Human nutrition - Knowledge

3031:, especially iron-deficient anemia, is a critical problem for cognitive developments in children, and its presence leads to maternal deaths and poor brain and motor development in children. The development of anemia affects mothers and children more because infants and children have higher iron requirements for growth. Health consequences for iron deficiency in young children include increased perinatal mortality, delayed mental and physical development, negative behavioral consequences, reduced auditory and visual function, and impaired physical performance. The harm caused by iron deficiency during child development cannot be reversed and result in reduced academic performance, poor physical work capacity, and decreased productivity in adulthood. Mothers are also very susceptible to iron-deficient anemia because women lose iron during menstruation, and rarely supplement it in their diet. Maternal iron deficiency anemia increases the chances of maternal mortality, contributing to at least 18% of maternal deaths in low and middle income countries. 4113:, temperament, and sensitivity to bitter tastes, as well as family-related factors such as education, income, food insecurity, and cultural norms. Young children tend to accept foods that are familiar and routine, as preferences are shaped through repeated exposure. Successful food acceptance requires caregivers to be patient, persistent, and willing to offer previously rejected foods multiple times. However, when caregivers label their child as "picky" or selective, they often stop offering rejected foods after just 3-5 attempts, mistakenly attributing limited food acceptance to genetics rather than learned behavior. Bribing or pressuring children to eat, along with a permissive feeding style that caters to the child's preferences, can lead to food rejection. It's common for young children to experience "food jags" (repeatedly wanting the same food) and to have shifting food preferences. While some children may exhibit a strong aversion to new foods, these reactions are usually not permanent. 4042:

challenges. However, the mother’s overall health and diet directly impact the child’s well-being. The importance of maternal nutrition is a critical influence on a child’s development during this pivotal period, as supported by recent studies.The child’s growth is divided into four key stages: (1) pregnancy, from conception to birth; (2) breastfeeding, from birth to six months; (3) the introduction of solid foods, from six to 12 months; and (4) the transition to a family diet after 12 months, with each stage requiring specific nutritional considerations for optimal development. Additionally, there is a significant connection between nutrition, overall health, and learning, with proper nutritional intake being vital for maintaining healthy body weight and supporting normal growth during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Given the rapid growth during infancy, this phase demands the highest relative energy and nutrient intake compared to other stages of development.

405:. Starches in plants are resistant to digestion (resistant starch), but cooking the starch in the presence of water can break down the starch granule and releases the glucose chains, making them more easily digestible by human digestive enzymes. Historically, food was less processed and starches were contained within the food matrix, making them less digestible. Modern food processing has shifted carbohydrate consumption from less digestible and resistant starch to much more rapidly digestible starch. For instance, the resistant starch content of a traditional African diet was 38 grams/day. The resistant starch consumption from countries with high starch intakes has been estimated to be 30-40 grams/day. In contrast, the average consumption of resistant starch in the United States was estimated to be 4.9 grams/day (range 2.8-7.9 grams of resistant starch/day). 3759:, such as those aimed at anemia, have attempted to provide iron supplementation to pregnant and lactating women. However, because supplementation often occurs too late, these programs have had little effect. Interventions such as women's nutrition, early and exclusive breastfeeding, appropriate complementary food and micronutrient supplementation have proven to reduce stunting and other manifestations of undernutrition. A Cochrane review of community-based maternal health packages showed that this community-based approach improved the initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Some programs have had adverse effects. One example is the "Formula for Oil" relief program in Iraq, which resulted in the replacement of breastfeeding for formula, which has negatively affected infant nutrition. 3572:, the region's most populous country. China has reduced its underweight prevalence from 19 percent to 8 percent between 1990 and 2002. China played the largest role in the world in decreasing the rate of children under five underweight between 1990 and 2004, halving the prevalence. This reduction of underweight prevalence has aided in the lowering of the under 5 mortality rate from 49 to 31 of 1000. They also have a low birthweight rate at 4%, a rate comparable to industrialized countries, and over 90% of households receive adequate iodized salts. However, large disparities exist between children in rural and urban areas, where 5 provinces in China leave 1.5 million children iodine deficient and susceptible to diseases. 2940:, academic performance and future earning potential. Important determinants of stunting include the quality and frequency of infant and child feeding, infectious disease susceptibility, and the mother's nutrition and health status. Undernourished mothers are more likely to birth stunted children, perpetuating a cycle of undernutrition and poverty. Stunted children are more likely to develop obesity and chronic diseases upon reaching adulthood. Therefore, malnutrition resulting in stunting can further worsen the obesity epidemic, especially in low and middle income countries. This creates even new economic and social challenges for vulnerable impoverished groups. 5271: 140:(DRI). The DRI is a set of nutritional guidelines developed by the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), part of the National Academies in the United States. Established in 1997, the DRI was created to expand upon the previous standards known as the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Unlike the RDAs, the DRI encompasses a broader range of nutritional recommendations. The DRI values are distinct from those found on food and dietary supplement labels in the U.S. and Canada, which use Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) and Daily Values (%). These labeling standards were originally based on RDAs from 1968 but were updated in 2016. 3107:

process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

3194:, resulting in multiple births, women bearing children at an older age, and the advancement of technology allowing more pre-term infants to survive. Industrialized nations more often face malnutrition in the form of over-nutrition from excess calories and non-nutritious carbohydrates, which has contributed greatly to the public health epidemic of obesity. Disparities, according to gender, geographic location and socio-economic position, both within and between countries, represent the biggest threat to child nutrition in industrialized countries. These disparities are a direct product of social inequalities and 3681:. Throughout the developing world, socioeconomic inequality in childhood malnutrition is more severe than in upper income brackets, regardless of the general rate of malnutrition. According to UNICEF, children in rural locations are more than twice as likely to be underweight as compared to children under five in urban areas. In Latin American/Caribbean nations, "Children living in rural areas in Bolivia, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua are more than twice as likely to be underweight as children living in urban areas. That likelihood doubles to four times in Peru." Concurrently, the greatest increase in 870:, an insoluble starch that resists digestion either because it is protected by a shell or food matrix (Type 1 resistant starch, RS1), maintains the natural starch granule (Type 2 resistant starch, RS2), is retrograded and partially crystallized (Type 3 resistant starch, RS3), has been chemically modified (Type 4 resistant starch, RS4) or has complexed with a lipid (Type 5 resistant starch, RS5). Natural sources of resistant starch (RS1, RS2 and RS3) are fermented by the microbes in the human digestive system to produce short-chain fatty acids which are utilized as food for the colonic cells or absorbed. 3223: 2911:. According to UNICEF 146 million children across the globe, that one out of four under the age of five, are underweight. The number of underweight children has decreased since 1990, from 33 percent to 28 percent between 1990 and 2004. Underweight and stunted children are more susceptible to infection, more likely to fall behind in academics and develop non-infectious diseases, ultimately affecting their livelihood. Therefore, undernutrition can result in an accumulation of afflictions and health deficiencies which results in less productivity individually and as a community. 3788:, education, water supply, sanitation, and health care". Government often plays a role in implementing nutrition programs through policy. For instance, several East Asian nations have enacted legislation to increase iodization of salt to increase household consumption. Political commitment in the form of evidence-based effective national policies and programs, trained skilled community nutrition workers, and effective communication and advocacy can all work to decrease malnutrition. Market and industrial production can play a role as well. For example, in the 8519: 4212:, a condition marked by the loss of muscle mass. Approximately 30% of those aged 60 and above, and over 50% of individuals aged 80 and older, are affected by this condition. The inability to meet protein needs exacerbates health issues, including chronic muscle wasting and bone health deterioration, leading to functional decline and frailty. To mitigate this, older adults are advised to evenly distribute protein intake across meals—breakfast, lunch, and dinner. As aging diminishes the body’s ability to synthesize muscle protein, consuming adequate 3943:

required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life.

3916:, a public-private partnership between the state's largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise. 5488: 3820:, the guide advises food quantities, provides education on balanced nutrition, and promotes physical activity in accordance with government-mandated nutrient needs. Like other nutrition programs around the world, Canada's Food Guide divides nutrition into four main food groups: vegetables and fruit, grain products, milk and alternatives, and meat and alternatives. Unlike its American counterpart, the Canadian guide references and provides alternative to meat and dairy, which can be attributed to the growing 4905: 5884:, the degrees Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in nutritional science were established. The first students were admitted in 1953, and in 1954 the Department of Nutrition was officially opened. In Germany, institutionalization followed in November 1956, when Hans-Diedrich Cremer was appointed to the chair for human nutrition in Giessen. Over time, seven other universities with similar institutions followed in Germany. From the 1950s to 1970s, a focus of nutritional science was on 3325:

include energy-insufficient diets, poor sanitation conditions, and the gender disparities in educational and social status. Girls and women face discrimination especially in nutrition status, where South Asia is the only region in the world where girls are more likely to be underweight than boys. In South Asia, 60% of children in the lowest quintile are underweight, compared to only 26% in the highest quintile, and the rate of reduction of underweight is slower amongst the poorest.

5059: 5229: 2891:. Under nutrition causes 53% of deaths of children under five across the world. It has been estimated that undernutrition is the underlying cause for 35% of child deaths. The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group estimate that under nutrition, "including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding—is a cause of 3.1 million child deaths and infant mortality, or 45% of all child deaths in 2011". 33: 5413: 16670: 15631: 4073:. Ensuring that children receive adequate nutrition during the first 1,000 days—from conception to the second birthday—significantly increases their chances of being born at a healthy weight. Additionally, it lowers the risk of various health conditions, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, while also fostering better learning abilities, fewer behavioral issues during early childhood, and improved overall health and economic stability in the long term. 2633:, a standard serving in the United States is 1.5 fluid ounces, which at 40% ethanol (80 proof), would be 14 grams and 98 calories. Wine and beer contain a similar range of ethanol for servings of 5 ounces and 12 ounces, respectively, but these beverages also contain non-ethanol calories. A 5-ounce serving of wine contains 100 to 130 calories. A 12-ounce serving of beer contains 95 to 200 calories. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on 16700: 3755:

promote these behaviors, healthful environments must be established conducive to promoting these behaviors, like healthy hospital environments, skilled health workers, support in the public and workplace, and removing negative influences. Finally, other interventions include provisions of adequate micro and macro nutrients such as iron, anemia, and vitamin A supplements and vitamin-fortified foods and ready-to-use products. Programs addressing

4244:. Some studies suggest that an intake of 1g/kg per day is sufficient, while others recommend 1.3 to 1.73g/kg per day for better health outcomes. Research shows that muscle mass preservation is more effectively supported by animal protein, which has a higher essential amino acid content, than by plant protein. The timing of protein intake, protein source, and amino acid content are key factors in optimizing protein absorption in the elderly. 4708: 16690: 3064:

to deliver children who will develop well physically and mentally. Maternal undernutrition increases the chances of low-birth weight, which can increase the risk of infections and asphyxia in fetuses, increasing the probability of neonatal deaths. Growth failure during intrauterine conditions, associated with improper mother nutrition, can contribute to lifelong health complications. Approximately 13 million children are born with

3437:, rates decreased from 26% to 17% in four years, and their coverage of vitamin A supplementation reaches 91% of vulnerable populations. This region has the next highest proportion of wasted children, with 10% of the population under five not at optimal weight. Little improvement has been made between the years of 1990 and 2004 in reducing the rates of underweight children under five, whose rate stayed approximately the same. 4295:

proper body function. Data from the Third Health and Nutrition Survey in the United States revealed that only 42.5% of adults over 71 years old met adequate zinc intake levels, with many suffering from zinc deficiency. To reach the upper tolerable limit of 40 mg per day, zinc intake from both food and supplements must be considered to help normalize serum zinc levels in deficient elderly individuals. Dietary sources such as

638: 419: 1047: 4090:. Childhood dietary patterns are influenced by various factors, including feeding challenges and nutritional needs, with significant long-term consequences. During the first year, an infant's birth weight triples, and by age five, their birth length doubles. Brain volume doubles within the first 12 months and triples by 36 months. To support this rapid growth, solid foods are introduced after six months to supplement 1907:, the greatest challenge in developing nations today is not starvation, but insufficient nutrition – the lack of nutrients necessary for the growth and maintenance of vital functions. The causes of malnutrition are directly linked to inadequate macronutrient consumption and disease, and are indirectly linked to factors like "household food security, maternal and child care, health services, and the environment." 223:(often called "Calories" and written with a capital 'C' to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram. However, the net energy derived from the macronutrients depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. 15655: 730: 511: 304: 3806: 16680: 15643: 5908: 3234:

experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination, respectively. Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist, including unqualified dietitians, as this term is unregulated. Some states, such as the State of Florida, have begun to include the title "nutritionist" in state licensure requirements. Most governments provide guidance on nutrition, and some also impose

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in the digestive juices within the small intestine, where they are absorbed into the blood. Once absorbed, they cannot be stored in the body, so they are either metabolized as required or excreted in the urine. Proteins consist of amino acids in different proportions. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.

2757: 954: 2691: 2862:. Childhood is a particularly important time to achieve good nutrition status, because poor nutrition has the capability to lock a child in a vicious cycle of disease susceptibility and recurring sickness, which threatens cognitive and social development. Undernutrition and bias in access to food and health services leaves children less likely to attend or perform well in school. 1003:(the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential. The synthesis of some amino acids can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress, and those are called conditionally essential. 4617:, though the diet of humans has varied significantly depending on location and climate. The diet in the tropics tended to depend more heavily on plant foods, while the diet at higher latitudes tended more towards animal products. Analyses of postcranial and cranial remains of humans and animals from the Neolithic, along with detailed bone-modification studies, have shown that 945:, but with qualifying language for product labels that only limited scientific evidence exists to support this claim. The FDA requires specific labeling language, such as the guideline concerning resistant starch: "High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim." 4187:(WHO) has identified healthy aging as a key priority from 2016 to 2030, developing a policy framework that advocates for action across multiple sectors. The program aims to help older adults (those aged 65 and over) maintain functional ability, ensuring their well-being and active participation in society. Older adults are the fastest-growing age group, and 1096:(EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI). These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with "desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed." 4173:

faced with nutritional markers for the elderly are highlighted by the prevalence and determinants of malnutrition in adults over 65, encompassing factors from age-related changes to disease-related risks. The challenges in addressing, understanding, identifying, and treating malnutrition is key, noting that in some cases, targeted supplementation of

558:, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as 5435:(or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease. (This was not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed, but because it introduced a few parts per million of 1534:(Ca) is vital to the health of the muscular, circulatory, and digestive systems; is indispensable to the building of bone; and supports the synthesis and function of blood cells. For example, calcium is used to regulate the contraction of muscles, nerve conduction, and the clotting of blood. It can play this role because the Ca ion forms stable 1586:, an electrolyte (heart and nerve function). With sodium, potassium is involved in maintaining normal water balance, osmotic equilibrium, and acid-base balance. In addition to calcium, it is important in the regulation of neuromuscular activity. Food sources include bananas, avocados, nuts, vegetables, potatoes, legumes, fish, and mushrooms. 3088:, and tracking the patient's weight and measurements, not only help in identifying underlying issues but also provide a reason for the patient to return for follow-up discussions. These follow-ups can often reveal psychological challenges. When weight loss is hidden, symptoms such as depression, obsessive behaviors, infertility, or 1576:, required component of bones; essential for energy processing. Approximately 80% is found in the inorganic portion of bones and teeth. Phosphorus is a component of every cell, as well as important metabolites, including DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids. Also important in pH regulation. It is an important electrolyte in the form of 1100:

we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food. Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example. These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

2959:(FAO), is dietary intake below the minimum daily energy requirement. The amount of undernourishment is calculated utilizing the average amount of food available for consumption, the size of the population, the relative disparities in access to the food, and the minimum calories required for each individual. According to 3776:, UN system organizations and foundations in working towards reducing under nutrition. The SUN framework has initiated a transformation in global nutrition- calling for country-based nutrition programs, increasing evidence based and cost–effective interventions, and "integrating nutrition within national strategies for 3084:

significant weight loss in young women and is the primary reason for their admission to child and adolescent hospital services. In most cases, a clear diagnosis of weight loss driven by psychological factors can be made without resorting to a series of complex tests. Basic medical evaluations, including blood tests,

837:, specifically a polysaccharide, which is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized, it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram, but in most circumstances, it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. 3296:

has extremely high rates of underweight children. According to a 2006 UNICEF study, 46% of its child population under five is underweight. The same study indicates India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan combined account for half the globe's underweight child population. South Asian nations have made progress towards the

9645:"European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)" 3792:, improved production and market availability of iodized salt increased household consumption. While most nutrition interventions are delivered directly through governments and health services, other sectors, such as agriculture, water and sanitation, and education, are vital for nutrition promotion as well. 3768:

days after birth as the prime window for effective nutrition intervention, encouraging programming that was cost-effective and showed significant cognitive improvement in populations, as well as enhanced productivity and economic growth. This document was labeled the SUN framework, and was launched by the

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have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others.

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projections indicate that by 2050, their numbers will double those of children under five and exceed the population of adolescents aged 15 to 24. By 2050, global life expectancy, which was 72.6 years in 2019, is expected to increase by approximately five years. Maintaining good nutritional status and

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or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less

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The Family Nutrition Program (FNP) is a free nutrition education program serving low-income adults around the U.S. This program is funded by the Food Nutrition Service's (FNS) branch of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) usually through a local state academic institution that runs the

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These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of

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Estimates say that 28.5% of the global population is iodine deficient, representing 1.88 billion individuals. Although salt iodization programs have reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency, this is still a public health concern in 32 nations. Moderate deficiencies are common in Europe and Africa,

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growth restriction and poor maternal nutrition, which results in affected growth, development and health throughout the course of their lifetime. Children born at low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds or 2.5 kg), are less likely to be healthy and are more susceptible to disease and early death.

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of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body. Excess

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were published in 1943, during World War II, with the aim of setting standards for optimal nutrition. The initial editions outlined daily nutrient recommendations for various age groups, reflecting the latest scientific insights at the time (NRC, 1943). The history and evolution of the RDAs have been

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in this population. As people age, the body's ability to balance iron storage and supply diminishes, leading to this condition. Multiple factors contribute to iron deficiency in older adults, including reduced food intake, frequent medication use, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and occult bleeding.

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can lead to or worsen nutritional deficits. As age increases the likelihood of disease, older adults are at the highest risk for nutritional challenges or malnutrition. The causes of malnutrition are complex and multifaceted, with aging processes further contributing to its development. The concerns

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To address these challenges, providing a variety of nutrient-rich foods at every meal and snack is essential, allowing children to explore and develop their preferences. The concept of "responsive feeding," which involves a reciprocal relationship between the child and the caregiver during meals, is

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and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science (FCS) or Health departments. In some American schools, students are

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Interventions aimed at pregnant women, infants, and children take a behavioral and program-based approach. Behavioral intervention objectives include promoting proper breast-feeding, the immediate initiation of breastfeeding, and its continuation through 2 years and beyond. UNICEF recognizes that to

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of eradicating hunger and poverty through health and education. Therefore, nutrition interventions take a multi-faceted approach to improve the nutrition status of various populations. Policy and programming must target both individual behavioral changes and policy approaches to public health. While

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differences, Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region. For example, only 12 percent of study participants

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is primarily due to non-nutritious carbohydrates sources resulting in excess caloric intake, which has contributed to the obesity epidemic affecting both developed and certain developing nations. In 2008, 35% of adults above the age of 20 years were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m), a prevalence that

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The most common non-infectious diseases worldwide, that contribute most to the global mortality rate, are cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory problems, all of which are linked to poor nutrition. Nutrition and diet are closely associated with the leading causes

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concluded that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins A and E and beta-carotene did not convey any benefits, and may increase risk of death. Vitamin C and selenium supplements did not impact mortality rate. Health effect of non-nutrient phytochemicals such as polyphenols were not assessed in this

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are compounds produced naturally in plants (phyto means "plant" in Greek). In general, the term identifies compounds that are prevalent in plant foods, but are not proven to be essential for human nutrition, as of 2018. There is no conclusive evidence in humans that polyphenols or other non-nutrient

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For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages

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read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods." More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good

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are underweight, a percentage that has worsened by 4% since 1990. In Yemen, 53% of children under five are stunted and 32% are born at low birth weight. Sudan has an underweight prevalence of 41%, and the highest proportion of wasted children in the region at 16%. One percent of households in Sudan

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has the highest percentage and number of underweight children under five in the world, at approximately 78 million children. Patterns of stunting and wasting are similar, where 44% have not reached optimal height and 15% are wasted, rates much higher than any other regions. This region of the world

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Besides the quality and frequency of breastfeeding, the nutritional status of mothers affects infant health. When mothers do not receive proper nutrition, it threatens the wellness and potential of their children. Well-nourished women are less likely to experience risks of birth and are more likely

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Food-borne and infectious diseases can result in malnutrition, and malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease. Poor nutrition leaves children and adults more susceptible to contracting life-threatening diseases such as diarrheal infections and respiratory infections. According to the WHO, in 2011,

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women require additional fluids to stay hydrated. The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding

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which contain nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). Amino acids are soluble

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Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class of dietary material, fiber (i.e., nondigestible material such as cellulose), seems also to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear.

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The first two certain dates in the history of pasta in Italy are: 1154, when in a sort of tour guide ahead of its Arab geographer Al-Idrin mentions 'a food of flour in the form of wires,' called Triyah , which is packaged in Palermo and was exported in barrels throughout the peninsula ; and 1279

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Serum 25(OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L are linked to muscle weakness and reduced physical function, while levels below 25-30 nmol/L increase the risk of falls and fractures. Older adults typically consume less calcium, around 600 mg/day, which heightens their susceptibility to fractures. For optimal

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The recommended daily allowance of zinc is 11 mg for older men and 8 mg for older women, with an upper tolerable limit of 25-40 mg per day, including both dietary and supplemental sources. However, individuals over 60 often consume less than 50% of the recommended zinc intake, which is crucial for

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In April 2010, the World Bank and the IMF released a policy briefing entitled "Scaling up Nutrition (SUN): A Framework for action" that represented a partnered effort to address the Lancet's Series on under nutrition, and the goals it set out for improving under nutrition. They emphasized the 1000

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The findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), conducted by the US Department of Education, provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first-ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain,

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Improvement of breast feeding practices, like early initiation and exclusive breast feeding for the first two years of life, could save the lives of 1.5 million children annually. Nutrition interventions targeted at infants aged 0–5 months first encourages early initiation of breastfeeding. Though

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The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from

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Originally intended to address nutrition issues related to national defense, the RDAs now serve multiple roles, including guiding food supply planning for population groups, interpreting dietary intake data, establishing standards for food assistance programs, assessing the nutritional adequacy of

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indicates that the average protein intake among the elderly is 0.9g/kg of body weight per day, with half of this intake occurring at dinner. This uneven distribution can lead to sub-optimal protein synthesis and increased use of dietary amino acids for other processes like fat storage. Therefore,

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Emergencies and crises often exacerbate undernutrition, due to the aftermath of crises that include food insecurity, poor health resources, unhealthy environments, and poor healthcare practices. Therefore, the repercussions of natural disasters and other emergencies can exponentially increase the

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has the highest rate of child mortality in the region (141 per 1,000 live births), while still its proportion of underweight children increased by 5 percent to 45% in 2000. Further nutrient indicators show that only 12 per cent of Cambodian babies are exclusively breastfed and only 14 per cent of

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has made no significant improvement in underweight child prevalence. Other forms of undernutrition have continued to persist with high resistance to improvement, such as the prevalence of stunting and wasting, which has not changed significantly in the past 10 years. Causes of this poor nutrition

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morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. This also presents a problem for women, with WHO estimating that 9.8 million women are affected by night blindness. Clinical vitamin A deficiency is particularly common among pregnant women, with prevalence rates as high as 9.8% in South-East Asia.

