Human food - Knowledge

2790:. Roughly 7 million people die of food poisoning each year, with about 10 times as many suffering from a non-fatal version. The two most common factors leading to cases of bacterial foodborne illness are cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food from other uncooked foods and improper temperature control. Less commonly, acute adverse reactions can also occur if chemical contamination of food occurs, for example from improper storage, or use of non-food grade soaps and disinfectants. Food can also be adulterated by a very wide range of articles (known as "foreign bodies") during farming, manufacture, cooking, packaging, distribution, or sale. These foreign bodies can include pests or their droppings, hairs, cigarette butts, wood chips, and all manner of other contaminants. Certain types of food can become contaminated if stored or presented in an unsafe container, such as a ceramic pot with lead-based glaze. 1433: 1130: 585: 53: 1326: 2594: 1826: 2196: 2188: 1038: 1402: 3239: 856: 12985: 10293: 2557:, governments reaffirmed the right to food and committed themselves to halve the number of hungry and malnourished from 840 to 420 million by 2015. However, the number has increased over the past years, reaching an infamous record in 2009 of more than 1 billion undernourished people worldwide. Furthermore, the number who suffer from hidden hunger – micronutrient deficiences that may cause stunted bodily and intellectual growth in children – amounts to over 2 billion people worldwide. 349: 2461: 973: 3253: 1473: 7741: 1185: 1565: 16585: 15485: 12996: 11815: 11351: 10304: 2054: 2360:

marketing, availability, utilization, and consumption of food, in the interest of meeting or furthering social objectives. Food policy can be promulgated on any level, from local to global, and by a government agency, business, or organization. Food policymakers engage in activities such as regulation of food-related industries, establishing eligibility standards for food assistance programs for the poor, ensuring safety of the food supply,

10344: 1315: 13016: 10324: 1736: 1199: 1413: 2747: 1425: 2542:. The right to food implies that governments only have an obligation to hand out enough free food to starving recipients to ensure subsistence, it does not imply a universal right to be fed. Also, if people are deprived of access to food for reasons beyond their control, for example, because they are in detention, in times of war or after natural disasters, the right requires the government to provide food directly. 13026: 10334: 1915: 411:

nutritionally, primarily because their diversity is framed in a monolithic way as "seafood or fish." Worldwide, aquatic foods are available every season and are produced in a wide variety. Over 2,370 species are harvested from wild fisheries, and about 624 are farmed in aquaculture. Fish powder for infants, fish wafers for snacks, and fish chutneys have all been developed because marine foods are nutrient-dense.

480: 748: 13006: 11361: 10314: 7755: 15474: 12975: 11804: 10281: 3225: 3029: 2847:, must be prepared a certain way to avoid contaminating the people for whom they are prepared. As such, the rule of thumb is that cold foods (such as dairy products) should be kept cold and hot foods (such as soup) should be kept hot until storage. Cold meats, such as chicken, that are to be cooked should not be placed at room temperature for thawing, at the risk of dangerous bacterial growth, such as 2406:, health, encouragement of private enterprise and innovation, and an agrarian landscape dominated by fewer, larger mechanized farms. Industrialized countries strive to ensure that farmers earn relatively stable incomes despite price and supply fluctuations and adverse weather events. The cost of subsidizing farm incomes is passed along to consumers in the form of higher food prices. 2289:. Prevention of food waste is the highest priority, and when prevention is not possible, the food waste hierarchy ranks the food waste treatment options from preferred to least preferred based on their negative environmental impacts. Reuse pathways of surplus food intended for human consumption, such as food donation, is the next best strategy after prevention, followed by 2372: 2723:

can benefit people suffering from a shortage of food. It can be used to improve peoples' lives in the short term, so that a society can increase its standard of living to the point that food aid is no longer required. Conversely, badly managed food aid can create problems by disrupting local markets,

1909:

An intervention to reduce food loss or waste, if sufficiently large, will affect prices upstream and downstream in the supply chain relative to where the intervention occurred. "The CPI (Consumer Price Index) for all food increased 0.8% from July 2022 to August 2022, and food prices were 11.4% higher

1752:

of chicken noodle soup. These businesses include not only chicken and vegetable processors but also the companies that transport the ingredients and those that print labels and manufacture cans. The food marketing system is the largest direct and indirect non-government employer in the United States.

2881:

mistakes a certain food protein for a harmful foreign agent and attacks it. About 2% of adults and 8% of children have a food allergy. The amount of the food substance required to provoke a reaction in a particularly susceptible individual can be quite small. In some instances, traces of food in the

2560:

Whilst under international law, states are obliged to respect, protect and fulfill the right to food, the practical difficulties in achieving this human right are demonstrated by prevalent food insecurity across the world, and ongoing litigation in countries such as India. In the continents with the

2549:

which has 170 state parties as of April 2020. States that sign the covenant agree to take steps to the maximum of their available resources to achieve progressively the full realization of the right to adequate food, both nationally and internationally. In a total of 106 countries the right to food

1627:

At the start of the 21st century, a two-tier structure has arisen, with a few international food processing giants controlling a wide range of well-known food brands. There also exists a wide array of small local or national food processing companies. Advanced technologies have also come to change

410:

Fish and other marine animals are harvested from lakes, rivers, wetlands, inland waters, coasts, estuaries, mangroves, near-shore areas, and marine and ocean waters. Although aquatic foods contribute significantly to the health of billions of people around the world, they tend to be undervalued

1760:

for sale in their local shops for purchase by local consumers. With the onset of industrialization and the development of the food processing industry, a wider range of food could be sold and distributed in distant locations. Typically early grocery shops would be counter-based shops, in which

1293:

operates with a radiant heat source from below, usually covered with a metal grid and sometimes a cover. An open-pit barbecue in the American south is one example along with the American-style outdoor grill fueled by wood, liquid propane, or charcoal along with soaked wood chips for smoking. A

2359:

concerning how food is produced, processed, distributed, purchased, or provided. Food policies are designed to influence the operation of the food and agriculture system balanced with ensuring human health needs. This often includes decision-making around production and processing techniques,

1681:

Food is traded and marketed on a global basis. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing season. Between 1961 and 1999, there was a 400% increase in worldwide food exports. Some countries are now

3015:

are important groups of compounds that may help remove potentially harmful chemicals. It is however often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase or decrease cancer risk since many foods, such as beef steak and broccoli, contain low concentrations of both

2390:

Food policy comprises the mechanisms by which food-related matters are addressed or administered by governments, including international bodies or networks, and by public institutions or private organizations. Agricultural producers often bear the burden of governments' desire to keep

2419:. These countries list food as any item that is to be processed, partially processed, or unprocessed for consumption. The listing of items included as food includes any substance intended to be, or reasonably expected to be, ingested by humans. In addition to these foodstuffs, drink, 2009:

in 1776 reasoned that the only way to make money from commodities trading is by buying low and selling high, which has the effect of smoothing out price swings and mitigating shortages. For the actors, the apparently random swings are predictable, which means potential huge

2728:. Sometimes, food aid provisions will require certain types of food be purchased from certain sellers, and food aid can be misused to enhance the markets of donor countries. International efforts to distribute food to the neediest countries are often coordinated by the 2724:

depressing crop prices, and discouraging food production. Sometimes a cycle of food aid dependence can develop. Its provision, or threatened withdrawal, is sometimes used as a political tool to influence the policies of the destination country, a strategy known as

