2237:* The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source.
1323:, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the European Union. The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish
285:
1124:. Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function. Healthy humans fed artificially composed diets that are deficient in choline develop fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage. Choline was not initially classified as essential because the human body can produce choline in small amounts through phosphatidylcholine metabolism.
1304:
interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater than normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion. Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of a nutrient does harm to an organism.
1303:
An inadequate amount of a nutrient is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to a number of causes including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism. Some of the conditions that can
1223:
alcohol, 17.5 g and 513 kJ (122.5 kcal). Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in servings of 150 and 350 mL (5 and 12 US fl oz), respectively, but these beverages also contribute to food energy intake from components other than ethanol. A 150 mL
256:
of intake. In many countries, regulations require that food product labels display information about the amount of any macronutrients and micronutrients present in the food in significant quantities. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects. Edible plants also
2306:
and water. Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants: these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C),
1232:
grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol contributions to daily food energy intake are 200 and 450 kJ (48 and 108 kcal), respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered
1011:) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids.
2261:
Population
Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed.
1224:(5 US fl oz) serving of wine contains 420 to 540 kJ (100 to 130 kcal). A 350 mL (12 US fl oz) serving of beer contains 400 to 840 kJ (95 to 200 kcal). According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on
2527:
1327:, also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date from 1997 to 2004.
886:. The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as
1268:
that are present in numerous plant foods. Some phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health. However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties
248:. Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in a deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes such as the United States
1307:
In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the
2298:
Plant nutrients consist of more than a dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment.
1196:
OH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately 29 kilojoules (7 kilocalories) of food energy per gram. For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.) a standard serving in the United States is 44 millilitres
2307:
oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and the micronutrients; iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni). In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
1132:
Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include
3839:
3191:
1319:
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for
970:). The requirement for vitamin D is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin.
742:
is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a
4097:
770:. In addition, there are several molecules that are considered conditionally essential nutrients since they are indispensable in certain developmental and pathological states.
4084:, 2010-12-03, accessed 5 December 2010. "Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats, and DNA."
724:
amounts. The importance of each dietary vitamin was first established when it was determined that a disease would develop if that vitamin was absent from the diet.
3944:
3903:"Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. pp.283-295 (2009)"
3846:
189:
or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as
4132:
758:
and for the maintenance and function of tissues and organs. The nutrients considered essential for humans comprise nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen
3019:
224:, proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts (
1316:
of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy".
590:, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed
2898:
Carver J (2006). "Conditionally essential nutrients: choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides". In
Thureen PJ, Hay WW (eds.).
1098:
which is essential. There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as
1173:
is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a
710:
amounts. As plants obtain minerals from the soil, dietary minerals derive directly from plants consumed or indirectly from edible animal sources.
2556:"Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide"
1279:
level to enable accurate food labeling, a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to provide antioxidant benefits.
1015:
is essential, but again does not have a recommended intake. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids
2249:
U.S. Recommended
Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.
4075:
3938:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
3322:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 305, Choline. Retrieved February 17, 2022 from
185:) is essential to humans and some animal species but most other animals and many plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be
601:
3868:
252:, are based on the amount required to prevent deficiency and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and
4053:
4019:
3985:
3799:
3729:
3060:
2772:
2504:
2464:
790:
by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be
3162:
349:
174:. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves.
3937:
2280:
EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient).
126:. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted into smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy such as for
2915:
1313:
368:
321:
3902:
3706:
3362:
3023:
3687:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016
3637:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016
1244:
include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants. Included as nutritional constituents are
3614:
3143:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 11 February 2021
3662:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. August 2016
328:
4112:
2417:
894:. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g.
425:
The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as
306:
2555:
1324:
253:
3659:
4142:
3684:
1121:
86:
used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to
1157:
are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism.
335:
261:
which have unknown effects on disease or health including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called
2724:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
2699:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
3284:
2931:
Kendler BS (2006). "Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy".
675:
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve
616:, a standard serving in the U.S. is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80
34:
2255:
U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
1309:
317:
302:
30:
3524:"Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: current regulatory status, future research, and goals"
3296:
848:
that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot
2412:
1276:
784:
An essential amino acid is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized
249:
154:. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the
2743:
1165:
Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health.