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plays an essential role in developing the immune system in children, therefore, it is considered an essential micronutrient that can greatly affect health. However, because of the expense of testing for deficiencies, many developing nations have not been able to fully detect and address vitamin A

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was particularly prevalent, with one in five households, or 1.7 billion people, not consuming adequate iodine, leaving them at risk to develop associated diseases. Therefore, a global campaign to iodize salt to eliminate iodine deficiency successfully boosted the rate to 69% of households in the

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The WHO estimates that 5.2 million of these children under five are affected by night blindness, which is considered clinical vitamin A deficiency. Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) for developing children can result in visual impairments, anemia and weakened immunity, and increase their risk of

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When humans are undernourished, they no longer maintain normal bodily functions, such as growth, resistance to infection, or have insufficient drive for every everyday tasks and unsatisfactory performance in school or work. Major causes of under nutrition in young children include lack of proper

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According to UNICEF, in 2011, 101 million children across the globe were underweight and one in four children, 165 million, were stunted in growth. Simultaneously, there are 43 million children under five who are overweight or obese. Nearly 20 million children under five suffer from severe acute

5263:, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, but after about 1850, British sailors became known as "limeys" due to the carrying and consumption of limes aboard ship. The essential 4354:

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B12 is 0.9-2.4 µg/day, while the estimated average requirement in the U.S. and Canada is 0.7-2 µg/day. Elderly individuals with plasma vitamin B12 levels below 148 pmol/L are considered severely deficient, and those with levels between 148-221

3738:

immunization, vitamin A supplementation, provision of fortified foods and micronutrient supplements, support for breastfeeding and complementary feeding for infants and young children, and therapeutic and supplementary feeding. For example, during Nigeria's food crisis of 2005, 300,000 children

3505:

region are on target to meet goals for reducing underweight children by 2015, and 12 countries have prevalence rates below 10%. However, the nutrition of children in the region as a whole has degraded for the past ten years due to the increasing portion of underweight children in three populous

3441:

has the highest child under five mortality rate in the world, due predominantly to its extreme infant mortality rate, at 238 deaths per 1000 live births. Other contributing factors include the high rate of low birthweight children (23%) and low levels of exclusive breast feeding (4%). Anemia is

3097:

due to eating disorders, 58% had menstrual irregularities, according to preliminary research in 1990. Recent research has shown no significant difference in fertility between women with a history of anorexia nervosa and those without, suggesting that despite experiencing high rates of menstrual

3059:

suggests a causal relationship between early initiation and reduced infection-caused neo-natal deaths. Also, experts promote exclusive breastfeeding, rather than using formula, which has shown to promote optimal growth, development, and health of infants. Exclusive breastfeeding often indicates

161:

DRVs are categorized into three main types: Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI), which covers the nutritional needs of 95% of the population; Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), meeting the needs of 50%; and Lower Recommended Nutritional Intake (LRNI), which addresses the requirements of 5% of the

4571:

mouthwash. Although the presence of bowel sounds and the amount of gastric residual volume aspirated after feeding can be used to monitor the functionality of the gastrointestinal tract before feeding is started; starting nutritional therapy at this stage regardless of the functional status is

4379:

levels in older adults. The deficiency of vitamin B6 among institutionalized elderly in Europe ranges from below 1% to 75%. B-vitamins are primarily found in animal-based foods, making deficiencies more common among those with limited animal food intake due to cultural, religious, or economic

3138:

The links between low health literacy and poor health outcomes has been widely documented and there is evidence that some interventions to improve health literacy have produced successful results in the primary care setting. More must be done to further our understanding of nutrition literacy

2943:

Data on global and regional food supply shows that consumption rose from 2011 to 2012 in all regions. Diets became more diverse, with a decrease in consumption of cereals and roots and an increase in fruits, vegetables, and meat products. However, this increase masks the discrepancies between

2850:

will be responsible for 5.6 million deaths of children under the age of five this year. These all represent significant public health emergencies. This is because proper maternal and child nutrition has immense consequences for survival, acute and chronic disease incidence, normal growth, and

3026:

is the most common inadequate nutrient worldwide, affecting approximately 2 billion people. Globally, anemia affects 1.6 billion people, and represents a public health emergency in mothers and children under five. The World Health Organization estimates that there exists 469 million women of

3006:

Obesity is more prevalent among upper-middle to high income groups compared to lower income divisions. Women are more likely than men to be obese, where the rate of obesity in women doubled from 8% to 14% between 1980 and 2008. Being overweight as a child has become an increasingly important

2742:

that contribute to the metabolism in a wide variety of ways. These metabolites are responsible for stimulating cell growth, repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, priming the immune system to respond only to pathogens, helping to maintain a healthy gut barrier, control gene expression by

3083:

with the highest mortality rate. It affects approximately 0.3% of young women and is especially common among teenage girls, with the average onset at around 15 years old. The disorder predominantly impacts females, with 80-90% of those diagnosed being women. Anorexia is the leading cause of

55:, or a poor understanding of nutritional requirements. Malnutrition and its consequences are large contributors to deaths, physical deformities, and disabilities worldwide. Good nutrition is necessary for children to grow physically and mentally, and for normal human biological development. 4041:

Maternal nutrition is crucial during pregnancy and the child’s first 1,000 days of life, encompassing the period from conception to the second birthday. During the first six months, infants rely exclusively on breast milk, which remains nutritionally sufficient despite maternal nutritional

3233:

are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title "dietitian", as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and

3954:

concluded that nutrition education in medical schools was inadequate. Only 20% of the schools surveyed taught nutrition as a separate, required course. A 2006 survey found that this number had risen to 30%. Membership by physicians in leading professional nutrition societies such as the

3046:

and over consumption is common in the Americas. Iodine-deficient diets can interfere with adequate thyroid hormone production, which is responsible for normal growth in the brain and nervous system. This ultimately leads to poor school performance and impaired intellectual capabilities.

3654:

has the highest percentage of underweight and stunted children in the region, with rates above 45%. There are disparities amongst different populations in this region. For example, children in rural areas have twice the prevalence of underweight at 13%, compared to urban areas at 5%.

1570:, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity). Approximately 50% is in bone, the remaining 50% is almost all inside body cells, with only about 1% located in extracellular fluid. Food sources include oats, buckwheat, tofu, nuts, caviar, green leafy vegetables, legumes, and chocolate. 597:

Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as

3909:. It is designed to assist limited-resource audiences in acquiring the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and changed behavior necessary for nutritionally sound diets, and to contribute to their personal development and the improvement of the total family diet and nutritional well-being. 2971:

prevented many people from escaping poverty, because the poor spend a larger proportion of their income on food and farmers are net consumers of food. High food prices cause consumers to have less purchasing power and to substitute more-nutritious foods with low-cost alternatives.

4988: 2963:, 868 million people (12% of the global population) were undernourished in 2012. This has decreased across the world since 1990, in all regions except for Africa, where undernourishment has steadily increased. However, the rates of decrease are not sufficient to meet the first 1113:

women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women. Dehydration and over-hydration – too little and too much water, respectively – can have harmful consequences. Drinking too much water is one of the possible causes of

4098:. As children begin to consume more table foods in their second year, they are exposed to the same diet as their caregivers, which, along with more complex food combinations, shapes their dietary habits by 24 months. Imbalances in diet during this critical period can lead to 2637:

2013-2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8 grams/day and men consume on average 15.5 grams/day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol calorie contributions are 48 and 108 cal/day. Alcoholic beverages are considered

890:, and other carbohydrates that dissolve or gelatinize in water. Many of these soluble fibers can be fermented or partially fermented by microbes in the human digestive system to produce short-chain fatty acids which are absorbed and therefore introduce some caloric content. 9851: 3060:

nutritional status because infants that consume breast milk are more likely to receive all adequate nourishment and nutrients that will aid their developing body and immune system. This leaves children less likely to contract diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections.

1103:

The EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity.

5474:

correctly identified and described the anti-beriberi substance in rice. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as

4840:, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. 2931:

later on in life. Because 96% of low birth weight occurs in the developing world, low birth weight has been associated with childbirth in impoverished areas where the birth mother typically exhibits poor nutritional status under harsh and demanding living conditions.

4023:(RDA), aimed at the general healthy adult population, provide for an intake of 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. A review panel stating that "no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise." 4863:

with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches,

385:

Traditionally, simple carbohydrates were believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This is inaccurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g.,

99:

such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Any study done to determine nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all the materials

4106:, typically at 12 months in the U.S. and later in the second year globally. As a child transitions from breast milk or formula, dairy milk often becomes a key nutritional source, making the quality of the diet essential for continued growth and development. 910:), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. Fiber has three primary mechanisms, which in general determine their health impact: bulking, viscosity and fermentation. Fiber provides bulk to the intestinal contents, and insoluble fiber facilitates 4583:

Before undergoing surgery, a subject should avoid long periods of fasting. Oral feeding should be established as soon as possible after surgery. Other aspects of nutrition such as control of glucose, reduction in risk factors that causes stress-related

3663:

Occurring throughout the world, lack of proper nutrition is both a consequence and cause of poverty. Impoverished individuals are less likely to have access to nutritious food and to escape from poverty than those who have healthy diets. Disparities in

3617:

region has reduced underweight children prevalence by 3.8% every year between 1990 and 2004, with a current rate of 7% underweight. They also have the lowest rate of child mortality in the developing world, with only 31 per 1000 deaths, and the highest

1902:

In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption; there are more people in the world who are malnourished due to excessive consumption. According to the United Nations

3734:

rates of macro and micronutrient deficiencies in populations. Disaster relief interventions often take a multi-faceted public health approach. UNICEF's programming targeting nutrition services amongst disaster settings include nutrition assessments,

230:

Some nutrients can be stored – the fat-soluble vitamins – while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients, or for some vitamins and minerals, too much of a required nutrient.

2944:

nations, where Africa, in particular, saw a decrease in food consumption over the same years. This information is derived from food balance sheets that reflect national food supplies, however, this does not necessarily reflect the distribution of

1752:

have been suggested as essential, but such claims have usually not been confirmed. Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomolecule containing the element with an identifiable and testable function. These include:

1944:

When too much of one or more nutrients is present in the diet to the exclusion of the proper amount of other nutrients, the diet is said to be unbalanced. High calorie food ingredients such as vegetable oils, sugar and alcohol are referred to as

1031:

and animal sources, though many studies and institutions have found that a well-planned vegan or vegetarian diet contains enough high-quality protein to support the protein requirements of both sedentary and active people at all stages of life.

3668:

status, both between and within nations, provide the largest threat to child nutrition in industrialized nations, where social inequality is on the rise. According to UNICEF, children living in the poorest households are twice as likely to be

3489:(comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage. 4026:

The main fuel used by the body during exercise is carbohydrates, which is stored in muscle as glycogen – a form of sugar. During exercise, muscle glycogen reserves can be used up, especially when activities last longer than 90 min.

4152:, though hidden deficiencies, such as those involving micronutrients, are often harder to detect and frequently go unnoticed, especially in community-dwelling seniors. This is generally higher among the elderly, but has different aspects in 4427:

bone health, a calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day is recommended, along with 800 IU/day of vitamin D3 for those with adequate sun exposure, and up to 2000 IU/day for those with limited sun exposure or obesity. However, dietary factors like

3038:

deficiency, leaving vitamin A deficiency considered a silent hunger. According to estimates, subclinical vitamin A deficiency, characterized by low retinol levels, affects 190 million pre-school children and 19 million mothers worldwide.

3442:

prevalent in these nations, with unacceptable rates of iron deficient anemia. The nutritional status of children is further indicated by its high (10%) rate of child wasting. Wasting is a significant problem in Sahelian countries –

1006:

A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A

3996:. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health. The 133:

food supplies, designing nutrition education initiatives, aiding in the development of new food products, and setting guidelines for food labeling. However, the data underpinning these nutrient requirement estimates are often limited.

803:. In industrialized societies, people typically consume large amounts of processed vegetable oils, which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids. 9843: 4263:, and various micronutrient metabolisms. In the elderly, low serum zinc levels have been reported, which weakens the immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and increasing their risk of morbidity. Aging impairs 4081:

Adequate nutrition is essential for the growth of children from infancy right through until adolescence. Some nutrients are specifically required for growth on top of nutrients required for normal body maintenance, in particular

1927:

The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board sets Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (known as ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. ULs are set a safe fraction below amounts shown to cause health problems. ULs are part of

9023: 5782:

as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover

8661:

Ultratrace minerals. Authors: Nielsen, Forrest H. USDA, ARS Source: Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors, Maurice E. Shils ... et al. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, c1999., p. 283-303. Issue Date: 1999 URI:

3092:

may be the first signs that there is cause for concern. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. Among infertile women with amenorrhea or

5715:

aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that "unsuspected dietetic factors", other than calories, protein, and

5388:

and von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading

1680:); for this reason iodine is needed in larger quantities than others in this list, and sometimes classified with the macrominerals; Nowadays it is most easily found in iodized salt, but there are also natural sources such as 273:

in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids can be converted (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as

10717:

W Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington DC, National Academy Press,

10459:

FAO (2012). The state of food insecurity in the world 2012: Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.

1498:, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as 120:

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are scientifically determined levels of essential nutrient intake, deemed sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board to meet the nutritional needs of nearly all healthy individuals.

12990:"Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.)" 4563:) is started within 24 to 48 hours of admission with feeding targets increased every week. The risk of aspiration (inhalation of fluid or food particles while drinking or eating) can be reduced by elevating the head, using 863:, a large carbohydrate polymer that is indigestible by humans, because humans do not have the required enzymes to break it down, and the human digestive system does not harbor enough of the types of microbes that can do so. 5470:, who also had beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. His assistant, 1141: 3547:

are all projected to meet minimum nutrition goals, with OPT, Syrian AR, and Tunisia the fastest improving regions. This region demonstrates that undernutrition does not always improve with economic prosperity, where the

3019:

Vitamins and minerals are essential to the proper functioning and maintenance of the human body. There are 20 trace elements and minerals that are essential in small quantities to body function and overall human health.

1087:. However, the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source. The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the 129:

extensively detailed by the chair of the first Committee on Recommended Dietary Allowances (Roberts, 1958). Over the years, the RDAs have been periodically updated, with the current version being the tenth edition.

5003:, who recognized and was concerned with obesity, which may have been common in southern Europe at the time, said, "Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food." The works that are still attributed to him, 208:(needed in small quantities). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients, and provide energy. Water and fiber are macronutrients, but do not provide energy. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins. 1506:

shells). Some are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most well-known is likely iodine in

326:

depending on the number of monomer (sugar) units they contain. They are a diverse group of substances, with a range of chemical, physical and physiological properties. They make up a large part of foods such as

3003:(BMI) greater than 30. Rates of overweight and obesity vary across the globe, with the highest prevalence in the Americas, followed by European nations, where over 50% of the population is overweight or obese. 15441: 2737:

and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria are essential for metabolizing food substrates and thereby increasing energy output, and produce a great variety of metabolites, including vitamins and

3161:

According to UNICEF, South Asia has the highest levels of underweight children under five, followed by sub-Saharan Africans nations, with Industrialized countries and Latin nations having the lowest rates.

2935:

Stunting and other forms of undernutrition reduces a child's chance of survival and hinders their optimal growth and health. Stunting has demonstrated association with poor brain development, which reduces

1812:, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not "essential" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different 3333:

The Eastern and Southern African nations have shown no improvement since 1990 in the rate of underweight children under five. They have also made no progress in halving hunger by 2015, the most prevalent

739:

Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are

10500:

IBRD, World Bank (2012). Global Monitoring Report 2012: Food prices, nutrition, and the Millennium Development Goals. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)/World Bank, Washington,

265:

in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing

211:

The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built), and

10557:"National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants" 4439:, and high sodium can impair calcium absorption and retention, underscoring the need to maintain sufficient levels of both calcium and vitamin D3 through diet or supplementation to reduce the risk of 12106:"Advancing Nutrition Education, Training, and Research for Medical Students, Residents, Fellows, Attending Physicians, and Other Clinicians: Building Competencies and Interdisciplinary Coordination" 14207:

Dariush Mozaffarian, Irwin Rosenberg Ricardo Uauy (13 June 2018): History of modern nutrition science—implications for current research, dietary guidelines, and food policy. In: BMJ 2018; 361 doi:

4371:, about 6% of elderly Americans over 70 are severely deficient in vitamin B12, and more than 20% of those over 60 are mildly deficient. This deficiency is often due to insufficient food intake and 3871:

Governmental organisations have been working on nutrition literacy interventions in non-primary health care settings to address the nutrition information problem in the U.S. Some programs include:

3127:(USDA). The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment further delineating priorities for the region. 5156:

to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of

4824:

are primary technologies used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include

9873:

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. (2007). "Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis".

3378:, the wealthiest nation in this region, has the second-lowest proportion of underweight children at 12%, but has been steadily increasing in underweight prevalence since 1995. Almost half of 3262: 2879:

defines undernutrition "as the outcome of insufficient food intake (hunger) and repeated infectious diseases. Undernutrition includes being underweight for one's age, too short for one's age

1874:

Excess levels of some vitamins are also dangerous to health. The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine has established Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for seven vitamins.

7435: 3988:

universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in

3190:

children in the world- at 4%. Proper prenatal nutrition is responsible for this small prevalence of low birthweight infants. However, low birthweight rates are increasing, due to the use of

4872:, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids. 8416:

Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended Dietary Allowances, revised 1945. National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series, No. 122, 1945 (Aug), pp. 3–18.

5814:, and in 1932 proved that it is vitamin C by preventing scurvy. In 1935 he synthesized it, and in 1937 won a Nobel Prize for his efforts. Szent-Györgyi concurrently elucidated much of the 4486:

survey found that anemia affects 10.2% of women and 11% of men over 65, with prevalence increasing with age. Low iron levels not only decrease quality of life but are also associated with

10484: 3300:, considering the rate has decreased from 53% since 1990, however, a 1.7% decrease of underweight prevalence per year will not be sufficient to meet the 2015 goal. Some nations, such as 9015: 8295: 3114:

found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of

13368: 13253:

Skiadas, P., & Lascaratos, J. (2001). Dietetics in ancient Greek philosophy: Plato's concepts of healthy diet. Published Online: 14 June 2001; | doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601179, 55(7).

11719: 10184:

Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. (June 2012). "Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000".

13223: 4144:, and physical decline, which adversely impacts daily activities and overall quality of life. This condition is common among the elderly and can also contribute to the development of 11344:. Prepared by RTI International – University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center. Publication Number 11-E006. Rockville, MD. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 5119:: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of 4887:

among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of those affected were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by

227:

For all age groups, males on average need to consume higher amounts of macronutrients than females. In general, intakes increase with age until the second or third decade of life.

5046:, dated to the second century BC, contains a description of a comparison in health of captured people following Jewish dietary laws versus the diet of the soldiers of the king of 3470: 3374:

has made remarkable achievements in reducing underweight prevalence, dropping 4% in 4 years, despite its place as the second leader in HIV prevalence amongst adults in the globe.

7216:

Crapo P, Kolterman, Waldeck, Reaven, Olefsky (1980). "Postprandial hormonal responses to different types of complex carbohydrate in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance".

4423:

by decreasing intestinal absorption of calcium. As kidney function declines with age, the conversion of vitamin D3 to its active form is impaired, exacerbating the deficiency.

1148: 799:(LA) in the human body, or can be taken in directly through food. An appropriately balanced intake of omega-3 and omega-6 partly determines the relative production of different 2967:

of halving hunger between 1990 and 2015. The global financial, economic, and food price crisis in 2008 drove many people to hunger, especially women and children. The spike in

1494:. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned – including several 6646: 4339:, which includes eight water-soluble vitamins, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular function and preventing brain atrophy. Among the elderly, deficiencies in vitamins 11529: 4856:

Heating techniques may also reduce the content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances.

2823:

6.9 million children died of infectious diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and neonatal conditions, of which at least one third were associated with undernutrition.

278:. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can be produced internally; the remaining amino acids are discarded, primarily as urea in urine. This occurs naturally when 13783:

Carpenter's table gives the year each vitamin was proposed, the year isolated (shown here), the year the structure was determined, and the year that synthesis was achieved.

4192:

adequate nutrient intake is essential for health, quality of life, and overall well-being in older age, and it plays a crucial role in healthy aging as defined by the WHO.

1083:

Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that six to eight glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper

1915:

The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board sets Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals. EARs and RDAs are part of

10480:

UNSCN (2009). Global financial and economic crisis – The most vulnerable are at increased risk of hunger and malnutrition. United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition.

4529:

levels. Iron deficiency can be managed through an iron-rich diet or supplementation. Severe iron deficiency anemia may require oral iron therapy, typically with 300 mg of

4380:

reasons. For vegetarians, fortified foods can be a viable alternative to ensure adequate vitamin B12 levels, especially when reducing laxative use to improve absorption.

2815:

of death, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Obesity and high sodium intake can contribute to ischemic heart disease, while consumption of fruits and vegetables

9559: 8099:

Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at

401:

The most common plant carbohydrate nutrient – starch – varies in its absorption. Starches have been classified as rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and

13858:"The importance of individual amino-acids in metabolism: Observations on the effect of adding tryptophane to a dietary in which zein is the sole nitrogenous constituent" 3405:

Africa has the highest rate of children under five underweight in the world. Of the countries in this region, the Congo has the lowest rate at 14%, while the nations of

914: – the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines which move contents along the digestive tract. Some soluble and insoluble fibers produce a solution of high 13244:

Garnsey, P. (1999). Food and society in classical antiquity (Key themes in ancient history; Key themes in ancient history). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

10791:

WHO (2009). Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva, World Health Organization.

9614: 7290: 3338:. This is due primarily to the prevalence of famine, declined agricultural productivity, food emergencies, drought, conflict, and increased poverty. This, along with 6253: 11409: 4999:

wrote that food is absorbed by the human body and, therefore, contains "homeomerics" (generative components), suggesting the existence of nutrients. Around 400 BC,

3011:. In several western European nations, the prevalence of overweight and obese children rose by 10% from 1980 to 1990, a rate that has begun to accelerate recently. 1895:

Micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess

10772: 9478: 9583: 8005:"Effects of the resistant starch on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and lipid parameters in overweight or obese adults: a systemic review and meta-analysis" 8532:

Armstrong LE, Pumerantz AC, Roti MW, et al. (2005). "Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption".

4670:(a fast-food counter) in an exceptional state of preservation from 79 in Pompeii, including 2,000-year-old foods available in some of the deep terra cotta jars. 6885: 4232:

evenly distributing 30g of protein throughout the day is recommended to enhance protein turnover and prevent muscle loss. Older adults, particularly those with

3131:

nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and

8066:"Letter announcing decision for a health claim for high-amylose maize starch (containing type-2 resistant starch) and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus" 10153: 7109: 10793: 10240:

UNICEF, WHO, World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint child malnutrition estimates. New York, Geneva & Washington DC, UNICEF, WHO & World Bank, 2012 (

8101: 4019:

The protein requirement for each individual differs, as do opinions about whether and to what extent physically active people require more protein. The 2005

3836: 3246: 9775: 4271:

disrupts zinc balance in the gut and other tissues. This deficiency is primarily due to inadequate dietary zinc intake, compounded by factors such as poor

10258:

Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, et al. (August 2013). "Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries".

