1251:
31:
1299:
and 600 for the EU. In the table above, magnesium appears to be an anomaly as the recommended intake for adult men is 420 mg/day (women 350 mg/day) while the UL is lower than the recommended, at 350 mg. The reason is that the UL is specific to consuming more than 350 mg of magnesium all at once, in the form of a dietary supplement, as this may cause diarrhea. Magnesium-rich foods do not cause this problem.
1714:
212:
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen are the most abundant elements in the body by weight and make up about 96% of the weight of a human body. Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of body weight. Phosphorus occurs in
1336:
is tolerated and is a component of some drugs, but it is not essential, only beneficial. Non-essential elements can sometimes appear in the body when they are chemically similar to essential elements (e.g. Rb and Cs replacing Na), so that essentiality is not the same thing as uptake by a biological
1298:
set the recommended intake for adults over 70 years at 1,200 mg/day and the UL at 2,000 mg/day. The
European Union also sets recommended amounts and upper limits, which are not always in accord with the U.S. Likewise, Japan, which sets the UL for iodine at 3000 μg versus 1100 for the U.S.
2839:
Anke M. Arsenic. In: Mertz W. ed., Trace elements in human and Animal
Nutrition, 5th ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986, 347–372; Uthus E.O., Evidency for arsenical essentiality, Environ. Geochem. Health, 1992, 14:54–56; Uthus E.O., Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance. In:
1241:
with the required elemental components. Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements have been demonstrated to be required to maintain optimal health. Diet can meet all the body's chemical element requirements, although supplements can be used when some recommendations are not adequately
1311:
have been suggested as essential, but such claims have usually not been confirmed. Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomolecule containing the element with an identifiable and testable function. One problem with identifying efficacy is that some elements are
190:
to the extent that they can be absorbed. To be absorbed, minerals either must be soluble or readily extractable by the consuming organism. For example, molybdenum is an essential mineral, but metallic molybdenum has no nutritional benefit. Many molybdates are sources of molybdenum.
1549:
Has an established, albeit specialized, biochemical role in other organisms (algae, lichens, fungi, bacteria), and there is significant circumstantial evidence for its essentiality in humans. It is rather toxic for a trace element and the requirement, if essential, is probably small.
1477:, required primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls. Boron has been shown to be essential to complete the life cycle in representatives of all kingdoms of life. In animals, supplemental boron has been shown to reduce calcium excretion and activate vitamin D.
243:, and are reasonably common on land, or for sodium and iodine, in the ocean. They also tend to have soluble compounds at physiological pH ranges: elements without such soluble compounds tend to be either non-essential (Al) or, at best, may only be needed in traces (Si).
1453:
occurs at the surface from topical exposure. However, even if not essential, fluorine would still be a beneficial element for this reason. Of the minerals in this table, fluoride is the only one for which the U.S. Institute of
Medicine has established an
1185:
may recommend that minerals are best supplied by ingesting specific foods rich with the chemical element(s) of interest. The elements may be naturally present in the food (e.g., calcium in dairy milk) or added to the food (e.g., orange juice
2965:
Ultratrace minerals. Authors: Nielsen, Forrest H. USDA, ARS Source: Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors, Maurice E. Shils ... et al.. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, c1999., p. 283-303. Issue Date: 1999 URI:
2051:
Ultratrace minerals. Authors: Nielsen, Forrest H. USDA, ARS Source: Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors, Maurice E. Shils ... et al. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, c1999., p. 283-303. Issue Date: 1999 URI:
1536:
Deficiency symptoms have been found in chickens and rats, though not humans. Circumstantial evidence suggests that it is an essential nutrient, probably having an effect on the function and composition of brain and bone.
261:
1448:
Might have a role in biologic mineralisation, and fluoride deficiency symptoms have been found in goats, but there is no clear evidence of essentiality in humans. Research indicates that the primary dental benefit from
1270:, but animals do not. Many animals rely on hemoglobin (Fe) for oxygen transport, but plants do not. Fertilizers are often tailored to address mineral deficiencies in particular soils. Examples include
217:
and magnesium) make up only about 0.85% of the weight of the body. Together these eleven chemical elements (H, C, N, O, Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg) make up 99.85% of the body. The remaining ≈18
221:
comprise just 0.15% of the body, or about one hundred grams in total for the average person. Total fractions in this paragraph are amounts based on summing percentages from the article on
5251:
1266:
The list of minerals required for plants is similar to that for animals. Both use very similar enzymes, although differences exist. For example, legumes host molybdenum-containing
1776:
Zoroddu, Maria
Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview".
268:
3018:
Loskill P, Zeitz C, Grandthyll S, Thewes N, Müller F, Bischoff M, Herrmann M, Jacobs K (May 2013). "Reduced adhesion of oral bacteria on hydroxyapatite by fluoride treatment".
2227:
228:
Some diversity of opinion exist about the essential nature of various ultratrace elements in humans (and other mammals), even based on the same data. For example, whether
2582:
Momcilović, B. (September 1999). "A case report of acute human molybdenum toxicity from a dietary molybdenum supplement—a new member of the "Lucor metallicum" family".
1494:
Based on plasma lithium concentrations, biological activity and epidemiological observations, there is evidence, not conclusive, that lithium is an essential nutrient.
1995:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Chromium
232:
is essential in humans is debated. No Cr-containing biochemical has been purified. The United States and Japan designate chromium as an essential nutrient, but the
1328:
are suspected to have a role in health, but with weaker evidence. In particular, trace arsenic seems to have a positive effect on some organisms, but so does
1320:
in solid and dust), so proof of efficacy is lacking because deficiencies are difficult to reproduce. Ultratrace elements of some minerals such as silicon and
164:). These elements are usually not included in lists of nutrient minerals. They are sometimes referred to as macrominerals. The minor minerals (also called
1698:, fungi have similar roles as bacteria, mobilizing minerals from matter inaccessible by other organisms, then transporting the acquired nutrients to local
3662:
4648:
254:
5258:
4353:
3797:
3511:
J. Dighton (2007). "Nutrient
Cycling by Saprotrophic Fungi in Terrestrial Habitats". In Kubicek, Christian P.; Druzhinina, Irina S (eds.).