12605: 7724:, ecosystems, technology, food supply chains and their broad environmental and humanitarian implications, and how these changes in food production may change what people may find delicious ... and the other way around." Posted on the official YouTube Channel of 3034:

Other area (Yr 2010) * Africa, sub-Sahara - 2170 kcal/capita/day * N.E. and N. Africa - 3120 kcal/capita/day * South Asia - 2450 kcal/capita/day * East Asia - 3040 kcal/capita/day * Latin America / Caribbean - 2950 kcal/capita/day * Developed countries - 3470

360:, of which perhaps 7,000 are often eaten. Most human plant-based food calories come from maize, rice, and wheat. Plants can be processed into bread, pasta, cereals, juices and jams, or raw ingredients such as sugar, herbs, spices and oils can be extracted. 390:

either directly or indirectly. This includes meat, eggs, shellfish and dairy products like milk and cheese. They are an important source of protein and are considered complete proteins for human consumption, as (unlike plant proteins) they contain all the

876:

Aesthetically pleasing and eye-appealing food presentations can encourage people to consume food. A common saying is that people "eat with their eyes". Food presented in a clean and appetizing way will encourage a good flavour, even if unsatisfactory.

759:

Many scholars claim that the rhetorical function of food is to represent the culture of a country and that it can be used as a form of communication. According to Goode, Curtis and Theophano, food "is the last aspect of an ethnic culture to be lost".

613:. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavour, although eating pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including 1116:

diet of raw fruits, vegetables, and grains prepared in various ways, including juicing, food dehydration, sprouting, and other methods of preparation that do not heat the food above 118 °F (47.8 °C). An example of a raw meat dish is

1222:

are mostly hollow devices that get very hot, up to 500 °F (260 °C), and are used for baking or roasting and offer a dry-heat cooking method. Different cuisines will use different types of ovens. For example, Indian culture uses a

772:. Many cultures have diversified their foods by utilizing preparation, cooking methods, and manufacturing. This also includes a complex food trade which helps the cultures to economically survive by way of food, not just by consumption. 1354:; this broth (or bouillon) was served in elegant outlets in Paris from the mid 18th century. These refined "restaurants" were a marked change from the usual basic eateries such as inns and taverns, and some had developed from early 2387:, there are three main objectives for food policy: to protect the poor from crises, to develop long-run markets that enhance efficient resource use, and to increase food production that will in turn promote an increase in income. 1829:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Price Index 1961–2021 in nominal and real terms. The Real Price Index is the Nominal Price Index deflated by the World Bank Manufactures Unit Value Index (MUV). Years 2014–2016 is

2088:, there is an array of disease states that can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. Deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to various health problems such as 1747:

Food marketing brings together the producer and the consumer. The marketing of even a single food product can be a complicated process involving many producers and companies. For example, 56 companies are involved in making one

1780:

and reduced staffing costs. In the latter part of the 20th century, this has been further revolutionized by the development of vast warehouse-sized, out-of-town supermarkets, selling a wide range of food from around the world.

2831:

Recommended measures for ensuring food safety include maintaining a clean preparation area with foods of different types kept separate, ensuring an adequate cooking temperature, and refrigerating foods promptly after cooking.

3099:

tissue, known as body fat. Poor intake of various vitamins and minerals can lead to diseases that can have far-reaching effects on health. For instance, 30% of the world's population either has, or is at risk for developing,

2615:

is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. The availability of food for people of any class and state, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly,

2161:

Starvation is a significant international problem. Approximately 815 million people are undernourished, and over 16,000 children die per day from hunger-related causes. Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in

2395:

sufficiently low for growing urban populations. Low prices for consumers can be a disincentive for farmers to produce more food, often resulting in hunger, poor trade prospects, and an increased need for food imports.

1384:

In 2005, the population of the United States spent $ 496 billion on out-of-home dining. Expenditures by type of out-of-home dining were as follows: 40% in full-service restaurants, 37.2% in limited-service restaurants

1155:, generally requires the selection, measurement, and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure to achieve the desired result. Constraints on success include the variability of ingredients, ambient conditions, 2234:. Overall, about one-third of the world's food is thrown away. A similar amount is lost on top of that by feeding human-edible food to farm animals (the net effect wastes an estimated 1144 kcal/person/day). A 2021 1166:, appearance, and nutritional properties. Cooking certain proteins, such as egg whites, meats, and fish, denatures the protein, causing it to become firm. There is archaeological evidence of roasted foodstuffs at 767:

traditions using various spices or a combination of flavours unique to that culture, which evolves. Other differences include preferences (hot or cold, spicy, etc.) and practices, the study of which is known as

667:, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety. 1159:, and the skill of the individual cook. The diversity of cooking worldwide is a reflection of the myriad nutritional, aesthetic, agricultural, economic, cultural, and religious considerations that affect it. 522:. The high sweetness detection threshold and low bitterness detection threshold would have predisposed our primate ancestors to seek out sweet-tasting (and energy-dense) foods and avoid bitter-tasting foods. 2643:

The concept of food security has evolved over time. The four pillars of food security include availability, access, utilization, and stability. In addition, there are two more dimensions that are important:

4237: 1024:

On the local level, a butcher may commonly break down larger animal meat into smaller manageable cuts, and pre-wrap them for commercial sale or wrap them to order in butcher paper. In addition, fish and

2640:, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food. 883:

plays a crucial role in the enjoyment of eating foods. Contrasts in textures, such as something crunchy in an otherwise smooth dish, may increase the appeal of eating it. Common examples include adding

2701:

of children. Once stunting has occurred, improved nutritional intake after the age of about two years is unable to reverse the damage. Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in

4690: 1246:

Various types of cooktops are used as well. They carry the same variations of fuel types as the ovens mentioned above. Cook-tops are used to heat vessels placed on top of the heat source, such as a

3095:

Dietary habits play a significant role in the health and mortality of all humans. Imbalances between the consumed fuels and expended energy results in either starvation or excessive reserves of

1788:

control a large proportion of supermarkets. The supermarket giants wield great purchasing power over farmers and processors, and strong influence over consumers. Nevertheless, less than 10% of

12600: 7067:"The Implementation of the Right to Food at the National Level: A Critical Examination of the Indian Campaign on the Right to Food as an Effective Operationalization of Article 11 of ICESCR" 1713:, and settlement of trade disputes that cannot be bilaterally resolved. Where trade barriers are raised on the disputed grounds of public health and safety, the WTO refer the dispute to the 7066: 4107:

States "having an acid taste like lemon or vinegar: she sampled the wine and found it was sour. (of food, esp. milk) spoiled because of fermentation." New Oxford American Dictionary

1888:, and can cause social unrest. Increases in food prices is related to disparities in diet quality and health, particularly among vulnerable populations, such as women and children. 7543: 6559: 3168:, cancer and many other diseases. More recently, dietary habits have been influenced by the concerns that some people have about possible impacts on health or the environment from 2550:

is applicable either via constitutional arrangements of various forms or via direct applicability in law of various international treaties in which the right to food is protected.

