4044:
3023:
1085:
3055:
2683:
191:
3564:
2652:
3579:
4030:
2667:
3292:
3610:
2853:
169:
1116:
1067:
3043:
7788:
7676:
4015:
3244:
3594:
3386:
250:
214:
1777:
1096:
1574:
4240:
10614:
1037:
1387:(602–664) journeyed to India and back and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings, which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period. Xuanzang also brought back many Buddhist texts and led a translation team which was responsible for many influential Chinese translations of classic Buddhist works. His efforts led to the establishment of the idealistic Yogachara (Consciousness-only) tradition in East Asia.
10625:
8023:
8010:
3331:
4821:
8000:
1736:, as well as the return of monastic ordination and Buddhist institutions. Monks like Zhenchan (真禪) and Mengcan (夢參), who were trained in the Chan and Huayan traditions, traveled widely throughout China as well as other countries, such as the United States, and lectured on both Chan and Huayan teachings. Monks are required to obtain certificates from the authorities that permit them to reside in monasteries.
10778:
32:
109:
1565:, one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism. Like many of his contemporaries, he advocated the dual practice of the Chan and Pure Land methods. He also directed practitioners in the use of mantras as well as scripture reading. He was also renowned as a lecturer and commentator and was admired for his strict adherence to the precepts.
5507:
3661:
like Chan and
Tiantai are understood as distinctive teachings, they are all part of the single Chinese Buddhist tradition, which is "characterized by broad-minded acceptance of a variety of styles of discourse, modes of worship, and approaches to spiritual cultivation." Due to Chinese Buddhism's acceptance of diversity,
4054:
During religious festivals, Chinese people visit temples to take part in rituals, chanting, food, celebrations, parades, and to make offerings of prayers, incense, fruits, flowers, and donations. On such days, they may observe the moral precepts very strictly, as well as a full day's vegetarian diet.
3358:
Traditional practices such as meditation, mantra recitation, mindfulness of Amitābha Buddha, asceticism, and vegetarianism were all integrated into the belief systems of ordinary people. It is known from accounts in the Ming dynasty that lay practitioners often engaged in practices from both the Pure
3212:
Chinese
Buddhist temples usually include numerous images and statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. They are often ritually carved and installed as part of a consecration ritual that may include chanting and scripture reading. Devotion towards these are a major part of Chinese Buddhism. As Chün-fang Yü
2953:
Textual practices are also commonly practiced by monks and laypersons. These include printing, copying, propagating and reciting
Buddhist scriptures, studying Buddhist texts, and attending lectures. Buddhist temples may also have special elements associated with sacred texts, such as lecture halls or
2961:
Other important
Buddhist rituals are those related to death, which is seen as a key moment for Buddhists who want to attain a good rebirth in the pure land of a Buddha (the most popular being Amitabha's pure land). The focus of these rituals is to keep the dying person free of distractions and offer
3282:
There have been many different types of monasteries throughout
Chinese Buddhist history. There are city monasteries, country monasteries, and monasteries deep in the mountains. Some monasteries may be large and rich, with thousands of monastics, while others are small with just a few monastics. The
3220:
layout. They "consist of a series of halls and courtyards that are arranged symmetrically around a central axis, which usually runs from north to south. The main hall is typically a large building that is centrally located along the main axis. In larger monasteries or temples, a number of ancillary
2878:
practices like offerings to an altar (of items like incense, flowers, food, and candles), ceremonial bowing, and extensive liturgies (including repentance ceremonies, rites for good health, and memorials for the dead). According to Chün-fang Yü, the most popular
Chinese Buddhist ritual that is most
7447:
Shinko
Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (2001). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 2: The Earliest Period; Chapter 3: Hui-yuan of Mt.Lu; and Chapter 4: The Translation of Texts-Spurious Scriptures. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 3, 241–275. Archived from the
3660:
As Mario
Poceski notes, Chinese Buddhism "lacks clear [sectarian divisions of the kind we find in other Buddhist traditions". All Chinese monastics follow the same ordination procedures and monastic precepts, and as such, there is no rigid separation between "schools" or "sects". While traditions
3350:
have traditionally played an important role, and lay practice of
Buddhism has had similar tendencies to those of monastic Buddhism in China. Many historical biographies of lay Buddhists are available, which give a clear picture of their practices and role in Chinese Buddhism. In addition to these
3533:
many or even most people who actually come to worship at
Buddhist temples are not hardcore believers. A good number of them assume the kinds of fuzzy or hybrid religious identities that are typical of Chinese religiosity; among other things, that can mean that many of them also worship at Daoist
3645:
Over time, some of these schools survived or were revived as living traditions, while others are now defunct historical traditions or were absorbed into other schools. These "traditions" are not rigid designations and there has always been much intermixing, and many temples and communities are
7454:
Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (2002). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter Five: The Early Pure Land Faith: Southern China, and Chapter Six: The Early Pure Land Faith: Northern China. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 4, 259–279. Archived from the
1394:
Buddhism was widely accepted and practiced throughout the empire, with many monasteries and temples. Buddhism was popular with all social classes and was very influential on Chinese culture, being more popular and having more followers than Taoism. Buddhist themes can be found in much of the
5501:
1237:(334–413 CE) was a key event. Unlike the previous translators, Kumārajīva was supported by the state and given the title of national preceptor. The numerous high quality translations of his translation team had a great impact on Chinese Buddhism. He is also known for introducing the
2896:, are another key part of Buddhist practice. Taking up the ethical precepts in a ceremony, along with taking refuge in the three jewels (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha), is a common way of entering the Buddhist path. Another important set of ethical precepts is the "
3502:
One such important element of Chinese Buddhism are religious practices focused on one's ancestors, something that is shared in common with other traditional Chinese religions. This can include paying respect to them at various sites and at festivals like the
2941:
tradition. The practice of recitation of the Buddha's name is commonly done in a group setting, sometimes as part of an intensive nianfo recitation retreat, which can last for several days. These retreats might also include chanting sutras, taking of the
4043:
3213:
writes, "people in China worship Buddhas and bodhisattvas in rituals, write poems and novels about them, praise them in songs and hymns, and tell stories and stage plays about them. And above all else, they worship the images of these holy beings."