2840:
Chappell W.R, Abernathy C.O, Cothern C.R. eds., Arsenic
Exposure and Health. Northwood, UK: Science and Technology Letters, 1994, 199–208.
213:
amounts of about 2/3 of calcium, and makes up about 1% of a person's body weight. The other major minerals (potassium, sodium, chlorine,
2634:
2776:
3689:
3102:
2720:
2238:
1409:. Although not required by humans, some are thought to be required by gut bacteria, such as urease required by some varieties of
3548:
2777:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (1997). "6, Magnesium".
2266:
222:
3134:
209:
to support human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles, and there is evidence for around ten more.
5202:
3528:
3468:
3323:
3289:
3208:
3077:
2932:
2898:
2864:
2524:
2476:
1902:
1819:
4390:
4109:
1517:
metabolism, although its mechanisms of action in the body and the amounts needed for optimal health are not well-defined
1242:
met by the diet. An example would be a diet low in dairy products, and hence not meeting the recommendation for calcium.
1250:
2119:
Enderle J, Klink U, di
Giuseppe R, Koch M, Seidel U, Weber K, Birringer M, Ratjen I, Rimbach G, Lieb W (August 2020).
4346:
3618:
3575:
2703:
2376:
1954:
17:
2346:
2175:"Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture"
5219:
3790:
1586:
have specialized biochemical uses in certain lower organisms, but these elements appear not to be used by mammals.
5449:
955:
840:
2662:
2009:
5344:
4244:
2121:"Plasma Lithium Levels in a General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Metabolic and Dietary Correlates"
2030:
233:
3232:
41:
that requires zinc (gray sphere near the center of this image), is essential for exhalation of carbon dioxide.
5622:
1262:
Ca core of the oxygen-evolving site in plants, illustrating one of many roles of the trace mineral manganese.
1164:
1141:) by bacteria. Humans contain only milligrams of cobalt in these cofactors. A deficiency of cobalt leads to
200:
2069:"Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification"
1562:
Rats fed a tin-free diet exhibited improper growth, but the evidence for essentiality is otherwise limited.
5673:
5244:
4339:
4104:
3682:
2292:
1295:
1275:
1168:
4249:
1928:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 2016.
3783:
905:
5647:
5138:
5079:
4930:
4707:
2795:
1206:
and/or other chemical compounds, or a single element (as a compound or mixture of compounds), such as
1134:
Cobalt is available for use by animals only after having been processed into complex molecules (e.g.,
5668:
5502:
4747:
4450:
4445:
1649:
626:
Sweet potato, tomato, potato, beans, lentils, dairy products, seafood, banana, prune, carrot, orange
1497:
5110:
4219:
1291:
901:
2418:
1202:
can be formulated to contain several different chemical elements (as compounds), a combination of
5207:
4415:
3820:
3675:
2980:"Aspects Regarding Fluoride Treatment for Reinforcement and Remineralization of Apatite Crystals"
2609:
1671:
systems worldwide. Bacteria absorb dissolved organic matter containing minerals as they scavenge
5514:
5115:
4722:
4674:
4591:
4435:
4224:
3520:
3198:
2514:
2499:
1946:
1940:
1845:. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 22 December 2016
1695:
1653:
1637:
1098:
882:
823:
693:
620:
3313:
3279:
2922:
2888:
2854:
2466:
1973:. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 2 December 2016
1892:
1809:
5454:
5329:
4902:
4867:
4777:
4624:
4573:
3850:
3544:
3053:
2979:
2623:
2446:
2432:
2392:
1382:
Essential in rat, hamster, goat and chicken models, but no research has been done in humans.
1271:
1074:
747:
3512:
3379:
Currey, JD (1999). "The design of mineralised hard tissues for their mechanical functions".
5627:
5339:
5299:
5289:
5284:
4767:
4629:
4601:
4538:
4239:
3835:
3729:
3483:
2735:
1864:
1429:. Nickel deficiency depressed growth in goats, pigs, and sheep, and diminished circulating
1174:* One serving of seaweed exceeds the US UL of 1100 μg but not the 3000 μg UL set by Japan.
978:
947:
240:
236:(EFSA), representing the European Union, reviewed the question in 2014 and does not agree.
74:
70:
168:) compose the remainder and are usually the focus of discussions of minerals in the diet.
8:
5497:
5464:
5424:
5324:
4679:
4654:
4634:
4619:
4528:
4523:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4119:
3567:
1520:
1324:
are known to have a role but the exact biochemical nature is unknown, and others such as
1106:
30:
27:
Chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform life functions
3487:
2739:
1171:; Figures shown are for adults age 31–50, male or female neither pregnant nor lactating
5591:
5416:
5294:
5093:
4915:
4787:
4639:
4558:
4513:
4430:
4382:
4290:
4204:
4179:
4149:
4144:
4006:
3870:
3806:
3739:
3646:
3589:
3444:
3260:
3109:
2759:
2228:"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes"
2199:
2174:
2147:
2120:
2093:
2068:
1742:
1461:
1308:
1199:
1187:
909:
787:), cells, in energy processing, in DNA and ATP (as phosphate) and many other functions
218:
58:
34:
1302:
186:
Finally, although mineral and elements are in many ways synonymous, minerals are only
179:. Larger organisms may also consume soil (geophagia) or use mineral resources such as
5601:
5571:
5539:
5534:
5519:
5492:
5439:
5429:
5334:
5314:
5309:
5279:
5161:
5156:
4997:
4897:
4892:
4854:
4772:
4684:
4664:
4644:
4568:
4563:
4548:
4533:
4518:
4470:
4465:
4440:
4405:
4400:
4194:
3928:
3614:
3581:
3571:
3524:
3513:
3436:
3396:
3319:
3285:
3252:
3204:
3175:
3171:
3083:
3073:
3035:
2928:
2894:
2860:
2815:
2780:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
2763:
2751:
2699:
2591:
2564:
2520:
2472:
2372:
2328:
2204:
2152:
2098:
2026:
1950:
1898:
1867:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. 2016
1815:
1610:
1600:
1524:
1385:
1360:
1332:, showcasing the uncertainty behind whether some trace elements are truly essential.