329:

account for 87% of all grain production worldwide. Just over half of the world's crops are used to feed humans (55 percent), with 36 percent grown as animal feed and 9 percent for

1172:

campsites dating from 420,000 years ago. Boiling as a means of cooking requires a container, and has been practised at least since the 10th millennium BC with the introduction of

7527: 2326:

seeks to "halve global per capita food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses" by 2030.

6325: 7196: 5711:

Global food losses and food waste : extent, causes and prevention : study conducted for the International Congress "Save Food!" at Interpack 2011 Düsseldorf, Germany

4067: 2546: 2495: 242: 6422: 4901:

Magdoff, Fred (Ed.) "he farmer's share of the food dollar (after paying for input costs) has steadily declined from about 40 percent in 1910 to less than 10 percent in 1990."

4078:. Sources referenced in this article say stevioside has up to 250 times the sweetness of sucrose, but others, including stevioside brands such as SweetLeaf, claim 300 times. 2134:. Thus, sweet and fattening foods in nature are typically rare and are very pleasurable to eat. In modern times these foods are easily available to consumers, which promotes 1756:

In the pre-modern era, the sale of surplus food took place once a week when farmers took their wares on market day into the local village marketplace. Here food was sold to

949:. At the simplest level, this may involve washing, cutting, trimming, or adding other foods or ingredients, such as spices. It may also involve mixing, heating or cooling, 15615: 148:, ingredients have become more widely available beyond their geographic and cultural origins, creating a cosmopolitan exchange of different food traditions and practices. 6447:

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. In brief

3677: 1029:

may be fabricated into smaller cuts by a fishmonger. However, fish butchery may be done on board a fishing vessel and quick-frozen for the preservation of the quality.

1001:, which are used to process animals en masse for meat production. Many countries regulate their slaughterhouses by law. For example, the United States established the 6055:

Byerlee, Derek; Jayne, T.S.; Myers, Robert J. (2006). "Managing food price risks and instability in a liberalizing market environment: Overview and policy options".

12768: 1861:. Fluctuation in food prices is determined by a number of compounding factors. Geopolitical events, global demand, exchange rates, government policy, diseases and 395:

essential for the human body. Some cultures and people do not consume meat or animal food products for cultural, dietary, health, ethical, or ideological reasons.

7495: 5857: 5736: 4226: 2824:

methods. In more recent years, a greater understanding of the causes of food-borne illnesses has led to the development of more systematic approaches such as the

1121:, a Latin American dish made with raw meat that is "cooked" from the highly acidic citric juice from lemons and limes along with other aromatics such as garlic. 14049: 7589: 4698: 1005:

of 1958, which requires that an animal be stunned before killing. This act, like those in many countries, exempts slaughter following religious law, such as

2506:

Note: The same country can fall in multiple categories; the colour given to a country corresponds to the highest listed category in which a country falls.

2423:, water, or other items processed into said food items are part of the legal definition of food. Items not included in the legal definition of food include 1151:" encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour or digestibility of food. Cooking technique, known as 3593: 3360: 2246:. The analysis estimated that global food waste was 931 million tonnes of food waste (about 121 kg per capita) across three sectors: 61 percent from 1962:

with the aim of profiting from changes in food prices. Food speculation can be both positive and negative for food producers and buyers. It is betting on

112:

with diets shaped by the agriculture opportunities in their region of the world. Geographic and cultural differences have led to the creation of numerous

13443: 13366: 12733: 2882:

air, too minute to be perceived through smell, have been known to provoke lethal reactions in extremely sensitive individuals. Common food allergens are

2108:

as well as psychological and behavioral problems. The science of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.

3414:

Clark, Michael A.; Domingo, Nina G. G.; Colgan, Kimberly; Thakrar, Sumil K.; Tilman, David; Lynch, John; Azevedo, Inês L.; Hill, Jason D. (2020-11-06).

3077:

is restricted. In addition, the dietary choices of different countries or regions have different characteristics. This is highly related to a culture's

1306:(Spanish for "grilled") is prepared on a grill held over an open pit or fire made upon the ground, on which a whole animal or smaller cuts are grilled. 6769: 5265: 3647: 1624:, and transportation. It brought the advantages of pre-prepared time-saving food to the bulk of ordinary people who did not employ domestic servants. 13404: 12763: 12219: 5939: 5886: 5774: 3740: 3624: 1808:. A study of 94 million visits to food retailers showed that Americans travel a median distance of 5.95 km (3.7 miles) each time they buy food. 14328: 12723: 5832: 5602: 5289: 3610:

The Complete Book on Spices & Condiments (with Cultivation, Processing & Uses) 2nd Revised Edition: With Cultivation, Processing & Uses

1804:

Access to food is an economical and a sociological issue. Disadvantaged people typically live further away from providers of healthy food than the

4659: 13549: 13453: 5968: 3917: 7509: 7259: 13498: 11900: 7551:

United States Department of Agriculture, USDA Economic Research Service: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America.

4420: 3872: 3787: 7436: 2402:, food and nutrition policy must be viewed in context with regional and national economic concerns, environmental pressures, maintenance of a 1869:, changes in the use of soil and weather events directly affect food prices. To a certain extent, adverse price trends can be counteracted by 13351: 12655: 4598: 2812:, contributed to the modern sanitation standards that are ubiquitous in developed nations today. This was further underpinned by the work of 2154:, which involves the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. 278: 7243: 6912: 5991: 2632:. Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as 13544: 12908: 12622: 7610: 7559: 5240: 2231: 7077: 15522: 13554: 12846: 11641: 10007: 7537: 4368: 2825: 2331: 3824: 1162:

Cooking requires applying heat to a food which usually, though not always, chemically changes the molecules, thus changing its flavour,

907:

Another universal phenomenon regarding food is the appeal of contrast in taste and presentation. For example, such opposite flavours as

13068: 10133: 7521: 7370: 3969: 3511: 2072:

Because of its centrality to human life, problems related to access, quality and production of food effect every aspect of human life.

7621: 14784: 13886: 13876: 12684: 8069: 7461:

Smith, Andrew (Editor). "Food Marketing," in Oxford Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

6566: 6321: 5305:"Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis" 2262: 697:

has been described as savoury and is characteristic of broths and cooked meats. Foods that have a strong umami flavor include meats,

183: 4064: 1580:. Early food processing techniques were limited by available food preservation, packaging, and transportation. This mainly involved 14396: 12728: 12590: 11527: 6843:

Doll, R.; Peto, R. (1981). "The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today".

6413: 5544: 1531: 9269: 7096: 3540: 2575:

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative measures the right to food for countries around the world, based on their level of income.

2111:

Nutrients in food are grouped into several categories. Macronutrients are fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Micronutrients are the

15238: 14147: 12698: 8270: 8039: 7465: 5803: 4825: 3570: 6354: 3939: 847:, the perception of flavour from eating and drinking. Certain tastes are more enjoyable than others, for evolutionary purposes. 15556: 15362: 15272: 14361: 14239: 14097: 11397: 10380: 7496:

https://web.archive.org/web/20170704104430/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/international-markets-trade/global-food-markets.aspx

7151: 6940: 6518: 4995: 2620:

food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active,

1690: 294: 6747: 6591:

Das, Sumonkanti; Hossain, Zakir; Nesa, Mossamet Kamrun (2009-04-25). "Levels and trends in child malnutrition in Bangladesh".