14318: 14161: 14186: 11508: 9716: 4958:. Food was classified into "hot" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and "cold" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. 4688:, diets consisted of simple fresh or preserved whole foods that were either locally grown or transported from neighboring areas during times of crisis. 16191: 15436: 11557: 11039:

Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, et al. (January 2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences".

10358:

Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, et al. (January 2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences".

8221: 9533: 15426: 8364: 6792: 4976:(a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result in disease marked by 4559:, energy and protein requirements are calculated to determine the targets of nutritional therapy. Enteral nutrition (administering nutrition using a 3997: 648: 429: 10133: 11589: 8127:

American Dietetic Association, Dietitians Of C (2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets".

4368: 4228: 14004: 12033: 7598: 12197: 11998:

McClave SA, Mechanick JI, Bistrian B, et al. (December 1, 2016). "What is the significance of a physician shortage in nutrition medicine?".

4283:

may impair zinc transporters, leading to decreased zinc absorption as people age. Structural changes in the gut, including altered villus shape,

1820:

activity (see below); experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. Other essential nutrients not classed as vitamins include

1748:

Ultratrace minerals are an as yet unproven aspect of human nutrition, and may be required at amounts measured in very low ranges of μg/day. Many

10838:

WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005: WHO Global database of vitamin A deficiency. Geneva, WHO, 2009.

6855: 1011:

source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. It is possible with

574:-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) 10481: 9746: 4208:, a common issue among older adults. Reduced daily food intake in the elderly often leads to insufficient protein consumption, contributing to 1134: 11663: 10627: 5302:

of food is the source of body heat. Called the most fundamental chemical discovery of the 18th century, Lavoisier discovered the principle of

3258: 3055:

the relationship between early initiation of breast feeding and improved health outcomes has not been formally established, a recent study in

16706: 11681: 4463:

can also result in excessive iron accumulation, further complicating the issue. Age-related anemia may also be linked to increased levels of

13220: 13816: 13438: 13100: 11790: 9507: 8911: 5743:

to label a vital factor in the diet: from the words "vital" and "amine", because these unknown substances preventing scurvy, beriberi, and

4220:, is crucial. A leucine intake of at least 3g per meal, achieved through 25-30g of high-quality protein, is necessary for effective muscle 3266: 5164:, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the 5035:(or the urine of cabbage-eaters) could cure digestive diseases, ulcers, warts, and intoxication. Living about the turn of the millennium, 4627:

developed at different times in different places, starting about 11,500 years ago, providing some cultures with a more abundant supply of

13922: 11844: 10699:

WHO (2001). Iron deficiency anemia: Assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for program managers. Geneva, World Health Organization.

9384: 6140: 5089:

to disagree with the teachings of Galen for 1500 years. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by

13279: 11932: 4588:

or impairment of gastrointestinal functions, and encourage early physical activity to encourage protein synthesis and muscle functions.

3725:

often receive large-scale solution approaches by deploying large governmental and non-governmental organizations. For example, in 1990,

15476: 14057: 11466: 10825: 6085: 5039:, an ancient Roman doctor, believed in "strong" and "weak" foods (bread for example was strong, as were older animals and vegetables). 4122: 3674: 1800:, vitamins are essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin in the presence of 614:). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the 11259: 10315:

Murray CJ, Lopez AD (May 1997). "Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study".

150:

for assessing and planning dietary intakes. The UK's Department of Health introduced these guidelines in 1991 with the publication of

11385: 5027:

and other spices were prescribed for various ailments in various preparations for example mixed with vinegar. In the 2nd century BC,

4275:, oral health issues, medication use that interferes with absorption, and psychosocial factors that limit food intake. Additionally, 4045:

Proper nutrition during pregnancy plays a vital role in the development of the brain, requiring essential nutrients such as specific

13717: 10241: 6650: 3135:

constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

752:—seems also important for health, although definitive experimental demonstration has been elusive. Both of these "omega" long-chain 9618: 5123:: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have 4396:

and reduced mobility, especially among elderly women. Women experience greater bone loss, around 2-3% per year, particularly after

2952:. Often inequality in food access leaves distribution which uneven, resulting in undernourishment for some and obesity for others. 146:(DRVs) represent the nutritional standards set by the United Kingdom's Department of Health and the European Food Safety Authority 11682:"Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes" 11524: 11380: 8073: 3882: 1892:

Undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)

15509: 15481: 14521: 14311: 11312: 10437: 5876:

as a separate, independent science discipline was institutionalized in the 1950s. At the instigation of the British physiologist

5859:

closed down its nutrition department after World War II because the subject seemed to have been completed between 1912 and 1944.

4355:

pmol/L are marginally deficient. A deficiency in these B-vitamins, particularly B6, B12, and folate, is associated with elevated

3947: 3124: 1088: 918:; this is essentially a gel, which slows the movement of food through the intestines. Fermentable fibers are used as food by the 11802: 11434: 8508: 6382: 5707:

energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and

4327:

are beneficial for maintaining adequate zinc levels, though absorption is higher from animal proteins than plant-based sources.

3695:

According to UNICEF, boys and girls have almost identical rates as underweight children under age 5 across the world, except in

3186:, at 14 percent and 3 percent. The nations of Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Lithuania and Sweden have the lowest prevalence of low 16620: 15486: 14802: 13167: 12155: 11480: 11082: 10604: 10433:

IMPROVING CHILD NUTRITION > UNICEF. (April 2013). IMPROVING CHILD NUTRITION: The achievable imperative for global progress.

10401: 10301: 10227: 9694: 9550: 9357: 9053: 8596: 8567: 8042: 6692: 4204:

and certain nutrients actually rises to support normal bodily functions. Deficiencies in specific nutrients are also linked to

4109:

Various feeding challenges can increase the risk of malnutrition in young children. These include individual factors like food

51:

in food that are necessary to support human life and good health. Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty,

14136: 4972:: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, 4879:

in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin

4772: 709: 490: 15544: 15451: 14051: 13916: 13840: 13634: 13591: 13313: 12296: 12181: 10708:

WHO, Centers for Disease Control. Worldwide prevalence of anemia 1993–2005: WHO global database of anemia. Geneva, WHO, 2008.

9456: 9198: 8999: 8945: 8887: 8862: 7940: 7512: 6934: 6831: 6712: 6607: 6305: 6283: 6160: 6145: 4367:. Increased intake of these vitamins can lower homocysteine levels and reduce the risk of these conditions. According to the 3983:. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical 3626:

has seen improvement from 9 to 4 percent underweight under 5 between 1996 and 2004. The prevalence has also decreased in the

162:

population. These categories help to tailor dietary recommendations to different segments of the population, ensuring a more

4744: 681: 462: 382:, are often referred to as 'complex' carbohydrates because they are typically long multiple-branched chains of sugar units. 15534: 14031: 12230:"Importance of Maternal Nutrition in the First 1,000 Days of Life and Its Effects on Child Development: A Narrative Review" 7286: 6740: 14083: 11355: 11337: 11266:. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 7311: 7181:

Crapo P, Reaven, Olefsky (1977). "Postprandial plasma-glucose and -insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates".

4291:

alterations, and increased cell replication time in the crypts, also significantly affect zinc absorption in the elderly.

15491: 15055: 14643: 7251:

Jenkins D, Jenkins, Alexandra L., Wolever, Thomas M.S., et al. (February 1986). "Simple and complex carbohydrates".

5402: 1898:

Overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers).

10847:

Sommer A, West KP Jr. Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival, and vision. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996 p. 19

10769: 9472: 1816:

have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including

394:

to glucose, while, in essence, many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates. The

14559: 14304: 14211: 11537: 11283:"Nutrition Literacy Status and Preferred Nutrition Communications Channels Among Adults in the Lower Mississippi Delta" 9591: 8296:"Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies" 6802: 6187: 4751: 3175: 688: 469: 215:. Some of the structural material can also be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in 11335:

Health and Literacy Intervention Outcomes: an Updated Systematic Review. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment no. 199

10464: 8342: 4404:. This deficiency reduces intestinal calcium absorption, decreases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, and increases 2923:

Those born at low birth weight also are likely to have a depressed immune system, which can increase their chances of

346:

Monosaccharides contain one sugar unit, disaccharides two, and polysaccharides three or more. Monosaccharides include

15549: 15075: 14658: 13192: 12082: 11551:"World Health Organization, European Health Report 2005: Public health action for healthier children and populations" 8382:

Valtin H (2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?".

7008: 5085:

and the three emperors who succeeded him. In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was

4791: 3913: 3312:, on the other hand, have made significant improvements, all decreasing their prevalence by half in ten years. While 2956: 779:(ALA), or taken in through marine food sources, serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins (e.g., weakly 10149: 9408:"How should dietary guidance be given for mineral elements with beneficial actions or suspected of being essential?" 8776:"Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture" 3717:

most nutrition interventions focus on delivery through the health-sector, non-health sector interventions targeting

3688:

In the United States, the incidence of low birthweight is on the rise among all populations, but particularly among

1092:

health. Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent

667: 448: 8105: 6790: 4725: 4679: 4118: 3840: 3406: 3238:

requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance.

238:

Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple

10800: 7101: 6877: 6693:

Institute of Medicine (US) Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes (April 30, 2000).

3552:, for example, despite being a wealthy nation, has similar child death rates due to malnutrition to those seen in 15693: 15192: 14820: 14797: 10768:"Global health risks - Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks". Geneva, WHO, 2009 ( 10690:

WHO. Iron deficiency anemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for program managers. Geneva, WHO, 2001

9768: 6212: 4758: 3863:. The U.S. HHS provides a sample week-long menu that fulfills the nutritional recommendations of the government. 3613:

This region has undergone the fastest progress in decreasing poor nutrition status of children in the world. The

3065: 695: 476: 11410:"Members of U.S. Senate agriculture panel spar with Vilsack over USDA spending, response • Missouri Independent" 11000:"Experiences and challenges in industrialized countries: control of iron deficiency in industrialized countries" 15647: 15466: 15416: 15228: 15125: 14886: 14787: 14700: 10852: 8725:"Plasma Lithium Levels in a General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Metabolic and Dietary Correlates" 6951: 6192: 6175: 5099: 4891:) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C. 4729: 3956: 3532: 1933: 1093: 14158: 11257:

Technical Report and Data File User's Manual for the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NCES 2009–47)

10174:

WHO. World health statistics 2013: a wealth of information on global public health. Geneva, WHO, 2013. pp. 5-7

9917: 7369:"A review of structural transformations and properties changes in starches during thermal processing of foods" 343:-based products, but they are not an essential nutrient, meaning a human does not need to eat carbohydrates. 16065: 15659: 15299: 15070: 14488: 14270: 14183: 11505: 10988:

WHO. Report of the expert consultation on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Geneva, WHO, 2001.

9708: 7324:

Englyst K, Liu S, Englyst H (2007). "Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates".

6207: 5768: 4020: 3939: 1524: 1454: 957:

Proteins are chains of amino acids found in many nutritious foods. Pictured above is a computer rendering of

11550: 10946:

Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, et al. (July 2003). "How many child deaths can we prevent this year?".

10482:

http://www.unscn.org/en/publications/nutrition_briefs/#Nutrition_impacts_of_global_food_and_financial_crises

9982:"Roadmap to functional characterization of the human intestinal microbiota in its interaction with the host" 8676:"Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification" 8213: 5443:

discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood

5341:

were recognized as the primary components of food, and methods to measure their proportions were developed.

4875:

A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of

4740: 4416:

deficiency, common in older adults due to reduced skin synthesis and limited sun exposure, further disrupts

677: 458: 15164: 14891: 11333:

Berkman N.D., Sheridan, S.L., Donahue, K.E., Halpern, D.J., Viera, A., Crotty, K., Viswanathan, M. (2011).

9531: 8823:

Zoroddu MA, Aaseth J, Crisponi G, et al. (2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview".

8368: 7030: 6808: 6202: 6197: 6170: 6165: 3713: 3156: 3027:

reproductive age and approximately 600 million preschool and school-age children worldwide who are anemic.

2964: 2657: 13908:

Comprehensive Biochemistry: Selected Topics in the History of Biochemistry: Personal Recollections, Part 1

10129:

WHO (2013). Global Nutrition Policy. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva, World Health Organization.

16630: 16610: 15742: 15311: 15204: 15115: 14928: 14916: 14825: 14514: 11582: 10130: 9257:"Assessment of Japanese iodine intake based on seaweed consumption in Japan: A literature-based analysis" 6741:"Approaches to setting dietary reference values for micronutrients, and translation into recommendations" 5799: 5287: 4969: 3335: 2806:

The challenges facing global nutrition are disease, child malnutrition, obesity, and vitamin deficiency.

1580:. Food sources include cheese, egg yolk, milk, meat, fish, poultry, whole-grain cereals, and many others. 12068:

The International & American Associations of Clinical Nutritionist, 2014, Retrieved 14 December 2014

16747: 16640: 16125: 16095: 15381: 15306: 15211: 14747: 14378: 14284: 13997: 12037: 6647:"Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving maternal, newborn, infant and young child health and nutrition" 6078: 6011: 3756: 2888: 2832: 2581: 12884: 12530:"Participant Assessment of an Alternative Flexible Congregate Nutrition Meal Program for Older Adults" 12201: 8968: 7586: 4148:

syndromes. In older adults, malnutrition is typically indicated by unintentional weight loss or a low

3568:

and Pacific region has reached its goals on nutrition, in part due to the improvements contributed by

784: 16727: 15503: 15498: 15366: 15065: 14772: 14730: 14694: 14601: 14327: 11662:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. 7957: 7368: 5708: 5094: 4534: 4475: 4184: 3462: – where rates fall between 11% and 19% of under fives, affecting more than 1 million children. 1904: 1023:

There is an ongoing debate about the differences in nutritional quality and adequacy of protein from

787:(DGLA) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins (e.g. anti-inflammatory PGE1), whereas 656: 437: 395: 20: 14032:

Subcommittee on Vitamin Tolerance, Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council (1987).

11656: 10631: 9738: 8518: 6847: 3269:

provides a sample week-long menu which fulfills the nutritional recommendations of the government.

16742: 16615: 15341: 15040: 14752: 14648: 10730:"Iron deficiency anemia in infancy: long-lasting effects on auditory and visual system functioning" 7250: 5161: 5148:

was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist

4919:

made mention of scientific research on nutrition. The first recorded dietary advice, carved into a

4816:

that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature.

4660: 4580:) should be started when enteral nutrition is not possible or sufficient or in high-risk subjects. 4471: 3898: 3722: 2995: 2842:

malnutrition, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent treatment. According to estimations at

1949:

because they displace from the diet foods that also contain protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber.

1929: 1916: 1733: 999: 757: 579: 137: 12823:"Dietary Vitamin B Complex: Orchestration in Human Nutrition throughout Life with Sex Differences" 1621:

Many elements are required in smaller amounts (microgram quantities), usually because they play a

1612:

demonstrated from studies showing that a reduction of table salt intake may reduce blood pressure.

1080:

in the exhaled breath. Therefore, it is necessary to adequately rehydrate to replace lost fluids.

1016:

amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called

979:

Proteins are the basis of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair) and form the

16737: 16655: 15986: 15958: 15612: 15539: 15371: 12592:"Nutritional Interventions for Elderly and Considerations for the Development of Geriatric Foods" 12172:(2008). "Utilization of Proteins in Energy Metabolism". In Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell (ed.). 9847: 7682: 5729: 5169: 5090: 4718: 4036: 3979:, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan through 2999:

has doubled worldwide between 1980 and 2008. Also 10% of men and 14% of women were obese, with a

2782: 2739: 2401: 1676:, but probably, for other important organs as breast, stomach, salivary glands, thymus etc. (see 1487: 652: 433: 143: 13786: 12061: 9499: 8903: 5807: 3677:

and whose mothers have the least education demonstrate the highest rates of child mortality and

3226:

New York National Guard Assisting Volunteers packing turkeys for families facing food insecurity

3139:

specific interventions in non-primary care settings in order to achieve better health outcomes.

546:

depending on the chemical structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the

16625: 16055: 15867: 15635: 15607: 15386: 15110: 14596: 14507: 13435: 6155: 6150: 6135: 6001: 5986: 5431:

observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed

4911:

lived in about 400 BC, and Galen and the understanding of nutrition followed him for centuries.

4360: 3813: 3277: 3222: 3008: 3007:

statistic as an indicator for later development of obesity and non-infectious diseases such as

2589: 2397: 2379: 2357: 2122: 2100: 2081: 2044: 2025: 2002: 1808:, but humans cannot.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as 1563: 923: 13906: 13583: 13576: 13264: 11816: 11156:

Stewart DE, Robinson E, Goldbloom DS, et al. (1990). "Infertility and eating disorders".

8475: 3929: 16732: 16683: 16533: 16141: 16085: 16017: 15846: 15592: 15376: 14911: 14812: 14705: 14554: 14413: 14338: 13660: 13161: 12149: 11929: 11076: 10598: 10395: 10295: 10221: 9688: 9351: 8561: 6071: 5969: 5181: 4805: 4765: 4393: 4157: 4087: 2434: 772: 702: 627: 483: 270: 262: 14033: 6791:

World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2004).

5368:

in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In 1840,

4946:, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of 3975:

qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is

926:

and other metabolites, including vitamins, hormones, and glucose. One of these metabolites,

16563: 16538: 16171: 16070: 15877: 15813: 15567: 15351: 15216: 15182: 15130: 14955: 14950: 14896: 14852: 14742: 14680: 14569: 14564: 14428: 14408: 13232: 13125: 10657: 9134:"A Meta-Analysis of Effect of Dietary Salt Restriction on Blood Pressure in Chinese Adults" 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 7541: 6333: 6098: 6053: 5881: 5856: 5826: 5822: 5303: 5283: 4932: 4573: 4495: 4474:

of iron for both men and women is 8 mg, with an upper limit of 45 mg/day. According to the

4389: 4240:, may require higher protein intake, ranging from 1.2 to 1.5g/kg per day, due to a reduced 4213: 3972: 3748: 3549: 3540: 3249:. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of a 3132: 3110:

Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower

3080: 2816: 2778: 2243: 2032: 1829: 1821: 1653: 1535: 993: 776: 741: 13946:"Feeding Experiments Illustrating the Importance of Accessory Factors in Normal Dietaries" 11256: 9371:

Nielsen FH (1998). "Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation".

8164:"Dietary Protein Sources and Muscle Mass over the Life Course: The Lifelines Cohort Study" 5345: 3879:

stretch their food dollar and form healthful eating habits including nutrition education.

983:

that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of

8: 16568: 16035: 15686: 15577: 15572: 15346: 15145: 15135: 14970: 14579: 14478: 14443: 14363: 13686: 13116:

Villa P, Bouville C, Courtin J, et al. (July 1986). "Cannibalism in the neolithic".

7620:

Murphy M, Douglass J, Birkett A (2008). "Resistant starch intakes in the United States".

5868: 5842: 5385: 5209: 4685: 4556: 4440: 4405: 4401: 3925: 3843:. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of 3769: 3478: 3195: 3085: 2455: 2009: 1542:; it also forms compounds with a wide range of solubility, enabling the formation of the 1460: 1012: 663: 444: 16689: 13129: 10661: 8460: 7545: 6337: 5115:(earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the 16752: 16503: 16209: 15978: 15950: 15882: 15818: 15199: 14782: 14631: 13970: 13945: 13882: 13857: 13548: 13521: 13149: 13076: 13027: 12965: 12944: 12917: 12857: 12822: 12795: 12762: 12738: 12705: 12678: 12643: 12616: 12478: 12443: 12412: 12378:"Young Child Nutrition: Knowledge and Surveillance Gaps across the Spectrum of Feeding" 12377: 12348: 12313: 12264: 12229: 12132: 12105: 11975: 11950: 11902: 11867: 11773: 11706: 11632: 11607: 11299: 11233: 11200: 11133: 11100: 11064: 10971: 10746: 10729: 10673: 10581: 10556: 10383: 10340: 10283: 10209: 10105: 10057: 10030: 10011: 9820: 9793: 9342: 9307: 9283: 9256: 9232: 9215: 9166: 9133: 9109: 9076: 8800: 8775: 8751: 8724: 8700: 8675: 8639: 8614: 8500: 8449: 8334: 8271: 8244: 8190: 8163: 8065: 8029: 7985: 7908: 7873: 7816: 7783: 7756: 7731: 7707: 7562: 7529: 7485: 7388: 7349: 7264: 7148: 6982: 5996: 5954: 5949: 5893: 5721: 5463: 5005: 4973: 4550: 4467:, a hormone that reduces iron absorption in the intestine, leading to low iron levels. 4417: 4201: 4083: 4050: 3876: 3875:

program. The FNP has developed a series of tools to help families participating in the

3627: 3387: 3235: 2679: 2667:

compounds from plants confer health benefits, mainly because these compounds have poor

2521: 2487: 2451: 2446: 2371: 2363: 2352: 2330: 2314: 2211: 2153: 2052: 1749: 1737: 1450: 966: 931: 749: 398:

recommends that added sugars should represent no more than 10% of total energy intake.

48: 13409: 13384: 12607: 11761: 11282: 11052: 10959: 10572: 10434: 10371: 10328: 10271: 10197: 10093: 9016:"Overview of Disorders of Phosphate Concentration - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders" 7312:"WHO Technical Report Series. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases." 6345: 5892:. From the 1970s to the 1990s, attention was put on diet-related chronic diseases and 3523:

consume iodized salt. Iraq has also seen an increase in child underweight since 1990.

136:

The nutritional requirements system adopted by the United States and Canada refers to

16699: 16573: 16528: 16422: 15361: 15356: 15284: 15233: 15007: 14987: 14975: 14935: 14906: 14874: 14792: 14685: 14653: 14549: 14468: 14393: 14358: 14348: 14250: 14128: 14047: 13975: 13912: 13887: 13836: 13808: 13709: 13630: 13587: 13553: 13309: 13188: 13141: 13068: 13019: 13011: 12970: 12922: 12904: 12862: 12844: 12800: 12782: 12743: 12725: 12683: 12665: 12621: 12559: 12551: 12514: 12483: 12465: 12417: 12399: 12353: 12335: 12292: 12269: 12251: 12177: 12169: 12137: 12015: 11980: 11907: 11889: 11836: 11765: 11711: 11637: 11460: 11441: 11304: 11238: 11220: 11181: 11173: 11169: 11138: 11120: 11056: 11021: 10963: 10928: 10887: 10848: 10819: 10770:

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf

10751: 10586: 10537: 10375: 10332: 10275: 10201: 10097: 10062: 10015: 10003: 9962: 9890: 9825: 9676: 9452: 9429: 9388: 9329: 9288: 9237: 9194: 9171: 9153: 9114: 9096: 8995: 8941: 8935: 8883: 8858: 8805: 8756: 8705: 8644: 8549: 8477: 8399: 8326: 8276: 8195: 8144: 8034: 7989: 7977: 7958:"Butyrate generated by gut microbiota and its therapeutic role in metabolic syndrome" 7936: 7913: 7895: 7848: 7821: 7803: 7761: 7712: 7637: 7567: 7508: 7427: 7392: 7341: 7268: 7233: 7198: 7152: 7083: 6974: 6930: 6827: 6798: 6768: 6760: 6718: 6708: 6603: 6374: 6349: 6301: 6294: 6279: 5815: 5759:(in 1915; later identified as a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named 5602: 5390: 5369: 5307: 5295: 5279: 5149: 5116: 5112: 5014: 4852: 4618: 4487: 4336: 4312: 4241: 4221: 4205: 4169: 4153: 4070: 3935: 3785: 3726: 3682: 3111: 2937: 2836: 2269: 2224: 2197: 2062: 2021: 1998: 1677: 1629:. Some trace mineral elements (RDA < 200 mg/day) are, in alphabetical order: 1499: 1483: 16693: 15671: 13153: 12900: 11777: 11504:

UN (2011b). The Millennium Development Goals report 2011. New York, United Nations.