1234:
1211:
1151:
1142:
1026:
986:
804:
655:
3448:
3364:
3347:
3264:
3062:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride
1789:
5566:
5524:
5056:
5048:
5002:
4979:
4961:
4849:
4742:
4727:
4717:
4669:
4659:
4543:
4425:
4410:
4129:
3937:
3593:
3563:
3491:
3428:
3388:
3359:
3244:
3167:
3141:
3065:
3027:
2991:
2807:
2743:
2556:
2318:
2194:
2186:
2142:
2132:
2088:
2080:
1785:
1727:
1227:
1155:
1062:
1058:
1009:
800:
54:
2307:
2173:
McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, Vanacore R, Page-McCaw A, Hudson BG (June 2014).
1991:
1970:
1233:
The dietary focus on chemical elements derives from an interest in supporting the
5637:
5529:
5469:
5434:
5319:
5304:
5184:
5166:
5133:
5074:
5025:
5020:
4925:
4820:
4732:
4702:
4596:
4553:
4475:
4455:
4420:
4395:
4189:
3864:
3840:
3158:
Blevins DG, Lukaszewski KM (June 1998). "Boron in plant structure and function".
1732:
1455:
1430:
1426:
1410:
1279:
1223:
1215:
1066:
1038:
990:
921:
878:
844:
552:
187:
3657:
2778:
2560:
2293:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005: Appendix B-1. Food Sources of Potassium"
1993:
1148:
Animal muscle and liver are good dietary sources, also shellfish and crab meat.
5581:
5576:
5561:
5549:
5213:
5064:
4910:
4872:
4815:
4792:
4782:
4762:
4752:
4737:
4712:
4480:
4460:
4274:
4229:
3973:
3698:
3632:
3467:
Azam, F; Fenchel, T; Field, JG; Gray, JS; Meyer-Reil, LA; Thingstad, F (1983).
2811:
2235:
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Sciences
2190:
1606:
1414:
836:
784:
765:
733:
671:
165:
3419:
Warren LA, Kauffman ME (February 2003). "Geoscience. Microbial geoengineers".
3248:
2721:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å"
2719:
Umena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (May 2011).
2084:
5662:
5642:
5606:
5596:
5554:
5544:
4944:
4797:
4757:
4310:
4139:
4124:
3859:
3719:
3709:
3624:
3549:"The Geomycology of Elemental Cycling and Transformations in the Environment"
3256:
3194:
2323:
1737:
1672:
1630:
1565:
925:
761:
739:
714:
700:
667:
98:
5586:
4331:
3432:
3392:
5459:
5043:
4366:
4315:
3825:
3714:
3585:
3440:
3400:
3179:
3087:
3057:
3039:
2819:
2755:
2595:
2332:
2308:"The Nutrient Rich Foods Index helps to identify healthy, affordable foods"
2208:
2156:
2102:
1191:
736:), supports synthesis and function of blood cells, helps in blood clotting
710:
633:
2568:
1992:
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). "6, Chromium".
1925:
5507:
5444:
4884:
4841:
4234:
4214:
4209:
4169:
1719:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1661:
1626:
1413:. In humans, nickel may be a cofactor or structural component of certain
1406:
1364:
1267:
1135:
1094:
913:
791:
751:
743:
629:
616:
2996:
2853:
Berdanier, Carolyn D.; Dwyer, Johanna T.; Heber, David (19 April 2016).
2747:
1891:
Berdanier, Carolyn D.; Dwyer, Johanna T.; Heber, David (19 April 2016).
1842:
1436:
1103:
Brazil nuts, seafoods, organ meats, meats, grains, dairy products, eggs
1034:
658:
in the stomach, in cellular pump functions and required in host defense
239:
Most of the known and suggested mineral nutrients are of relatively low
5395:
5069:
4859:
4583:
4305:
4259:
4061:
4056:
3946:
3919:
3905:
3830:
3496:
2924:
Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements
2547:
Sardesai VM (December 1993). "Molybdenum: an essential trace element".
2137:
1683:
1679:
1657:
1645:
1579:
1481:
1418:
1238:
1046:
866:
772:
732:
Needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone (see
661:
176:
141:
126:
82:
5236:
3775:
3278:
Kim, Myoung Jin; Anderson, John; Mallory, Caroline (1 February 2014).
3031:
1290:
The gap between recommended daily intake and what are considered safe
794:, poultry, bread, rice, oats. In biological contexts, usually seen as
4611:
4490:
4320:
4269:
4199:
4174:
4114:
4066:
4051:
4046:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3900:
3855:
3734:
2887:
Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K. O. (27 January 2014).
2369:
Phosphorus: An Outline of Its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology
1699:
1668:
1641:
1618:
1333:
1219:
1182:
1110:
959:
932:
811:
795:
598:
180:
122:
94:
86:
46:
3348:"Research on eggshell structure and quality: an historical overview"
2967:
2053:
5479:
5387:
5371:
5176:
5125:
5102:
5012:
4825:
4154:
4134:
4071:
4031:
4016:
3910:
1622:
1575:
1544:
1504:
1474:
1450:
1443:
1303:
Elements considered possibly essential for humans but not confirmed
1082:
640:
229:
157:
149:
134:
106:
3069:
3064:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 288–313.
2371:(5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Pub Co. p. 1220.
1363:
architecture and tissue development, as a needed catalyst to make
983:
Liver, seafood, oysters, nuts, seeds; some: whole grains, legumes
65:
are one of the four groups of essential nutrients; the others are
5487:
5148:
4920:
4833:
4300:
4254:
4184:
4164:
4011:
3885:
3875:
3759:
3754:
3667:
2631:
USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28
1665:
1583:
1531:
1510:
1489:
1398:
1377:
1370:
1354:
1325:
1313:
1207:
1203:
721:
704:
78:
66:
918:
Oysters*, red meat, poultry, nuts, whole grains, dairy products
5403:
5379:
5363:
5354:
4971:
4953:
4807:
4694:
4295:
4159:
4081:
4076:
4036:
4026:
4021:
3964:
3955:
3724:
1808:
Berdanier, Carolyn D.; Dwyer, Johanna T.; Heber, David (2013).