3669: 1227:

oven, which is a cylindrical clay oven which operates at a single high temperature. Western kitchens use variable temperature

15009: 14244: 14214: 14192: 14152: 14142: 13397: 12689: 12637: 12542: 10087: 8064: 7679: 6893: 6462: 6387: 6095: 4414: 4309: 4272: 3866: 3781: 3618: 3383: 2804:, refrigeration, and vermin controls in the 19th century. Discovery of techniques for killing bacteria using heat, and other 1487:

Most food has always been obtained through agriculture. With increasing concern over both the methods and products of modern

5158: 5083: 14197: 14092: 13029: 12892: 12703: 12632: 12557: 12376: 10337: 7166: 6048: 2664: 2239: 1084:

and salmon tartare are dishes made from diced or ground raw beef or salmon, mixed with various ingredients and served with

13534: 7590:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060928075506/http://www.wfp.org/food_aid/introduction/index.asp?section=12&sub_section=1

4760: 13688: 13587: 13493: 12880: 12758: 7712:

Kevin Slavin hosts a conversation with food artist, educator, and entrepreneur Emilie Baltz, professor Caleb Harper from

6489: 6113: 6087: 2313: 2274: 2041: 1239:. Classic Italian cuisine includes the use of a brick oven containing burning wood. Ovens may be wood-fired, coal-fired, 4627: 4098:

teaspoon (1.6–2.5 ml) of stevioside powder is claimed to have equivalent sweetening power to 1 US cup (237 ml) of sugar.

3184:

are also affecting contemporary human dietary habits. This has led to the emergence of a movement with a preference for

2573:– not only is there shortage of food and lack of infrastructure but also maldistribution and inadequate access to food. 14182: 11893: 9705: 7820: 6642: 6039: 5853: 5732: 2937:(low blood pressure), and loss of consciousness. An allergen associated with this type of reaction is peanut, although 6274:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 16438: 14916: 14300: 13912: 13810: 13539: 13503: 13361: 13108: 12897: 12856: 12821: 12806: 12788: 12713: 12492: 11314: 9807: 7665: 7578: 7455: 7422: 7400: 7385: 7359: 7344: 7329: 7307: 7292: 7270: 7229: 7214: 7188: 7130: 7115: 7058: 5768: 5497: 4198: 4143: 3762:"New Concepts and Paradigms for the Protective Effects of Plant-Based Food Components In Relation To Food Complexity" 2379:

Most food policy is initiated at the domestic level for purposes of ensuring a safe and adequate food supply for the

1907:

events, including droughts, storms and heavy rain, and overall increases in temperature will affect food production.

1718: 290: 7745: 6808: 4913:"Integrating human activity into food environments can better predict cardiometabolic diseases in the United States" 16062: 14295: 14249: 13798: 13756: 13390: 13371: 13157: 12902: 12738: 12669: 12664: 10097: 7897: 7885: 5576: 3453:

Costa, Ciniro; Wollenberg, Eva; Benitez, Mauricio; Newman, Richard; Gardner, Nick; Bellone, Federico (2022-09-05).

1538:, well-managed agroecosystems not only provide food, fibre and animal products, they also provide services such as 15233: 2693:. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to hunger and famine. Chronic hunger and 511:, a molecule combining glucose and fructose. Complex carbohydrates are long chains and do not have a sweet taste. 15515: 15223: 14862: 14305: 13633: 12841: 12748: 12612: 12527: 12290: 11691: 11634: 6234: 5409: 3258: 2323: 1671: 576:

due to bacteria. Many foods, however, are slightly acidic and help stimulate the taste buds and enhance flavour.

13933: 7600: 5362:"Maternal and Young Child Nutrition Adversely Affected by External Shocks Such As Increasing Global Food Prices" 1662:

reported that the European Union was the top food importer in 2005, followed at a distance by the US and Japan.

1432: 678:

is a sensation often considered unpleasant and characterized by having a sharp, pungent taste. Unsweetened dark

648:

function, and the addition of iodine to salt became a public-health practice in the mid 20th century to prevent

15315: 15187: 14483: 14323: 14275: 13902: 13061: 12870: 12743: 12580: 12547: 11241: 8156: 3389: 3280: 2163: 309:

Humans are omnivores finding sustenance in vegetables, fruits, cooked meat, milk, eggs, mushrooms and seaweed.

262: 13786: 7237: 5451: 15579: 15449: 15429: 15409: 15394: 15279: 14107: 13938: 13162: 12646: 12036: 11886: 9982: 9967: 8533: 7260:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060714133231/http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/briefingpapers/bp71_food_aid_240305

5914: 1393:, 4.7% in hotels and motels, 4.0% in recreational places, and 2.2% in others, which includes military bases. 15377: 13907: 6773: 461:, are not enjoyable. Water, while important for survival, has no taste. Fats, on the other hand, especially 16131: 15966: 15218: 14117: 13710: 13458: 13356: 13009: 12875: 11520: 9987: 9873: 8419: 6793: 6696: 6439: 5466: 4911:

Xu, Ran; Huang, Xiao; Zhang, Kai; Lyu, Weixuan; Ghosh, Debarchana; Li, Zhenlong; Chen, Xiang (2023-11-13).

3639: 3016:

carcinogens and anticarcinogens. There are many international certifications in the cooking field, such as

2427:, live animals (unless being prepared for sale in a market), plants before harvesting, medicinal products, 1129: 990: 796: 710: 584: 298: 15042: 13529: 5878: 843:

will often affect which foods they will consume. Food is eaten and typically enjoyed through the sense of

16455: 15267: 14926: 14720: 14356: 14187: 14167: 14112: 12929: 12627: 12585: 11939: 11326: 10614: 10181: 10017: 10002: 9939: 9837: 9468: 5760: 994: 932: 209:

The food system has significant impacts on a wide range of other social and political issues, including:

13678: 7611:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060822200650/http://www.wto.org/trade_resources/history/wto/urug_round.htm

5824: 5038:"Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security" 2977:

that are present in food naturally or as contaminants. Food contaminated with fungal growth may contain

537:

which, when extracted, has 300 times the sweetness of sugar while having minimal impact on blood sugar.

16588: 16472: 16416: 15508: 15434: 15257: 14732: 14495: 14381: 13715: 13705: 13618: 13592: 13463: 12924: 11819: 11681: 11627: 11390: 10373: 10082: 9992: 9631: 9601: 8389: 7716:

CityFarm project, the Barbarian Group's Benjamin Palmer, and Andras Forgacs, the co-founder and CEO of

7410:. Market and Trade Economics Division, Economic Research Service, USDA, 30 May 2001. stock #ERSWRS01-1. 6634: 6031: 4651: 1585: 1508: 133: 13582: 5960: 5931: 2660:

in 1996 declared that "food should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure."