2796:
2427:
2422:
295:
3634:
2496:
467:, i.e., vitamins and other minerals, the latter often described as trace or ultratrace minerals.
2407:
2402:
1031:
460:
241:
205:
3567:
3052:
3046:
2762:
2454:
4009:
3975:
3271:. The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 17 August 2016
1174:
204:
A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into
3730:"New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part Report on Current Regulations and the State of Science"
3309:
Britannica, The
Editors of Encyclopaedia. "choline". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Dec. 2013,
2975:
2660:
853:
839:
779:
591:
545:
3336:
8:
4127:
4080:
3889:
3522:
Brownawell AM, Caers W, Gibson GR, Kendall CW, Lewis KD, Ringel Y, Slavin JL (May 2012).
2976:"Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations"
69:
2664:
4137:
4122:
3756:
3584:
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3392:
3243:
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1297:
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979:
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865:
857:
763:
553:
171:
135:
83:
3442:"Microbial degradation products influence colon cancer risk: the butyrate controversy"
342:
4049:
4015:
3981:
3845:. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Archived from
3805:
3795:
3760:
3589:
3545:
3504:
3463:
3422:
3393:"Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data"
3248:
3234:
3140:
3114:
3056:
2998:
2948:
2944:
2911:
2875:
2833:
2821:
2768:
2678:
2629:
2500:
2460:
2352:
1575:
923:
786:
755:
437:. Water must be also consumed in large quantities but does not provide caloric value.
3323:
2960:
2576:
4117:
3787:
3777:
3752:
3579:
3535:
3494:
3453:
3412:
3404:
3238:
3230:
3126:
3104:
2994:
2990:
2940:
2903:
2865:
2811:
2668:
2619:
2611:
2577:"Chapter 3: Calculation Of The Energy Content Of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors"
2387:
2377:
1608:
988:
931:
743:
613:
533:
391:
245:
186:
61:
2600:"Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: Health effects and prevention"
4043:
2907:
2598:
Gernand, A. D; Schulze, K. J; Stewart, C. P; West Jr, K. P; Christian, P (2016).
2328:
2289:
687:
597:
583:
507:
115:
65:
57:
3780:"Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes. What are dietary reference intakes?"
3779:
181:
Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (
2382:
2332:
2303:
1237:
foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients.
1027:
511:
483:
178:
live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.
151:
3109:
3092:
4106:
3784:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
3499:
3482:
3310:
2870:
2853:
1241:
1234:
1170:
1166:
1134:
1120:
Choline is an essential nutrient. The cholines are a family of water-soluble
861:
795:
617:
587:
579:
464:
258:
209:
3370:
574:
attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched
3809:
3786:. Institute of Medicine, US National Academies of Science. pp. 21–22.
3593:
3549:
3508:
3467:
3458:
3441:
3426:
3266:
3252:
3118:
2952:
2825:
2682:
2633:
2615:
2397:
2356:
849:
541:
495:
475:
426:
233:
139:
127:
3764:
3540:
3523:
3408:
3002:
2879:
2816:
2721:
2696:
3020:"Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements"
1261:
1154:
903:
891:
751:
575:
482:. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units:
123:
3909:
2649:"Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging"
2673:
2648:
2312:
2293:
2096:
2068:
1641:
1542:
1480:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1083:
1051:
1016:
939:
915:
899:
845:
819:
811:
807:
791:
754:
in mammals, essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular
680:
676:
609:
608:(29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per
571:
537:
411:
309: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
262:
237:
201:, while organic nutrients include, protein, fats, sugars and vitamins.
163:
155:
103:
2797:"Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration"
3743:
Campbell TC, Allison RG, Fisher KD (June 1981). "Nutrient toxicity".
2392:
2344:
2124:
2040:
2011:
1738:
1452:
1424:
1396:
1368:
1320:
1257:
1150:
1137:, limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states.
1067:
1055:
1035:
985:
963:
895:
827:
803:
721:
717:
707:
703:
523:
452:
448:
274:
229:
225:
182:
107:
544:. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed
284:
2308:
2152:
1911:
1855:
1827:
1146:
1138:
1087:
1079:
1039:
1020:
1004:
996:
907:
883:
567:
557:
519:
491:
456:
403:
399:
194:
3791:
3022:. Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board. Archived from
1177:
function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria.