1402:
1392:
1317:
1195:
1117:
1030:
997:
966:
870:
830:
678:
214:
153:
145:
130:
114:
110:
90:
38:
2890:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
3764:
3744:
3658:
Concept of a nutritious food: toward a nutrient density score
2027:"Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for chromium"
1514:
1468:
1422:
1321:
1312:
innocuous at low concentrations and are pervasive (examples:
1020:
755:
3017:
1713:
952:
Grains, legumes, seeds, nuts, leafy vegetables, tea, coffee
5035:
4989:
4264:
4086:
4041:
2513:
Jameson, J. Larry; De Groot, Leslie J. (25 February 2015).
2172:
2118:
2010:"Overview of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015)"
1775:
1614:
1329:
1016:
889:
851:
537:
172:
161:
118:
102:
2698:. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 411.
3469:"The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea"
2465:
Schlenker, Eleanor; Gilbert, Joyce Ann (28 August 2014).
1557:
194:
692:
A systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating
2718:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2268:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals
2893:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 349.
3192:
3052:
2927:. National Academies Press. pp. 313–19, 415–22.
2920:
2848:
2846:
1939:
Nelson, David L.; Michael M. Cox (15 February 2000).
175:. Animals ingest plants, thus moving minerals up the
3466:
2663:"Overview of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese"
2453:
1938:
1709:
833:, nuts, seeds, whole grains, peanut butter, avocado
2977:
2852:
1942:
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Third Edition
1890:
1807:
1609:for the process of mineralizing structures, called
250:Essential elements for higher organisms (eucarya).
3312:Gropper, Sareen S.; Smith, Jack L. (1 June 2012).
3277:
3157:
2843:
2783:. National Academies Press (US). pp. 190–249.
2468:Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy
1998:. National Academies Press (US). pp. 197–223.
1656:by bacteria distributed throughout soils, oceans,
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1294:(ULs) can be small. For example, for calcium the
137:; there is some evidence that there may be more.
5660:
3305:
3284:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 241.
3186:
3103:"Essential Plant Micronutrients. Boron in Idaho"
2506:
2464:
2397:Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University
2295:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2005.
2066:
2062:
2060:
900:Required for several classes of enzymes such as
865:Required for many proteins and enzymes, notably
568:
77:. The five major minerals in the human body are
3271:
2886:
2512:
2419:"Magnesium—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
699:Table salt (sodium chloride, the main source),
3990:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
3418:
2948:
2880:
2693:
2610:"Selenium—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
2385:
2114:
2112:
1945:(3 Har/Com ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp.
1754:
1678:. Mineral nutrients cycle through this marine
664:(sodium chloride) is the main dietary source.
5252:
4361:
4347:
3791:
3683:
2856:Handbook of Nutrition and Food, Third Edition
2670:Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
2584:Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
2057:
1894:Handbook of Nutrition and Food, Third Edition
262:
101:". The generally accepted trace elements are
3311:
2914:
2793:
2500:"Iodine—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
2471:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 162–3.
2347:"NHS Choices:Vitamins and minerals – Others"
2305:
2019:
1865:"Vitamin and mineral supplement fact sheets"
1397:Nickel is an essential component of several
3519:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp.
3414:
3412:
3410:
3224:
2921:Institute of Medicine (29 September 2006).
2657:
2655:
2546:
2540:
2339:
2109:
875:Meat, seafood, nuts, beans, dark chocolate
205:Nineteen chemical elements are known to be
5259:
5245:
4354:
4340:
3798:
3784:
3690:
3676:
3510:
2581:
2519:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1510.
2447:"Zinc—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
2168:
2166:
1985:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1803:
1801:
1799:
269:
255:
3515:Environmental and microbial relationships
3495:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3363:
3160:Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol
2995:
2787:
2366:
2322:
2198:
2146:
2136:
2092:
3407:
3193:Erdman, John W. Jr.; MacDonald, Ian A.;
2652:
1814:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 199.
1249:
758:, tofu, thyme, oregano, dill, cinnamon.
29:
5266:
3805:
3611:Environmental Chemistry of the Elements
3315:Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism
3230:
3203:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1324.
3135:"Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition"
3046:
2689:
2687:
2261:
2259:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2163:
1879:
1796:
1484:is 2.5 grams per kilogram body weight)
1129:
1125:
941:
860:
687:
649:
610:
606:
560: Essentiality or function debated
14:
5661:
3455:
3378:
3345:
2978:Kakei M, Sakae T, Yoshikawa M (2012).
2612:. National Institutes of Health. 2016.
2502:. National Institutes of Health. 2016.
2449:. National Institutes of Health. 2016.
2435:. National Institutes of Health. 2016.
2421:. National Institutes of Health. 2016.
2274:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
223:chemical composition of the human body
195:Essential chemical elements for humans
5240:
4335:
3779:
3671:
3352:Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola
3233:"Boron in human and animal nutrition"
3108:. University of Idaho. Archived from
2002:
1682:, from bacteria and phytoplankton to
1605:Diverse ions are used by animals and
97:. The remaining elements are called "
3568:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0010-2016
3543:
3318:. Cengage Learning. pp. 527–8.
2696:Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry
2684:
2640:from the original on 26 January 2017
2439:
2433:"Iron—Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet"
2256:
2215:
1857:
1177:
1012:and to help enzymes in host defense
5357: (Core six elements)
3381:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2299:
2067:Szklarska D, Rzymski P (May 2019).
1640:by bacteria which act on metals to
24:
3697:
3603:
3100:
2796:"The biological role of strontium"
2516:Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric
1918:
1835:
1594:
472:
355:
140:Four elements comprise 96% of the
25:
5685:
3639:
2367:Corbridge, DE (1 February 1995).
1778:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
1296:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
619:and is essential in coregulating
401:
375:
339:
3172:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.481
3140:. U.S. Borax Inc. Archived from
1712:
1690:, which are then eaten by other
1057:Required for the functioning of
442:
396:
391:
365:
324:
314:
280:
4592:adenosine triphosphate disodium
3537:
3504:
3372:
3365:10.1590/S1516-635X2005000200001
3339:
3151:
3127:
3094:
3011:
2971:
2833:
2770:
2712:
2616:
2602:
2575:
2492:
2425:
2411:
2360:
2285:
2045:
1790:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013
1023:)*, grains, eggs, iodized salt
447:
437:
380:
350:
293:
5345:Biological aspects of fluorine
3750:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
3629:Trace Elements in Biochemistry
3200:Present Knowledge in Nutrition
2984:Journal of Hard Tissue Biology
2859:. CRC Press. pp. 211–26.
