal
595:Structural biology
580:Relational biology
405:Generative biology
400:Freshwater biology
5522:
5521:
5503:Oceans portal
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5347:Hydrothermal vent
5283:
5282:
5172:Seashore wildlife
5003:Marine ecosystems
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4758:Thermal pollution
4723:Ramsar Convention
4663:Microbial ecology
4623:Fisheries science
4563:Aquatic predation
4440:
4439:
4323:Balance of nature
4080:Landscape ecology
3965:Community ecology
3907:Species diversity
3843:Indicator species
3838:Gradient analysis
3715:Logistic function
3623:
3622:
3580:Animal coloration
3557:Trophic mutualism
3295:Microbial ecology
3086:Photoheterotrophs
3071:Myco-heterotrophy
2983:Ecosystem ecology
2968:Carrying capacity
2933:Abiotic component
2781:10.1111/ele.13946
2507:(6245): 302–305.
1318:978-0-19-860905-6
1270:Community ecology
1265:Biomass (ecology)
1234:
1233:
1211:Cultivated lands
1140:population growth
1077:hydrothermal vent
991:abiotic stressors
973:, which includes
919:Primary producers
793:
792:
717:Health technology
600:Synthetic biology
480:Molecular biology
335:Cognitive biology
130:Energy processing
5552:
5512:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5489:Lakes portal
5487:
5486:
5485:
5455:Marine pollution
5147:Deep-water coral
5130:
5129:
5118:
5051:Marine chemistry
5011:
5010:
4998:
4997:
4915:Freshwater marsh
4808:Freshwater biome
4790:
4506:Acoustic ecology
4496:
4495:
4482:
4481:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4140:Ecological niche
4112:selection theory
3932:Umbrella species
3917:Species richness
3853:Invasive species
3833:Flagship species
3740:Population cycle
3735:Overexploitation
3700:Ecological yield
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3532:Mesotrophic soil
3472:Climax community
3404:Marine food webs
3343:Biomagnification
3144:Chemoorganotroph
2998:Keystone species
2958:Biotic component
2903:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2792:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2724:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2657:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2532:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2417:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2006:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1541:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1365:"Photosynthesis"
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1298:
1195:River estuaries
1160:
1159:
1142:is exponential.
1049:hydrogen sulfide
785:
778:
771:
758:
753:
752:
745:
741:
740:
679:List of journals
325:Chemical biology
38:
19:
18:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5535:Aquatic ecology
5525:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5495:
5494:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5464:
5425:Coral bleaching
5411:
5392:Seagrass meadow
5289:Marine habitats
5279:
5253:Coral reef fish
5219:
5205:Marine protists
5181:
5119:
5110:
5081:Ocean turbidity
5056:Marine food web
5005:
4984:
4926:
4865:River ecosystem
4818:Freshwater fish
4791:
4782:
4588:Bioluminescence
4573:Aquatic science
4490:
4476:
4471:
4441:
4436:
4427:
4413:Systems ecology
4301:
4272:Extinction debt
4237:Ecological debt
4227:Bioluminescence
4208:
4201:
4170:marine habitats
4145:Ecological trap
4126:
4006:
3999:
3942:
3936:
3892:Rapoport's rule
3887:Priority effect
3828:Endemic species
3796:
3755:Population size
3671:
3664:
3654:
3624:
3619:
3572:
3566:
3552:Trophic cascade
3462:Bioaccumulation
3445:
3372:
3329:
3251:
3218:
3115:
3027:
2988:Ecosystem model
2921:
2907:
2877:
2826:
2822:
2769:Ecology Letters
2760:
2756:
2693:
2689:
2622:
2618:
2574:
2570:
2492:
2488:
2453:
2449:
2386:
2379:
2318:
2314:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2078:Aquatic Ecology
2073:
2069:
2026:
2022:
1983:
1979:
1942:
1938:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1852:(4): e1700198.
1838:
1831:
1776:
1772:
1741:
1737:
1687:
1683:
1636:
1632:
1577:
1573:
1510:
1506:
1451:
1447:
1418:
1414:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1261:
1252:
1239:
1155:
1089:
1081:soil ecosystems
1041:lithoautotrophy
1027:
1025:Lithoautotrophs
1019:Dinoflagellates
969:relationships.