3568:"Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease"
2854:"Deficiencies of essential and conditionally essential nutrients"
2364:
2348:
2340:
1799:
1771:
1509:
1289:
1271:
1185:
1142:
1115:
1103:
1047:
877:
852:
them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans:
815:
767:
759:
713:
605:
549:
529:
503:
499:
487:
440:
430:
415:
167:
159:
147:
143:
119:
99:
2302:
Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from air and soil as
2902:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–311.
2320:
2319:
are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, the "
2316:
2180:
1939:
1883:
1705:
1672:
1265:
1225:
1219:
proof) would be 14 grams and 410 kJ (98 kcal). At 50%
1091:
1075:
1071:
1043:
1012:
1000:
992:
955:
947:
823:
799:
691:
600:
is not an essential nutrient, but it does provide calories.The
515:
444:
419:
407:
395:
175:
95:
87:
1228:
2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8
702:, and cannot be synthesized. They are required in the diet in
2761:
Vaughan JG, Geissler C, Nicholson B, Dowle E, Rice E (2009).
2760:
2360:
2336:
1099:
747:
699:
479:
217:
131:
91:
3778:
Panel on
Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (2017).
3521:
3080:(11th ed.). California: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 154.
2597:
3384:
2562:
2208:
1967:
1063:
1059:
1008:
695:
213:
198:
190:
111:
3707:"Nutrient content claims--general principles; 21CFR101.13"
3217:
Zeisel, Steven H; da Costa, Kerry-Ann (November 1, 2009).
463:
because they are required in large quantities compared to
3480:
3363:"High-Fiber Diet - Colon & Rectal Surgery Associates"
3051:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger. pp.
2851:
2579:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2355:
of nitrogen and, especially, oxygen) and organic matter (
563:
434:
221:
56:"Nutrients" redirects here. For nutrition in humans, see
3481:
Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT, Englyst HN (February 2001).
459:
ions, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are listed with
3870:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For
Vitamins And Minerals
2852:
Chipponi JX, Bleier JC, Santi MT, Rudman D (May 1982).
2331:. They are sourced from inorganic matter (for example,
750:, which is universally required for the maintenance of
586:). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of
882:
Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as
3742:
3090:
1252:, whereas those without nutrient status are diverse
991:
indispensable for life. Although the four elements:
3932:
3930:
3474:
2754:
110:by cells to create non-cellular structures such as
3219:"Choline: an essential nutrient for public health"
2488:
4035:
3954:
3892:National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan
3324:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Choline
548:), the diet must supply them. Through digestion,
4104:
3967:
3927:
257:contain thousands of compounds generally called
3709:. US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2017
3390:
2794:
2448:
2446:
2444:
102:. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for
3216:
1169:is not absorbed in the human digestive tract.
4133:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
4041:
3890:Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010)
3044:
2767:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 212–.
394:humans consume in the largest quantities are
3973:
3615:""What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013-2014""
3259:
2441:
1282:
594:), they must be obtained through one's diet.
386:Macronutrients are defined in several ways.
4069:
3885:
3883:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3075:
265:which remain poorly understood as of 2024.
15:
3487:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3391:Vital M, Howe AC, Tiedje JM (April 2014).
3311:https://www.britannica.com/science/choline
3091:Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (July 1999).
2858:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2653:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1275:is that they must first be defined with a
1127:
16:
4001:
3960:Whitney, Elanor and Sharon Rolfes. 2005.
3583:
3561:
3559:
3539:
3498:
3457:
3416:
3242:
3172:. United States Department of Agriculture
3108:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2869:
2815:
2672:
2623:
2452:
369:Learn how and when to remove this message
3880:
3823:
3343:. Oregon State University. 28 April 2014
2716:
2714:
871:
578:chains connected by single bonds alone (
212:. Consumed in relatively large amounts (
24:This is an accepted version of this page
3974:Sizer F, Whitney E (12 November 2007).
3863:
3861:
3859:
3679:
3677:
3654:
3652:
3629:
3627:
2930:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2795:Jéquier E, Constant F (February 2010).
2528:"31.1C: Essential Nutrients for Plants"
2480:
602:United States Department of Agriculture
150:) leading to end-products of water and
53:Substance that an organism uses to live
14:
4105:
3876:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
3565:
3556:
3483:"Prebiotic digestion and fermentation"
3439:
3433:
3048:Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease
3014:
3012:
2897:
2886:
2804:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2646:
2550:
2548:
2491:CRC desk reference on sports nutrition
733:
582:) or by both double and single bonds (
4007:
3977:Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies
3962:Understanding Nutrition, 10th edition
3727:
3721:
2973:
2933:The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
2711:
2689:
2640:
2591:
2243:U.S. Estimated Average Requirements.