2317:. 91(suppl) (4): 1095S–1101S.
2031:European Food Safety Authority
1963:
1932:
1897:. CRC Press. pp. 211–24.
1811:Handbook of Nutrition and Food
1008:Required for the synthesis of
509:
421:
416:
411:
360:
334:
319:
309:
234:European Food Safety Authority
13:
1:
5623:Composition of the human body
2694:Lippard, SJ; Berg JM (1994).
1748:
1165:Recommended Dietary Allowance
569:Roles in biological processes
304:
201:Composition of the human body
61:for life, but most are not.
4708:Glucose with sodium chloride
1473:Boron is an essential plant
1169:Tolerable upper intake level
1167:; AI= Adequate intake; UL =
1071:Legumes, whole grains, nuts
593:Terms for deficiency/excess
426:
406:
171:Plants obtain minerals from
7:
5633:Mineral (Essential element)
2561:10.1177/0115426593008006277
1705:
1509:Proposed to be involved in
906:liver alcohol dehydrogenase
538:four basic organic elements
498:
249:
10:
5690:
5648:Uranium in the environment
4391:β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
4110:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
4000:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
2812:10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026
2191:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009
1598:
1480:No acute effects (LD50 of
783:A component of bones (see
343:
300:
284:
198:
5615:
5503:Acute beryllium poisoning
5478:
5415:
5353:
5272:
5197:
5175:
5147:
5124:
5101:
5092:
5034:
5011:
4988:
4970:
4952:
4943:
4806:
4693:
4610:
4582:
4489:
4381:
4374:
4283:
4095:
3985:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
3884:
3813:
3705:
2794:Pors Nielsen, S. (2004).
2590:(3). De Gruyter: 289–97.
2085:10.1007/s12011-018-1455-2
1285:
1245:
1093:Essential to activity of
902:matrix metalloproteinases
654:Needed for production of
579:RDA/AI Male/Female (US)
2324:10.3945/ajcn.2010.28450D
1652:. Mineral nutrients are
822:Required for processing
545: Quantity elements
3821:Bodybuilding supplement
3647:"Vitamins and minerals"
3433:10.1126/science.1072076
3393:10.1242/jeb.202.23.3285
3249:10.1023/A:1004276311956
1433:concentration in rats.
1230:, iron bis-glycinate).
977:Required co-factor for
946:Required co-factor for
790:Red meat, dairy foods,
5515:Chlorine gas poisoning
3995:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
3609:Humphrey Bowen (1979)
1696:terrestrial ecosystems
1359:Possibly important to
1263:
1099:glutathione peroxidase
1077:/ molybdenum toxicity
883:iron overload disorder
748:green leafy vegetables
744:canned fish with bones
57:. Some "minerals" are
42:
5488:Argyria (Silver)
5330:Molybdenum in biology
4868:methylsulfonylmethane
3730:Essential fatty acids
3054:Institute of Medicine
2306:Drewnowski A (2010).
1599:Further information:
1272:molybdenum deficiency
1253:
1235:biochemical reactions
1075:molybdenum deficiency
588:High nutrient density
75:essential amino acids
71:essential fatty acids
33:
5628:Lithium (medication)
5340:Arsenic biochemistry
5300:Manganese in biology
5290:Potassium in biology
5285:Magnesium in biology
4906:-adenosyl methionine
4602:monosodium phosphate
4195:Japanese honeysuckle
3476:Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser
3231:Nielsen, FH (1997).
1971:"Phosphorus in diet"
1613:, used to construct
1276:manganese deficiency
979:cytochrome c oxidase
956:manganese deficiency
948:superoxide dismutase
914:zinc finger proteins
841:magnesium deficiency
746:(salmon, sardines),
183:to obtain minerals.
5674:Essential nutrients
5498:Beryllium poisoning
5325:Selenium in biology
5267:Elements in biology
5139:monofluorophosphate
4649:+hydrogen carbonate
4363:Mineral supplements
4120:Chondroitin sulfate
3938:Pantothenic acid (B
3901:Retinol (Vitamin A)
3871:Protein supplements
3807:Dietary supplements
3663:Metals in Nutrition
3488:1983MEPS...10..257A
2997:10.2485/jhtb.21.257
2748:10.1038/nature09913
2740:2011Natur.473...55U
2633:. 27 October 2015.
2624:"Vitamin B-12 (µg)"
2073:Biol Trace Elem Res
2033:. 18 September 2014
1521:chromium deficiency
1309:ultratrace elements
1254:Structure of the Mn
1200:Dietary supplements
1107:selenium deficiency
219:ultratrace minerals
5592:Thallium poisoning
5295:Calcium in biology
5224:Never to phase III
4916:Sodium thiosulfate
4748:hydrogen carbonate
4291:Codex Alimentarius
4180:Grape seed extract
3841:Herbal supplements
3653:. 23 October 2017.
3613:. Academic Press,
3497:10.3354/meps010257
3387:(Pt 23): 3285–94.
3346:Hunton, P (2005).
2672:. 2015. p. 39
2138:10.3390/nu12082489
1743:Mineral deficiency
1462:Fluoride poisoning
1264:
910:carbonic anhydrase
45:In the context of
43:
35:Carbonic anhydrase
5656:
5655:
5602:Toxic heavy metal
5587:Selenium toxicity
5572:Mercury poisoning
5540:Fluoride toxicity
5535:Cadmium poisoning
5520:Chromium toxicity
5493:Arsenic poisoning
5335:Iodine in biology
5315:Copper in biology
5310:Cobalt in biology
5280:Sodium in biology
5234:
5233:
5193:
5192:
5088:
5087:
5059:
5051:
4939:
4938:
4898:protamine sulfate
4893:potassium sulfate
4879:
4862:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4451:lactate gluconate
4446:glycerylphosphate
4329:
4328:
3974:Cyanocobalamin (B
3891:chemical elements
3773:
3772:
3530:978-3-540-71840-6
3325:978-1-133-10405-6
3291:978-1-4496-4742-1
3210:978-0-470-96310-4
3195:Zeisel, Steven H.
3147:on 20 March 2009.