41:. Food is a basic necessity of life, and humans typically seek food out as an instinctual response to 16003: 15325: 15305: 14921: 14639: 14428: 14391: 14366: 14333: 14137: 14102: 13830: 13740: 13663: 13645: 13228: 13142: 13054: 12954: 12674: 9997: 9957: 9683: 9641: 9636: 9611: 9157: 8054: 7944: 7506: 5669: 4293: 3169: 2915: 2652:. These six dimensions of food security are reinforced in conceptual and legal understandings of the 2526:

is available, that people have the means to access it, and that it adequately meets the individual's

2327: 1467: 1258:. These pieces of equipment can use either a moist or dry cooking method and include methods such as 937:

While many foods can be eaten raw, many also undergo some form of preparation for reasons of safety,

514:

In the natural settings that human primate ancestors evolved in, sweetness intensity should indicate

282: 203: 15111: 14547: 14515: 14224: 13850: 13483: 10773: 7475: 7371:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060928222906/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/pdf/foodallergy.pdf

5143: 4404: 3846: 3761: 628:

Other than enhancing flavour, salty foods are significant for body needs and maintaining a delicate

15988: 15382: 15347: 15330: 15250: 14799: 14715: 14624: 14612: 14440: 14435: 14386: 14285: 14254: 14234: 14229: 14162: 14157: 14012: 13989: 13820: 13781: 13695: 13602: 13577: 13572: 13233: 12816: 12177: 12169: 12012: 10726: 10317: 10077: 10032: 9947: 9782: 9760: 9745: 9735: 9720: 9688: 9621: 9616: 9596: 8528: 7939: 7934: 7858: 7433: 7339:. In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (Ed.), Food and Culture: A Reader. UK: Routledge, 1997. 3339: 2990: 2985:

which may be found in contaminated corn and peanuts. Other carcinogens identified in food include

2942: 2266: 2101: 1698: 1504: 529:

are used to mimic the sugar molecule, creating the sensation of sweetness, without the energy. The

187: 14989: 13860: 13835: 13730: 13448: 10489: 6826: 5545:"Food speculation: aFood speculation: 'People die from hunger while banks make a killing on food'" 4590: 3144:

Many individuals limit what foods they eat for reasons of morality or other habits. For instance,

2210:

is food that is not eaten. The causes of food waste or loss are numerous and occur throughout the

1784:

Unlike food processors, food retailing is a two-tier market in which a small number of very large

953:, fermentation, or combination with other food. In a home, most food preparation takes place in a 16615: 16163: 16052: 15489: 15399: 15320: 15192: 15106: 15032: 14994: 14911: 14847: 14822: 14676: 14649: 14478: 14338: 14219: 14207: 14202: 14177: 14172: 14069: 14059: 14034: 14022: 14017: 13974: 13881: 13803: 13700: 13673: 13597: 13478: 13468: 13413: 12796: 12708: 12149: 12024: 11513: 10660: 10191: 9895: 9755: 9740: 9730: 9606: 9554: 9508: 8545: 8201: 8181: 7865: 7556: 6909: 6449:(2021 ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. p. 5. 5999: 5907: 5437:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief

3324: 3319: 2105: 1682:

economically dependent on food exports, which in some cases account for over 80% of all exports.

1492: 13928: 13438: 6247: 4118: 4013:

With Bitter Herbs They Shall Eat It: Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine

16566: 16409: 16281: 15357: 15300: 15284: 15143: 15059: 14951: 14837: 14827: 14812: 14747: 14559: 14532: 14064: 14044: 14039: 13979: 13855: 13840: 13815: 13761: 13725: 13668: 13638: 13628: 13623: 13524: 13519: 13488: 13430: 13287: 12864: 12784: 12679: 12502: 12381: 11477: 11364: 10012: 9863: 9750: 9663: 9294: 8476: 8196: 8044: 7974: 7964: 7917: 7880: 7875: 7813: 5138: 3416:"Global food system emissions could preclude achieving the 1.5° and 2°C climate change targets" 3304: 2877:

or sensitivities to foods that are not problematic to most people. This occurs when a person's

2440: 1721:

and the World Health Organization. Trade liberalization has greatly affected world food trade.

1706: 1675: 1621: 1488: 15177: 13845: 7194: 6193: 5183: 4372: 3893: 3698:Şerban, Procheş; Wilson, John R. U.; Vamosi, Jana C.; Richardson, David M. (1 February 2008). 3608: 3011:

that may help prevent cancer can also be found in many foods especially fruit and vegetables.

1761:

purchasers told the shopkeeper what they wanted so that the shopkeeper could get it for them.

1674:, Britain remained dependent on food imports and the result was a long-term engagement in the 1350:

to serve customers at the table. The term restaurant comes from an old term for a restorative

1325: 1302:, which involves the cooking of meats such as whole sheep over an open fire. In Argentina, an 16363: 16358: 16153: 16094: 15367: 15004: 14936: 14882: 14852: 14842: 14832: 14817: 14760: 14755: 14671: 14654: 14644: 14577: 14510: 14505: 14450: 14376: 14371: 14290: 14270: 14074: 14054: 14029: 13825: 13771: 13766: 13683: 13655: 13650: 12886: 12836: 12831: 12575: 12323: 11383: 10366: 9962: 9952: 9868: 9765: 9653: 9319: 9274: 8990: 8980: 8844: 8710: 8645: 8605: 8399: 7969: 7902: 7705:

Annual Conference. "How can we grow and enjoy food, closer to home, further into the future?

3816: 3020:, A.A. Certification, iTQi. They use high-quality evaluation methods to make the food safer. 2702: 2158:

is sometimes used to distribute food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war.

1605: 1211: 986: 904:, and toasting bread to enhance its crunchiness for a smooth topping, such as jam or butter. 218: 10619: 9067: 8471: 7720:, who is growing 'victimless' meat in a lab. The discussion addresses issues of sustainable 5961:"COP15: Nations Adopt Four Goals, 23 Targets for 2030 in Landmark UN Biodiversity Agreement" 5908:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

4333:

Shugart, Helene A. (2008). "Sumptuous Texts: Consuming "Otherness" in the Food Film Genre".

3961: 16557: 16529: 16494: 16421: 16221: 16158: 15976: 15797: 15439: 15337: 15182: 15172: 15121: 15047: 14872: 14867: 14857: 14807: 14794: 14737: 14698: 14681: 14661: 14617: 14602: 14587: 14522: 14445: 14280: 13994: 13793: 13776: 13735: 13473: 13127: 12999: 12313: 12142: 11997: 11567: 11160: 10150: 10145: 10128: 10047: 9890: 9817: 9698: 9693: 9678: 9626: 9364: 9254: 8928: 8923: 8715: 8191: 8059: 7853: 7627: 6712: 6631:

The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World

5636: 4264: 3503: 3334: 2729: 2243: 2025: 1885: 1702: 1694: 1543: 1503:

methods. Major influences on food production include international organizations (e.g. the

1002: 286: 214: 15074: 14468: 7471:

Website of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter

7174:

Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales: A Proposal for an Instrumental Definition of Famine

6377:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security" 3054:. Dietary choices can also define cultures and play a role in religion. For example, only 2014:. For the global poor, food speculation and resulting price peaks may result in increased 2005:– even though too large price swings in an idealized economy are theoretically ruled out: 1572:

Packaged foods are manufactured outside the home for purchase. This can be as simple as a

8: 16552: 16460: 16448: 16338: 16291: 16099: 16022: 15748: 15539: 15116: 15101: 15081: 15052: 15037: 15024: 15014: 14984: 14969: 14959: 14946: 14931: 14899: 14877: 14705: 14607: 14537: 14490: 14473: 14423: 14315: 13720: 12959: 12718: 12416: 11731: 11292: 10584: 10347: 9396: 9299: 9289: 9264: 9147: 9107: 9077: 9047: 9042: 8864: 8854: 8449: 8372: 8248: 8116: 8106: 8049: 7912: 7726: 7700: 4232: 3992:

Altman, S. (1989). "The monkey and the fig: A Socratic dialogue on evolutionary themes".