3950:from the original on 28 August 2017.
3856:
3674:
3649:
3624:
3093:"Vitamin E: function and metabolism"
2840:
2486:
620:) would be 14 grams and 98 calories.
307:adding citations to reliable sources
278:
3895:
3133:
3009:
2545:
612:) for calculating food energy. For
48:
3980:. Cengage Learning. pp. 26–.
3840:"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)"
3757:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1981.tb07453.x
2764:The new Oxford book of food plants
2456:Foods & nutrition encyclopedia
716:are organic compounds required in
478:are compounds made up of types of
240:roles in cellular processes, like
220:), macronutrients (carbohydrates,
49:
4154:
4091:
2900:Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
1314:Food and Agriculture Organization
844:Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are
670:
381:
3341:Micronutrient Information Center
3235:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x
2945:10.1097/00005082-200601000-00004
2744:"What is an essential nutrient?"
1180:
1160:
283:
60:. For nutrition in animals, see
4098:USDA. Dietary Reference Intakes
3771:
3736:
3699:
3607:
3566:Lieber CS (29 September 2004).
3515:
3355:
3329:
3316:
3303:
3210:
3198:. National Institutes of Health
3184:
3155:
3084:
3069:
3038:
2967:
2924:
2788:
2736:
2268:Tolerable upper intake levels.
1030:for humans, listed in order of
728:
471:Macronutrients provide energy:
294:needs additional citations for
64:. For nutrition in plants, see
4042:Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (2007).
3045:Goodhart RS, Shils ME (1980).
2569:
2520:
2418:List of phytochemicals in food
2274:ULs have not been determined.
1211:US fluid ounces), which at 40%
833:
773:
13:
1:
3572:Alcohol Research & Health
2434:
1325:tolerable upper intake levels
1122:quaternary ammonium compounds
1032:Recommended Dietary Allowance
3313:. Accessed 17 February 2022.
3163:"Dietary Intakes of Choline"
2995:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1517S
2908:10.1017/CBO9780511544712.020
2604:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
2459:. CRC Press. pp. 527–.
158:that are combined to create
7:
4045:Handbook of plant nutrition
4014:. CRC Press. pp. 34–.
3440:Lupton JR (February 2004).
3076:Ellie W, Rolfes SR (2008).
2370:
1094:is a component of Vitamin B
1034:(expressed as a mass), are
973:
906:): vitamins A, C, D, E, K,
560:back into free amino acids.
10:
4159:
3964:, p. 6. Thomson-Wadsworth.
2565:. August 2013. p. 14.
2287:
1113:
1109:
977:
890:, metabolic regulators or
875:
837:
777:
272:
55:
4076:New Link in Chain of Life
3110:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145
1351:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1310:World Health Organization
1283:Deficiencies and toxicity
698:, are elements native to
3728:Gross P (1 March 2009).
3528:The Journal of Nutrition
3446:The Journal of Nutrition
2989:(8 Suppl): 1517S–1523S.
2983:The Journal of Nutrition
2974:Young VR (August 1994).
2746:. NetBiochem Nutrition,
2413:List of nutrition guides
2283:
1277:Dietary Reference Intake
632:Kilocalories per 1 gram
268:
250:Dietary Reference Intake
31:latest accepted revision
3732:. Nutraceuticals World.
3078:Understanding Nutrition
2428:Table of food nutrients
2423:River Continuum Concept
1128:Conditionally essential
1026:The essential nutrient
794:synthesized by humans:
681:physiological functions
584:unsaturated fatty acids
68:. For the journal, see
4011:Plant nutrition manual
3500:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.415s
3493:(2 Suppl): 415S–420S.
2871:10.1093/ajcn/35.5.1112
2616:10.1038/nrendo.2016.37
2495:. CRC Press. pp.
2487:Kern M (12 May 2005).
2408:List of micronutrients
2403:List of macronutrients
604:uses a figure of 6.93
4113:Chemical oceanography
3852:on 11 September 2018.
3541:10.3945/jn.112.158147
3409:10.1128/mBio.00889-14
2817:10.1038/ejcn.2009.111
2647:Tucker, K. L (2016).