944:photoautotrophs
933:Photoautotrophy
926:
924:Photoautotrophs
921:
905:
897:
871:
865:
789:
748:
735:
734:
727:
726:
702:
694:
693:
660:
652:
651:
650:
649:
610:Systems biology
575:Quantum biology
218:
210:
209:
174:
159:
121:
110:
86:
78:
43:
41:Science of life
17:
12:
11:
5:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5492:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5243:Saltwater fish
5240:
5238:Marine reptile
5235:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5210:Marine viruses
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5187:Microorganisms
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5177:Wild fisheries
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:Thorson's rule
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Marine biology
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5007:
5006:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4905:Brackish marsh
4902:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:Lake ecosystem
4830:
4825:
4823:Hyporheic zone
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Microbial loop
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Eutrophication
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Cascade effect
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4526:Aquatic animal
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4492:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Microecosystem
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4292:Thorson's rule
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Assembly rules
4213:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4102:
4100:Patch dynamics
4097:
4095:Metapopulation
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3990:Storage effect
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Neutral theory
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Native species
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Overpopulation
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Nutrient cycle
3534:
3529:
3527:Feeding frenzy
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Energy quality
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3467:Cascade effect
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Microbial loop
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Lithoautotroph
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3257:Microorganisms
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3214:Prey switching
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Photosynthesis
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Chemosynthesis
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Abiotic stress
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2820:
2775:(4): 754–765.
2754:
2687:
2616:
2568:
2486:
2467:(1): 257–300.
2447:
2400:(3): 695–700.
2377:
2312:
2285:(4): 937–947.
2265:
2241:
2206:(1): 152–155.
2186:
2167:
2139:
2111:
2067:
2020:
1997:(1): 218–233.
1977:
1956:(4): 649–677.
1936:
1892:
1881:
1829:
1770:
1751:(8): 307–311.
1735:
1681:
1630:
1571:
1504:
1445:
1412:
1375:(3): 255–273.
1355:
1330:
1317:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1151:
1101:trophic levels
1088:
1085:
1026:
1023:
971:Archaeplastida
955:Pseudomonadota
925:
922:
920:
917:
903:
895:
886:photosynthesis
880:material from
867:Main article:
864:
861:
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:
746:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Marine biology
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
275:Bioinformatics
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
185:
180:
173:
172:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:Properties of
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
85:Key components
84:
83:
80:
79:
77:
76:
65:
64:
59:
54:
48:
45:
44:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5557:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5515:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Sponge ground
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Marine biomes
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Demersal fish
5261:
5259:
5258:Deep-sea fish
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Marine mammal
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Trophic level
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Sediment trap
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Phytoplankton
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Aquatic plant
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Anoxic waters
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Urban ecology
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Kleiber's law
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Foster's rule
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3368:Trophic level
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3325:Phage ecology
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Microbial mat
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Bacteriophage
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Decomposition
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Mesopredators
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Apex predator
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Biotic stress
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
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1098:
1097:heterotrophic
1094:
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984:
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968:
967:endosymbiotic
965:derived from
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:cyanobacteria
947:
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930:
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545:Phylogenetics
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330:Chronobiology
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305:Biotechnology
303:
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300:Biostatistics
298:
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42:
37:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
5417:Conservation
5268:Pelagic fish
5248:Coastal fish
5152:Marine fungi
4890:Water garden
4773:Water column
4718:Productivity
4717:
4693:Pelagic zone
4653:Macrobenthos
4643:Hydrobiology
4613:Ecohydrology
4403:Regime shift
4388:Macroecology
4109:
4105:
4045:Edge effects
4015:Biogeography
3960:Commensalism
3808:Biodiversity
3685:Allee effect
3424:kelp forests
3377:Example webs
3242:Detritivores
3081:Organotrophs
3061:Kinetotrophs
3013:Productivity
3012:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2637:
2633:
2619:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2504:
2500:
2489:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2397:
2393:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2084:(1): 75–90.
2081:
2077:
2070:
2040:(1): 20–25.
2037:
2033:
2023:
1994:
1991:Oceanography
1990:
1980:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1902:
1898:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1697:
1693:
1690:Margulis, L.
1684:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1524:(11): 3027.