3115:on 1 October 2009
3079:978-0-309-06403-3
3032:10.1021/la4008558
2934:978-0-309-15742-1
2900:978-94-007-7500-8
2866:978-1-4665-0572-8
2526:978-0-323-32195-2
2478:978-0-323-29401-0
1904:978-1-4665-0572-8
1821:978-1-4665-0572-8
1611:biomineralization
1601:Biomineralization
1592:
1591:
1525:chromium toxicity
1386:arsenic poisoning
1361:basement membrane
1212:calcium carbonate
1178:Dietary nutrition
1161:
1160:
1152:pernicious anemia
1143:pernicious anemia
1027:iodine deficiency
987:copper deficiency
805:hyperphosphatemia
656:hydrochloric acid
565:
564:
522:
521:
18:Mineral nutrients
16:(Redirected from
5681:
5669:Dietary minerals
5567:Lithium toxicity
5525:Cobalt poisoning
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5111:(III) picolinate
5099:
5098:
5057:
5049:
4980:potassium iodide
4950:
4949:
4877:
4860:
4850:Iron(II) sulfate
4842:
4834:
4826:
4416:+cholecalciferol
4379:
4378:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4284:Related articles
4190:Iron supplements
4130:Copper gluconate
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3654:
3598:
3597:
3556:Microbiol Spectr
3553:
3547:(January 2017).
3541:
3535:
3534:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3473:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3427:(5609): 1027–9.
3416:
3405:
3404:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2462:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2237:. Archived from
2232:
2224:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1728:Food composition
1722:
1717:
1716:
1636:Minerals can be
1498:Lithium toxicity
1340:
1339:
1156:cobalt poisoning
1131:
1127:
1063:aldehyde oxidase
1059:xanthine oxidase
1010:thyroid hormones
943:
862:
801:hypophosphatemia
689:
651:
612:
608:
590:dietary sources
582:UL (US and EU)
576:Dietary element
573:
572:
559:
551: Essential
550:
544:
535:
524:
523:
511:
500:
474:
449:
444:
439:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
382:
377:
367:
362:
357:
352:
341:
336:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
295:
282:
271:
264:
257:
247:
246:
55:chemical element
21:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5638:Oxygen toxicity
5611:
5530:Copper toxicity
5474:
5411:
5349:
5320:Zinc in biology
5305:Iron in biology
5268:
5265:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5214:Clinical trials
5189:
5171:
5143:
5120:
5084:
5030:
5007:
4984:
4966:
4935:
4821:Calcium sulfate
4802:
4723:calcium edetate
4703:Docusate sodium
4689:
4606:
4578:
4485:
4370:
4360:
4330:
4325:
4279:
4097:
4091:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3892:
3889:
3880:
3865:Bifidobacterium
3809:
3804:
3774:
3769:
3701:
3696:
3645:
3642:
3606:
3604:Further reading
3601:
3578:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3509:
3505:
3471:
3465:
3456:
3417:
3408:
3377:
3373:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3281:Human Nutrition
3276:
3272:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3197:(30 May 2012).
3191:
3187:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3080:
3051:
3047:
3026:(18): 5528–33.
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2734:(7345): 55–60.
2723:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2692:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2580:
2576:
2549:Nutr Clin Pract
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2244:on 14 June 2022
2241:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2171:
2164:
2117:
2110:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1806:
1797:
1774:
1755:
1751:
1733:Human nutrition
1718:
1711:
1708:
1603:
1597:
1595:Mineral ecology
1456:Adequate Intake
1437:Nickel toxicity
1431:thyroid hormone
1427:gene expression
1411:Bifidobacterium
1305:
1288:
1280:zinc deficiency
1261:
1257:
1248:
1228:ferrous sulfate
1224:magnesium oxide
1216:calcium citrate
1194:fortified with
1180:
1139:
1067:sulfite oxidase
1039:hyperthyroidism
991:copper toxicity
922:zinc deficiency
879:iron deficiency
845:hypermagnesemia
696:with potassium
589:
571:
566:
561:
557:
555:
548:
546:
542:
540:
533:
531:
275:
203:
197:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5582:Nickel allergy
5579:
5577:Metal toxicity
5574:
5569:
5564:
5562:Lead poisoning
5559:
5558:
5557:
5550:Iron poisoning
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5360:
5358:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5116:(III) chloride
5113:
5107:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Sodium sulfate
4908:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4888:-α-lipoic acid
4882:
4870:
4865:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4816:barium sulfate
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4793:Suramin sodium
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:stibogluconate
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:Heparin sodium
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4597:hydroxyapatite
4594:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4481:hydroxyapatite
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4436:glucoheptonate
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4275:Zinc gluconate
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:St John's wort
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Red yeast rice
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:Food chemistry
3695:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3641:
3640:External links
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:Academic Press
3622:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3576:
3562:(1): 371–386.
3536:
3529:
3503:
3454:
3406:
3371:
3338:
3324:
3304:
3290:
3270:
3243:(2): 199–208.
3237:Plant and Soil
3223:
3209:
3185:
3150:
3126:
3093:
3078:
3045:
3010:
2970:
2947:
2933:
2913:
2899:
2879:
2865:
2842:
2832:
2806:(3): 583–588.
2786:
2769:
2711:
2704:
2683:
2651:
2615:
2601:
2574:
2539:
2525:
2505:
2491:
2477:
2452:
2438:
2424:
2410:
2384:
2377:
2359:
2338:
2315:Am J Clin Nutr
2298:
2284:
2255:
2214:
2185:(6): 1380–92.