2453:Ensminger AH (1994).
872:Vitamins and vitamers
592:essential fatty acids
580:saturated fatty acids
546:essential amino acids
3459:10.1093/jn/134.2.479
2323:" are the elemental
854:alpha-linolenic acid
840:Essential fatty acid
780:Essential amino acid
570:molecule with three
303:improve this article
232:); they have subtle
4143:Essential nutrients
4081:Wall Street Journal
3367:www.colonrectal.org
2864:(5 Suppl): 1112–6.
2665:2016NYASA1367...38T
888:enzymatic cofactors
756:metabolic processes
746:source. Apart from
734:Essential nutrients
625:
21:Page version status
2748:University of Utah
2674:10.1111/nyas.13062
2532:Biology LibreTexts
2353:diatomic molecules
1298:Protein (nutrient)
1294:Mineral (nutrient)
980:Mineral (nutrient)
866:omega-6 fatty acid
858:omega-3 fatty acid
740:essential nutrient
624:
242:vascular functions
104:metabolic purposes
27:
4055:978-0-8247-5904-9
4021:978-1-884015-31-1
4008:Jones JB (1998).
3987:978-0-495-39065-7
3801:978-0-309-06935-9
3745:Nutrition Reviews
3285:cite encyclopedia
3223:Nutrition Reviews
3062:978-0-8121-0645-9
2774:978-0-19-954946-7
2506:978-0-8493-2273-0
2466:978-0-8493-8980-1
2235:
2234:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1978:
989:chemical elements
984:Minerals are the
668:
667:
614:distilled spirits
534:organic compounds
392:chemical elements
379:
378:
371:
353:
39:15 September 2024
18:
4150:
4085:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3908:. Archived from
3907:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3865:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3635:"Phytochemicals"
3631:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3587:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3369:. Archived from
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2494:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2450:
2388:Nutrient density
2378:Food composition
1992:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1609:Pantothenic acid
1330:
1329:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1090:. Additionally,
932:pantothenic acid
688:Dietary minerals
626:
623:
536:that consist of
508:oligosaccharides
418:, summarized as
374:
367:
363:
360:
354:
352:
311:
287:
279:
246:nerve conduction
62:Animal nutrition
4158:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3915:on 15 June 2016
3912:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3802:
3776:
3772:
3741:
3737:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3564:
3557:
3520:
3516:
3479:
3475:
3438:
3434:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3229:(11): 615–623.
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3103:(10): 1145–55.
3089:
3085:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3010:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2896:
2887:
2850:
2841:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2645:
2641:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2373:
2296:
2290:Plant nutrition
2288:Main articles:
2286:
1990:
1979:
1744:
1711:
1678:
1645:
1614:
1581:
1548:
1515:
1345:
1340:
1285:
1240:By definition,
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1163:
1135:premature birth
1130:
1118:
1112:
1097:
982:
976:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
913:
880:
874:
842:
836:
782:
776:
736:
731:
673:
512:polysaccharides
484:monosaccharides
384:
375:
364:
358:
355:
312:
310:
300:
288:
277:
271:
76:
66:Plant nutrition
58:Human nutrition
54:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4092:External links
4090:
4087:
4086:
4068:
4054:
4034:
4020:
4000:
3986:
3966:
3953:
3926:
3894:
3879:
3855:
3822:
3800:
3770:
3735:
3720:
3698:
3673:
3648:
3623:
3606:
3555:
3514:
3473:
3432:
3383:
3354:
3328:
3315:
3302:
3293:|website=
3258:
3209:
3183:
3154:
3132:
3083:
3068:
3061:
3037:
3026:on 5 July 2014
3008:
2966:
2923:
2916:
2885:
2839:
2787:
2773:
2753:
2735:
2710:
2688:
2639:
2610:(5): 274–289.
2590:
2568:
2544:
2519:
2505:
2479:
2465:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Nutrient cycle
2380:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2333:carbon dioxide
2325:macronutrients
2304:carbon dioxide
2285:
2282:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1984:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:1.6 mg/MJ
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:0.1 mg/MJ
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1284:
1281:
1242:phytochemicals
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1162:
1159:
1129:
1126:
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1028:trace elements
978:Main article:
975:
972:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
838:Main article:
835:
832:
778:Main article:
775:
772:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
711:
672:
671:Micronutrients
669:
666:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
622:
621:
595:
588:cell membranes
561:
527:
469:
468:
465:micronutrients
461:macronutrients
438:
423:
383:
382:Macronutrients
380:
377:
376:
291:
289:
282:
273:Main article:
270:
267:
259:phytochemicals
210:micronutrients
206:macronutrients
162:, a subset of
152:carbon dioxide
52:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4155:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4048:. CRC Press.