1521:
1517:
1507:
1462:
1459:SpringerPlus
1458:
1448:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1303:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1179:Coral reefs
1156:
1153:Productivity
1144:
1132:
1121:
1090:
1079:ecosystems,
1075:ecosystems,
1073:ground-water
1045:hydrogen gas
1038:
1033:
999:Stramenopila
997:(Comprising
983:chloroplasts
948:
937:
932:
909:
872:
857:
852:
851:, is called
845:heterotrophs
840:
839:, is called
801:productivity
800:
794:
701:Applications
590:Sociobiology
570:Protistology
535:Photobiology
530:Pharmacology
520:Parasitology
515:Paleontology
495:Neuroscience
475:Microbiology
385:Epidemiology
355:Cytogenetics
315:Cell biology
295:Biosemiotics
285:Biomechanics
265:Biogeography
260:Biochemistry
255:Bacteriology
250:Astrobiology
162:
150:Reproduction
113:
40:
5402:Sponge reef
5377:Rocky shore
5372:Oyster reef
5342:Kelp forest
5225:Vertebrates
5125:Marine life
5101:Viral shunt
5066:Marine snow
4968:Maharashtra
4875:Stream pool
4778:Zooplankton
4698:Photic zone
4658:Meiobenthos
4511:Algal bloom
4040:Disturbance
3943:interaction
3765:Recruitment
3695:Depensation
3487:Copiotrophs
3358:Energy flow
3280:Lithotrophy
3224:Decomposers
3204:Planktivore
3179:Insectivore
3169:Heterotroph
3134:Bacterivore
3101:Phototrophs
3051:Chemotrophs
3023:Restoration
2973:Competition
2790:1874/419064
2530:11336/22771
2332:(1): 5691.
1465:(1): 1235.
1344:www.epa.gov
1227:Open ocean
1187:Algal beds
1117:carnivorous
1113:herbivorous
1109:assimilated
1061:prokaryotic
1057:ferrous ion
979:green algae
799:, the term
640:Xenobiology
635:Virophysics
605:Systematics
560:Primatology
505:Ornithology
445:Ichthyology
430:Herpetology
425:Gerontology
390:Epigenetics
350:Cryobiology
240:Agrostology
230:Aerobiology
225:Abiogenesis
91:Cell theory
5529:Categories
5382:Salt marsh
5317:Coral reef
5106:Whale fall
5086:Photophore
4963:Everglades
4931:Ecoregions
4870:Stream bed
4843:Macrophyte
4796:Freshwater
4628:Food chain
4541:Water bird
4408:Sexecology
3985:Parasitism
3950:Antibiosis
3785:Resistance
3780:Resilience
3670:Population
3590:Camouflage
3542:Oligotroph
3457:Ascendency
3419:intertidal
3409:cold seeps
3363:Food chain
3164:Herbivores
3139:Carnivores
3066:Mixotrophs
3041:Autotrophs
2920:components
2259:2023-04-28
2200:Ecosystems
2161:2009-12-03
2133:2009-12-03
1790:: 610065.
1349:2023-04-27
1324:2009-12-03
1286:References
940:fix carbon
847:, such as
835:, such as
833:autotrophs
825:dry matter
625:Toxicology
620:Teratology
565:Proteomics
550:Physiology
490:Neontology
455:Lipidology
450:Immunology
420:Geobiology
380:Embryology
360:Dendrology
290:Biophysics
270:Biogeology
145:Regulation
125:Adaptation
5407:Tide pool
5312:Cold seep
5096:Upwelling
4860:Rheotaxis
4853:Fish pond
4828:Limnology
4753:Substrate
4738:Siltation
4608:Dead zone
4313:Allometry
4267:Emergence
3995:Symbiosis
3980:Mutualism
3775:Stability
3680:Abundance
3492:Dominance
3450:Processes
3439:tide pool
3335:Food webs
3209:Predation
3194:Omnivores
3121:Consumers
3076:Mycotroph
3033:Producers
2978:Ecosystem
2943:Behaviour
2854:0036-8075
2815:245517664
2799:1461-023X
2731:0027-8424
2664:0027-8424
2603:0036-8075
2539:0036-8075
2481:0066-4162
2424:0027-8424
2354:2041-1723
2299:1051-0761
2228:1432-9840
2014:1912/5172
1846:BioEssays
1806:1664-462X
1607:1664-302X
1548:1996-1944
1518:Materials
1481:2193-1801
1432:: 19–30.
1389:0071-1365
1163:Producer
1065:bacterial
1003:Alveolata
995:SAR clade
975:red algae
953:and some
882:inorganic
809:ecosystem
665:Biologist
540:Phycology
525:Pathology
510:Osteology
500:Nutrition
460:Mammalogy
435:Histology
106:Phylogeny
101:Evolution
96:Ecosystem
5514:Category
5440:HERMIONE
5357:Mangrove
5167:Seagrass
4713:Pleuston
4708:Plankton
4688:Particle
4633:Food web
4368:Endolith
4297:Xerosere
4209:networks
4025:Ecocline
3571:Defense,
3247:Detritus
3149:Foraging
3018:Resource
2870:28502866
2862:19229022
2807:34957674
2749:23818582
2682:17991772
2611:10550043
2563:11207678
2555:26185249
2547:24748582
2442:15640357
2372:31831803
2307:54714382
2183:: 1–238.
2156:FishBase
2128:FishBase
2106:41641625
2062:89881167
1931:28694737
1905:: 1–13.