2162:
2108:
2056:
2044:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1962:
1955:
1931:
1917:
1903:
1878:
1856:
1834:
1820:
1795:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1704:
1631:mollusc shells
1607:microorganisms
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1425:reactions and
1415:metalloenzymes
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1304:
1301:
1287:
1284:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1190:with calcium;
1179:
1176:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1013:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
984:
981:
975:
972:
969:
963:
962:
953:
950:
944:
938:
935:
929:
928:
919:
916:
898:
895:
892:
886:
885:
876:
873:
863:
857:
854:
848:
847:
837:hypomagnesemia
834:
827:
826:and for bones
820:
817:
814:
808:
807:
798:
788:
785:hydroxyapatite
781:
778:
775:
769:
768:
766:hypercalcaemia
759:
740:Dairy products
737:
734:hydroxyapatite
730:
727:
724:
718:
717:
708:
701:sea vegetables
697:
690:
684:
681:
675:
674:
672:hyperchloremia
665:
659:
652:
646:
643:
637:
636:
627:
624:
613:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
586:
583:
580:
577:
570:
567:
563:
562:
556:
553:trace elements
547:
541:
532:
527:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
507:
504:
501:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
445:
440:
435:
432:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
386:
383:
378:
372:
371:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
345:
342:
337:
331:
330:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
299:
296:
290:
289:
286:
283:
277:
276:
274:
273:
266:
259:
251:
245:
199:Main article:
196:
193:
166:trace elements
99:trace elements
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5686:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Soil salinity
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5607:Zinc toxicity
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Tin poisoning
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5555:Iron overload
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:Halotolerance
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:(II) fumarate
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4798:Valproic acid
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:nitroprusside
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Nutraceutical
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Dietary fiber
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:Cod liver oil
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:Other common
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3965:Folic acid (B
3963:
3961:
3954:
3952:
3947:Pyridoxine (B
3945:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3920:Riboflavin (B
3918:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Lactobacillus
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Fortification
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:Carbohydrates
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:Humphry Bowen
3623:
3620:
3619:0-12-120450-2
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3577:9781555819576
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3070:10.17226/5776
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2705:0-935702-72-5
2701:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:(6): 277–81.
2554:
2550:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2378:0-444-89307-5
2374:
2370:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1956:1-57259-931-6
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1860:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Micronutrient
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:phytoplankton
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:precipitation
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:bioengineered
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:Tin poisoning
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1282:, and so on.
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:enzymes like
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
988:
985:
982:
980:
976:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
949:
945:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:zinc toxicity
923:
920:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
884:
880:
877:
874:
872:
868:
864:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
802:
799:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:hypocalcaemia
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
735:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:hypernatremia
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
669:
668:hypochloremia
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
614:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
554:
539:
530:
526:
525:
518:
517:
513:
508:
505:
502:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
446:
441:
436:
433:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
387:
384:
379:
374:
373:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
346:
338:
333:
332:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
292:
291:
287:
279:
278:
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
253:
252:
248:
244:
242:
241:atomic weight
237:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
202:
192:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5632:
5417:Deficiencies
5404:
5396:
5388:
5380:
5372:
5364:
5185:(IV) sulfate
5080:zinc sulfate
5003:(II) sulfate
4931:zinc sulfate
4926:(IV) sulfate
4903:
4885:
4873:
4845:-glutathione
4675:permanganate
4362:
4316:Multivitamin
4240:Saw palmetto
4220:Milk thistle
3893:("minerals")
3890:
3845:
3826:Energy drink
3749:
3650:
3628:
3610:
3559:
3555:
3539:
3514:
3506:
3479:
3475:
3424:
3420:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3358:(2): 67–71.
3355:
3351:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3314:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3280:
3273:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3199:
3188:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3142:the original
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3101:Mahler, RL.
3096:
3061:
3048:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2990:(3): 475–6.
2987:
2983:
2973:
2938:. Retrieved
2923:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2889:
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2855:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2803:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2772:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2695:
2674:. Retrieved
2669:
2642:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:
2604:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2515:
2508:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2441:
2427:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2396:
2393:"Phosphorus"
2387:
2368:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2341:
2314:
2301:
2287:
2276:, retrieved
2267:
2246:. Retrieved
2239:the original
2234:
2182:
2178:
2128:
2124:
2079:(1): 18–27.
2076:
2072:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2021:
2004:
1994:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1965:
1941:
1934:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1893:
1869:. Retrieved
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1810:
1781:
1777:
1635:
1627:exoskeletons
1604:
1578:, the early
1417:involved in
1401:, including
1346:Description
1306:
1292:upper limits
1289:
1265:
1232:
1226:), or iron (
1192:iodized salt
1181:
1173:
1162:
711:hyponatremia
703:, milk, and
634:hyperkalemia
623:with sodium
528:
238:
227:
211:
206:
204:
188:bioavailable
185:
170:
139:
62:
50:
44:
5508:Berylliosis
5210:from market
4863:-methionine
4788:thiosulfate
4625:bicarbonate
4574:L-threonate
4235:Royal jelly
4215:Lipoic acid
4210:Linseed oil
4170:Glucosamine
4098:ingredients
3911:Thiamine (B
3836:Fatty acids
3166:: 481–500.
2403:8 September
2131:(8): 2489.
1977:24 December
1871:19 December
1849:24 December
1784:: 120–129.
1720:Food portal
1692:marine life
1688:zooplankton
1684:flagellates
1662:groundwater
1646:dissolution
1580:lanthanides
1407:hydrogenase
1365:collagen IV
1268:nitrogenase
1095:antioxidant
869:to prevent
780:4000; 4000
729:2500; 2500
630:hypokalemia
617:electrolyte
615:A systemic
144:by weight:
5663:Categories
5455:Molybdenum
5094:Ultratrace
5075:proteinate
5060:-carnosine
5052:-aspartate
4773:phosphates
4630:bitartrate
4584:Phosphorus
4539:levulinate
4431:glubionate
4306:Herbal tea
4260:Wheatgrass
4160:Folic acid
4062:Phosphorus
4057:Molybdenum
3906:B vitamins
3856:Probiotics
3851:Prebiotics
3831:Energy bar
3482:: 257–63.