4047:
4046:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3963:
3957:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3792:10.17226/9810
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:(6): 249–56.
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3708:
3702:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3661:
3660:"Carotenoids"
3655:
3653:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3616:
3610:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3578:(3): 220–31.
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3534:(5): 962–74.
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3452:(2): 479–82.
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:(2): e00889.
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3373:on 2020-09-26
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3286:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:FASEB Journal
3094:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2917:9780511544712
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2810:(2): 115–23.
2809:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2698:
2692:
2684:
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2357:carbohydrates
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2199:
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2171:
2168:
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2159:
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2146:
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2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
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2103:
2100:
2098:
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2078:
2075:
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2070:
2067:
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2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
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1961:
1958:
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1952:
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1657:
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1500:
1497:
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1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
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1446:
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1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
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1418:
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1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
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1387:
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1378:
1375:
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1370:
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1366:
1362:
1359:
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1331:
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1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1300:
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1291:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:empty calorie
1227:
1187:
1181:Non-nutrients
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:Soluble fiber
1168:
1167:Dietary fiber
1161:Non-essential
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
981:
971:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
879:
869:
867:
863:
862:linoleic acid
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:phenylalanine
793:
789:
788:
781:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
723:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
685:
684:
682:
678:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:Carbohydrate
644:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
627:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:consist of a
565:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:peptide bonds
539:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:disaccharides
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Carbohydrates
474:
473:
472:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
427:carbohydrates
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
387:
373:
370:
362:
359:December 2022
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320: –
319:
315:
314:Find sources:
308:
304:
298:
297:
292:This section
290:
286:
281:
280:
276:
266:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:physiological
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:carbohydrates
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
51:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
4079:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4044:
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4010:
4003:
3991:. Retrieved
3976:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3917:. Retrieved
3910:the original
3897:
3869:
3847:the original
3813:. Retrieved
3783:
3773:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3685:"Flavonoids"
3664:. Retrieved
3639:. Retrieved
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3575:
3571:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3375:. Retrieved
3371:the original
3366:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3275:13 September
3273:. Retrieved
3267:
3261:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3169:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3135:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3047:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
2986:
2982:
2969:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2899:
2861:
2857:
2807:
2803:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2763:
2756:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2701:. Retrieved
2691:
2659:(1): 38–49.
2656:
2652:
2642:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2571:
2536:. Retrieved
2534:. 2018-07-16
2531:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2490:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2455:
2398:Nutritionism
2324:
2301:
2297:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
1481:α-tocopherol
1339:Highest U.S.
1318:
1306:
1302:
1287:
1286:
1270:
1239:
1184:
1164:
1131:
1119:
1025:
983:
904:tocotrienols
892:antioxidants
881:
843:
792:endogenously
785:
783:
739:
737:
729:Essentiality
674:
629:Biomolecule
606:kilocalories
470:
385:
365:
356:
346:
339:
332:
325:
313:
301:Please help
296:verification
293:
254:upper limits
203:
180:
170:and certain
140:fermentation
124:exoskeletons
79:
77:
70:
50:
38:
29:This is the
23:
3919:31 December
3815:31 December
3713:31 December
3691:31 December
3666:31 December
3641:31 December
3141:"Vitamin D"
2939:(1): 9–16.