10975: 10677: 10287: 10213: 10109: 9045: 8836: 8593: 8504: 8453: 8338: 7489: 5849:

discovered the chemical structure of vitamin E. It was synthesised the same year by

5360:

died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived – identifying

4533:

containing 60 mg of elemental iron. For those who do not respond to oral treatment,

3831:

In the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the

3642:. Chile has a rate of underweight under 5, at merely 1%. The most populous nations, 16523: 16430: 16214: 16146: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16060: 16050: 15996: 15991: 15872: 15862: 15833: 15797: 15722: 15526: 15279: 15238: 15050: 15025: 14837: 14767: 14611: 14453: 14368: 14240: 14118: 14106: 14039: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13798: 13701: 13543: 13533: 13404: 13396: 13133: 13080: 13058: 13031: 13001: 12960: 12952: 12912: 12896: 12852: 12834: 12790: 12774: 12733: 12717: 12673: 12655: 12611: 12603: 12541: 12510: 12473: 12455: 12407: 12389: 12343: 12325: 12259: 12241: 12127: 12117: 12007: 11970: 11962: 11897: 11879: 11828: 11757: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11627: 11619: 11294: 11228: 11212: 11165: 11128: 11112: 11068: 11048: 11011: 10955: 10918: 10877: 10741: 10665: 10576: 10568: 10527: 10387: 10367: 10344: 10324: 10267: 10193: 10089: 10052: 10042: 9993: 9952: 9882: 9815: 9805: 9666: 9656: 9424: 9419: 9407: 9380: 9337: 9319: 9278: 9268: 9227: 9161: 9145: 9104: 9088: 8832: 8795: 8787: 8746: 8736: 8695: 8687: 8634: 8626: 8541: 8492: 8439: 8391: 8318: 8310: 8266: 8256: 8185: 8175: 8136: 8024: 8016: 7969: 7903: 7885: 7811: 7795: 7751: 7743: 7702: 7694: 7629: 7557: 7549: 7505:

Chapter 4: Resistant Starch and Health. In Technology of Functional Cereal Products

7475: 7419: 7380: 7353: 7333: 7260: 7225: 7190: 7140: 7073: 6986: 6966: 6752: 6700: 6341: 5764: 5647: 5201: 5157: 4968:. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements ( 4564: 4165: 4014: 3852: 3076: 2915: 2630: 2438: 1868: 1729: 1709: 1657: 1463: 1084: 1008: 974: 879: 867: 788: 587: 402: 189: 96: 12706:"Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly" 12546: 12529: 11868:"Health education and global health: Practices, applications, and future research" 10516:"A life course approach to diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases" 8384:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

8314: 7384: 7314:

Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation; Geneva 2003. Retrieved 7 March 2011

5787:

as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it "food factor X" until 1925.

3772:

in 2010 as a road map encouraging the coherence of stakeholders like governments,

744:

and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—

16234: 16151: 16080: 16075: 15930: 15897: 15841: 15587: 15289: 15092: 15085: 15020: 14960: 14832: 14762: 14735: 14720: 14675: 14665: 14616: 14403: 14343: 14215: 14190: 14165: 13442: 13227: 13182: 13137: 13104: 12065: 11936: 11533: 11512: 11341: 11263: 10776: 10488: 10468: 10441: 10137: 9957: 9940: 9537: 9308:"Analysis of iodine content in seaweed by GC-ECD and estimation of iodine intake" 9149: 8600: 7935:(Ninth Edition, Volume I ed.). Washington DC: ILSI Press. pp. 102–110. 6300:. Readings from Scientific American. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co. 1978. 6048: 6038: 6016: 5846: 5775: 5717: 5428: 5416: 5082: 5066:(1st century) created the first coherent (although mistaken) theory of nutrition. 4697: 4614: 4530: 4451: 4409: 4268: 4252: 4237: 4149: 4066: 3993: 3777: 3191: 3023: 3000: 2786: 2766: 2668: 2147: 2107: 1597: 1432: 1017: 970: 942: 775:(EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid 753: 615: 594:, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules. 543: 538:(three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as 275: 243: 239: 125: 14079: 11116: 10882: 10865: 9941:"A clinician's primer on the role of the microbiome in human health and disease" 8444: 8427: 7656: 7407: 7194: 7144: 6668: 5845:

showed that work and school performance are related to caloric intake. In 1938,

4923:

stone tablet in about 2500 BC, cautioned those with pain inside to avoid eating

3650:, mostly have relatively low rates of underweight under 5, with only 6% and 8%. 16673: 16635: 16358: 16219: 15968: 15963: 15679: 15274: 15060: 14997: 14982: 14965: 14923: 14725: 14606: 13063: 13046: 11832: 11748:

Nabarro D (August 2013). "Global child and maternal nutrition--the SUN rises".

11334: 9998: 9981: 9661: 9644: 9324: 8791: 8395: 7973: 7840: 7747: 7633: 7423: 6058: 5834: 5830: 5748: 5440: 5406: 5325:

as necessary for the survival of fowl. In the early 19th century, the elements

5318: 5236: 5177: 5043: 5028: 4943: 4860: 4848: 4837: 4825: 4538: 4525:

use in the elderly, often for cardiovascular disease, is linked to lower serum

4499: 4188: 4181:

may be necessary when diet alone does not meet age-specific nutritional needs.

4174: 4137: 4095: 3906: 3886: 3678: 3614: 3402: 3212: 3179: 3115: 3094: 2949: 2884: 2880: 2871: 2859: 2730: 2726: 2605: 1813: 1041: 807:

DGLA). The conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme

323: 315: 205: 201: 13578:

Eat, Drink, and be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide To Healthy Eating

13098: 12956: 12721: 12122: 12079:"FAQs about CNS Certification – Certification Board for Nutrition Specialists" 10669: 8691: 8261: 8057: 8020: 7799: 7698: 6756: 4513:

enhances it. However, the interaction between iron and vitamin C can generate

3855:. The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the 3721:, water and sanitation, and education are important as well. Global nutrition 997:(an animal cannot produce them internally so they must be eaten) and some are 16721: 16348: 16308: 16298: 16244: 16161: 16045: 15925: 15920: 15907: 15823: 15582: 15461: 15269: 15243: 15120: 15080: 15045: 15035: 15015: 14757: 14715: 14690: 14638: 14626: 14621: 14530: 14463: 14418: 14398: 14123: 13803: 13400: 13015: 13006: 12989: 12908: 12848: 12786: 12729: 12669: 12591: 12555: 12469: 12403: 12339: 12255: 12011: 11966: 11893: 11884: 11224: 11177: 11124: 9392: 9333: 9157: 9100: 8496: 7899: 7807: 7229: 7078: 7061: 6922: 6764: 6602:

Progress for Children: A Report Card on Nutrition (No. 4), UNICEF, May 2006,

6375:"human nutrition | Importance, Essential Nutrients, Food Groups, & Facts" 6217: 6130: 6118: 6103: 5959: 5811: 5725: 5696: 5491: 5471: 5467: 5455: 5365: 5275: 5128: 4952:

developed, a spirit or "wind" similar to what Western Europeans later called

4936: 4888: 4829: 4809: 4568: 4518: 4514: 4460: 4375:

caused by degenerative digestive conditions, as indicated by elevated plasma

4372: 4324: 4284: 4260: 4233: 4178: 3817: 3781: 3739:

received therapeutic nutrition feeding programs through the collaboration of

3665: 3281: 3152: 2981: 2945: 2924: 2683: 2651: 2639: 2585: 2559: 2547: 2483: 2143: 2130: 2069: 1972: 1946: 1852: 1801: 1109: 1028: 828: 800: 796: 795:(e.g. pro-inflammatory PGE 2). Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 792: 765: 583: 575: 551: 539: 286: 235:

nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body, and must be obtained from food.

212: 185: 152:

Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom

84: 52: 14296: 13538: 11016: 10999: 9092: 8848: 8846: 8630: 8545: 8140: 8004: 7337: 6970: 6263: 5223: 4859:

Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often enriched or

4267:

function, particularly due to zinc deficiency, and the reduced synthesis of

3885:(ENFEP) is a unique program that currently operates in all 50 states and in 3386:, they account for almost one-third of the underweight under five in all of 2785:

to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by

2642:

foods because other than calories, these contribute no essential nutrients.

16090: 16040: 15935: 15706: 15602: 15030: 14879: 14869: 14847: 14777: 14670: 14584: 14473: 14448: 14423: 14383: 14254: 14245: 14228: 14132: 13979: 13891: 13812: 13557: 13145: 13072: 13023: 12974: 12926: 12866: 12804: 12747: 12687: 12625: 12563: 12487: 12421: 12357: 12273: 12141: 12019: 11984: 11911: 11840: 11769: 11715: 11641: 11308: 11242: 11142: 11060: 11025: 10967: 10932: 10755: 10590: 10541: 10461: 10379: 10279: 10205: 10101: 10066: 10007: 9966: 9894: 9886: 9829: 9680: 9292: 9273: 9241: 9175: 9118: 8809: 8760: 8709: 8648: 8553: 8403: 8330: 8280: 8199: 8148: 8038: 7981: 7917: 7890: 7852: 7825: 7765: 7716: 7641: 7587:"Dietary fibre, non-starch polysaccharides and resistant starch - a review" 7571: 7507:. Boca Raton, FL: Woodhead Publishing Ltd - CRC Press LLC. pp. 63–85. 7431: 7345: 7087: 6978: 6772: 6722: 6353: 6239: 6234: 5937: 5862: 5736: 5576: 5349: 5256: 5185: 5024: 4667: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4560: 4356: 4133: 4099: 3984: 3602: 3502: 3443: 3438: 3375: 3098:

irregularities, women with anorexia nervosa are still achieving pregnancy.

2919: 2855: 2772: 2722: 2551: 2542: 2526: 2499: 2475: 2471: 2442: 2430: 2417: 2405: 2309: 2253: 1952: 1883: 1848: 1609: 1508: 1114: 1077: 938: 834: 780: 611: 591: 547: 535: 319: 298: 285:

The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of

247: 163: 64: 14229:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet" 13705: 12078: 11623: 11506:

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/statistics/mdg-report-2011.html

11185: 10923: 10906: 10891: 10336: 9433: 9385:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1998)11:2/3<251::AID-JTRA15>3.0.CO;2-Q

8126: 7272: 7237: 7000: 5278:, inside a rubber suit fitted with a tube sealed to his mouth with putty, 5103:, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily 4691: 16703: 16462: 16186: 16176: 16012: 15767: 15597: 15294: 14992: 14901: 14864: 14483: 13713: 13459:. Cambridge, Mass.: The Riverside Press (Houghton Mifflin). pp. 8–9. 12778: 12246: 11605: 9810: 9474:

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins

8843: 7202: 5913: 5885: 5877: 5850: 5803: 5684: 5197: 5000: 4916: 4908: 4821: 4624: 4577: 4420: 4340: 4320: 4316: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4091: 4000:

offers board certification for physicians practicing nutrition medicine.

3902: 3789: 3718: 3670: 3498: 3398: 3301: 3241:

Nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the

3187: 3148: 2968: 2530: 2517: 2505: 2390: 2293: 2261: 2112: 2057: 1980: 1817: 1637: 1593: 1567: 1491: 1069: 984: 911: 555: 387: 266: 76: 68: 32: 13522:"Evolution of Clinical Research: A History Before and Beyond James Lind" 13303: 12289:

Food and Nutrition: Food and Health Systems in Australia and New Zealand

8322: 8162:

Alexandrov NV, Eelderink C, Singh-Povel CM, et al. (October 2018).

5829:, necessary protein components that the body cannot synthesize. In 1935 4904: 4505:

Dietary components significantly influence iron absorption; tannins and

3198:

are rising throughout the industrialized world, particularly in Europe.

2610: 16558: 16548: 16438: 16414: 16373: 16343: 16328: 16293: 16275: 16181: 16115: 15223: 14945: 14458: 12839: 12660: 12644:"Protein Source and Muscle Health in Older Adults: A Literature Review" 12460: 12444:"Malnutrition in Older Adults—Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges" 12394: 12330: 11606:

Van de Poel E, Hosseinpoor AR, Speybroeck N, et al. (April 2008).

10532: 10515: 10047: 8741: 8476:

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2010).

8428:"Understanding fluid consumption patterns to improve healthy hydration" 8180: 7553: 6878:"National Nutrition Survey: Nutrient Intakes and Physical Measurements" 6324:

Willett WC, Stampfer MJ (January 2003). "Rebuilding the food pyramid".

5991: 5784: 5712: 5700: 5568: 5561: 5551: 5394: 5381: 5377: 5311: 5267:

within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932.

5248: 5232: 5193: 5153: 5145: 5020: 5010: 4996: 4981: 4899: 4813: 4732: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4628: 4585: 4506: 4482:

levels below 12 g/dl in women and 13 mg/dl in men indicate anemia. The

4479: 4413: 4344: 4256: 4209: 4145: 3894: 3825: 3696: 3689: 3455: 3355: 3305: 3292: 3089: 2989: 2672: 2663: 2343: 2230: 2178: 1985: 1864: 1856: 1719: 1705: 1693: 1596:, found in most foods and manufactured consumer products, typically as 1573: 919: 808: 761: 666:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

578:. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as 527: 447:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

391: 374:, for instance, is used as table sugar. Polysaccharides, which include 251: 14184:

50 Jahre Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft in Gießen – Ein Rückblick

13573: 11216: 10131:

http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/84408/1/9789241505529_eng.pdf

9671: 7480: 7463: 7215: 3751:, and 24 NGOs utilizing community and facility based feeding schemes. 3263:

United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry

2743:

epigenetic regulation and defending against some infectious diseases.

16650: 16543: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16401: 16368: 16323: 16313: 16252: 16229: 16224: 16166: 16156: 16120: 15757: 15737: 15321: 15140: 14710: 14591: 14438: 14433: 14373: 14353: 13262: 12943:

Fairweather-Tait SJ, Wawer AA, Gillings R, et al. (March 2014).

12942: 12291:(3rd ed.). NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. pp. 429–441. 11817:"Evaluating Food Stamp Nutrition Education: Issues and Opportunities" 8992:

Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology

8594:"FAO Corporate Document Repository. Food Balance Sheets- A Handbook." 6229: 6108: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6006: 5964: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5668: 5657: 5586: 5572: 5535: 5524: 5299: 5270: 5264: 5205: 5189: 5165: 5132: 4876: 4865: 4844: 4656: 4510: 4397: 4141: 4136:

in older adults is a significant health concern, linked to increased

4110: 3968: 3848: 3651: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3565: 3379: 3359: 3309: 3254: 3230: 3120: 3034: 2900: 2734: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2577: 2512: 2494: 2459: 2338: 2322: 2300: 2279: 2207: 2169: 2138: 2088: 1919:. The DRI documents describe nutrient deficiency signs and symptoms. 1809: 1805: 1797: 1699: 1622: 1605: 1583: 1577: 1559: 958: 915: 860: 607: 567: 355: 24: 14227:

Reynolds D, Caminiti J, Edmundson S, et al. (October 6, 2022).

14208: 13855: 10628:"WHO (2011a). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010" 8965:"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, SR26, 2013" 8663: 7956:

Bridgeman SC, Northrop W, Melton PE, et al. (October 1, 2020).

7530:"Fat, fibre and cancer risk in African Americans and rural Africans" 6927:

Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health

4707: 3211:

In the United States, 2% of children are underweight, with under 1%

930:, is important as an energy source for colon cells, and may improve 16578: 16513: 16508: 16406: 16378: 16303: 16288: 16201: 15912: 15792: 15187: 14940: 14574: 14544: 12988:

McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. (February 2016).

12703: 10080:

Guarner F, Malagelada J (2003). "Gut flora in health and disease".

9909: 9791: 9615:"The Big T: How Your Lifestyle Influences Your Testosterone Levels" 8161: 7784:"Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods- a review" 5744: 5514: 5476: 5448: 5436: 5432: 5420: 5334: 5330: 5120: 5074: 4960: 4880: 4644: 4611: 4526: 4464: 4454:

is prevalent among the elderly and is a significant contributor to

4428: 4364: 4304: 4288: 4160:. In developed countries, the most common cause of malnutrition is 3773: 3597: 3581: 3524: 3371: 3367: 3317: 2928: 2908: 2896: 2694:

Colorful fruits and vegetables may be components of a healthy diet.

2675:

with unknown functions, then are rapidly eliminated from the body.

2479: 2467: 2289: 2202: 1989: 1715: 1673: 1663: 1644: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1475: 1471: 1105: 1073: 1024: 927: 816: 531: 530:(containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a 379: 351: 258: 254: 175: 101: 72: 37: 14194:. In: Der Präsident der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (Hrsg.): 12501:

Chwang LC (September 2012). "Nutrition and dietics in aged care".

12376:

Reverri EJ, Arensberg MB, Murray RD, et al. (July 28, 2022).

12104:

Van Horn L, Lenders CM, Pratt CA, et al. (November 1, 2019).

11608:"Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries" 11356:"USDA releases new dietary guidelines: What do they mean for you?" 9872: 8936:

L. Kathleen Mahan, Janice L. Raymond, Sylvia Escott-Stump (2012).

6704: 6694: 6267: 5412: 3912:

An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is

158:

population, offering a framework for ensuring adequate nutrition.

16645: 16605: 16495: 16393: 16353: 16333: 16318: 16283: 15887: 15777: 15762: 15732: 15727: 14859: 14388: 14043: 13373:(Rai University lecture notes for General Nutrition course, 2004) 13097:. In: Nutrition for Healthy Hair, pp. 3–15. Springer, Cham. doi: 10866:"Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency" 10648:

Stein AJ (2010). "Global Impacts of Human Mineral Malnutrition".

6649:. Washington, DC: World Health Organization. 2013. Archived from 5981: 5932: 5779: 5740: 5704: 5444: 5398: 5361: 5322: 5252: 5137: 5047: 5032: 4977: 4920: 4817: 4522: 4491: 4432: 4376: 4300: 4296: 4217: 4161: 4103: 3989: 3980: 3844: 3816:

is an example of a government-run nutrition program. Produced by

3735: 3631: 3593: 3577: 3544: 3474: 3426: 3422: 3383: 3347: 3250: 3216: 3183: 3142: 2985: 2904: 2425: 2305: 2161: 2118: 2096: 2077: 2040: 2017: 1994: 1791: 1626: 1601: 1539: 1531: 1046: 895: 812: 745: 563: 559: 371: 367: 363: 359: 347: 332: 279: 220: 197: 193: 14499: 13995: 10904: 10555:

Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, et al. (February 2011).

7038: 5771:(1859–1929) also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. 5487: 4894: 4255:

is a vital micronutrient that plays a crucial role in enzymatic

3592:

has the lowest under five mortality rate of any nation, besides

3471:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

303: 16553: 16518: 16454: 16446: 16383: 16363: 16338: 15747: 15154: 11373: 10150:"UNICEF 2012 Progress Report: Rapid progress in child survival" 9643:

Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. (October 2007).

7661:

Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk

6113: 5927: 5838: 5795: 5632: 5617: 5459: 5338: 5326: 5260: 5217: 5086: 5058: 5036: 4954: 4928: 4884: 4869: 4833: 4483: 4455: 4436: 4348: 4264: 4062: 4054: 3976: 3860: 3805: 3740: 3647: 3643: 3619: 3528: 3434: 3414: 3363: 3351: 3171: 3028: 2876: 2847: 2843: 2714: 2634: 2601: 2596: 2572: 2537: 2463: 2409: 2383: 2284: 2238: 2219: 2187: 1844: 1840: 1669: 1649: 1633: 1589: 1512: 1503: 1495: 1479: 1467: 980: 887: 599: 375: 307: 80: 12821:

Ali MA, Hafez HA, Kamel MA, et al. (September 22, 2022).

12704:

Mocchegiani E, Romeo J, Malavolta M, et al. (June 2013).

11997: 11588:. World health statistics. Geneva, World Health Organization. 11155: 10907:"Global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade" 10728:

Algarín C, Peirano P, Garrido M, et al. (February 2003).

9794:"Bioavailability of the polyphenols: status and controversies" 8723:

Enderle J, Klink U, di Giuseppe R, et al. (August 2020).

8531: 7955: 6911:(4th ed.). New York, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 5409:

that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value.

4383: 3485:, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe 1888:

The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:

154:. This document provides recommended nutrient intakes for the 15316: 13044: 12987: 12590:

Kaur D, Rasane P, Singh J, et al. (September 25, 2019).

10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10411: 9642: 6696:

Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment

6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6278:(10th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Harcourt Brace. 5889: 5373: 5357: 5298:

discovered the details of metabolism, demonstrating that the

5228: 5213: 5070: 5063: 4987: 4924: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4046: 3821: 3744: 3639: 3569: 3553: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3459: 3410: 3346:, has inhibited the nutrition development of nations such as 3321: 3313: 3056: 1860: 1682: 1065: 1064:

Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; including

1058: 1051: 903: 883: 340: 336: 216: 109: 105: 14226: 14107:"A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 4 (1945–1985)" 13787:"A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 3 (1912–1944)" 10727: 10073: 8964: 8425: 7732:"Replacements for Trans Fats—Will There Be an Oil Shortage?" 7408:"Sources and intake of resistant starch in the Chinese diet" 5907: 2690: 2671:, i.e., following ingestion, they are digested into smaller 1936:

also reviews the same safety questions and set its own ULs.

953: 16583: 15940: 15892: 15752: 15442:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

15248: 13221:

Exceptionally well-preserved snack bar unearthed in Pompeii

12642:

Putra C, Konow N, Gage M, et al. (February 26, 2021).

11948: 11815:

Guthrie JF, Stommes E, Voichick J (January–February 2006).

10253: 10251: 10249: 8852: 8822: 8773: 8722: 8294:

Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, et al. (November 2017).

8245:"Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers" 7933:

Chapter 8 - Dietary Fiber in Present Knowledge in Nutrition

6273: 5791: 5124: 5078: 4883:, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of 4636: 4308: 4117:

widely recommended. This approach is also supported by the

4058: 3890: 3832: 3712:

Nutrition directly influences progress towards meeting the

3635: 3623: 3536: 3507: 3466: 3451: 3447: 3430: 3418: 3343: 3297: 3280:

is an evidence-based education and policy tool provided by

3242: 2567: 1725: 1689: 1527:) greater than 150 mg/day are, in alphabetical order: 1466:

required by living organisms, other than the four elements

1417: 1054: 899: 603: 554:, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms 328: 147: 13115: 12375: 12311: 11280: 10905:

Andersson M, Karumbunathan V, Zimmermann MB (April 2012).