2645: 2207: 2180: 2011: 1825: 1597: 387: 334: 141: 52: 42: 14979: 14964: 14597: 13943: 13015: 10323: 7167:

https://web.archive.org/web/20090918101335/http://www.oligopolywatch.com/2005/10/06.html

5640: 4945: 4912: 3532: 2593: 356:

Humans eat thousands of plant species; there may be as many as 75,000 edible species of

16562: 16547: 16477: 16433: 16323: 15909: 15814: 15569: 15424: 15167: 15126: 15086: 15069: 15064: 14542: 14084: 12617: 12570: 12512: 12396: 12068: 11867: 11847: 11587: 11577: 11445: 11165: 10988: 10599: 10566: 10160: 10027: 9907: 9523: 9503: 9498: 9386: 9354: 9329: 9279: 9259: 9207: 9177: 9162: 9152: 9112: 9087: 9020: 8995: 8985: 8965: 8849: 8834: 8824: 8722: 8680: 8655: 8630: 8585: 8540: 8466: 8404: 8379: 8176: 8126: 8096: 8034: 8024: 8019: 7539:

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

7093: 6882: 5606: 5518: 5337: 5304: 5221: 5065: 4845: 4350: 4315: 4173: 4028: 3858: 3773: 3721: 3487: 3329: 2986: 2930: 2304:. Other considerations include unreclaimed phosphorus in food waste leading to further 2112: 1777: 1714: 1653: 1436: 1271: 820: 250: 246: 191: 89: 81: 14999: 11028: 5795: 4161: 3562: 3415: 1876:

The consequences of food price fluctuation are multiple. Increases in food prices, or

16534: 15998: 15904: 15877: 15724: 15674: 15610: 15564: 15414: 15372: 14634: 13984: 13213: 12944: 12753: 12439: 12073: 12058: 12040: 11954: 11773: 11706: 11650: 11430: 11262: 10937: 10917: 10680: 10670: 10665: 10634: 10239: 10113: 9977: 9878: 9842: 9812: 9561: 9493: 9483: 9478: 9431: 9426: 9416: 9379: 9309: 9222: 9142: 9132: 9072: 9052: 9027: 9010: 8903: 8874: 8792: 8787: 8777: 8752: 8700: 8685: 8635: 8570: 8565: 8550: 8434: 8337: 8332: 8300: 8295: 8263: 8243: 8238: 8228: 8223: 8166: 8146: 8121: 8086: 8029: 7907: 7870: 7806: 7675: 7661: 7574: 7451: 7418: 7396: 7393:

The Gmo Handbook: Genetically Modified Animals, Microbes, and Plants in Biotechnology

7381: 7355: 7340: 7325: 7303: 7288: 7266: 7225: 7210: 7184: 7126: 7111: 7054: 6889: 6860: 6638: 6608: 6506: 6458: 6346: 6091: 6035: 5764: 5714: 5652: 5648: 5610: 5493: 5467:"Index trading and agricultural commodity prices: A panel Granger causality analysis" 5391: 5383: 5342: 5324: 5283: 5213: 5057: 4950: 4932: 4410: 4354: 4305: 4268: 4165: 3931: 3911: 3862: 3777: 3614: 3474: 3454: 3435: 3379: 3209: 3101: 2926: 2821: 2813: 2767: 2657: 2554: 2403: 2384: 2286: 2223: 2127: 1896: 1858: 1789: 1697:. This included an agreement to reduce subsidies paid to farmers, underpinned by the 1637: 962: 871: 649: 222: 175: 167: 156: 14887: 7778:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Rebecca Spang, Ivan Day and Felipe Fernandez-Armesto ( 7148: 6937: 6743: 6514: 5513: 5225: 5108: 3725: 3128:

are inter-related; the consumption of each may affect the absorption of the others.

2187: 16484: 16443: 16426: 16313: 16211: 15743: 15647: 15531: 15454: 15404: 15352: 15262: 15245: 15138: 15091: 14904: 14688: 14629: 14127: 13266: 13187: 13119: 12595: 12507: 12487: 12335: 12305: 11921: 11711: 11472: 11440: 11425: 11321: 10993: 10902: 10856: 10650: 10604: 10579: 10551: 10494: 10413: 10307: 10263: 10246: 10176: 10155: 10062: 10022: 9924: 9885: 9858: 9792: 9777: 9668: 9566: 9463: 9448: 9443: 9391: 9374: 9369: 9349: 9339: 9334: 9187: 9167: 9122: 9117: 9102: 9092: 9082: 9062: 9005: 9000: 8970: 8960: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8869: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8732: 8727: 8650: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8590: 8560: 8523: 8508: 8498: 8488: 8444: 8429: 8424: 8409: 8384: 8342: 8310: 8305: 8253: 8218: 8206: 8161: 8151: 8136: 8111: 8101: 8091: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7991: 7951: 7924: 7848: 6852: 6600: 6450: 6064: 5644: 5373: 5332: 5316: 5203: 5195: 5069: 5049: 4940: 4924: 4342: 4297: 4177: 4157: 3854: 3769: 3711: 3482: 3466: 3427: 3369: 3286: 3201: 3040: 2855: 2676: 2527: 2415:

Some countries list a legal definition of food, often referring them with the word

2305: 2200: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1892: 1866: 1740: 1559: 1539: 1523: 1447: 1069: 950: 840: 816: 788: 752: 738: 159: 109: 14974: 14777: 6376: 6068: 5599:

Food Commodity Speculation, Hunger, and the Global Food Crisis: Whither Regulation

5435: 5036:

Savary, Serge; Ficke, Andrea; Aubertot, Jean-Noël; Hollier, Clayton (2012-12-01).