2266:Upper Limit
1349:Upper limit
1262:resveratrol
1254:polyphenols
1250:carotenoids
1215:ethanol (80
1155:nucleotides
900:tocopherols
846:fatty acids
834:Fatty acids
774:Amino acids
752:homeostasis
576:hydrocarbon
572:fatty acids
554:broken down
538:amino acids
263:polyphenols
234:biochemical
164:fatty acids
156:amino acids
4128:Edaphology
4107:Categories
4027:14 October
3993:12 October
3377:2020-08-16
2780:13 October
2722:"Vitamins"
2697:"Minerals"
2538:2020-08-16
2512:12 October
2472:12 October
2435:References
2345:phosphates
2313:phosphorus
2294:Fertilizer
2097:Phosphorus
2069:Molybdenum
1543:Riboflavin
1344:Highest EU
1258:flavonoids
1246:provitamin
1084:molybdenum
1052:phosphorus
1017:methionine
940:pyridoxine
916:riboflavin
850:synthesize
820:isoleucine
812:methionine
808:tryptophan
762:, fifteen
690:, such as
540:joined by
412:phosphorus
329:newspapers
318:"Nutrient"
230:micrograms
226:milligrams
142:products (
4138:Nutrition
4123:Nutrients
4061:17 August
3599:2 January
3337:"Choline"
3295:ignored (
3192:"Choline"
2834:205129670
2393:Nutrition
2329:organisms
2200:3000-3600
2144:2700-3000
2125:Potassium
2041:Manganese
2012:Magnesium
1988:(females)
1977:(females)
1739:Cobalamin
1642:Vitamin B
1453:Vitamin K
1425:Vitamin D
1397:Vitamin C
1369:Vitamin A
1346:PRI or AI
1341:RDA or AI
1321:vitamin C
1175:prebiotic
1151:glutamine
1068:manganese
1056:magnesium
1036:potassium
986:exogenous
964:cobalamin
898:includes
896:vitamin E
828:histidine
804:threonine
722:milligram
718:microgram
708:milligram
704:microgram
677:metabolic
558:proteases
524:cellulose
514:(such as
498:(such as
486:(such as
453:magnesium
449:potassium
275:Nutrition
183:vitamin C
84:substance
73:(journal)
71:Nutrients
3945:Archived
3943:. 2017.
3810:25077263
3594:15535450
3550:22457389
3509:11157351
3468:14747692
3427:24757212
3253:19906248
3170:usda.gov
3147:14 March
3119:10385606
2961:28748412
2953:16407731
2826:19724292
2683:27116240
2634:27032981
2583:30 March
2371:See also
2365:proteins
2349:sulfates
2341:nitrates
2327:for all
2309:nitrogen
2153:Selenium
1912:Fluoride
1856:Chromium
1828:Chloride
1730:900-1000
1578:* (Vit B
1336:U.S. EAR
1333:Nutrient
1147:arginine
1139:Inositol
1088:selenium
1080:chromium
1040:chloride
1021:cysteine
1005:nitrogen
997:hydrogen
974:Minerals
908:thiamine
884:vitamers
764:minerals
760:vitamins
714:Vitamins
653:Ethanol
637:Protein
568:glycerin
550:proteins
530:Proteins
520:glycogen
492:fructose
457:chloride
431:proteins
404:nitrogen
400:hydrogen
195:selenium
172:minerals
168:vitamins
160:proteins
136:proteins
120:feathers
108:excreted
100:protists
80:nutrient
35:reviewed
4118:Ecology
3765:7312225
3585:6668875
3418:3994512
3268:Choline
3244:2782876
3196:nih.gov
3127:7031925
3053:134–138
3030:14 July
3003:8064412
2880:6805293
2661:Bibcode
2625:4927329
2321:Big Six
2172:330-460
2088:450-550
1993:(males)
1982:(males)
1800:Calcium
1772:Choline
1510:Thiamin
1501:650-900
1483:(Vit E)
1290:Vitamin
1272:in vivo
1266:lignans
1206:⁄
1186:Ethanol
1143:taurine
1116:Choline
1110:Choline
1104:silicon
1048:calcium
962:), and
878:Vitamin
816:leucine
787:de novo
768:choline
744:dietary
598:Ethanol
504:lactose
500:sucrose
488:glucose
441:Calcium
416:sulphur
343:scholar
187:organic