3058:"Fluoride"
2644:1 December
2352:8 November
1926:"Minerals"
1843:"Minerals"
1749:References
1700:ecosystems
1680:food chain
1658:freshwater
1482:boric acid
1419:hydrolysis
1239:metabolism
1183:Dietitians
1047:Molybdenum
867:hemoglobin
773:Phosphorus
662:Table salt
536: The
181:salt licks
177:food chain
142:human body
127:molybdenum
83:phosphorus
5450:Manganese
5445:Potassium
5399:hosphorus
5220:Phase III
5208:Withdrawn
5162:carbonate
5157:aspartate
5065:gluconate
4962:gluconate
4880:-cysteine
4829:-cysteine
4743:gluconate
4728:carbonate
4718:ascorbate
4680:phosphate
4655:gluconate
4635:carbonate
4620:ascorbate
4612:Potassium
4529:glycinate
4524:gluconate
4509:carbonate
4504:aspartate
4499:ascorbate
4491:Magnesium
4471:phosphate
4466:pangamate
4441:gluconate
4406:carbonate
4401:ascorbate
4321:Nutrition
4270:Yohimbine
4265:Wolfberry
4245:Spirulina
4225:Melatonin
4200:Krill oil
4175:Glutamine
4145:Echinacea
4115:Carnitine
4067:Potassium
4052:Manganese
4047:Magnesium
3956:Biotin (B
3929:Niacin (B
3710:Additives
3257:0032-079X
2825:6 October
2764:205224374
2676:5 January
2278:4 January
2248:25 August
2125:Nutrients
1669:meltwater
1623:eggshells
1619:seashells
1334:Strontium
1220:magnesium
1188:fortified
1136:vitamin B
1111:selenosis
1090:0.4; 0.3
1015:Seaweed (
1005:1.1; 0.6
960:manganism
933:Manganese
829:Spinach,
819:350; 250
812:Magnesium
796:phosphate
599:Potassium
585:Category
123:manganese
95:magnesium
87:potassium
59:essential
47:nutrition
5480:Toxicity
5465:Selenium
5425:Chromium
5273:Elements
5177:Vanadium
5134:fluoride
5126:Fluorine
5103:Chromium
5026:selenite
5021:selenate
5013:Selenium
4876:-acetyl-
4837:-cystine
4733:chloride
4640:chloride
4559:pidolate
4514:chloride
4426:folinate
4411:chloride
4155:Fish oil
4135:Creatine
4072:Selenium
4032:Fluorine
4017:Chromium
3886:Vitamins
3876:Vitamins
3846:Minerals
3760:Vitamins
3755:Proteins
3720:Coloring
3586:28128071
3449:19993145
3441:12586932
3401:10562511
3265:12163109
3180:15012243
3088:23115811
3056:(1997).
3040:23556545
3020:Langmuir
2820:15336592
2756:21499260
2635:Archived
2596:10649845
2333:20181811
2209:24906154
2157:32824874
2103:30066063
2037:20 March
1706:See also
1654:recycled
1644:mineral
1642:catalyze
1576:Tungsten
1545:Vanadium
1505:Chromium
1475:nutrient
1451:fluoride
1444:Fluorine
1343:Element
1337:system.
1204:vitamins
1083:Selenium
937:2.3/1.8
816:420/320
742:, eggs,
641:Chlorine
230:chromium
207:required
158:nitrogen
150:hydrogen
135:selenium
107:chlorine
67:vitamins
63:Minerals
5616:Related
5391:itrogen
5375:ydrogen
5167:orotate
5149:Lithium
5044:acetate
4921:taurine
4855:sulfate
4783:sulfate
4763:nitrite
4753:lactate
4738:citrate
4685:sulfate
4665:lactate
4645:citrate
4569:taurate
4564:sulfate
4549:orotate
4534:lactate
4519:citrate
4476:sulfate
4456:lactate
4421:citrate
4396:acetate
4383:Calcium
4301:Hadacol
4255:Taurine
4205:Lingzhi
4185:Guarana
4165:Ginseng
4150:Ephedra
4012:Choline
4007:Calcium
3735:Flavors
3725:Enzymes
3627:(1966)
3594:4704240
3545:Gadd GM
3484:Bibcode
3421:Science
3331:10 July
3297:10 July
2940:21 June
2736:Bibcode
2569:8302261
2532:14 July
2484:15 July
2200:4144415
2148:7468710
2094:6443601
1666:glacier
1584:cadmium
1532:Silicon
1511:glucose
1490:Lithium
1399:enzymes
1378:Arsenic
1371:bromism
1355:Bromine
1349:Excess
1326:arsenic
1314:silicon
1208:calcium
1054:2; 0.6
897:40; 25
831:legumes
722:Calcium
705:spinach
529:Legend:
344:
301:
285:
79:calcium
51:mineral
5460:Sodium
5440:Iodine
5430:Copper
5355:CHONPS
5203:WHO-EM
4972:Iodine
4954:Copper
4808:Sulfur
4758:malate
4695:Sodium
4670:malate
4660:iodide
4544:malate
4461:malate
4296:Enzyte
4082:Sulfur
4077:Sodium
4037:Iodine
4027:Copper
4022:Cobalt
3745:Lipids
3651:nhs.uk
3617:
3592:
3584:
3574:
3527:
3523:–300.
3447:
3439:
3399:
3322:
3288:
3263:
3255:
3216:4 July
3207:
3178:
3086:
3076:
3038:
3003:1 June
2931:
2906:4 July
2897:
2872:3 July
2863:
2818:
2762:
2754:
2728:Nature
2702:
2594:
2567:
2523:
2475:
2399:. 2014
2375:
2331:
2207:
2197:
2155:
2145:
2101:
2091:
1953:
1910:3 July
1901:
1827:3 July
1818:
1676:blooms
1664:, and
1582:, and
1572:Other
1403:urease
1393:Nickel
1318:nickel
1286:Safety
1246:Plants
1196:iodine
1163:RDA =
1118:Cobalt
1087:0.055
1065:, and
1051:0.045
1035:iodism
1031:goiter
1002:0.150
998:Iodine
974:10; 5
967:Copper
871:anemia
686:2300;
679:Sodium
648:3600;
558:
549:
543:
534:
215:sulfur
156:, and
154:oxygen
146:carbon
133:, and
131:iodine
115:copper
111:cobalt
93:, and
91:sodium
73:, and
39:enzyme
5407:ulfur
5383:xygen
5367:arbon
5070:oxide
4945:Trace
4554:oxide
4375:Major
3814:Types
3765:Water
3590:S2CID
3552:(PDF)
3472:(PDF)
3445:S2CID
3261:S2CID
3145:(PDF)
3138:(PDF)
3119:5 May
3113:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
2760:S2CID
2724:(PDF)
2666:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
2311:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2242:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
2013:(PDF)
1694:. In
1615:bones
1515:lipid
1469:Boron
1423:redox
1322:boron
1307:Many
1218:) or
1122:none
1021:kombu
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