1868:29512175
1824:33912198
1730:21929905
1722:17812802
1676:21866228
1625:27148218
1566:34199583
1499:27536518
1407:27784776
1275:Food web
1259:See also
1219:Tundras
1124:protists
1069:archaeal
1007:Rhizaria
963:plastids
890:sunlight
756:Category
722:Pharming
659:Research
630:Virology
615:Taxonomy
555:Pomology
485:Mycology
415:Genomics
410:Genetics
235:Agronomy
217:Branches
204:Protists
183:Bacteria
168:Kingdoms
73:timeline
62:Glossary
5367:Mudflat
5327:Estuary
5297:Bay mud
5275:Seabird
5031:f-ratio
5014:General
4895:Wetland
4683:Neuston
4648:Hypoxia
4593:Biomass
4583:Benthos
4499:General
4358:Ecopath
4165:Habitat
4035:Ecotype
4030:Ecotone
4007:ecology
4005:Spatial
3941:Species
3801:Species
3672:ecology
3657:Ecology
3605:Mimicry
3573:counter
3517:f-ratio
3265:Archaea
2953:Biomass
2926:General
2918:Trophic
2910:Ecology
2834:Science
2740:3718098
2709:Bibcode
2673:2084307
2642:Bibcode
2583:Science
2509:Bibcode
2501:Science
2402:Bibcode
2363:6908676
2334:Bibcode
2236:5890190
2208:Bibcode
2086:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
1958:Bibcode
1922:5485487
1899:Archaea
1876:3731086
1815:8072474
1765:9724962
1702:Bibcode
1694:Science
1667:3149686
1650:: 165.
1616:4838734
1591:: 529.
1557:8199690
1526:Bibcode
1490:4971002
1398:5264509
1136:cohorts
1093:biomass
1053:methane
1015:Diatoms
878:organic
849:animals
805:biomass
797:ecology
645:Zoology
375:Ecology
245:Anatomy
192:Animals
188:Eukarya
178:Archaea
170:of life
164:Domains
69:History
57:Outline
28:Biology
5352:Lagoon
4678:Nekton
4536:Mammal
4531:Insect
3389:Rivers
3285:Marine
2868:
2860:
2852:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2747:
2737:
2729:
2680:
2670:
2662:
2609:
2601:
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2553:
2545:
2537:
2479:
2440:
2433:545547
2430:
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1479:
1405:
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1387:
1315:
1206:1,250
1198:1,800
1190:2,000
1182:2,000
1174:2,500
1105:tissue
1017:, and
1005:, and
900:, and
837:plants
829:carbon
807:in an
754:
310:Botany
200:Plants
135:Growth
4743:Spawn
4306:Other
4207:Other
4160:Guild
4132:Niche
3384:Lakes
2866:S2CID
2811:S2CID
2559:S2CID
2543:JSTOR
2303:S2CID
2232:S2CID
2102:S2CID
2058:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1128:fungi
1055:, or
817:grams
669:list)
196:Fungi
140:Order
52:Index
4848:Pond
3394:Soil
2858:PMID
2850:ISSN
2803:PMID
2795:ISSN
2745:PMID
2727:ISSN
2678:PMID
2660:ISSN
2607:PMID
2599:ISSN
2551:PMID
2535:ISSN
2477:ISSN
2438:PMID
2420:ISSN
2368:PMID
2350:ISSN
2295:ISSN
2224:ISSN
1927:PMID
1903:2017
1864:PMID
1820:PMID
1802:ISSN
1761:PMID
1718:PMID
1672:PMID
1621:PMID
1603:ISSN
1562:PMID
1544:ISSN
1495:PMID
1477:ISSN
1403:PMID
1385:ISSN
1313:ISBN
1230:125
1222:140
1214:650
1067:and
1011:Kelp
813:mass
166:and
116:life
4910:Fen
4900:Bog
2842:doi
2838:323
2785:hdl
2777:doi
2735:PMC
2717:doi
2705:110
2668:PMC
2650:doi
2638:104
2591:doi
2587:286
2525:hdl
2517:doi
2505:349
2469:doi
2428:PMC
2410:doi
2398:102
2358:PMC
2342:doi
2287:doi
2216:doi
2094:doi
2050:doi
2009:hdl
1999:doi
1966:doi
1917:PMC
1907:doi
1854:doi
1810:PMC
1792:doi
1753:doi
1710:doi
1698:161
1662:PMC
1652:doi
1611:PMC
1593:doi
1552:PMC
1534:doi
1485:PMC
1467:doi
1434:doi
1393:PMC
1377:doi
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