148:vinegar
144:ethanol
88:animals
4052:
4018:
3984:
3808:
3798:
3763:
3592:
3582:
3548:
3507:
3466:
3425:
3415:
3347:May 8,
3251:
3241:
3202:May 8,
3176:May 8,
3125:
3117:
3059:
3001:
2959:
2951:
2914:
2878:
2832:
2824:
2771:
2728:18 May
2703:18 May
2681:
2632:
2622:
2503:
2463:
2361:lipids
2351:, and
2317:sulfur
2315:, and
2181:Sodium
1940:Iodine
1884:Copper
1741:(Vit B
1708:(Vit B
1706:Folate
1675:(Vit B
1673:Biotin
1611:(Vit B
1576:Niacin
1545:(Vit B
1512:(Vit B
1363:Japan
1264:, and
1230:
1226:NHANES
1221:
1217:
1213:
1092:cobalt
1086:, and
1076:iodine
1072:copper
1044:sodium
1013:Sulfur
1003:, and
1001:oxygen
993:carbon
956:folate
948:biotin
924:niacin
860:) and
826:, and
824:lysine
800:valine
692:copper
522:, and
516:starch
510:, and
455:, and
445:sodium
433:, and
420:CHNOPS
414:, and
408:oxygen
396:carbon
345:
338:
331:
324:
316:
218:ounces
197:, and
132:lipids
116:scales
92:plants
3948:(PDF)
3941:(PDF)
3913:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3874:(PDF)
3850:(PDF)
3843:(PDF)
3618:(PDF)
3166:(PDF)
3123:S2CID
2979:(PDF)
2957:S2CID
2830:S2CID
2800:(PDF)
2559:(PDF)
2337:water
2284:Plant
2228:35-45
2003:40-45
1903:10000
1897:10000
1664:40-60
1600:60-85
1352:Unit
1100:boron
748:water
700:Earth
618:proof
480:sugar
350:JSTOR
336:books
269:Types
214:grams
176:Fungi
122:, or
96:fungi
82:is a
4063:2010
4050:ISBN
4029:2010
4016:ISBN
3995:2010
3982:ISBN
3921:2017
3817:2017
3806:PMID
3796:ISBN
3761:PMID
3715:2017
3693:2017
3668:2017
3643:2017
3601:2020
3590:PMID
3546:PMID
3505:PMID
3464:PMID
3423:PMID
3397:mBio
3349:2021
3297:help
3277:2016
3249:PMID
3204:2021
3178:2021
3149:2022
3115:PMID
3057:ISBN
3032:2014
2999:PMID
2949:PMID
2912:ISBN
2876:PMID
2822:PMID
2782:2010
2769:ISBN
2730:2023
2705:2023
2679:PMID
2657:1367
2630:PMID
2585:2017
2563:USDA
2514:2010
2501:ISBN
2474:2010
2461:ISBN
2292:and
2219:16.3
2209:Zinc
2194:2300
2188:1500
2135:4000
2132:4700
2116:3000
2110:4000
2082:2000
1968:Iron
1959:3000
1953:1100
1931:____
1900:5000
1894:1600
1841:3600
1835:2300
1819:2500
1816:2500
1813:2500
1810:1000
1807:1000
1785:3500
1727:1000
1724:1000
1495:1000
1410:2000
1388:2700
1385:3000
1382:3000
1379:1300
1357:U.S.
1312:and
1288:See
1153:and
1102:and
1064:zinc
1060:iron
1019:and
1009:CHON
902:and
864:(an
856:(an
766:and
696:iron
694:and
679:and
661:Fat
564:Fats
552:are
532:are
502:and
490:and
435:fats
390:The
322:news
236:and
222:fats
208:and
199:zinc
191:iron
138:and
112:hair
98:and
3788:doi
3753:doi
3580:PMC
3536:doi
3532:142
3495:doi
3454:doi
3450:134
3413:PMC
3405:doi
3239:PMC
3231:doi
3105:doi
2991:doi
2987:124
2941:doi
2904:doi
2866:doi
2812:doi
2669:doi
2620:PMC
2612:doi
2499:–.
2497:117
2367:).
2259:PRI
2247:RDA
2241:EAR
2231:mg
2213:9.4
2203:mg
2175:μg
2169:300
2166:400
2147:mg
2119:mg
2107:640
2104:700
2101:580
2091:μg
2085:600
2063:mg
2051:3.0
2048:2.3
2035:mg
2032:350
2029:250
2026:350
2023:350
2020:420
2017:350
2006:mg
1986:16
1975:18
1962:μg
1956:600
1950:200
1947:150
1934:mg
1922:3.4
1906:μg
1891:900
1888:700
1878:μg
1850:mg
1822:mg
1804:800
1794:mg
1782:520
1779:550
1766:μg
1754:5.0
1751:2.4
1748:2.0
1733:μg
1721:600
1718:400
1715:320
1700:μg
1667:mg
1658:100
1655:1.8
1652:1.3
1649:1.1
1636:mg
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