10554: 10408: 9540:

Nutrient recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).

8774:

McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, et al. (June 2014).

8478:"Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Water" 8102:"DRI Reports | Food and Nutrition Information Center" 6826:(5th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. p. 603. 6612: 4351:

are linked to cognitive decline and depressive symptoms.

310:

products: rich sources of complex and simple carbohydrates

63:

The human body contains chemical compounds such as water,

14278: 14274: 13833:

The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health

12103: 11657:"Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2003 Report, Table 18D" 11038: 10357: 9188: 9132:

Wang M, Moran AE, Liu J, et al. (December 1, 2015).

6259: 5353: 5224:

18th and 19th century: Lind, Lavoisier and modern science

5173: 3339: 2960: 2914:

Many children are born with the inherent disadvantage of

907: 606:), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as 521: 181: 92: 88: 14290: 12058: 10945: 10513: 10257: 10246: 10031:"Regulation of gastrointestinal immunity by metabolites" 9739:"Alcohol and Nutrition: The Calorie and Carb Breakdown!" 8249:

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

7062:"Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition?" 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 5863:

Institutionalization of nutritional science in the 1950s

5747:, and were thought then to derive from ammonia. In 1913 5259:

juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from

5135:

was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's

3762: 3265:

is currently responsible for oversight of the USDA. The

1953:

Illnesses caused by underconsumption and overconsumption

1836:), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section. 526:

A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several

180:

The seven major classes of nutrients are carbohydrates,

11949:

Adams KM, Lindell KC, Kohlmeier M, et al. (2006).

11485:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

9552:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

8293: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 5423:

was a nutritional deficiency not an infectious disease.

5251:, a physician in the British navy, performed the first 5050:. (The story may be legendary rather than historical.) 4948: 4692:

18th century until today: food processing and nutrition

4330: 1839:

Vitamin deficiencies may result in disease conditions:

941:

stating that resistant starch might reduce the risk of

155: 14271:

Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases

13045:

Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. (June 2017).

12312:

Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Mazzocchi A (June 30, 2022).

11814: 10183: 9373:

The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine

9050:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States

7584: 7001:"Grams of Carbohydrates in White Bread - Carb Counter" 5720:, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, 4666:

In 2020, archeological research discovered a frescoed

4572:

feasible and safe within 36 to 48 hours of admission.

15701: 14104: 13784: 13624: 11281:

Zoellner J, Connell C, Bounds W, et al. (2009).

8877: 8426:

Le Bellego L, Jean C, Jiménez L, et al. (2010).

8003:

Wang Y, Chen J, Song YH, et al. (June 5, 2019).

7924: 7619: 4663:

provided some cultures with milk and dairy products.

4200:

While energy needs decrease with age, the demand for

4102:, with the highest risk occurring around the time of 3934:

Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In

3839:(HHS) and these recommendations are published as the 13627:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

13370:

History of the Study of Nutrition in Western Culture

13263:

Morris A, Audia Barnett, Olive-Jean Burrows (2004).

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d'Archivio M, Filesi C, Varì R, et al. (2010).

7457: 7455: 7453: 7180: 6397: 5903: 4900:

Antiquity: Start of scientific research on nutrition

4602:

Early human nutrition was largely determined by the

4229:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III

4003: 3673:

as those in the richest. Those in the lowest wealth

3123:

graphic two years after it had been launched by the

2504:

Weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and

1652:

required component of many redox enzymes, including

13996:Conlan, Roberta, Elizabeth Sherman (October 2000). 13943: 13304:Payne-Palacio, June R., Canter, Deborah D. (2014). 13265:"Effect of Processing on Nutrient Content of Foods" 12820: 12589: 12314:"Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood" 10630:. Geneva, World Health Organization. Archived from 10435:

http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_68661.html

6797:(2. ed.). Geneva : World Health Organization. 6794:

Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition

5255:nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that 3014: 1130:Essential elements for higher organisms (eucarya). 13687:"William Prout (1785–1850): A Biographical Sketch" 13575: 13574:Willett, Walter C., Skerrett, Patrick J. (2005) . 13569: 13567: 13454: 12641: 12534:Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics 11951:"Status of nutrition education in medical schools" 11198: 8989: 6821: 6293: 5975: 3685:has been seen in the lower middle income bracket. 3608: 1566:and related reactions (builds bone, causes strong 811:, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as 14151: 13445:. Biblegateway.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 12527: 10863: 10152:. World Health Organization. September 18, 2012. 10079: 9986:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 9527: 9525: 7450: 7323: 7131:Lean ME (2015). "Principles of human nutrition". 6662: 6660: 5763:as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. 5372:discovered the chemical makeup of carbohydrates ( 4521:. In iron deficiency, vitamin C aids absorption. 3998:National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists 3049: 2895:breast feeding for infants and illnesses such as 1859:, certain forms of cancer, symptoms of premature 1600:(salt). Excessive sodium consumption can deplete 115: 16719: 13187:. Sergio Guzzardi (published 2014). p. 19. 13047:"ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery" 12767:Pathobiology of Aging & Age-related Diseases 12763:"Zinc, aging, and immunosenescence: an overview" 12441: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12174:Sports Nutrition: Energy metabolism and exercise 8673: 8367:. BBC. Retrieved 1 February 2007. Archived from 8002: 7838: 7613: 4369:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 200:, and water. Nutrients can be grouped as either 14082:. San Bernardino Daily Sun. December 18, 1940. 13856:Willcock, Edith G., F. Gowland Hopkins (1906). 13830: 13684: 13564: 13308:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 3–4. 12882: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12198:"Iowa State University: Extension and outreach" 11526:Nourishing communities through holistic farming 11094: 11092: 10997: 10864:Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW (September 1991). 9907: 8816: 7847:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 7578: 6949: 6929:. University of California Press. p. 413. 6323: 6314: 5494:has been called the father of modern dietetics. 3658: 3492: 2975: 2629:Pure ethanol provides 7 calories per gram. For 14287:of the United States Department of Agriculture 13382: 12528:Lee JJ, Sultana N, Nishita C (April 2, 2024). 12442:Norman K, Haß U, Pirlich M (August 12, 2021). 10643: 10641: 9979: 9522: 9131: 8303:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 7781: 7405: 7366: 6921: 6699:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 6657: 3328: 3143:International food insecurity and malnutrition 2955:Undernourishment, or hunger, according to the 2746: 2074:Low testosterone levels, vitamin deficiencies 768:, which have roles throughout the human body. 662:Please review the contents of the section and 443:Please review the contents of the section and 282:takes place, or during periods of starvation. 15687: 14515: 14326: 14312: 13652: 13582:. Free Press (Simon & Schuster). p. 13422: 13420: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13341: 13339: 13337: 13327: 13325: 12364: 11199:Hoffman ER, Zerwas SC, Bulik CM (July 2011). 11158:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 11098: 9193:. 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Delmar Cengage. p. 279. 8716: 6141:List of illnesses related to poor nutrition 5751:discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble 4964:developed perhaps first in China alongside 4384:Elderly Nutrition: Calcium & Vitamin D3 3588:are all projected to reach nutrition MDGs. 3165: 2366:, reduced glycemic control among diabetics 937:In 2016, the U.S. FDA approved a qualified 15694: 15680: 15477:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 14522: 14508: 14319: 14305: 14233:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14105:Carpenter, Kenneth J. 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(Many animal species can synthesize 1743: 991:For all animals, some amino acids are 15675: 15545:Professional degrees of public health 15452:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 14503: 14300: 14285:Food and Nutrition Information Center 14139:from the original on January 23, 2018 13925:from the original on January 24, 2023 13819:from the original on November 2, 2017 13720:from the original on October 17, 2015 11924:Commission on Life Sciences. (1985). 11918: 11865: 11847:from the original on January 25, 2022 11599: 11353: 11032: 10939: 10832: 10693: 10647: 10494: 10234: 10177: 9719:from the original on February 1, 2020 9446: 9213: 9056:from the original on November 1, 2019 8994:(5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 8971:from the original on January 15, 2023 8926: 8345:from the original on January 24, 2023 8224:from the original on October 27, 2019 8072:. 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These compounds are composed of 13: 14291:UN Standing Committee on Nutrition 13756:Gratzer 2005, pp. 86, 92, 95, 115. 13520:Bhatt, Arun (January–March 2010). 13166:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 12154:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 11722:from the original on March 9, 2022 11680:Lassi ZS, Bhutta ZA (March 2015). 11563:from the original on March 4, 2016 11081:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 10747:10.1203/01.PDR.0000047657.23156.55 10603:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 10400:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 10300:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 10226:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 10156:from the original on June 17, 2016 9939:Khanna S, Tosh PK (January 2014). 9908:Sepkowitz, Kent (August 3, 2011). 9743:The Catholic University of America 9693:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 9510:from the original on July 16, 2022 9481:from the original on June 29, 2022 9356:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 9074: 8566:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 7681:Field CJ, Robinson L (July 2019). 7265:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07585.x 6385:from the original on July 11, 2022 6246: 6188:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 5212:worked out the difference between 5141:(1872) where sickness is a crime. 4808:in the 18th and 19th century, the 4647:; and originating staples such as 4392:, leading to an increased risk of 3969:Registered dietitian nutritionists 3176:Commonwealth of Independent States 1352: 1235: 14: 16764: 15076:Commercial determinants of health 14529: 14264: 14209:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2392 13526:Perspectives in Clinical Research 13285:from the original on June 4, 2007 13218:The Guardian (26 December 2020): 12608:10.2174/1874609812666190521110548 9617:. 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In humans, the four dominant 1910: 1877: 1592:, a common food ingredient and 1482:that are present in nearly all 1327: 1317: 1260: 1230: 1173: 894:Whole grains, beans, and other 15417:Caribbean Public Health Agency 15229:Sexually transmitted infection 15126:Statistical hypothesis testing 14887:Occupational safety and health 14788:Sexual and reproductive health 14701:Occupational safety and health 14198:, pp. 26–30 (German only) 14181:Gertrud Rehner (1 June 2007): 13962:10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001524 13874:10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001181 13625:Silberberg, Martin S. (2009). 11698:10.1002/14651858.CD007754.pub3 11408:Goldstein A (March 17, 2023). 7168:Diabetik Bei Diabetus Mellitus 6840: 6686: 6367: 6223: 6193:American Society for Nutrition 5806:in Chemistry in 1928. In 1928 5439:to the diet.)). In the 1860s, 5348:discovered that dogs fed only 5100:Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum 4021:Recommended Dietary Allowances 3957:American Society for Nutrition 3533:Occupied Palestinian Territory 3050:Infant and young child feeding 2150:, and low testosterone levels 1934:European Food Safety Authority 1389: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1240: 1214: 1199: 1189: 1094:European Food Safety Authority 948: 664:add the appropriate references 534:. They are typically found as 445:add the appropriate references 116:Recommended Dietary Allowances 1: 15071:Social determinants of health 13483:Gratzer 2005, pp. 38, 39, 41. 12547:10.1080/21551197.2024.2367972 11762:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61086-7 11354:Breen K (December 29, 2020). 11053:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0 10960:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13811-1 10573:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62037-5 10372:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61690-0 10329:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07495-8 10272:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X 10198:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60560-1 10094:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0 9406:Nielsen FH (September 1996). 8619:Journal of Clinical Pathology 8315:10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 7385:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106543 6669:"Definition and Applications" 6361: 6264:Institute of European History 6260:EGO - European History Online 6208:Food Fortification Initiative 5943: 5790:In 1925 Hart discovered that 5274:By containing his assistant, 4185:The World Health Organization 3940:Personal and Social Education 3287: 3253:which in 2011 superseded the 3236:mandatory disclosure/labeling 1939: 1666:required for sugar metabolism 1455:Composition of the human body 1184: 961:, a protein found in muscles. 246:(starch, glycogen). Fats are 15131:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 14892:Human factors and ergonomics 13944:Hopkins, F. Gowland (1912). 13606:Gratzer 2005, pp. 21–24, 32. 13181:Guzzardi S (July 27, 2014). 13138:10.1126/science.233.4762.431 12945:"Iron status in the elderly" 11170:10.1016/0002-9378(90)90688-4 10471:(Accessed 7 December 2012.). 9958:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.011 9425:10.1093/jn/126.suppl_9.2377S 9150:10.1016/j.gheart.2014.10.009 8534:Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 7872:Hervik AK, Svihus B (2019). 7730:Klonoff DC (June 24, 2016). 7462:Lockyer S, Nugent A (2017). 6203:Food and Drug Administration 6198:British Dietetic Association 6166:List of unrefined sweeteners 5462:in thyroid glands. In 1897, 5384:). During the 19th century, 4610:of foods. Humans evolved as 4576:(administering of nutrition 3919: 3833:US Department of Agriculture 3714:Millennium Development Goals 3659:Nutrition access disparities 3493:Middle East and North Africa 3243:US Department of Agriculture 3157:Epidemiology of malnutrition 2976:Adult overweight and obesity 2889:(micronutrient malnutrition) 2658:List of antioxidants in food 2047:(high glycemic index foods) 1922: 1306: 1286: 169: 47:deals with the provision of 7: 16631:Latin American Diet Pyramid 16611:Dairy Council of California 16066:Gluten-free and casein-free 15312:Good manufacturing practice 15116:Randomized controlled trial 13665:. Paul Muljadi. p. 42. 13455:McCollum, Elmer V. (1957). 13385:"Let food by thy medicine…" 13306:The Profession of Dietetics 12761:Cabrera ÁJ (January 2015). 11939:. National Academies Press. 11117:10.1136/bmj.39171.616840.BE 10883:10.1056/NEJM199109053251004 8990:D. E. C. Corbridge (1995). 8855:Introduction to Health Care 8445:10.1097/NT.0b013e3181fe4314 7503:Birkett A, Brown I (2008). 7195:10.2337/diabetes.26.12.1178 7145:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.009 5899: 5800:Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus 5711:showed that the amino acid 5695:In the early 20th century, 5447:can be stored as fat or as 4517:, particularly in cases of 4287:changes, crypt elongation, 3336:Millennium Development Goal 3329:Eastern and Southern Africa 2965:Millennium Development Goal 2769:the scope of other articles 2747:Global nutrition challenges 1785: 1734:liver alcohol dehydrogenase 1418:four basic organic elements 1378: 1129: 1120: 754:polyunsaturated fatty acids 649:reliable medical references 430:reliable medical references 58: 10: 16769: 16641:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid 16096:Low-fiber/low-residue diet 15382:Theory of planned behavior 15307:Good agricultural practice 15212:Public health surveillance 15104:epidemiological statistics 14748:Public health intervention 14379:Emergency medical services 14281:Expert consultation (2003) 13064:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.013 11833:10.1016/j.jneb.2005.11.001 11287:Preventing Chronic Disease 9999:10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113751 9584:"What are empty calories?" 9325:10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.014 8792:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009 8615:"Fatal water intoxication" 8396:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 7974:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105174 7748:10.1177/193229680700100316 7634:10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.012 7424:10.6133/apjcn.2010.19.2.18 7170:. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber. 6907:Nelson DL, Cox MM (2005). 6092: 6079:Annual Review of Nutrition 6012:Nutritional rating systems 5921: 5866: 4695: 4677: 4595: 4592:History of human nutrition 4548: 4196:Elderly Nutrition: Protein 4034: 4012: 3963:Professional organizations 3923: 3757:micronutrient deficiencies 3723:micronutrient deficiencies 3146: 2979: 2869: 2833:Undernutrition in children 2830: 2809: 2702: 2682:might promote health, one 2655: 2649: 2582:hereditary hemochromatosis 1881: 1789: 1562:, required for processing 1448: 1223: 1180: 1164: 1117:, i.e., low serum sodium. 1039: 964: 840:The two subcategories are 826: 625: 519: 296: 173: 18: 16707:Health and fitness portal 16664: 16596: 16494: 16392: 16274: 16265: 16243: 16200: 16134: 16026: 16005: 15977: 15949: 15906: 15855: 15832: 15806: 15785: 15776: 15713: 15625: 15560: 15519: 15504:World Toilet Organization 15499:World Health Organization 15406: 15395: 15332: 15257: 15173: 15101: 15066:Public health informatics 15006: 14811: 14773:Right to rest and leisure 14602:Globalization and disease 14537: 14334: 14328:Allied health professions 13950:The Journal of Physiology 13905:Semenza, G., ed. 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In 3272: 2613:(goiter, hypothyroidism) 2557: 2415: 2128: 1970: 1930:Dietary Reference Intakes 1917:Dietary Reference Intakes 1905:World Health Organization 1089:National Research Council 655:or relies too heavily on 436:or relies too heavily on 396:World Health Organization 21:Human Nutrition (journal) 15987:Bodybuilding supplements 15550:Schools of public health 15342:Diffusion of innovations 15041:Health impact assessment 14753:Public health laboratory 14649:Management of depression 14419:Music and arts therapist 14111:The Journal of Nutrition 13831:Combs, G.F., Jr (1992). 13791:The Journal of Nutrition 13774:Gratzer 2005, pp. 98–99. 13694:The Journal of Nutrition 13675:Gratzer 2005, pp. 73–74. 13401:10.1136/bmj.328.7433.0-g 13007:10.1177/0148607115621863 12012:10.1177/0148607110375429 11885:10.4103/jehp.jehp_218_22 11004:The Journal of Nutrition 10911:The Journal of Nutrition 9662:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 9418:(9 Suppl): 2377S–2385S. 9412:The Journal of Nutrition 8497:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459 8009:Nutrition & Diabetes 7962:Pharmacological Research 6848:"Get the Facts on Fiber" 6317:Vitamines & minéraux 6315:Thiollet, J.-P. (2001). 6124: 4810:food processing industry 4661:domestication of animals 4472:recommended daily intake 4259:, immune cell function, 3899:Northern Mariana Islands 3178:has the lowest rates of 3166:Industrialized countries 2860:global burden of disease 2733:. They are essential to 1425: Quantity elements 1035: 822: 580:conjugated linoleic acid 358:. Disaccharides include 144:Dietary Reference Values 138:Dietary Reference Intake 16656:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid 15959:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism 15613:Social hygiene movement 15540:Doctor of Public Health 15372:Social cognitive theory 15174:Infectious and epidemic 14956:Fecal–oral transmission 14384:Hemodialysis technician 14159:"Obituary: John Yudkin" 13765:Carpenter 1994, p. 220. 13747:Carpenter 1994, p. 224. 13539:10.4103/2229-3485.71839 12123:10.1093/advances/nmz083 11536:, Impatient optimists, 10779:accessed 31 July 2017). 10520:Public Health Nutrition 10487:3 December 2013 at the 9848:American Cancer Society 9093:10.5049/EBP.2014.12.1.7 9046:"Chapter 14. Magnesium" 8631:10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a 8546:10.1123/ijsnem.15.3.252 8141:10.1053/jada.2003.50142 7699:10.1093/advances/nmz052 7657:"Fats and Other Lipids" 7338:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602937 7060:Westman EC (May 2002). 6971:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602936 6379:Encyclopedia Britannica 5778:incorrectly identified 5730:single-grain experiment 5703:independently measured 5466:worked with natives of 5182:quantitative experiment 5170:Jan Baptist van Helmont 5168:of Newton and Galileo. 5111:is the source of life. 4447:Elderly Nutrition: Iron 4248:Elderly Nutrition: Zinc 4037:Nutrition and pregnancy 3847:, which superseded the 3708:Nutrition interventions 3596:, in the world, at 3%. 3394:West and Central Africa 2740:short-chain fatty acids 2662:Phytochemicals such as 2402:atherosclerotic plaques 2362:Bleeding, hemorrhages, 2156:(cirrhosis, hair loss) 1696:and some other proteins 924:short-chain fatty acids 878:Comprises a variety of 856:Insoluble dietary fiber 166:approach to nutrition. 16626:Healthy eating pyramid 16172:Time Restricted Eating 16056:Fluid restriction diet 15608:Germ theory of disease 15387:Transtheoretical model 14429:Occupational therapist 14124:10.1093/jn/133.11.3331 13804:10.1093/jn/133.10.3023 13457:A History of Nutrition 11967:10.1093/ajcn/83.4.941S 11532:6 October 2018 at the 9887:10.1001/jama.297.8.842 9649:European Heart Journal 9274:10.1186/1756-6614-4-14 9075:Ha SK (June 1, 2014). 8603:Retrieved 7 March 2011 8365:"Healthy Water Living" 8220:. September 18, 2012. 7230:10.1093/ajcn/33.8.1723 7079:10.1093/ajcn/75.5.951a 6667:Allowances NR (1989), 6176:List of phytochemicals 6156:List of micronutrients 6151:List of macronutrients 6136:List of food additives 6002:Healthy eating pyramid 5495: 5424: 5291: 5244: 5180:, performed the first 5067: 4992: 4931:, later found to be a 4912: 4674:Nutrition in antiquity 4394:osteoporotic fractures 3810: 3257:that had replaced the 3255:MyPyramid food pyramid 3227: 3009:cardiovascular disease 2996:Industrialized nations 2819:of developing cancer. 2695: 2590:cardiovascular disease 2398:Cardiovascular disease 2380:Cardiovascular disease 2358:Cardiovascular Disease 2123:cardiovascular disease 2101:cardiovascular disease 2082:cardiovascular disease 2045:cardiovascular disease 2026:cardiovascular disease 2003:cardiovascular disease 1871:), among many others. 1722:(antioxidant proteins) 1702:(processing of oxygen) 1636:as a component of the 1536:coordination complexes 1061: 962: 408: 311: 41: 16126:Specific carbohydrate 16018:Very-low-calorie diet 15492:Public Health Service 15377:Social norms approach 15367:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 14813:Preventive healthcare 14706:Pharmaceutical policy 14555:Chief Medical Officer 14479:Respiratory therapist 14414:Medical transcription 14364:Clinical psychologist 14339:Anesthesia technician 14196:Spiegel der Forschung 12596:Current Aging Science 12503:Nutrition and Dietics 12287:Wahlqvist ML (2011). 12110:Advances in Nutrition 12059:http://www.iaacn.org/ 11624:10.2471/blt.07.044800 11017:10.1093/jn/132.4.820S 10924:10.3945/jn.111.149393 10806:on September 23, 2015 9709:"Appendix 9. Alcohol" 7841:"Omega-3 Fatty Acids" 7687:Advances in Nutrition 6811:on December 12, 2012. 6072:Advances in Nutrition 5970:Prebiotic (nutrition) 5827:essential amino acids 5490: 5415: 5306:. His ideas made the 5273: 5231: 5061: 4990: 4907: 4806:Industrial Revolution 4214:essential amino acids 4158:undeveloped countries 3851:, which replaced the 3808: 3497:Six countries in the 3225: 3147:Further information: 2817:can decrease the risk 2787:splitting the content 2781:and help introduce a 2699:Intestinal microbiome 2693: 2327:Neurological disease 2033:Complex carbohydrates 1830:essential fatty acids 1822:essential amino acids 1486:. Some have roles as 1459:Dietary minerals are 1049: 965:Further information: 956: 898:, fruits (especially 875:Soluble dietary fiber 773:eicosapentaenoic acid 628:Essential fatty acids 622:Essential fatty acids 306: 35: 19:For the journal, see 16071:Intermittent fasting 15568:Sara Josephine Baker 15467:Public Health Agency 15352:Health communication 15217:Disease surveillance 15183:Asymptomatic carrier 15165:Statistical software 14853:Preventive nutrition 14681:Medical anthropology 14570:Environmental health 14409:Medical technologist 14359:Cardiac physiologist 14246:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190 13738:Gratzer 2005, p. 82. 13649:Gratzer 2005, p. 56. 13615:Gratzer 2005, p. 60. 13501:Gratzer 2005, p. 48. 13492:Gratzer 2005, p. 39. 13469:Gratzer 2005, p. 38. 13426:Gratzer 2005, p. 37. 13359:Gratzer 2005, p. 36. 13345:Gratzer 2005, p. 41. 13331:Gratzer 2005, p. 40. 13233:Agence France-Presse 12779:10.3402/pba.v5.25592 12247:10.7759/cureus.30083 12040:on December 23, 2017 11414:Missouri Independent 11010:(4 Suppl): 820S–4S. 9850:. February 5, 2016. 9811:10.3390/ijms11041321 8218:The Nutrition Source 7931:Gallaher DD (2006). 7891:10.1155/2019/4983657 7412:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 7031:"American Rice, Inc" 7005:www.carb-counter.net 6171:List of antioxidants 6099:Basal metabolic rate 6054:Ultra-processed food 5882:University of London 5823:William Cumming Rose 5808:Albert Szent-Györgyi 5427:In the early 1880s, 5304:conservation of mass 5284:basal metabolic rate 5006:Corpus Hippocraticum 4933:vitamin C deficiency 4726:improve this article 4574:Parenteral nutrition 4496:cognitive impairment 4441:pathologic fractures 4390:bone mineral density 3973:health professionals 3749:World Food Programme 3550:United Arab Emirates 3541:Syrian Arab Republic 3081:psychiatric disorder 2272:, nerve cell damage 2010:Simple carbohydrates 1865:psychological health 1855:, disorders of cell 1712:and related oxidases 1654:cytochrome c oxidase 1013:protein combinations 815:(up-regulation) and 777:alpha-linolenic acid 269:, some of which are 16036:Calorie restriction 15578:Carl Rogers Darnall 15573:Samuel Jay Crumbine 15347:Health belief model 15200:Notifiable diseases 15136:Regression analysis 14971:Waterborne diseases 14560:Cultural competence 14469:Radiation therapist 14444:Pharmacy technician 13706:10.1093/jn/107.1.15 13130:1986Sci...233..431V 12006:(6 Suppl): 7S–20S. 11791:Canada's Food Guide 10662:2010PlSoi.335..133S 9594:on January 30, 2014 8680:Biol Trace Elem Res 8371:on January 1, 2007. 8070:www.regulations.gov 7546:2015NatCo...6.6342O 7332:(Suppl 1): S19-39. 6338:2003SciAm.288a..64W 6326:Scientific American 6319:. Paris: Anagramme. 6065:Academic publishing 5987:Canada's Food Guide 5874:Nutritional science 5869:Nutritional science 5843:Eugene Floyd DuBois 5386:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 5210:Albrecht von Haller 5054:1st to 17th century 4915:Around 3000 BC the 4686:classical antiquity 4557:intensive care unit 4406:parathyroid hormone 4402:estrogen deficiency 4361:alzheimer's disease 4077:Pediatric nutrition 3926:Nutrition education 3867:Government programs 3814:Canada's Food Guide 3801:Government policies 3796:Advice and guidance 3770:UN General Assembly 3601:households consume 3479:Aga Khan Foundation 3278:Canada's Food Guide 3196:social inequalities 2883:, dangerously thin 2789:into a new article. 2680:dietary supplements 2522:cardiac arrhythmias 2480:increased urination 2447:cardiac arrhythmias 2212:cardiac arrhythmias 2115:vitamin deficiency 1750:ultratrace elements 1744:Ultratrace minerals 1490:, while others are 833:Dietary fiber is a 819:(down-regulation). 750:omega-6 fatty acids 250:, made of assorted 49:essential nutrients 15951:Semi-vegetarianism 15176:disease prevention 15111:Case–control study 14783:Security of person 14632:Health care reform 14214:2023-01-24 at the 14189:2022-03-14 at the 14164:2019-12-18 at the 13835:. Academic Press. 13441:2022-07-14 at the 13226:2022-09-26 at the 13103:2023-01-24 at the 13051:Clinical Nutrition 12951:. 136–137: 22–28. 12840:10.3390/nu14193940 12661:10.3390/nu13030743 12461:10.3390/nu13082764 12395:10.3390/nu14153093 12331:10.3390/nu14132730 12064:2022-12-04 at the 11935:2011-06-07 at the 11511:2022-10-06 at the 11340:2022-04-01 at the 11262:2022-05-27 at the 11101:"Anorexia nervosa" 10775:2013-08-10 at the 10734:Pediatric Research 10533:10.1079/phn2003584 10467:2021-02-14 at the 10440:2013-05-13 at the 10136:2013-12-25 at the 10048:10.3390/nu13010167 9536:2020-07-02 at the 8742:10.3390/nu12082489 8599:2019-02-17 at the 8181:10.3390/nu10101471 7655:Health NR (1989), 7554:10.1038/ncomms7342 7468:Nutrition Bulletin 7373:Food Hydrocolloids 6965:(Suppl 1): S5-18. 5997:Food guide pyramid 5955:Food fortification 5950:Dietary supplement 5755:and water-soluble 5722:Stephen M. Babcock 5496: 5483:Early 20th century 5464:Christiaan Eijkman 5425: 5292: 5290:(seated at right). 5245: 5241:Treatise on Scurvy 5068: 4993: 4974:Alcmaeon of Croton 4913: 4812:has invented many 4551:Clinical nutrition 4545:Clinical nutrition 4170:chronic conditions 4031:Maternal nutrition 3971:(RDs or RDNs) are 3877:Food Stamp Program 3811: 3628:Dominican Republic 3388:Sub-Saharan Africa 3259:Food Guide Pyramid 3228: 3102:Nutrition literacy 3086:electrocardiograms 3079:stands out as the 2918:, often caused by 2827:Child malnutrition 2779:discuss this issue 2696: 2364:hemorrhagic stroke 2331:Hypervitaminosis E 2315:Hypervitaminosis D 2154:Hypervitaminosis A 1738:carbonic anhydrase 1451:Mineral (nutrient) 1062: 967:Protein (nutrient) 963: 932:metabolic syndrome 809:delta-5-desaturase 312: 42: 16748:Nutrition by type 16715: 16714: 16592: 16591: 16261: 16260: 15834:Sustainable diets 15669: 15668: 15621: 15620: 15531:Higher education 15362:Positive deviance 15357:Health psychology 15333:Health behavioral 15260:safety management 15234:Social distancing 15008:Population health 14988:Smoking cessation 14936:Pharmacovigilance 14907:Injury prevention 14875:Infection control 14793:Social psychology 14743:Prisoners' rights 14686:Medical sociology 14654:Public health law 14550:Biological hazard 14497: 14496: 14404:Medical physicist 14394:Medical assistant 14389:Massage therapist 14344:Aquatic therapist 14053:978-0-309-03728-0 13918:978-0-444-59820-2 13842:978-0-12-381980-2 13636:978-0-07-304859-8 13593:978-0-684-86337-5 13315:978-1-284-02608-5 12298:978-1-74175-897-9 12204:on April 19, 2015 12183:978-0-8493-7950-5 11955:Am. J. Clin. Nutr 11217:10.1586/eog.11.31 11111:(7599): 894–898. 10323:(9063): 1436–42. 10266:(9890): 427–451. 10192:(9832): 2151–61. 9588:USDA MyPlate 2011 9458:978-0-7817-4133-0 9200:978-0-935702-73-6 9144:(4): 291–299.e6. 9001:978-0-444-89307-9 8947:978-1-4377-2233-8 8889:978-1-57259-153-0 8864:978-1-4354-8755-0 8390:(5): R993–R1004. 8309:(17): 3640–3649. 7942:978-1-57881-199-1 7794:(10): 2289–2303. 7514:978-1-84569-177-6 7481:10.1111/nbu.12244 7253:Nutrition Reviews 7041:on March 19, 2016 6936:978-0-520-27596-6 6833:978-0-7167-4684-3 6714:978-0-309-07183-3 6653:on June 12, 2013. 6608:978-92-806-3988-9 6307:978-0-7167-0183-5 6285:978-0-7216-7904-4 5857:Oxford University 5816:citric acid cycle 5709:Frederick Hopkins 5693: 5692: 5395:animal physiology 5370:Justus von Liebig 5356:(olive oil), and 5346:François Magendie 5308:phlogiston theory 5296:Antoine Lavoisier 5280:Antoine Lavoisier 5206:digestive process 5150:Leonardo da Vinci 5117:four temperaments 5095:School of Salerno 5091:Benedictine monks 4802: 4801: 4794: 4776: 4741:"Human nutrition" 4337:Vitamin-B complex 4313:fortified cereals 4279:changes like DNA 4242:anabolic response 4238:chronic illnesses 4222:protein synthesis 4206:cognitive decline 4129:Elderly nutrition 3936:England and Wales 3786:social protection 3727:iodine deficiency 3683:childhood obesity 3112:Mississippi Delta 2938:cognitive ability 2837:Childhood obesity 2804: 2803: 2631:distilled spirits 2625:Alcohol (ethanol) 2617: 2616: 2270:Pernicious anemia 2229:Reproductive and 2225:Biotin deficiency 2186:Skin and corneal 2063:Protein poisoning 2022:diabetes mellitus 1999:diabetes mellitus 1678:Iodine deficiency 1500:calcium carbonate 1484:organic molecules 1464:chemical elements 1445: 1444: 1402: 1401: 737: 736: 713: 678:"Human nutrition" 518: 517: 494: 459:"Human nutrition" 16760: 16728:Applied sciences 16702: 16692: 16682: 16681: 16672: 16671: 16272: 16271: 16106:Monotrophic diet 16086:Low-carbohydrate 16051:Elimination diet 15997:Therapeutic food 15992:Meal replacement 15979:Supplement diets 15847:Planetary health 15783: 15782: 15719: 15696: 15689: 15682: 15673: 15672: 15657: 15656: 15645: 15644: 15633: 15632: 15527:Health education 15404: 15403: 15258:Food hygiene and 15239:Tropical disease 15051:Infant mortality 15026:Community health 14902:Controlled Drugs 14838:Health promotion 14768:Right to housing 14612:Health economics 14524: 14517: 14510: 14501: 14500: 14489:Speech therapist 14369:Dental hygienist 14349:Athletic trainer 14321: 14314: 14307: 14298: 14297: 14259: 14258: 14248: 14224: 14218: 14205: 14199: 14179: 14173: 14155: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14126: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14076: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14029: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14015: 14009: 14002: 13993: 13984: 13983: 13973: 13941: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13930: 13902: 13896: 13895: 13885: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13806: 13781: 13775: 13772: 13766: 13763: 13757: 13754: 13748: 13745: 13739: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13725: 13691: 13682: 13676: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13656: 13650: 13647: 13641: 13640: 13622: 13616: 13613: 13607: 13604: 13598: 13597: 13581: 13571: 13562: 13561: 13551: 13541: 13517: 13511: 13508: 13502: 13499: 13493: 13490: 13484: 13481: 13470: 13467: 13461: 13460: 13452: 13446: 13433: 13427: 13424: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13380: 13374: 13366: 13360: 13357: 13346: 13343: 13332: 13329: 13320: 13319: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13284: 13269: 13260: 13254: 13251: 13245: 13242: 13236: 13216: 13210: 13209: 13203: 13201: 13178: 13172: 13171: 13165: 13157: 13113: 13107: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13066: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13009: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12968: 12940: 12931: 12930: 12920: 12880: 12871: 12870: 12860: 12842: 12818: 12809: 12808: 12798: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12741: 12701: 12692: 12691: 12681: 12663: 12639: 12630: 12629: 12619: 12587: 12568: 12567: 12549: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12498: 12492: 12491: 12481: 12463: 12439: 12426: 12425: 12415: 12397: 12373: 12362: 12361: 12351: 12333: 12309: 12303: 12302: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12267: 12249: 12225: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12200:. Archived from 12194: 12188: 12187: 12166: 12160: 12159: 12153: 12145: 12135: 12125: 12116:(6): 1181–1200. 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12075: 12069: 12056: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12030: 12024: 12023: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11978: 11946: 11940: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11905: 11887: 11866:Rizvi D (2022). 11863: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11812: 11806: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11745: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11709: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11661: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11635: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11587: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11562: 11555: 11547: 11541: 11540:. 30 April 2013. 11522: 11516: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11464: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11447:on March 8, 2008 11446: 11440:. Archived from 11439: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11351: 11345: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11302: 11278: 11267: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11236: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11164:(4): 1196–1199. 11153: 11147: 11146: 11136: 11096: 11087: 11086: 11080: 11072: 11047:(9608): 243–60. 11036: 11030: 11029: 11019: 10995: 10989: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10926: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10885: 10861: 10855: 10845: 10839: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10823: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10805: 10799:. Archived from 10798: 10789: 10780: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10749: 10725: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10700: 10697: 10691: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10656:(1/2): 133–154. 10645: 10636: 10635: 10624: 10609: 10608: 10602: 10594: 10584: 10567:(9765): 557–67. 10552: 10546: 10545: 10535: 10511: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10478: 10472: 10457: 10444: 10431: 10406: 10405: 10399: 10391: 10366:(9608): 243–60. 10355: 10349: 10348: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10299: 10291: 10255: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10146: 10140: 10127: 10114: 10113: 10088:(9356): 512–19. 10077: 10071: 10070: 10060: 10050: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10001: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9960: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9823: 9813: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9692: 9684: 9674: 9664: 9655:(19): 2375–414. 9640: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9564: 9557: 9547: 9541: 9529: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9427: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9379:(2–3): 251–274. 9368: 9362: 9361: 9355: 9347: 9345: 9327: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9276: 9261:Thyroid Research 9252: 9246: 9245: 9235: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9169: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9112: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9012: 9006: 9005: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8933: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8850: 8841: 8840: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8754: 8744: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8703: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8642: 8610: 8604: 8591: 8572: 8571: 8565: 8557: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8482: 8473: 8458: 8457: 8447: 8423: 8417: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8300: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8264: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8183: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8104:. Archived from 8097: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8032: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7893: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7819: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7483: 7459: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7108:. May 22, 2012. 7098: 7092: 7091: 7081: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7037:. Archived from 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6956: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6807:. Archived from 6788: 6777: 6776: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6643: 6610: 6600: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6371: 6357: 6320: 6311: 6299: 6289: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5767:(1872-1935) and 5765:Lafayette Mendel 5739:coined the term 5648:pantothenic acid 5527:: ascorbic acid 5498: 5497: 5380:) and proteins ( 5288:Madame Lavoisier 5202:Herman Boerhaave 5158:Andreas Vesalius 4927:for three days. 4797: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4734: 4710: 4702: 4615:hunter-gatherers 4565:prokinetic agent 4555:On admission to 4412:. Additionally, 4015:Sports nutrition 4009:Sports nutrition 3950:report entitled 3853:Four Food Groups 3747:government, the 3703:Nutrition policy 3077:Anorexia nervosa 3072:Anorexia nervosa 2994:Malnutrition in 2916:low birth weight 2885:(muscle wasting) 2881:(stunted growth) 2799: 2796: 2790: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2620:Other substances 2439:carpopedal spasm 2214:, birth defects 1957: 1956: 1947:"empty calories" 1869:eating disorders 1730:carboxypeptidase 1710:xanthine oxidase 1658:Copper in health 1439: 1431: Essential 1430: 1424: 1415: 1404: 1403: 1391: 1380: 1354: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1175: 1162: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1009:complete protein 975:Amino acid score 880:oligosaccharides 868:resistant starch 789:arachidonic acid 732: 731: 723: 720: 714: 712: 671: 640: 639: 632: 588:eleostearic acid 513: 512: 504: 501: 495: 493: 452: 421: 420: 413: 403:resistant starch 16768: 16767: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16743:Human nutrition 16718: 16717: 16716: 16711: 16660: 16598: 16588: 16490: 16466: 16458: 16450: 16442: 16434: 16426: 16418: 16410: 16388: 16257: 16239: 16196: 16130: 16028: 16022: 16006:Non-solid diets 16001: 15973: 15945: 15931:Milk substitute 15910: 15902: 15856:Religious diets 15851: 15828: 15802: 15772: 15717: 15709: 15703:Human nutrition 15700: 15670: 15665: 15617: 15588:Margaret Sanger 15556: 15515: 15399: 15397: 15391: 15334: 15328: 15300:Safety scandals 15259: 15253: 15175: 15169: 15103: 15097: 15093:Social medicine 15086:Race and health 15021:Child mortality 15002: 14961:Open defecation 14843:Human nutrition 14833:Family planning 14821:Behavior change 14807: 14763:Right to health 14676:Maternal health 14666:Health politics 14617:Health literacy 14533: 14528: 14498: 14493: 14454:Physiotherapist 14330: 14325: 14267: 14262: 14225: 14221: 14216:Wayback Machine 14206: 14202: 14191:Wayback Machine 14180: 14176: 14170:The Independent 14166:Wayback Machine 14156: 14152: 14142: 14140: 14117:(11): 3331–42. 14103: 14099: 14089: 14087: 14078: 14077: 14073: 14063: 14061: 14054: 14030: 14023: 14013: 14011: 14007: 14000: 13994: 13987: 13956:(5–6): 425–60. 13942: 13938: 13928: 13926: 13919: 13903: 13899: 13868:(1–2): 88–102. 13854: 13850: 13843: 13822: 13820: 13797:(10): 3023–32. 13782: 13778: 13773: 13769: 13764: 13760: 13755: 13751: 13746: 13742: 13737: 13733: 13723: 13721: 13689: 13683: 13679: 13674: 13670: 13659:Muljadi, Paul. 13657: 13653: 13648: 13644: 13637: 13623: 13619: 13614: 13610: 13605: 13601: 13594: 13572: 13565: 13518: 13514: 13509: 13505: 13500: 13496: 13491: 13487: 13482: 13473: 13468: 13464: 13453: 13449: 13443:Wayback Machine 13434: 13430: 13425: 13418: 13395:(7433): 0–g–0. 13381: 13377: 13367: 13363: 13358: 13349: 13344: 13335: 13330: 13323: 13316: 13302: 13298: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13267: 13261: 13257: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13239: 13228:Wayback Machine 13217: 13213: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13179: 13175: 13159: 13158: 13124:(4762): 431–7. 13114: 13110: 13105:Wayback Machine 13092: 13088: 13043: 13039: 12986: 12982: 12941: 12934: 12881: 12874: 12819: 12812: 12759: 12755: 12702: 12695: 12640: 12633: 12588: 12571: 12526: 12522: 12499: 12495: 12440: 12429: 12374: 12365: 12310: 12306: 12299: 12285: 12281: 12226: 12217: 12207: 12205: 12196: 12195: 12191: 12184: 12167: 12163: 12147: 12146: 12102: 12098: 12088: 12086: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12066:Wayback Machine 12057: 12053: 12043: 12041: 12032: 12031: 12027: 11996: 11992: 11961:(4): 941S–14S. 11947: 11943: 11937:Wayback Machine 11923: 11919: 11864: 11860: 11850: 11848: 11813: 11809: 11805:. mypyramid.gov 11801: 11797: 11793:. Health Canada 11789: 11785: 11756:(9893): 666–7. 11746: 11735: 11725: 11723: 11692:(3): CD007754. 11678: 11674: 11666: 11659: 11653: 11649: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11585: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11534:Wayback Machine 11523: 11519: 11513:Wayback Machine 11503: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11479: 11478: 11474: 11458: 11457: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11437: 11435:"Archived copy" 11433: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11416: 11406: 11402: 11392: 11390: 11379: 11378: 11374: 11364: 11362: 11352: 11348: 11342:Wayback Machine 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11279: 11270: 11264:Wayback Machine 11254: 11250: 11197: 11193: 11154: 11150: 11097: 11090: 11074: 11073: 11037: 11033: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10983: 10954:(9377): 65–71. 10944: 10940: 10903: 10899: 10862: 10858: 10846: 10842: 10837: 10833: 10817: 10816: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10794:"Archived copy" 10792: 10790: 10783: 10777:Wayback Machine 10767: 10763: 10726: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10646: 10639: 10634:on May 2, 2011. 10626: 10625: 10612: 10596: 10595: 10553: 10549: 10526:(1A): 101–121. 10512: 10505: 10499: 10495: 10489:Wayback Machine 10479: 10475: 10469:Wayback Machine 10458: 10447: 10442:Wayback Machine 10432: 10409: 10393: 10392: 10356: 10352: 10313: 10309: 10293: 10292: 10256: 10247: 10239: 10235: 10219: 10218: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10159: 10157: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10138:Wayback Machine 10128: 10117: 10078: 10074: 10027: 10023: 9978: 9974: 9945:Mayo Clin. Proc 9937: 9933: 9923: 9921: 9906: 9902: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9752: 9750: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9686: 9685: 9641: 9634: 9624: 9622: 9621:on May 30, 2012 9613:Berardi, John. 9611: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9538:Wayback Machine 9530: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9484: 9482: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9445: 9441: 9404: 9400: 9369: 9365: 9349: 9348: 9304: 9300: 9253: 9249: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9187: 9183: 9130: 9126: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8934: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8851: 8844: 8821: 8817: 8772: 8768: 8721: 8717: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8611: 8607: 8601:Wayback Machine 8592: 8575: 8559: 8558: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8511: 8480: 8474: 8461: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8380: 8376: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8160: 8156: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8108:on July 5, 2014 8100: 8098: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8001: 7997: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7929: 7925: 7870: 7866: 7857: 7855: 7837: 7833: 7780: 7773: 7728: 7724: 7679: 7675: 7666: 7664: 7653: 7649: 7622:J Am Diet Assoc 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7583: 7579: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7501: 7497: 7460: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7404: 7400: 7365: 7361: 7326:Eur J Clin Nutr 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7249: 7245: 7214: 7210: 7189:(12): 1178–83. 7179: 7175: 7166:Otto H (1973). 7164: 7160: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6954: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6920: 6916: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6820: 6816: 6805: 6789: 6780: 6737: 6730: 6715: 6691: 6687: 6678: 6676: 6665: 6658: 6645: 6644: 6613: 6601: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6308: 6296:Human Nutrition 6292: 6286: 6249: 6247:Further reading 6244: 6226: 6184: 6127: 6095: 6067: 6049:Food supplement 6039:Functional food 6025: 6017:Nutrition scale 5978: 5946: 5924: 5912: 5905: 5902: 5894:supplementation 5871: 5865: 5847:Erhard Fernholz 5776:Edward Mellanby 5682: 5671::phylloquinone 5645: 5630: 5615: 5600: 5565: 5549: 5512: 5504:Isolated in... 5485: 5429:Kanehiro Takaki 5417:Takaki Kanehiro 5391:organic chemist 5282:first measured 5226: 5208:. Physiologist 5083:Marcus Aurelius 5081:, physician to 5056: 5013:and emphasized 4995:Around 475 BC, 4902: 4897: 4798: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4735: 4733: 4723: 4711: 4700: 4698:Food processing 4694: 4682: 4676: 4600: 4594: 4553: 4547: 4531:ferrous sulfate 4452:Iron deficiency 4449: 4410:bone resorption 4386: 4333: 4269:metallothionein 4250: 4198: 4150:body mass index 4131: 4088:iron metabolism 4079: 4039: 4033: 4017: 4011: 4006: 3994:chronic disease 3965: 3932: 3924:Main articles: 3922: 3869: 3803: 3798: 3780:, agriculture, 3778:gender equality 3765: 3710: 3705: 3661: 3611: 3562: 3506:nations – 3495: 3396: 3331: 3290: 3275: 3209: 3204: 3192:fertility drugs 3168: 3159: 3145: 3119:identified the 3104: 3074: 3052: 3024:Iron deficiency 3017: 3001:body mass index 2992: 2980:Main articles: 2978: 2874: 2868: 2839: 2831:Main articles: 2829: 2812: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2776: 2771:, specifically 2760: 2756: 2749: 2707: 2701: 2669:bioavailability 2660: 2654: 2648: 2627: 2622: 2611:Iodine toxicity 2265: 2251: 2182: 2165: 2148:night blindness 2108:Unsaturated fat 1955: 1942: 1925: 1913: 1886: 1880: 1794: 1788: 1746: 1641: 1619: 1598:sodium chloride 1521: 1511:which prevents 1457: 1449:Main articles: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1155: 1123: 1044: 1038: 1018:gluconeogenesis 977: 971:Protein quality 951: 943:type 2 diabetes 850: 844: 831: 825: 760:for a class of 733: 729: 724: 718: 715: 672: 661: 657:primary sources 641: 637: 630: 624: 616:food processing 524: 514: 510: 505: 499: 496: 453: 442: 438:primary sources 422: 418: 411: 324:polysaccharides 316:monosaccharides 301: 295: 276:gluconeogenesis 244:polysaccharides 240:monosaccharides 178: 172: 118: 61: 45:Human nutrition 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16766: 16756: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16738:Home economics 16735: 16730: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16709: 16696: 16686: 16676: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16636:French paradox 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16602: 16600: 16594: 16593: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16500: 16498: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16398: 16396: 16390: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16359:Selenocysteine 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16280: 16278: 16269: 16263: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16256: 16255: 16249: 16247: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16220:Master Cleanse 16217: 16212: 16206: 16204: 16198: 16197: 16195: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16138: 16136: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16032: 16030: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16015: 16009: 16007: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15983: 15981: 15975: 15974: 15972: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15955: 15953: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15917: 15915: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15859: 15857: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15838: 15836: 15830: 15829: 15827: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15810: 15808: 15807:Regional diets 15804: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15789: 15787: 15780: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15714: 15711: 15710: 15699: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15676: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15663: 15651: 15639: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15564: 15562: 15558: 15557: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15529: 15523: 15521: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15464: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15439: 15431: 15430: 15429: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15410: 15408: 15401: 15396:Organizations, 15393: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15338: 15336: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15309: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15263: 15261: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15197: 15196: 15195: 15185: 15179: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15152: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15107: 15105: 15102:Biological and 15099: 15098: 15096: 15095: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15068: 15063: 15061:Multimorbidity 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15012: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14998:Vector control 14995: 14990: 14985: 14983:School hygiene 14980: 14979: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14966:Sanitary sewer 14963: 14958: 14953: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14932: 14931: 14924:Patient safety 14921: 14920: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14850: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14817: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14656: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14607:Harm reduction 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14582: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14541: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14527: 14526: 14519: 14512: 14504: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14335: 14332: 14331: 14324: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14301: 14295: 14294: 14288: 14282: 14266: 14265:External links 14263: 14261: 14260: 14239:(4): 855–861. 14219: 14200: 14174: 14150: 14097: 14071: 14052: 14021: 13985: 13936: 13917: 13897: 13848: 13841: 13776: 13767: 13758: 13749: 13740: 13731: 13677: 13668: 13651: 13642: 13635: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13592: 13563: 13512: 13503: 13494: 13485: 13471: 13462: 13447: 13428: 13416: 13375: 13361: 13347: 13333: 13321: 13314: 13296: 13255: 13246: 13237: 13211: 13193: 13173: 13108: 13086: 13057:(3): 623–650. 13037: 13000:(2): 159–211. 12980: 12932: 12872: 12810: 12753: 12716:(3): 839–860. 12693: 12631: 12569: 12540:(2): 134–150. 12520: 12509:(3): 203–207. 12493: 12427: 12363: 12304: 12297: 12279: 12240:(10): e30083. 12215: 12189: 12182: 12170:Di Pasquale MG 12161: 12096: 12070: 12051: 12025: 11990: 11941: 11917: 11858: 11807: 11795: 11783: 11733: 11672: 11647: 11598: 11574: 11542: 11517: 11497: 11472: 11426: 11400: 11389:. June 3, 2011 11372: 11346: 11326: 11268: 11248: 11211:(4): 403–414. 11191: 11148: 11088: 11031: 10990: 10981: 10938: 10897: 10876:(10): 687–94. 10856: 10840: 10831: 10781: 10761: 10720: 10710: 10701: 10692: 10683: 10650:Plant and Soil 10637: 10610: 10547: 10503: 10493: 10473: 10445: 10407: 10350: 10307: 10245: 10233: 10176: 10167: 10141: 10115: 10072: 10021: 9972: 9931: 9900: 9865: 9835: 9804:(4): 1321–42. 9784: 9760: 9730: 9700: 9632: 9605: 9575: 9542: 9521: 9500:"Malnutrition" 9491: 9464: 9457: 9447:Shils (2005). 9439: 9398: 9363: 9318:(2): 189–196. 9298: 9247: 9206: 9199: 9181: 9124: 9067: 9037: 9007: 9000: 8982: 8953: 8946: 8925: 8908:ods.od.nih.gov 8895: 8888: 8870: 8863: 8842: 8815: 8786:(6): 1380–92. 8766: 8715: 8666: 8654: 8625:(10): 803–04. 8605: 8573: 8524: 8459: 8438:(6): S22–S26. 8418: 8409: 8374: 8356: 8286: 8235: 8205: 8154: 8119: 8087: 8056: 7995: 7948: 7941: 7923: 7864: 7831: 7771: 7722: 7693:(4): 722–724. 7683:"Dietary Fats" 7673: 7647: 7612: 7591:Food Australia 7577: 7520: 7513: 7495: 7449: 7418:(2): 274–282. 7398: 7359: 7316: 7304: 7278: 7243: 7224:(8): 1723–28. 7218:Am J Clin Nutr 7208: 7173: 7158: 7123: 7106:Healthy eating 7093: 7052: 7035:www.amrice.com 7022: 6992: 6942: 6935: 6923:Nestle, Marion 6914: 6899: 6869: 6839: 6832: 6814: 6804:978-9241546126 6803: 6778: 6751:(3): 365–372. 6728: 6713: 6685: 6656: 6611: 6396: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6321: 6312: 6306: 6290: 6284: 6271: 6255:Food and Drink 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6059:Edible seaweed 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5960:Nutraceuticals 5957: 5952: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5901: 5898: 5867:Main article: 5864: 5861: 5835:Hedley Marston 5831:Eric Underwood 5821:In the 1930s, 5769:Thomas Osborne 5749:Elmer McCollum 5691: 5690: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5484: 5481: 5441:Claude Bernard 5419:surmised that 5407:infant formula 5319:George Fordyce 5237:clinical trial 5225: 5222: 5178:carbon dioxide 5144:In the 1500s, 5055: 5052: 5044:Book of Daniel 5031:believed that 5029:Cato the Elder 4944:Walter Gratzer 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4849:centrifugation 4826:pasteurisation 4800: 4799: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4696:Main article: 4693: 4690: 4678:Main article: 4675: 4672: 4596:Main article: 4593: 4590: 4567:, and using a 4549:Main article: 4546: 4543: 4539:iron chelation 4500:muscle wasting 4448: 4445: 4385: 4382: 4332: 4329: 4325:dairy products 4249: 4246: 4227:Data from the 4197: 4194: 4189:United Nations 4179:micronutrients 4130: 4127: 4096:infant formula 4078: 4075: 4035:Main article: 4032: 4029: 4013:Main article: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 3964: 3961: 3921: 3918: 3907:Virgin Islands 3887:American Samoa 3868: 3865: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3764: 3761: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3660: 3657: 3615:Latin American 3610: 3607: 3561: 3558: 3494: 3491: 3395: 3392: 3330: 3327: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3271: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3167: 3164: 3144: 3141: 3116:methodological 3103: 3100: 3095:oligomenorrhea 3073: 3070: 3051: 3048: 3016: 3013: 2977: 2974: 2950:macronutrients 2946:micronutrients 2872:Undernutrition 2870:Main article: 2867: 2866:Undernutrition 2864: 2828: 2825: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2763: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2731:Pseudomonadota 2727:Actinomycetota 2703:Main article: 2700: 2697: 2650:Main article: 2647: 2646:Phytochemicals 2644: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2606:hypothyroidism 2599: 2593: 2592: 2575: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2560:Trace minerals 2555: 2554: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2449: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2395: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2131:Micronutrients 2126: 2125: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1992: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973:Macronutrients 1968: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1941: 1938: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1882:Main article: 1879: 1876: 1814:phytochemicals 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1723: 1713: 1703: 1697: 1687: 1667: 1661: 1647: 1639: 1618: 1617:Trace minerals 1615: 1614: 1613: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1557: 1547: 1520: 1517: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1433:trace elements 1427: 1421: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1042:Drinking water 1040:Main article: 1037: 1034: 950: 947: 892: 891: 876: 872: 871: 864: 857: 848: 842: 827:Main article: 824: 821: 801:prostaglandins 793:prostaglandins 766:prostaglandins 735: 734: 727: 725: 644: 642: 635: 626:Main article: 623: 620: 552:hydrogen atoms 520:Main article: 516: 515: 508: 506: 425: 423: 416: 410: 407: 297:Main article: 294: 291: 206:micronutrients 202:macronutrients 174:Main article: 171: 168: 117: 114: 60: 57: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16765: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16708: 16705: 16701: 16697: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16685: 16677: 16675: 16667: 16666: 16663: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16595: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16497: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16461: 16459: 16453: 16451: 16445: 16443: 16437: 16435: 16429: 16427: 16421: 16419: 16413: 16411: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16349:Phenylalanine 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16309:Glutamic acid 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16299:Aspartic acid 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16277: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16254: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16246: 16245:List of diets 16242: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16203: 16199: 16193: 16192:U.S. military 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16133: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16046:Diabetic diet 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16025: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16004: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15952: 15948: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15926:Meat analogue 15924: 15922: 15921:Fruitarianism 15919: 15918: 15916: 15914: 15909: 15908:Vegetarianism 15905: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15854: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15819:Mediterranean 15817: 15815: 15812: 15811: 15809: 15805: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15775: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15718:Main articles 15716: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15707:healthy diets 15704: 15697: 15692: 15690: 15685: 15683: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15662: 15661: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15640: 15638: 15637: 15628: 15627: 15624: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15583:Joseph Lister 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15559: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15518: 15511: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15462:Health Canada 15460: 15459: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15418: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15411: 15409: 15407:Organizations 15405: 15402: 15394: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15331: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15265: 15264: 15262: 15256: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15244:Vaccine trial 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15198: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15172: 15166: 15163: 15159: 15157: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15121:Relative risk 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15100: 15094: 15091: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15081:Health equity 15079: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15046:Health system 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15036:Global health 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15016:Biostatistics 15014: 15013: 15011: 15009: 15005: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14925: 14922: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14814: 14810: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14758:Right to food 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14692: 14691:Mental health 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14639:Housing First 14637: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Health system 14625: 14624: 14623: 14622:Health policy 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14531:Public health 14525: 14520: 14518: 14513: 14511: 14506: 14505: 14502: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14484:Social worker 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14464:Public health 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14399:Medical coder 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14333: 14329: 14322: 14317: 14315: 14310: 14308: 14303: 14302: 14299: 14292: 14289: 14286: 14283: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14269: 14268: 14256: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14223: 14217: 14213: 14210: 14204: 14197: 14193: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14154: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14101: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14036: 14028: 14026: 14006: 13999: 13992: 13990: 13981: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13940: 13924: 13920: 13914: 13910: 13909: 13901: 13893: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13852: 13844: 13838: 13834: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13788: 13780: 13771: 13762: 13753: 13744: 13735: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13672: 13664: 13663: 13655: 13646: 13638: 13632: 13628: 13621: 13612: 13603: 13595: 13589: 13585: 13580: 13579: 13570: 13568: 13559: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13466: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13440: 13437: 13436:Daniel 1:5–16 13432: 13423: 13421: 13411: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13379: 13372: 13371: 13365: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13328: 13326: 13317: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13281: 13278:(3): 160–64. 13277: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13250: 13241: 13234: 13230: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13196: 13194:9786050314915 13190: 13186: 13185: 13177: 13169: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13112: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13096: 13090: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13041: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12984: 12976: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12939: 12937: 12928: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12879: 12877: 12868: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12817: 12815: 12806: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12757: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12700: 12698: 12689: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12638: 12636: 12627: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12497: 12489: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12423: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12359: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12308: 12300: 12294: 12290: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12185: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12157: 12151: 12143: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12100: 12089:September 24, 12084: 12080: 12074: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12055: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11994: 11986: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11913: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11862: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11811: 11804: 11799: 11792: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11726:September 24, 11721: 11717: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11643: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11618:(4): 282–91. 11617: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11591: 11584: 11583:"WHO (2013b)" 11578: 11559: 11552: 11546: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11521: 11514: 11510: 11507: 11501: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11468: 11462: 11443: 11436: 11430: 11415: 11411: 11404: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11376: 11361: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11330: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11252: 11244: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11095: 11093: 11084: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10994: 10985: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10917:(4): 744–50. 10916: 10912: 10908: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10860: 10854: 10850: 10844: 10835: 10827: 10821: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10771: 10765: 10757: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10740:(2): 217–23. 10739: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10714: 10705: 10696: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10642: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10606: 10600: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10508: 10497: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10477: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10403: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10303: 10297: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10242: 10237: 10229: 10223: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10171: 10155: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9951:(1): 107–14. 9950: 9946: 9942: 9935: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9881:(8): 842–57. 9880: 9876: 9869: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9788: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9637: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9561: 9554: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9526: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9480: 9476: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9402: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9359: 9353: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9226:(3): 267–72. 9225: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8958: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8932: 8930: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8866: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8847: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8569: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8540:(3): 252–65. 8539: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8135:(6): 748–65. 8134: 8130: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8064:Balentine D. 8060: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7742:(3): 415–22. 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7600: 7597:(3): S1-S35. 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6910: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6705:10.17226/9956 6702: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6661: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6218:Milan Charter 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6182:Organizations 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:List of diets 6129: 6128: 6120: 6119:Nutrigenomics 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Bioenergetics 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6023:Types of food 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5909: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5812:ascorbic acid 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5774:In 1919, Sir 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726:Edwin B. Hart 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5697:Carl von Voit 5688: 5686: 5685:cynocobalamin 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5589:: tocopherol 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538:: calciferol 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5492:Carl von Voit 5489: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5472:Gerrit Grijns 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456:Eugen Baumann 5452: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366:William Prout 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5350:carbohydrates 5347: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5294:Around 1770, 5289: 5286:. Drawing by 5285: 5281: 5277: 5276:Armand Seguin 5272: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162:human anatomy 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5129:kidney stones 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5113:Four elements 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5009:, called for 5008: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4942:According to 4940: 4938: 4937:Ebers Papyrus 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830:autoclavation 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4796: 4793: 4785: 4782:February 2019 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: – 4742: 4738: 4737:Find sources: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4715:This section 4713: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4578:intravenously 4575: 4570: 4569:chlorhexidine 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4519:iron overload 4516: 4515:free radicals 4512: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461:Malabsorption 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4373:malabsorption 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285:mitochondrial 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261:DNA synthesis 4258: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4216:, especially 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3985:Nutritionists 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818:Health Canada 3815: 3807: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3782:food security 3779: 3775: 3771: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3700: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3666:socioeconomic 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622:consumption. 3621: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3282:Health Canada 3279: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251:plate of food 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3207:United States 3202:North America 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3170:According to 3163: 3158: 3154: 3153:Food security 3150: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3133:socioeconomic 3128: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982:Overnutrition 2973: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925:heart disease 2921: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2807: 2798: 2795:February 2021 2788: 2784: 2783:summary style 2780: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2764:This section 2762: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2684:meta-analysis 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2652:Phytochemical 2643: 2641: 2640:empty calorie 2636: 2632: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586:heart disease 2583: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2548:Hypernatremia 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484:kidney stones 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418:Macrominerals 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144:Xerophthalmia 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2070:Saturated fat 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1948: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:immune system 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:UVB radiation 1799: 1793: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718:required for 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708:required for 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1519:Macrominerals 1516: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1452: 1434: 1419: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1110:breastfeeding 1107: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1002: 1001: 1000:non-essential 996: 995: 989: 986: 982: 976: 972: 968: 960: 955: 946: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 889: 885: 881: 877: 874: 873: 869: 865: 862: 858: 855: 854: 853: 851: 845: 838: 836: 830: 829:Dietary fiber 820: 818: 814: 810: 804: 802: 798: 797:linoleic acid 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 726: 722: 719:February 2020 711: 708: 704: 701: 697: 694: 690: 687: 683: 680: – 679: 675: 674:Find sources: 669: 665: 659: 658: 654: 650: 645:This section 643: 634: 633: 629: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 595: 593: 589: 585: 584:catalpic acid 581: 577: 576:hydrogenation 573: 569: 566:fatty acids. 565: 561: 557: 556:double-bonded 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:triglycerides 533: 529: 523: 507: 503: 492: 489: 485: 482: 478: 475: 471: 468: 464: 461: – 460: 456: 455:Find sources: 450: 446: 440: 439: 435: 431: 426:This section 424: 415: 414: 406: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 321: 320:disaccharides 317: 309: 305: 300: 293:Carbohydrates 290: 288: 287:Marion Nestle 283: 281: 277: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 249: 248:triglycerides 245: 241: 236: 234: 228: 224: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 177: 167: 165: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 139: 134: 130: 127: 122: 113: 111: 107: 103: 98: 94: 90: 86: 85:nucleic acids 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65:carbohydrates 56: 54: 53:food security 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 16733:Food science 16704:Food portal, 16616:Food pyramid 16597:Nutritional 16266: 16041:Cardiac diet 16029:restrictions 16013:Liquid diets 15702: 15658: 15646: 15634: 15603:Radium Girls 15598:Typhoid Mary 15285:Microbiology 15155: 15147: 15031:Epidemiology 14929:Organization 14880:Oral hygiene 14870:Hand washing 14848:Healthy diet 14842: 14778:Right to sit 14671:Labor rights 14474:Radiographer 14449:Phlebotomist 14424:Nutritionist 14236: 14232: 14222: 14203: 14195: 14182: 14177: 14169: 14153: 14141:. Retrieved 14114: 14110: 14100: 14090:December 22, 14088:. Retrieved 14074: 14064:December 22, 14062:. Retrieved 14044:10.17226/949 14034: 14012:. Retrieved 13953: 13949: 13939: 13927:. Retrieved 13907: 13900: 13865: 13861: 13851: 13832: 13821:. Retrieved 13794: 13790: 13779: 13770: 13761: 13752: 13743: 13734: 13722:. Retrieved 13700:(1): 17–23. 13697: 13693: 13680: 13671: 13661: 13654: 13645: 13626: 13620: 13611: 13602: 13577: 13529: 13525: 13515: 13506: 13497: 13488: 13465: 13456: 13450: 13431: 13392: 13388: 13378: 13369: 13364: 13305: 13299: 13287:. Retrieved 13275: 13271: 13258: 13249: 13240: 13219: 13214: 13205: 13200:November 21, 13198:. Retrieved 13183: 13176: 13162:cite journal 13121: 13117: 13111: 13094: 13089: 13054: 13050: 13040: 12997: 12993: 12983: 12948: 12895:(2): 60–71. 12892: 12888: 12833:(19): 3940. 12830: 12826: 12773:(1): 25592. 12770: 12766: 12756: 12713: 12709: 12651: 12647: 12602:(1): 15–27. 12599: 12595: 12537: 12533: 12523: 12506: 12502: 12496: 12451: 12447: 12388:(15): 3093. 12385: 12381: 12324:(13): 2730. 12321: 12317: 12307: 12288: 12282: 12237: 12233: 12206:. Retrieved 12202:the original 12192: 12173: 12164: 12150:cite journal 12113: 12109: 12099: 12087:. Retrieved 12073: 12054: 12042:. Retrieved 12038:the original 12028: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11925: 11920: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11849:. Retrieved 11824: 11820: 11810: 11798: 11786: 11753: 11749: 11724:. Retrieved 11689: 11685: 11675: 11650: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11577: 11567:December 15, 11565:. Retrieved 11545: 11525: 11520: 11500: 11488:. Retrieved 11484: 11475: 11449:. Retrieved 11442:the original 11429: 11417:. Retrieved 11413: 11403: 11391:. Retrieved 11384: 11375: 11363:. Retrieved 11359: 11349: 11329: 11317:. Retrieved 11290: 11286: 11251: 11208: 11204: 11194: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11108: 11104: 11077:cite journal 11044: 11040: 11034: 11007: 11003: 10993: 10984: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10914: 10910: 10900: 10873: 10869: 10859: 10843: 10834: 10808:. Retrieved 10801:the original 10764: 10737: 10733: 10723: 10713: 10704: 10695: 10686: 10653: 10649: 10632:the original 10599:cite journal 10564: 10560: 10550: 10523: 10519: 10496: 10476: 10396:cite journal 10363: 10359: 10353: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10296:cite journal 10263: 10259: 10236: 10222:cite journal 10189: 10185: 10179: 10170: 10158:. Retrieved 10144: 10085: 10081: 10075: 10038: 10034: 10024: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9922:. Retrieved 9913: 9903: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9858:November 23, 9856:. Retrieved 9838: 9801: 9797: 9787: 9763: 9751:. Retrieved 9742: 9733: 9721:. Retrieved 9712: 9703: 9689:cite journal 9652: 9648: 9623:. Retrieved 9619:the original 9608: 9596:. Retrieved 9592:the original 9587: 9578: 9567:, retrieved 9551: 9545: 9512:. Retrieved 9503: 9494: 9483:, retrieved 9473: 9467: 9448: 9442: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9352:cite journal 9315: 9311: 9301: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9190: 9184: 9141: 9138:Global Heart 9137: 9127: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9058:. Retrieved 9049: 9040: 9028:. Retrieved 9019: 9010: 8991: 8985: 8973:. Retrieved 8937: 8916:. Retrieved 8907: 8898: 8879: 8873: 8854: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8783: 8779: 8769: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8686:(1): 18–27. 8683: 8679: 8669: 8657: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8562:cite journal 8537: 8533: 8527: 8488: 8485:EFSA Journal 8484: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8412: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8369:the original 8359: 8347:. Retrieved 8323:2158/1079985 8306: 8302: 8289: 8252: 8248: 8238: 8226:. Retrieved 8217: 8208: 8174:(10): 1471. 8171: 8167: 8157: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8110:. Retrieved 8106:the original 8080:December 16, 8078:. Retrieved 8069: 8059: 8049:February 22, 8047:. Retrieved 8012: 8008: 7998: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7932: 7926: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7856:, retrieved 7844: 7834: 7791: 7787: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7665:, retrieved 7660: 7650: 7628:(1): 67–78. 7625: 7621: 7615: 7605:February 26, 7603:. Retrieved 7594: 7590: 7580: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7504: 7498: 7474:(1): 10–41. 7471: 7467: 7442:February 26, 7440:. Retrieved 7415: 7411: 7401: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7307: 7295:. Retrieved 7281: 7259:(2): 44–49. 7256: 7252: 7246: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7167: 7161: 7139:(2): 61–65. 7136: 7132: 7126: 7114:. Retrieved 7105: 7096: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7043:. Retrieved 7039:the original 7034: 7025: 7013:. Retrieved 7004: 6995: 6962: 6958: 6945: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6902: 6890:. Retrieved 6881: 6872: 6860:. Retrieved 6851: 6842: 6824:Biochemistry 6823: 6817: 6809:the original 6793: 6748: 6744: 6695: 6688: 6677:, retrieved 6672: 6651:the original 6389:December 29, 6387:. Retrieved 6378: 6369: 6332:(1): 64–71. 6329: 6325: 6316: 6295: 6275: 6254: 6240:Food Studies 6235:Nutritionist 6084: 6077: 6070: 5938:Healthy diet 5873: 5872: 5855: 5820: 5789: 5773: 5737:Casimir Funk 5734: 5694: 5577:pyridoxamine 5453: 5426: 5343: 5316: 5293: 5246: 5240: 5204:modeled the 5200:. Physician 5186:Robert Boyle 5143: 5136: 5121:four humours 5108: 5104: 5098: 5069: 5041: 5037:Aulus Celsus 5019: 5004: 4994: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4914: 4874: 4858: 4842: 4814:technologies 4803: 4788: 4779: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4736: 4724:Please help 4719:verification 4716: 4683: 4668:thermopolium 4665: 4623: 4608:palatability 4604:availability 4601: 4598:Food history 4582: 4561:feeding tube 4554: 4504: 4469: 4450: 4425: 4387: 4357:homocysteine 4353: 4334: 4317:whole grains 4293: 4251: 4226: 4199: 4183: 4134:Malnutrition 4132: 4115: 4108: 4100:malnutrition 4080: 4044: 4040: 4025: 4018: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3933: 3914:Smart Bodies 3911: 3881: 3873: 3870: 3856: 3849:food pyramid 3830: 3812: 3809:MyPlate Game 3766: 3753: 3732: 3711: 3694: 3687: 3662: 3612: 3603:iodized salt 3563: 3503:North Africa 3496: 3486: 3482: 3464: 3444:Burkina Faso 3439:Sierra Leone 3397: 3376:South Africa 3332: 3291: 3276: 3240: 3229: 3210: 3169: 3160: 3137: 3129: 3109: 3105: 3075: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3022: 3018: 3005: 2993: 2954: 2942: 2934: 2920:intrauterine 2913: 2893: 2875: 2856:malnutrition 2853: 2840: 2821: 2813: 2805: 2792: 2773:malnutrition 2765: 2723:Bacteroidota 2708: 2677: 2661: 2628: 2558: 2552:hypertension 2543:Hyponatremia 2531:palpitations 2527:Hyperkalemia 2500:Hypertension 2476:pancreatitis 2472:constipation 2443:laryngospasm 2431:Osteoporosis 2416: 2406:heart attack 2372:Omega-6 fats 2353:Omega-3 fats 2310:osteomalacia 2254:neurological 2129: 1971: 1943: 1926: 1914: 1911:Insufficient 1901: 1887: 1884:Malnutrition 1878:Malnutrition 1873: 1849:osteoporosis 1838: 1795: 1747: 1681: 1620: 1610:hypertension 1522: 1509:iodized salt 1502:from ground 1492:electrolytes 1458: 1408: 1115:hyponatremia 1102: 1098: 1082: 1078:water vapour 1063: 1022: 1005: 998: 992: 990: 978: 939:health claim 936: 893: 847: 841: 839: 835:carbohydrate 832: 805: 781:inflammatory 771:The omega-3 770: 738: 716: 706: 699: 692: 685: 673: 653:verification 646: 612:flaxseed oil 596: 592:punicic acid 571: 548:carbon atoms 525: 497: 487: 480: 473: 466: 454: 434:verification 427: 400: 384: 345: 339:, and other 313: 299:Carbohydrate 284: 237: 232: 229: 225: 221:kilocalories 210: 179: 164:personalized 160: 151: 142: 135: 131: 123: 119: 62: 44: 43: 29: 16276:Amino acids 16215:Macrobiotic 16187:Raw foodism 16177:Liquid diet 16147:Cotton ball 16142:Entomophagy 16135:Other diets 16101:Low-protein 16061:Gluten-free 15969:Pollotarian 15964:Pescetarian 15798:Plant-based 15786:Basic types 15768:Staple food 15660:WikiProject 15400:and history 15280:Engineering 14993:Vaccination 14865:Food safety 14459:Prosthetist 14434:Optometrist 14354:Audiologist 14273:by a Joint 13532:(1): 6–10. 13289:October 26, 13184:Buona Pasta 12454:(8): 2764. 11827:(1): 6–11. 11293:(4): A128. 9598:October 20, 9504:www.who.int 9087:(1): 7–18. 9030:October 31, 8975:October 19, 8918:October 31, 8831:: 120–129. 8735:(8): 2489. 8491:(3): 1459. 8228:October 31, 7884:: 4983657. 7540:(1): 6342. 6224:Professions 5914:Food portal 5886:dietary fat 5878:John Yudkin 5851:Paul Karrer 5841:. In 1936, 5825:identified 5804:Nobel Prize 5382:amino acids 5378:fatty acids 5321:recognized 5198:body weight 5001:Hippocrates 4917:Vedic texts 4909:Hippocrates 4625:Agriculture 4619:cannibalism 4507:polyphenols 4421:homeostasis 4281:methylation 4273:mastication 4092:breast milk 3967:In the US, 3903:Puerto Rico 3828:movements. 3790:Philippines 3719:agriculture 3671:underweight 3499:Middle East 3302:Afghanistan 3215:and 6% are 3188:birthweight 3149:Underweight 2969:food prices 2673:metabolites 2664:polyphenols 2518:Hypokalemia 2506:hypotension 2391:Cholesterol 2294:dehydration 2231:teratogenic 2113:Fat-soluble 2058:Kwashiorkor 1981:Food energy 1963:Deficiency 1867:(including 1863:, and poor 1851:, impaired 1818:antioxidant 1796:Except for 1594:electrolyte 1568:peristalsis 985:amino acids 949:Amino acids 912:peristalsis 783:PGE3). The 762:eicosanoids 647:needs more 544:unsaturated 528:fatty acids 428:needs more 388:fructolysis 370:; purified 267:amino acids 257:bound to a 77:fatty acids 69:amino acids 16722:Categories 16559:Phosphorus 16549:Molybdenum 16374:Tryptophan 16344:Methionine 16329:Isoleucine 16294:Asparagine 16182:Ninja diet 16116:Renal diet 16081:Low-FODMAP 16076:Low-sodium 15842:Low carbon 15413:Caribbean 15290:Processing 15224:Quarantine 15146:Student's 14946:Sanitation 14580:History of 14143:January 3, 13823:January 3, 13724:January 3, 12654:(3): 743. 11878:(1): 262. 11851:January 3, 11319:January 3, 10853:0195088247 10082:The Lancet 10041:(1): 167. 9992:: 113751. 9924:January 3, 9753:January 3, 9723:January 3, 9713:health.gov 9672:2066/52036 9625:October 8, 9569:January 3, 9514:January 3, 9485:January 3, 9060:January 3, 8432:Nutr Today 7968:: 105174. 7858:August 12, 7845:StatPearls 7667:August 11, 7534:Nat Commun 7379:: 106543. 6862:January 4, 6679:August 12, 6362:References 5992:Food group 5944:Substances 5798:. In 1927 5713:tryptophan 5701:Max Rubner 5569:pyridoxine 5552:riboflavin 5401:like beef 5314:obsolete. 5312:combustion 5253:scientific 5249:James Lind 5233:James Lind 5194:Sanctorius 5154:metabolism 5146:Paracelsus 5011:moderation 4997:Anaxagoras 4991:Anaxagoras 4982:emaciation 4921:Babylonian 4804:Since the 4752:newspapers 4612:omnivorous 4586:catabolism 4488:depression 4484:NHANES III 4480:hemoglobin 4414:vitamin D3 4277:epigenetic 4257:catabolism 4210:sarcopenia 4164:, as both 3946:A 1985 US 3905:, and the 3895:Micronesia 3826:vegetarian 3697:South Asia 3690:minorities 3477:) and the 3456:Mauritania 3356:Mozambique 3306:Bangladesh 3293:South Asia 3288:South Asia 3231:Dietitians 3090:amenorrhea 3068:annually. 2990:Overweight 2854:Childhood 2767:duplicates 2656:See also: 2456:depression 2344:Hemorrhage 1986:Starvation 1960:Nutrients 1940:Unbalanced 1857:metabolism 1720:peroxidase 1706:Molybdenum 1694:hemoglobin 1643:family of 1574:Phosphorus 1416: The 1029:vegetarian 920:microbiome 758:substrates 689:newspapers 568:Trans fats 500:April 2019 470:newspapers 392:catabolism 252:fatty acid 124:The first 79:(found in 71:(found in 16753:Self-care 16651:MyPyramid 16564:Potassium 16544:Manganese 16539:Magnesium 16486:Vitamin K 16481:Vitamin E 16476:Vitamin D 16471:Vitamin C 16463:Vitamin B 16455:Vitamin B 16447:Vitamin B 16439:Vitamin B 16431:Vitamin B 16423:Vitamin B 16415:Vitamin B 16407:Vitamin B 16402:Vitamin A 16369:Threonine 16324:Histidine 16314:Glutamine 16267:Nutrition 16253:Diet food 16235:Slow-Carb 16230:Superfood 16225:Junk food 16210:Cambridge 16202:Fad diets 16121:Soft diet 16027:Specific 15936:Raw vegan 15893:Rastafari 15868:Christian 15758:Nutrition 15738:Dietitian 15593:John Snow 15520:Education 15510:Full list 15398:education 15322:ISO 22000 15275:Chemistry 15188:Epidemics 15141:ROC curve 14951:Emergency 14731:Radiation 14711:Pollution 14695:Ministers 14592:Euthenics 14439:Orthotist 14374:Dietitian 13929:March 15, 13016:0148-6071 12909:2309-6128 12849:2072-6643 12827:Nutrients 12787:2001-0001 12730:0161-9152 12670:2072-6643 12648:Nutrients 12556:2155-1197 12470:2072-6643 12448:Nutrients 12404:2072-6643 12382:Nutrients 12340:2072-6643 12318:Nutrients 12256:2168-8184 12208:April 16, 11894:2277-9531 11360:TODAY.com 11225:1747-4108 11178:0002-9378 11125:0959-8138 10035:Nutrients 10016:229300476 9393:1520-670X 9334:1021-9498 9267:(1): 14. 9158:2211-8179 9101:1738-5997 8729:Nutrients 8349:August 2, 8255:(1): 36. 8214:"Protein" 8168:Nutrients 8015:(1): 19. 7990:221373075 7900:2090-0724 7808:0022-1155 7393:230574900 7153:220865321 7116:April 17, 7045:March 18, 7015:March 18, 6925:(2013) . 6852:webmd.com 6765:0029-6651 6262:, Mainz: 6230:Dietitian 6109:Digestion 6044:Junk food 6034:Fast food 6029:Diet food 6007:MyPyramid 5965:Probiotic 5810:isolated 5785:vitamin E 5761:vitamin C 5757:vitamin B 5753:vitamin A 5660::retinol 5573:pyridoxal 5458:observed 5454:In 1896, 5376:), fats ( 5352:(sugar), 5344:In 1816, 5317:In 1790, 5300:oxidation 5265:vitamin C 5196:measured 5190:chemistry 5188:advanced 5166:mechanics 5152:compared 5133:arthritis 5077:, and in 4877:beri-beri 4866:potassium 4861:fortified 4657:tortillas 4631:(such as 4511:Vitamin C 4398:menopause 4154:developed 4146:geriatric 4142:morbidity 4138:mortality 4111:neophobia 3920:Education 3652:Guatemala 3590:Singapore 3586:Indonesia 3574:Singapore 3566:East Asia 3380:Ethiopian 3360:Swaziland 3310:Sri Lanka 3121:MyPyramid 3035:Vitamin A 2901:pneumonia 2735:digestion 2719:Bacillota 2711:gut flora 2705:Gut flora 2578:Cirrhosis 2513:Potassium 2495:Magnesium 2460:confusion 2339:Vitamin K 2323:Vitamin E 2301:Vitamin D 2280:Vitamin C 2262:Vitamin B 2208:Dyspepsia 2179:Vitamin B 2170:Beri-Beri 2162:Vitamin B 2139:Vitamin A 2089:Trans fat 1923:Excessive 1810:carnitine 1806:vitamin C 1798:vitamin D 1775:Strontium 1700:Manganese 1645:coenzymes 1638:vitamin B 1623:catalytic 1606:magnesium 1584:Potassium 1578:phosphate 1560:Magnesium 1488:cofactors 1461:inorganic 1085:hydration 1076:, and by 1050:A manual 994:essential 959:myoglobin 916:viscosity 866:Includes 861:cellulose 859:Includes 843:insoluble 764:known as 742:essential 608:olive oil 540:saturated 356:galactose 271:essential 263:essential 233:Essential 170:Nutrients 25:Nutrition 16694:Cookbook 16674:Category 16579:Vanadium 16569:Selenium 16514:Chromium 16509:Chlorine 16496:Minerals 16394:Vitamins 16379:Tyrosine 16304:Cysteine 16289:Arginine 15913:veganism 15863:Buddhist 15824:Atlantic 15793:Omnivore 15636:Category 15335:sciences 15270:Additive 14941:Safe sex 14912:Medicine 14826:Theories 14597:Genomics 14575:Eugenics 14565:Deviance 14545:Auxology 14255:35820048 14212:Archived 14187:Archived 14162:Archived 14137:Archived 14133:14608041 14084:Archived 14058:Archived 14014:June 13, 14005:Archived 13980:16993143 13923:Archived 13892:16992872 13817:Archived 13813:14519779 13718:Archived 13558:21829774 13439:Archived 13280:Archived 13224:Archived 13154:30617302 13146:17794567 13101:Archived 13073:28385477 13024:26773077 12975:24275120 12927:25893188 12867:36235591 12805:25661703 12748:22222917 12688:33652669 12626:31109282 12564:38915295 12488:34444924 12422:35956275 12358:35807910 12274:36381799 12142:31728505 12083:Archived 12062:Archived 12020:21149831 11985:16600952 11933:Archived 11912:36325224 11845:Archived 11841:16595272 11778:34484370 11770:23746773 11720:Archived 11716:25803792 11664:Archived 11642:18438517 11590:Archived 11558:Archived 11530:Archived 11509:Archived 11490:April 8, 11461:cite web 11451:March 8, 11419:April 8, 11393:April 8, 11365:April 8, 11338:Archived 11313:Archived 11309:19755004 11260:Archived 11243:22003362 11143:17463461 11061:18207566 11026:11925488 10976:17908665 10968:12853204 10933:22378324 10820:cite web 10810:March 1, 10773:Archived 10756:12538778 10678:23959785 10591:21295846 10542:14972056 10485:Archived 10465:Archived 10438:Archived 10380:18207566 10288:12237910 10280:23746772 10214:43866899 10206:22579125 10154:Archived 10134:Archived 10110:38767655 10102:12583961 10067:33430497 10008:33328144 9967:24388028 9918:Archived 9895:17327526 9852:Archived 9830:20480022 9776:Archived 9747:Archived 9717:Archived 9681:17726041 9560:archived 9534:Archived 9508:Archived 9479:archived 9477:, 2011, 9293:21975053 9242:21748117 9176:26014655 9119:25061468 9054:Archived 9024:Archived 8969:Archived 8912:Archived 8810:24906154 8761:32824874 8710:30066063 8649:14514793 8597:Archived 8554:16131696 8509:Archived 8505:79245852 8454:76128311 8404:12376390 8343:Archived 8339:10073754 8331:26853923 8281:28924423 8222:Archived 8200:30308987 8149:12778049 8112:July 14, 8074:Archived 8043:Archived 8039:31168050 7982:32860943 7918:30805214 7853:33231984 7826:25328170 7766:19885099 7717:31147674 7642:18155991 7599:Archived 7572:25919227 7490:89991088 7436:Archived 7432:20460244 7346:17992185 7291:Archived 7183:Diabetes 7133:Medicine 7110:Archived 7088:11976176 7009:Archived 6979:17992187 6892:April 2, 6886:Archived 6884:. 1995. 6856:Archived 6773:33663636 6723:25057725 6383:Archived 6354:12506426 5900:See also 5745:pellagra 5735:In 1912 5718:minerals 5501:Vitamin 5477:thiamine 5449:glycogen 5437:thiamine 5433:beriberi 5421:beriberi 5403:bouillon 5399:extracts 5335:hydrogen 5331:nitrogen 5176:such as 5075:Pergamon 5015:exercise 4881:thiamine 4853:pressing 4822:freezing 4651:, pasta 4645:potatoes 4527:ferritin 4465:hepcidin 4433:oxalates 4429:phytates 4365:dementia 4305:red meat 4289:collagen 4121:and the 3774:academia 3679:stunting 3675:quintile 3598:Cambodia 3582:Malaysia 3525:Djibouti 3487:di-dèguè 3372:Botswana 3368:Zimbabwe 3318:Pakistan 3180:stunting 2929:diabetes 2909:HIV/AIDS 2897:diarrhea 2687:review. 2488:anorexia 2468:vomiting 2292:causing 2290:Diarrhea 2233:effects 2203:Pellagra 1990:marasmus 1786:Vitamins 1781:Vanadium 1766:Fluorine 1716:Selenium 1674:thyroxin 1664:Chromium 1625:role in 1554:chloride 1550:Chlorine 1544:skeleton 1540:proteins 1476:nitrogen 1472:hydrogen 1121:Minerals 1106:Pregnant 1074:sweating 928:butyrate 817:glucagon 532:glycerol 380:glycogen 352:fructose 259:glycerol 255:monomers 198:vitamins 194:proteins 190:minerals 176:Nutrient 102:excreted 97:elements 73:proteins 59:Overview 38:nutrient 16684:Commons 16646:MyPlate 16606:5 A Day 16504:Calcium 16354:Proline 16334:Leucine 16319:Glycine 16284:Alanine 16091:Low-fat 15878:Islamic 15814:Western 15778:Dieting 15763:Obesity 15733:Cuisine 15728:Dieting 15648:Commons 15561:History 15458:Canada 15433:Europe 14917:Nursing 14897:Hygiene 14860:Hygiene 14585:Liberal 14538:General 13971:1512834 13883:1465819 13549:3149409 13272:Cajanus 13126:Bibcode 13118:Science 13081:4235396 13032:3772578 12966:4157323 12918:4399494 12858:9573099 12796:4321209 12739:3636409 12679:7996767 12617:6971894 12479:8399049 12413:9370290 12349:9268943 12265:9640361 12133:6855992 11976:2430660 11903:9621358 11707:8498021 11633:2647414 11300:2774642 11234:3192363 11186:2220927 11134:1857759 11069:3910132 10892:1870641 10658:Bibcode 10582:4472365 10388:3910132 10345:2569153 10337:9164317 10160:May 28, 10058:7826526 9821:2871118 9434:8811801 9343:9359334 9284:3204293 9233:3074887 9167:4529389 9110:4105387 8801:4144415 8752:7468710 8701:6443601 8640:1770067 8272:5598028 8191:6212815 8030:6551340 7909:6360548 7817:4190204 7757:2769584 7708:6628852 7563:4415091 7542:Bibcode 7354:4218364 7297:July 7, 7273:3703387 7238:6996472 6987:3330936 6334:Bibcode 6093:Biology 5982:5 A Day 5933:Dieting 5922:General 5880:at the 5780:rickets 5741:vitamin 5705:caloric 5515:thiamin 5445:glucose 5362:protein 5323:calcium 5218:muscles 5138:Erehwon 5105:humours 5093:at the 5048:Babylon 5033:cabbage 4978:obesity 4970:Wu Xing 4961:Humours 4889:Pasteur 4845:milling 4838:salting 4818:Cooling 4766:scholar 4684:During 4523:Aspirin 4492:fatigue 4437:tannins 4418:calcium 4400:due to 4377:gastrin 4301:poultry 4297:seafood 4218:leucine 4202:protein 4162:illness 4104:weaning 4084:calcium 4051:protein 3990:obesity 3981:dieting 3845:MyPlate 3736:measles 3632:Jamaica 3594:Iceland 3578:Vietnam 3545:Tunisia 3535:(OPT), 3483:equinut 3475:ICRISAT 3427:Senegal 3423:Nigeria 3403:Central 3384:Nigeria 3348:Lesotho 3217:wasting 3213:stunted 3184:wasting 2986:Obesity 2905:malaria 2810:Disease 2777:Please 2452:Fatigue 2426:Calcium 2306:Rickets 2256:damage 2248:Masks B 2188:lesions 2119:Obesity 2097:Obesity 2078:Obesity 2053:Protein 2041:Obesity 2018:Obesity 1995:Obesity 1966:Excess 1792:Vitamin 1778:Silicon 1772:Lithium 1760:Arsenic 1757:Bromine 1627:enzymes 1602:calcium 1532:Calcium 1409:Legend: 1224: 1181: 1165: 981:enzymes 896:legumes 852:fiber. 849:soluble 813:insulin 746:omega-3 703:scholar 668:removed 564:omega-6 560:omega-3 484:scholar 449:removed 372:sucrose 368:maltose 364:lactose 360:sucrose 348:glucose 333:noodles 280:atrophy 83:), and 16599:advice 16574:Sodium 16554:Nickel 16529:Iodine 16524:Copper 16519:Cobalt 16384:Valine 16364:Serine 16339:Lysine 15888:Jewish 15748:Leptin 15743:Hunger 15448:India 15423:China 15295:Safety 14976:Worker 14253: 14131: 14050: 13978: 13968: 13915: 13890: 13880: 13839: 13811: 13714:319206 13712: 13662:Health 13633: 13590: 13556: 13546: 13410:318470 13407: 13312: 13191: 13152: 13144: 13079: 13071: 13030: 13022: 13014: 12973: 12963: 12925: 12915: 12907: 12865: 12855: 12847: 12803: 12793: 12785: 12746: 12736: 12728: 12686: 12676: 12668: 12624: 12614: 12562: 12554: 12486: 12476: 12468: 12420: 12410: 12402: 12356: 12346: 12338: 12295: 12272: 12262: 12254: 12234:Cureus 12180: 12140: 12130: 12044:May 9, 12018: 11983: 11973: 11910: 11900: 11892: 11839: 11776: 11768: 11750:Lancet 11714: 11704: 11640: 11630: 11307: 11297: 11241: 11231: 11223: 11184: 11176: 11141: 11131: 11123: 11067: 11059: 11041:Lancet 11024: 10974: 10966: 10948:Lancet 10931: 10890: 10851: 10754: 10676: 10589: 10579: 10561:Lancet 10540: 10386: 10378: 10360:Lancet 10343: 10335: 10317:Lancet 10286: 10278: 10260:Lancet 10212: 10204: 10186:Lancet 10108: 10100: 10065: 10055: 10014: 10006: 9965: 9893: 9828: 9818: 9679: 9455: 9432: 9391: 9340: 9332: 9291: 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