3932:"Evolution of taste receptor may have shaped human sensitivity to toxic compounds" 2195: 1891:

Food prices will on average continue to rise due to a variety of reasons. Growing

1355: 16501: 16467: 16353: 16333: 16243: 15892: 15858: 15792: 15589: 15574: 15228: 15213: 14772: 14765: 14710: 14666: 14554: 14004: 13250: 13240: 13218: 13208: 12811: 12517: 12479: 12449: 12295: 12228: 12093: 12078: 12002: 11969: 11716: 11661: 11494: 11462: 11452: 10067: 10057: 10037: 9929: 9802: 9772: 9591: 9571: 9518: 9473: 9458: 9453: 9401: 9359: 9324: 9284: 9249: 9212: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9097: 9057: 9037: 9015: 8955: 8940: 8935: 8881: 8839: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8799: 8705: 8675: 8595: 8555: 8493: 8481: 8456: 8414: 8367: 8352: 8320: 8315: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8258: 8233: 8186: 8171: 8131: 8081: 7843: 7688:

The dainties and delicacies of different nations obtained from the animal kingdom

7563: 7513: 7440: 7155: 7100: 6944: 6916: 6830: 6812: 5918: 5906:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

5266:"Food Price Spikes and Social Unrest: The Dark Side of the Fed's Crisis-Fighting" 5208: 4764: 4319: 4071: 3309: 3152:, avoiding sugars or animal fats and increasing consumption of dietary fiber and 3017: 2962: 2805: 2535: 2282: 2247: 2219: 2215: 2131: 1904: 1629: 1613: 1547: 1500: 1390: 1295: 1290: 1255: 1228: 1189: 1037: 998: 808: 792: 780: 742: 171: 101: 13019: 10327: 9827: 7265:

Lawrie, Stephen; R.A. Lawrie. Lawrie's Meat Science. Woodhead Publishing: 1998.

7242:, Margret Vidar, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 3160:, a serious problem in the western world, leads to higher chances of developing 2918:. The digestive complaints usually develop within half an hour of ingesting the 2530:

needs. The right to food protects the right of all human beings to be free from

1514:

Several organisations have begun calling for a new kind of agriculture in which

1401: 1359: 1318: 1014: 572:. Sour is evolutionarily significant as it is a sign of food that may have gone 16620: 16542: 16489: 16399: 16318: 16303: 16298: 16250: 16138: 15934: 15882: 15865: 15699: 15444: 15096: 14894: 14727: 14582: 14527: 13966: 13084: 12934: 12098: 12063: 11959: 11857: 11852: 11788: 11783: 11768: 11536: 11457: 11354: 11257: 11023: 10841: 10816: 10624: 10546: 10186: 10123: 10092: 10052: 9822: 9725: 9673: 9658: 9581: 9576: 9513: 9411: 9344: 9314: 9304: 9237: 9182: 9172: 9127: 9032: 8975: 8945: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8782: 8747: 8737: 8690: 8640: 8600: 8580: 8575: 8518: 8503: 8461: 8439: 8362: 8325: 7999: 7959: 7929: 7571:

The Law and Policy of the bosanac Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials

6110: 6025: 5084:"Hedge funds accused of gambling with lives of the poorest as food prices soar" 4972: 4928: 4757: 3700:"Plant Diversity in the Human Diet: Weak Phylogenetic Signal Indicates Breadth" 3470: 3177: 3008: 2793: 2698: 2672: 2668: 2649: 2482: Constitutional, implicit in broader rights or as directive principle (41) 2298: 1900: 1854: 1730: 1663: 1609: 1601: 1581: 1369:, with evidence of 150 "thermopolia", a form of fast food restaurant, found in 1236: 969:

is made up of food which is prepared to be eaten at a specific time and place.

880: 864: 860: 855: 812: 784: 675: 653: 569: 515: 458: 438: 210: 7695: 6478: 6235:

http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/Right%20to%20Food%20Legal%20Guide.pdf

5825:"A third of food is wasted, making it third-biggest carbon emitter, U.N. says" 5718: 5053: 4346: 2800:, contaminated, or adulterated food was commonplace until the introduction of 2667:

and disruptions in global food supplies for example due to war. There is also

96:, and have adapted to obtain food in many different ecosystems. Historically, 16609: 16506: 16343: 16233: 16190: 15971: 15848: 15734: 15684: 15548: 15387: 15208: 15159: 15155: 14693: 13335: 13320: 13307: 13223: 12939: 12459: 12267: 12128: 12108: 12019: 11984: 11839: 11736: 11696: 11557: 11547: 11484: 11282: 11155: 11147: 11122: 11070: 11057: 11013: 10836: 10797: 10778: 10738: 10733: 10721: 10690: 10481: 10219: 10140: 10072: 9972: 9797: 9787: 9715: 9586: 9488: 9421: 9406: 9242: 9232: 9227: 9137: 8859: 8809: 8804: 8742: 8695: 8513: 8394: 8357: 8347: 8211: 8141: 8074: 7986: 7892: 7721: 7707: 6856: 6612: 5691: 5656: 5569: 5387: 5328: 5217: 5061: 5020: 4936: 4619: 3478: 3439: 3374: 3314: 3161: 3148:

choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees. Others choose a

2878: 2809: 2755:

bacteria is a common cause of foodborne illness, particularly in undercooked

2725: 2653: 2612: 2586: 2570: 2511: 2453: 2399: 2361: 2356: 2255: 2235: 2227: 2167: 2120: 1881: 1870: 1850: 1773: 1686: 1589: 1577: 1515: 1463: 1347: 1081: 800: 718: 706: 504: 462: 365: 274: 258: 234: 230: 163: 145: 125: 117: 10983: 10783: 7785: 7775: 7553:"Briefing Rooms, Food CPI, Prices and Expenditures: Food Expenditure Tables" 6540: 5320: 5037: 3431: 2796:

has been recognized as a disease since as early as Hippocrates. The sale of

2293:, recycling of nutrients and energy followed by the least preferred option, 348: 297:, and are often subject to national regulation by institutions, such as the 16308: 16266: 16042: 15993: 15929: 15785: 15689: 15131: 14592: 13330: 13245: 12989: 12949: 12464: 12285: 12277: 12247: 12118: 12103: 11949: 11756: 11552: 11489: 11467: 11420: 11406: 11226: 11216: 11117: 11033: 10952: 10927: 10892: 10685: 10629: 10500: 10423: 10297: 10234: 10042: 9549: 9544: 9438: 9217: 8757: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8610: 7759: 7617: 7282: 6626: 5624: 5395: 5346: 4954: 4169: 3299: 3244: 3205: 3185: 3149: 3090: 2970: 2966: 2868: 2817: 2694: 2539: 2365: 2097: 2085: 1986: 1805: 1769: 1667: 1527: 1496: 1378: 1366: 1362:, by first serving bouillon, then adding other cooked food to their menus. 1232: 1168: 1152: 972: 938: 819:. Various cultures throughout the world study the dietary analysis of food 804: 714: 637: 618: 599: 565: 226: 73: 15342: 13382: 7352:

Who's Hungry? and How Do We Know?: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation

6864: 6199: 5464: 5378: 5361: 5199: 2460: 1849:

prices affect producers and consumers of food. Price levels depend on the

1247: 16404: 16348: 16170: 16148: 16143: 16010: 15887: 15853: 15841: 15729: 15652: 15478: 15419: 13282: 12979: 12565: 12522: 12454: 12434: 12411: 12386: 12190: 12185: 12163: 12156: 12113: 12083: 12053: 11909: 11862: 11808: 11746: 11701: 11686: 11336: 11231: 11191: 11181: 11037: 11018: 11003: 10932: 10831: 10754: 10655: 10594: 10589: 10521: 10285: 9917: 9710: 8950: 7686: 7277: 7239:

Constitutional and Legal Protection of the Right to Food around the World

6804: 6708: 6604: 4976: 3455:"Roadmap for achieving net-zero emissions in global food systems by 2050" 3230: 3153: 3129: 3012: 2994: 2934: 2760: 2741: 2515: 2420: 2392: 2352: 2345: 2309: 2290: 2251: 2211: 1990: 1974: 1838: 1834: 1818: 1793: 1785: 1765: 1710: 1641: 1459: 1443: 1240: 1109: 1105: 1057: 920: 916: 776: 629: 622: 404: 314: 270: 238: 195: 179: 152: 137: 105: 7740: 7464: 6515:"Rome Declaration on Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action" 6181: 2242:

found that food waste was a challenge in all countries at all levels of

644:

has been added to it. Iodine is a necessary nutrient for maintenance of

425:

Some animals, specifically humans, have five different types of tastes:

16511: 16328: 16286: 16228: 16197: 15836: 15768: 15706: 15679: 15642: 13315: 13172: 12780: 12532: 12497: 12426: 12213: 12088: 12048: 11917: 11878: 11676: 11221: 11196: 11127: 11082: 11047: 11042: 11008: 10998: 10957: 10947: 10846: 10716: 10695: 10675: 10438: 6479:"Food security and nutrition: building a global narrative towards 2030" 6322:"Food Security in the United States: Measuring Household Food Security" 4148: 3368:. Berlin: Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. p. 39. 3292: 3269: 3189: 3145: 3125: 2998: 2982: 2974: 2849: 2751: 2629: 2147: 2081: 2006: 1982: 1963: 1862: 1659: 1495:

practices. This approach, partly fueled by consumer demand, encourages

1481: 1472: 1339: 1334: 1251: 1192: 769: 702: 396: 392: 381: 377: 357: 199: 121: 10609: 6273: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5413: 5133:

Spratt, S. (2013). "Food price volatility and financial speculation".

5019:

Abbott, Philip C.; Hurt, Christopher; Tyner, Wallace E., eds. (2008).

4301: 2663:

There are many causes of food insecurity. The most important ones are

465:, are thicker and rich and are thus considered more enjoyable to eat. 317:

that provides more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop.

19:

This article is about food for human beings. For food in general, see

16394: 16276: 16084: 16079: 16057: 15946: 15939: 15758: 15753: 15660: 15637: 13192: 13182: 13177: 13137: 12826: 12537: 12469: 12444: 12406: 12371: 12363: 12345: 12330: 12318: 12262: 12239: 12207: 12202: 11992: 11763: 11572: 11435: 11331: 11186: 11132: 11087: 10922: 10764: 10759: 10700: 10536: 10531: 10418: 10408: 10118: 9539: 7315:

International Public Health: Disease, Programs, Systems, and Policies

7074:

Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice Working Paper No. 8, 2004.

6454: 5617: 4968: 4060: 3121: 3109: 3105: 2978: 2891: 2874: 2797: 2617: 2428: 2380: 2155: 2130:

to enjoy sweet and fattening foods for evolutionary diets, ideal for

2061: 2053: 2037: 1877: 1633: 1617: 1519: 1386: 1184: 1163: 1097: 1021:

require the animal to be fully aware when its carotid artery is cut.

946: 942: 912: 908: 824: 722: 698: 679: 610: 595: 573: 526: 488: 474: 446: 434: 15500: 11619: 10942: 10511: 7658:

Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health

6927:

These are supplied energy, intake energy are about 60-80% of supply.

4691:"Pompeii exhibition: the food and drink of the ancient Roman cities" 3716: 3699: 3585: 3104:. It is estimated that at least 3 million children are blind due to 1564: 1314: 1064:

consisting of raw vegetables or fruits are common in many cuisines.

16521: 16089: 16015: 15956: 15951: 15899: 15809: 15780: 15773: 15763: 15694: 15668: 15664: 15656: 15310: 14500: 13046: 12801: 12391: 12340: 12196: 12136: 11964: 11934: 11778: 11741: 11267: 11142: 11112: 11077: 10962: 10516: 10443: 10209: 6876: 6874: 6194:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966

6014: 5983: 5570:"Of Agflation and Agriculture: Time to Fix the Structural Problems" 3165: 3133: 3071: 2950: 2919: 2911: 2903: 2783: 2771: 2720: 2715: 2680: 2602: 2436: 2424: 2317: 2294: 2278: 2116: 2029: 1865:, energy costs, availability of natural resources for agriculture, 1735: 1593: 1412: 1299: 1283: 1198: 1085: 1010: 997:. In developed countries, this is usually done outside the home in 836: 832: 828: 683: 614: 519: 500: 373: 369: 330: 178:

systems. This system of conventional agriculture relies heavily on

93: 69: 61: 7660:, University Presses of California, revised and expanded edition, 7507:

http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900016_en_2.htm#mdiv1

7448:

Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present

7369:. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia F. 11 May 2006. Retrieved from 5911: 3847:"Protein Basics: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Food and Health" 2746: 1628:

food manufacturing. Computer-based control systems, sophisticated

1424: 1275: 182:, which means that the food and agricultural system is one of the 16389: 16185: 16180: 16126: 16032: 15961: 15804: 15605: 13167: 13132: 13092: 12257: 11974: 11944: 11726: 11671: 11597: 11592: 11505: 11287: 11272: 11206: 11102: 11065: 10907: 10876: 10826: 10811: 10802: 10792: 10788: 10769: 10541: 10468: 10214: 9912: 9832: 7829: 7535: 7519: 7181:

Shelf Life: Supermarkets and the Changing Cultures of Consumption

6512: 6421:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 6150: 6139: 4387: 4075: 3892:

Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495‑1000 (2021-09-15).

3766:

Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention

3640:"How much of the world's cropland is actually used to grow food?" 3181: 3157: 3117: 3096: 3078: 3059: 2946: 2941:

products can induce similar reactions. Initial treatment is with

2844: 2801: 2756: 2633: 2598: 2519: 2432: 2301: 2135: 2093: 2057: 2033: 2015: 1749: 1573: 1477: 1417: 1405: 1370: 1279: 1267: 1224: 1173: 1148: 1142: 1118: 1089: 1065: 1026: 1018: 954: 893: 889: 885: 764: 734: 645: 589: 553: 534: 508: 496: 361: 113: 85: 7765: 7434:

http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Poverty/FoodDumping.asp

6871: 6028:

Linked National Models: A Tool for International Policy Analysis

4287: 2945:(adrenaline), often carried by known patients in the form of an 2044:

is thought to have been be partially caused by such speculation.

1914: 16238: 16203: 16027: 15983: 15831: 15629: 13325: 13152: 13147: 12401: 12359: 11929: 11751: 11666: 11562: 11375: 11304: 11236: 11097: 10912: 10871: 10851: 10806: 10574: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10428: 7754: 4288:

Mouritsen JD, Drotner J, Styrbæk K, Mouritsen OG (April 2014).

3173: 3113: 3055: 3028: 2895: 2883: 2690: 2686: 2625: 2621: 2606: 2562: 2531: 2371: 2203:

in Madison, Wisconsin, from two days of recovery from dumpsters

2151: 2089: 2019: 1757: 1263: 1093: 1046: 1006: 747: 641: 633: 606: 557: 530: 342: 338: 310: 266: 261:

is often a priority international policy activity; for example

254: 65: 46: 38: 7523: