77:
33:
2106:
2193:, military campaigns have enabled large numbers of refugees to return home. Indeed, in the 1971 and 1999 wars, refugee return was a stated reason for launching hostilities. Yet this key observation finds remarkably little reflection in the literature about the casualties of contemporary war. A focus on the numbers of those uprooted in war is especially problematic as those who are trapped in conflict zones may in fact be worse off than those uprooted, but seldom feature in statistics. Figures for war deaths and for war-related migration should be presented separately, not amalgamated.
2181:
mortality. In the case of victims of sexual crimes (category 5) there could be an argument for including not only direct crimes by combatants, but also 'indirect' crimes due to general social collapse. In the case of those uprooted in war (category 6), the implication that refugees and IDPs always count as war victims is too simple. Some may be fleeing one-sided violence from a repressive state apparatus, natural calamity, or general social breakdown. Moreover, in certain episodes, such as the
2141:
international armed conflicts, is relatively simple: a civilian is any person who is not a member of the armed forces and is not a combatant in situation of armed conflict. To make effective use of such statistics as there are about civilian casualties of war, it is necessary to be explicit about the criteria for inclusion. All too often, there is a lack of clarity about which of the following categories of civilian casualties are included in any given set of figures.
2180:
The inclusion of people in each of these categories may be defensible, but needs to be explicit. Each category presents its own methodological problems. In the case of people dying from indirect effects (category 3), much careful work is needed to distinguish between 'expected' and 'excess' levels of
2140:
Generating reliable assessments of casualties of war is a notoriously complex process. Civilian casualties present particular difficulties. One problem is that the attribution of the label 'civilian' is contested in some cases. On the surface, the definition of a civilian, at least in the context of
2237:
of civilians and civilian objects in international armed conflicts; the attacking force must take precautions and steps to spare the lives of civilians and civilian objects as possible. Although ratified by 173 countries, the only countries that are currently not signatories to
Protocol I are the
2217:
attempted to erect some legal defenses for civilians in international armed conflicts, the bulk of the Fourth
Convention devoted to explicating civilian rights in the hands of the enemy, and no explicit attention is paid to the problems of
2077:
acts. The term is generally applied to situations in which violence is committed in pursuit of political goals. During periods of armed conflict, there are structures, actors, and processes at a number of levels that affect the
2151:
Those dying, whether during or after a war, from indirect effects of war such as disease, malnutrition and lawlessness, and who would not have been expected to die at such rates from such causes in the absence of the
2455:
is the ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties or total casualties. The measurement can apply either to casualties inflicted by a particular belligerent or to casualties in the conflict as a whole.
2864:
Ahlstrom, C. and K.-A. Nordquist (1991). "Casualties of conflict: report for the world campaign for the protection of victims of war." Uppsala, Department of Peace and
Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
2320:
defines "intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population" in both international and non-international conflicts as illegal, but it only came into effect on 1 July 2002 and has not been
2699:
2348:
is deemed proportional in Just War theory if the overall destruction expected from the use of force is outweighed by the projected good to be achieved. This view is a war-adapted version of
2717:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.: Commentary of 1958: Article 4 - Definition of protected persons"
2700:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
2686:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
2367:
cannot be attacked because they are, by definition, not partaking in combat; to attack non-combatants anyway, regardless of the expected outcome, is to deny them
2638:
2965:
2278:
2137:(UNICEF) reports that civilian fatalities have climbed from 5 per cent at the turn of the century to more than 90 per cent in the wars of the 1990s.
2930:
2716:
2423:
2502:
2079:
2741:
2720:
2213:
would come into force, in no small part, because of a general reaction against the practices of the Second World War. Although the
1000:
2799:
2569:
2133:
in
Brussels in December 2003, stated that since 1990, almost 4 million people have died in wars, 90% of them civilians. However,
1427:
2685:
2885:
2755:
2669:
2602:
2190:
2769:
2997:
1783:
76:
17:
2843:
2754:
2914:
2363:, which holds there are various ethical rules that are, as the name implies, absolute. One such rule is that protected
2282:
2085:
The term "civilian casualties" is sometimes used in non-military situations, for example to distinguish casualties to
1978:
1756:
371:
32:
2134:
1432:
1510:
1855:
1493:
1280:
125:
2825:
2266:
1619:
2877:
The
Concept of the Civilian: Legal Recognition, Adjudication and the Trials of International Criminal Justice
2293:. Only neutral nationals in the territory of a belligerent state (e.g., the taking of U.S. residents in Iraq
2036:
1483:
2987:
2434:
2170:
1973:
677:
437:
2931:
Counting
Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Non-military Deaths in Conflict.
2470:
Collateral damage is defined in terms of armed conflict as unavoidable or accidental killing or injury of
2155:
Victims of one-sided violence, such as when states slaughter their own citizens in connection with a war;
1983:
1170:
972:
843:
381:
2475:
2352:, the moral system which advocates that the morally correct action is the one that does the most good.
2182:
2126:
1447:
1557:
1065:
414:
288:
142:
2534:"Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide"
2507:
2407:
2214:
2008:
1875:
1422:
1115:
933:
781:
2582:
3002:
2657:
2512:
2446:
2306:
2159:
2058:
1961:
1943:
1699:
1258:
1180:
1125:
723:
386:
2734:
2661:
2651:
2105:
1828:
1803:
1525:
1437:
1310:
1185:
786:
763:
209:
108:
2759:
2341:
2234:
1417:
1350:
1303:
957:
920:
883:
801:
753:
637:
447:
255:
164:
2410:
explicitly provide legal protections to protected civilians in territories belonging to or
2114:
1808:
1710:
1567:
1562:
1380:
1345:
1080:
900:
758:
694:
548:
518:
115:
2550:
2533:
8:
2992:
2497:
2411:
2368:
1659:
1644:
1520:
1407:
1385:
1360:
1320:
1230:
1040:
945:
895:
662:
652:
617:
409:
399:
169:
93:
2474:
or unavoidable or accidental destruction of non-combatant property caused by attacks on
2971:
2487:
2419:
2356:
2210:
2062:
1993:
1848:
1768:
1689:
1634:
1609:
1530:
1476:
1442:
1373:
1290:
1200:
1105:
1050:
940:
905:
858:
733:
704:
657:
595:
570:
404:
218:
137:
2803:
2910:
2881:
2765:
2761:
Contemporary
International Law Issues: Sharing Pan-European and American Perspectives
2665:
2598:
2492:
2465:
2274:
2269:
applicable to international armed conflict, enemy civilians and stateless persons or
2233:
was adopted as an amendment to the Geneva
Conventions, prohibiting the deliberate or
2029:
1938:
1885:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1726:
1721:
1694:
1639:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1195:
1165:
1055:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1005:
995:
910:
863:
833:
672:
465:
442:
376:
41:
2176:
Those who, even after a war is over, die prematurely from injuries sustained in war.
1998:
2590:
2545:
2360:
2130:
2003:
1968:
1900:
1793:
1731:
1624:
1552:
1545:
1402:
1335:
1285:
1275:
1150:
1070:
1030:
1015:
982:
967:
838:
823:
776:
684:
642:
585:
580:
538:
361:
338:
245:
174:
103:
86:
2875:
2785:
2426:
has also given protection to people who have a well founded fear of persecution.
2386:
is the belief that war of any kind is morally unjust. Pacifists sometimes extend
2270:
1813:
1798:
1716:
1672:
1614:
1270:
1265:
1155:
1145:
1060:
1035:
977:
818:
748:
738:
590:
575:
498:
470:
270:
250:
98:
2961:
Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and
Atrocities Before the 20th Century
2117:. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939.
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2471:
2452:
2364:
2349:
2122:
1988:
1736:
1160:
1120:
1098:
1085:
1075:
1045:
962:
915:
718:
709:
600:
553:
533:
523:
493:
460:
348:
305:
260:
132:
65:
2406:
have changed over the course of history, and international protocols like the
2981:
2851:
2390:
concern not just to enemy civilians but also to enemy combatants, especially
2290:
2239:
2121:
In times of armed conflict, despite numerous advancements in technology, the
1835:
1823:
1679:
1599:
1515:
1498:
1355:
1210:
1190:
873:
868:
848:
828:
743:
714:
689:
565:
543:
528:
503:
343:
265:
228:
223:
120:
2618:
2583:
General
Secretariat of the Council (Council of the European Union) (2009).
2387:
2376:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2286:
2202:
2094:
2022:
1948:
1928:
1923:
1818:
1763:
1397:
1392:
1215:
1130:
878:
612:
513:
310:
214:
2584:
2303:
rapes committed by French colonial troops against allied Italian civilians
2758:, Nederlandse Vereninging voor Internationaal Recht, ed. (1 March 1992).
2564:
2415:
2403:
2345:
2219:
1933:
1684:
1649:
1488:
1175:
1140:
853:
796:
699:
483:
204:
199:
2391:
2372:
2230:
2206:
2186:
2110:
2070:
1890:
1860:
1582:
951:
2066:
1880:
1704:
1654:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1454:
1245:
1240:
1205:
647:
333:
300:
189:
2073:, it refers to civilians who perish or suffer wounds as a result of
2430:
2383:
2337:
2321:
2298:
2251:
2166:
2054:
1895:
1870:
1503:
1135:
1110:
728:
283:
157:
2301:
before January 17, 1991) and citizens of an allied state (such as
2594:
2418:
party during and after an international armed conflict. The 1951
2294:
1905:
1865:
1629:
1463:
1459:
806:
791:
667:
328:
323:
293:
232:
194:
37:
2379:
advocates this absolutist rule in his essay "War and Massacre".
2160:
rape and other forms of sexual violence in connection with a war
2800:"USCCB - Excerpts from the Harvest of Justice is Sown in Peace"
2333:
2259:
2243:
2223:
2086:
1412:
813:
630:
366:
2907:
The Deaths of Others: The Fate of Civilians in America's Wars
2586:
European Security Strategy :a secure Europe in a better world
2255:
2090:
888:
424:
419:
2359:
often contest this approach to war. Such theorists advocate
2281:
of the Fourth Geneva Convention and the 1907 Fifth and 13th
2273:
nationals outside the territory of a belligerent state are
2247:
184:
179:
2074:
57:
27:
Civilians killed, injured, or imprisoned by non-civilians
2844:"Manifesto against Conscription and the Military System"
2639:
Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?
2619:"Patterns in conflict: Civilians are now the target"
2532:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (11 May 2021).
2313:) are not protected persons under the laws of war.
2649:
2196:
2979:
2531:
2873:
2057:is killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly
2589:. Publications Office of the European Union.
2030:
2437:in their definition of "civilian casualty".
2904:
2867:
2702:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
2424:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
2371:. Thus, by the absolutist view, only enemy
2503:List of concentration and internment camps
2440:
2037:
2023:
2549:
36:The body of a young boy on the street in
2742:International Committee of the Red Cross
2721:International Committee of the Red Cross
2148:Those injured as a direct effect of war;
2104:
2080:likelihood of violence against civilians
1001:List of military strategies and concepts
31:
2735:"THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT: Neutrality"
2711:
2709:
2570:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
2525:
2145:Those killed as a direct effect of war;
14:
2980:
2935:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2336:of civilian casualties align with the
2954:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2951:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2948:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2756:American Society of International Law
2551:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229
2209:were adopted starting in 1949. These
2205:, a series of treaties governing the
2706:
2653:Moral Principles and Nuclear Weapons
2650:Douglas P. Lackey (1 January 1984).
2634:
2632:
2459:
2285:regarding the duties of neutrals on
2165:Those uprooted in a war – that is,
24:
2898:
2688:. The American National Red Cross.
2538:Annual Review of Political Science
2451:The civilian casualty ratio in an
2332:Many modern nations' views on the
25:
3014:
2924:
2874:Claire Garbett (9 January 2015).
2629:
2375:can be attacked. The philosopher
2222:and the hazardous effects in the
2297:by Iraqi authorities during the
75:
2858:
2836:
2818:
2792:
2778:
2764:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2748:
2727:
2429:Some researchers have included
2970:, by Greg Brecht. Fall, 1987.
2692:
2678:
2643:
2611:
2576:
2558:
2340:, which advocates a system of
2267:international humanitarian law
2197:International humanitarian law
2135:United Nations Children's Fund
13:
1:
2518:
2435:internally displaced persons
2171:Internally Displaced Persons
2113:during a June 1941 Japanese
7:
2967:The world's worst massacres
2909:. Oxford University Press.
2481:
2476:legitimate military targets
2397:
2100:
1494:Military–industrial complex
973:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3019:
2998:International criminal law
2826:"Nagel - War and Massacre"
2463:
2444:
2183:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
2127:European Security Strategy
2382:Finally, the approach of
2327:
2065:, rebel group forces, or
1558:Loss-of-strength gradient
415:Combat information center
2658:Rowman & Littlefield
2508:Nazi concentration camps
2408:Fourth Geneva Convention
2215:Fourth Geneva Convention
2059:law enforcement officers
1876:Military science fiction
1361:Technology and equipment
782:List of military tactics
2513:Wartime sexual violence
2447:Civilian casualty ratio
2441:Civilian casualty ratio
2307:Battle of Monte Cassino
2191:Afghanistan War of 2001
1944:Wartime sexual violence
1700:Full-spectrum dominance
1511:Supply-chain management
2118:
1856:Awards and decorations
1829:Peace through strength
1804:Low-intensity conflict
1438:Conscientious objector
1311:Area of responsibility
45:
2235:indiscriminate attack
2108:
448:Torpedo data computer
438:Ship gun fire-control
35:
2905:John Tirman (2011).
2854:on 20 February 2006.
2115:bombing of Chongqing
1974:Military occupations
1809:Military engineering
1711:Unrestricted Warfare
1568:Force multiplication
466:Military manoeuvrers
2988:Civilian casualties
2498:Concentration camps
1660:Penal military unit
1645:Rules of engagement
1321:Command and control
946:Operations research
410:Director (military)
400:Fire-control system
170:Command and control
51:Part of a series on
18:Civilian casualties
2972:Whole Earth Review
2943:WAR STATS REDIRECT
2940:WAR STATS REDIRECT
2937:WAR STATS REDIRECT
2488:Casualty recording
2420:Refugee Convention
2357:moral philosophers
2324:by every country.
2211:Geneva Conventions
2119:
2063:military personnel
1769:Counter-insurgency
1690:Command of the sea
1635:Jewish laws on war
1610:Geneva Conventions
1146:Divide and conquer
941:Military operation
906:Tactical objective
405:Fire-control radar
382:Electronic-warfare
46:
2887:978-1-136-00624-1
2848:themanifesto.info
2671:978-0-8476-7116-8
2604:978-92-824-2421-6
2493:Casualty (person)
2466:Collateral damage
2460:Collateral damage
2283:Hague Conventions
2275:protected persons
2189:of 1999, and the
2129:, adopted by the
2051:civilian casualty
2047:
2046:
1939:Horses in warfare
1886:Anti-war movement
1789:Gunboat diplomacy
1779:Disaster response
1727:Philosophy of war
1722:Principles of war
1695:Deterrence theory
1640:Right of conquest
1563:Lanchester's laws
1331:Principles of war
1021:Counter-offensive
1006:Military campaign
911:Target saturation
834:Counterinsurgency
443:Gun data computer
377:Close air support
339:Aircraft carriers
42:Finnish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
3010:
2920:
2892:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2850:. Archived from
2840:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2802:. Archived from
2796:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2771:9-7890-0463-7863
2752:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2580:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2529:
2131:European Council
2109:Casualties of a
2039:
2032:
2025:
1794:Humanitarian aid
1732:Security dilemma
1553:Power projection
1336:Economy of force
1316:Chain of command
1031:Defence in depth
1016:Commerce raiding
839:Defeat in detail
175:Defense ministry
79:
70:
69:
60:
48:
47:
21:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2978:
2977:
2927:
2917:
2901:
2899:Further reading
2896:
2895:
2888:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2806:on 12 July 2006
2798:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2753:
2749:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2559:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2484:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2400:
2342:proportionality
2338:Just War theory
2330:
2199:
2103:
2043:
2014:
2013:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1814:Multilateralism
1799:Law enforcement
1759:
1749:
1748:
1717:Just war theory
1675:
1665:
1664:
1615:Geneva Protocol
1585:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1181:Network-centric
1101:
1091:
1090:
998:
988:
987:
936:
926:
925:
874:Rapid dominance
779:
769:
768:
724:Electromagnetic
633:
623:
622:
609:
562:
510:
486:
476:
475:
471:Combat training
452:
429:
395:Combat systems:
391:
353:
349:Auxiliary ships
315:
275:
271:Military police
237:
160:
150:
149:
89:
63:
62:
61:
56:
40:after the 1918
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3003:War casualties
3000:
2995:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2958:
2933:
2926:
2925:External links
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:978-0195381214
2915:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2866:
2857:
2835:
2817:
2791:
2786:"Rome Statute"
2777:
2770:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2691:
2677:
2670:
2642:
2628:
2623:www.unicef.org
2610:
2603:
2575:
2573:, 2001, p. 364
2557:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2472:non-combatants
2464:Main article:
2461:
2458:
2453:armed conflict
2445:Main article:
2442:
2439:
2399:
2396:
2365:non-combatants
2350:utilitarianism
2329:
2326:
2198:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2123:European Union
2102:
2099:
2053:occurs when a
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Military terms
1976:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
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1737:Tripwire force
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1259:Administrative
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1186:New generation
1183:
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1161:Fleet in being
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
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1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:Grand strategy
1097:
1096:
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1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:Scorched earth
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
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1008:
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986:
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965:
963:Deep operation
960:
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948:
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774:
771:
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766:
764:Unconventional
761:
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746:
741:
736:
731:
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721:
712:
710:Disinformation
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541:
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482:
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478:
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474:
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468:
463:
461:Basic training
458:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
390:
389:
387:Reconnaissance
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
352:
351:
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341:
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331:
326:
321:
314:
313:
308:
306:Special forces
303:
298:
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286:
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274:
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263:
261:Reconnaissance
258:
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104:Post-classical
101:
96:
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84:
81:
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72:
71:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3015:
3004:
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2999:
2996:
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2989:
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2918:
2912:
2908:
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2889:
2883:
2880:. Routledge.
2879:
2878:
2870:
2861:
2853:
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2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2422:and the 1967
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
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2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:naval warfare
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:United States
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Warrior caste
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:Show of force
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Peacebuilding
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
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1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Air supremacy
1678:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Islamic rules
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Court-martial
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Arms industry
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1465:
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1444:
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1234:
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1227:
1224:
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1212:
1209:
1207:
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1199:
1197:
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1192:
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1177:
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1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Broken-backed
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Expeditionary
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
930:
929:
922:
919:
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914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
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880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:Counterattack
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
772:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:Psychological
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:Combined arms
688:
686:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
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654:
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635:
632:
627:
626:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Fortification
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
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485:
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479:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
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423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
345:
344:Landing craft
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
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295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
285:
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280:
277:
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272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:Standing army
227:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
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176:
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168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
121:pike and shot
119:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
88:
83:
82:
78:
74:
73:
67:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2966:
2906:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2852:the original
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2794:
2780:
2760:
2750:
2729:
2694:
2680:
2652:
2645:
2622:
2613:
2595:10.2860/1402
2585:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2544:(1): 45–69.
2541:
2537:
2527:
2469:
2450:
2428:
2401:
2388:humanitarian
2381:
2377:Thomas Nagel
2354:
2331:
2318:Rome Statute
2315:
2311:World War II
2264:
2228:
2203:World War II
2200:
2179:
2139:
2120:
2095:bank robbers
2084:
2069:. Under the
2050:
2048:
1949:Fifth column
1929:War resister
1924:Women in war
1819:Peacekeeping
1764:Arms control
1709:
1398:Mobilization
1393:Conscription
1351:Intelligence
1304:Organization
950:
879:Encirclement
759:Radiological
695:Conventional
549:Subterranean
456:Development:
455:
432:
394:
356:
319:Naval units:
318:
311:Signal corps
278:
256:Intelligence
241:Specialties:
240:
165:Organization
116:Early modern
29:
2830:ucdavis.edu
2565:Herbert Bix
2416:belligerent
2404:laws of war
2224:combat-zone
2220:bombardment
2207:laws of war
2158:Victims of
1934:War studies
1757:Non-warfare
1685:Appeasement
1650:Martial law
1489:War economy
1428:Transgender
1381:Recruitment
1141:Containment
1026:Culminating
934:Operational
854:Envelopment
797:Air assault
678:Air cavalry
638:Air defence
618:Information
519:Cold-region
484:Battlespace
433:Historical:
279:Land units:
205:Space force
200:Coast guard
133:Late modern
94:Prehistoric
2993:Law of war
2982:Categories
2660:. p.
2519:References
2392:conscripts
2373:combatants
2361:absolutism
2346:act of war
2305:after the
2231:Protocol I
2201:Following
2187:Kosovo War
2111:mass panic
2071:law of war
2067:terrorists
1994:War crimes
1984:Operations
1891:Foot drill
1861:Battle cry
1774:deterrence
1433:Harassment
1408:Specialism
1231:Technology
1226:Succession
1171:Liberation
1106:Asymmetric
1041:Empty fort
952:Blitzkrieg
921:Withdrawal
884:Investment
663:Camouflage
658:Biological
596:Underwater
571:Amphibious
490:Aerospace
357:Air units:
334:Submarines
143:fourth-gen
138:industrial
126:napoleonic
2355:However,
2279:Article 4
2229:In 1977,
2091:criminals
1881:War novel
1784:Grey-zone
1744:War games
1705:Overmatch
1655:War crime
1605:Desertion
1595:Ceasefire
1590:Armistice
1477:Logistics
1455:Mercenary
1443:Volunteer
1374:Personnel
1346:Engineers
1291:Sociology
1246:World war
1241:Total war
1221:Strategic
1211:Religious
1196:Political
1191:Perpetual
1166:Irregular
1081:Offensive
1056:Defensive
1051:Deception
1011:Attrition
864:Guerrilla
859:Formation
802:Airbridge
734:Loitering
648:Artillery
301:Artillery
251:Engineers
219:Irregular
190:Air force
2482:See also
2431:refugees
2412:occupied
2398:Refugees
2384:pacifism
2322:ratified
2299:Gulf War
2252:Pakistan
2167:refugees
2101:Overview
2093:such as
2055:civilian
1896:War song
1871:War film
1504:Materiel
1423:Children
1403:Training
1341:Medicine
1326:Doctrine
1281:Training
1216:Resource
1201:Princely
1151:Economic
1136:Conquest
1131:Colonial
1126:Cold war
1111:Blockade
996:Strategy
968:Maneuver
729:Infantry
685:Chemical
539:Mountain
499:Airborne
362:Fighters
329:Warships
284:Infantry
210:Reserves
158:Military
2309:during
2295:hostage
2271:neutral
2173:(IDPs);
2089:vs. to
2075:wartime
2009:Writers
2004:Weapons
1969:Battles
1918:Related
1906:Wargame
1901:Uniform
1849:Culture
1630:Perfidy
1625:Justice
1546:Science
1531:Outpost
1484:History
1464:Warrior
1460:Soldier
1448:foreign
1386:counter
1286:Service
1236:Theater
1176:Limited
1156:Endemic
1071:Nuclear
844:Foxhole
819:Cavalry
807:Airdrop
792:Airlift
777:Tactics
749:Nuclear
739:Missile
668:Cavalry
653:Barrage
631:Weapons
591:Surface
372:Command
367:Bombers
324:Frogman
294:Cavalry
266:Medical
233:Militia
215:Regular
195:Marines
109:castles
99:Ancient
87:History
66:outline
38:Tampere
2913:
2884:
2810:7 July
2768:
2668:
2601:
2369:agency
2334:ethics
2328:Ethics
2277:under
2265:Under
2260:Turkey
2258:, and
2244:Israel
2185:, the
2087:police
1989:Sieges
1673:Theory
1413:Morale
1271:Policy
1266:Branch
1046:Mosaic
1036:Fabian
983:Covert
916:Trench
901:Screen
824:Charge
814:Battle
787:Aerial
705:Denial
673:Horses
601:Seabed
554:Tunnel
534:Jungle
524:Desert
494:Aerial
2738:(PDF)
2414:by a
2344:. An
2256:India
1962:Lists
1418:Women
1356:Ranks
1276:Staff
1206:Proxy
1121:Class
1076:Naval
1061:Depth
896:Swarm
889:Siege
869:Naval
849:Drone
744:Music
719:Robot
715:Drone
700:Cyber
643:Armor
613:Cyber
586:Green
581:Brown
544:Urban
504:Space
425:Radar
420:Sonar
289:Armor
246:Staff
224:Ranks
2911:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2812:2006
2766:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2433:and
2402:The
2316:The
2289:and
2287:land
2248:Iran
2169:and
2152:war;
1999:Wars
1516:Base
1066:Goal
978:Raid
576:Blue
514:Land
185:Navy
180:Army
2662:213
2591:doi
2546:doi
2125:'s
2061:,
1583:Law
1526:FOB
1521:MOB
566:Sea
58:War
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