2873:
According to Mario Poceski, for the vast majority of ordinary Chinese Buddhists, "prevalent expressions of Buddhist piety were (and still are) channeled via a variety of popular modes of worship and ritual observance." Worship services can include
2962:
spiritual support (so they can focus their minds on Amitabha Buddha through the repetition of the Buddha's name). It is commonly believed that during these rituals one can experience auspicious signs, like visions of Amitabha and bright lights.
1717:. Buddhist clergy were attacked, disrobed, arrested, and sent to camps. Buddhist writings were burned. Buddhist temples, monasteries, and art were systematically destroyed and Buddhist lay believers ceased any public displays of their religion.
3522:, the Chinese believed that smoke resulting from burning of sandalwood would act as a bridge between the human world and the spirits. The practice remains a common offering in Chinese Buddhism, which it shared with other Chinese religions.
3554:
were also significantly influenced by them as Mongolian Buddhism, influenced by Nestorian beliefs and Tibetan Buddhism, spread out during the Yuan dynasty. The three Buddhist traditions also heavily influenced each other at the time.
3306:
is widely promoted and practiced in Chinese Buddhism, though not all Chinese Buddhists are necessarily vegetarians. The monastic Vinaya does not require vegetarianism, but the practice is promoted in various Mahayana sutras, like the
1537:
and thus, during this period there was a steady growth of this tradition in China. A common perception was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread. When the Yuan dynasty was overthrown and the
1154:
routes. Initially Buddhism was poorly understood and often confused with and mixed with Taoism. The Chinese saw many similarities between the two religions. There was also much criticism leveled at the new foreign religion by the
3657:, or "dharma-gates" (法門, fǎmén), instead of as separate sects. Chün-fang Yü quotes a famous saying which describes the harmonious situation in Chinese Buddhism, "Tiantai and Huayan for doctrine, Chan and Pure Land for practice."
2844:, the Huayan sutra contains the supreme teaching, while the Weishi school held that the Yogachara texts are where the "third turning" of the Dharma can be found, and thus, represent the final and ultimate teaching of the Buddha.
10697:
10801:
1478:
grew to become the most influential school, with close ties to the imperial government and a highly organized system of temple rank and administration system developed. It was during this time that the classic
10796:
7440:
Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (1999). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 1: A General Survey. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 1, 91–103. Archived from the
3665:, and difference, most Chinese Buddhists would not identify themselves as being part of a specific "school". That being said, there are still disagreements and doctrinal debates within the community.
7461:
Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (2000). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 7: T'an-luan. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 2, 149–165. Archived from the
3316:
Monastics are often required to be vegetarian and meat is often banned in Buddhist temples and monasteries. Other dietary restrictions may include avoiding eggs, dairy, and certain types of leeks.
3022:
1467:(907–960/979), an era of great political upheaval and civil war, also negatively impacted Chinese Buddhism. Various Chinese Buddhist traditions contracted or died out during this period.
1245:(the "Three Treatise school"). His work also established a thoroughly Indic foundation for Chinese Buddhist philosophy, which previously had been heavily influenced by Taoist philosophy.
3646:
influenced by many of these traditions (and also by local Chinese custom and traditional Chinese religions like Taoism). Some traditions may also have numerous sub-schools or sects.
1620:(1912–1949), there were various attempts to reform and modernize Chinese Buddhism and to respond to the various challenges of modernity. The most notable of these reformers were the
5698:
Yampolski, Philip (2003), "Zen. A Historical Sketch", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.), Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
5243:
3487:). Chinese Buddhism developed Chinese mythologies and philosophies which incorporated and accommodated Chinese religions. For example, Chinese Buddhist apocryphal texts tell of how
955:(618–907), which helped it spread across the country. The translation of a large body of Indian Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations (along with
6153:
5784:
6740:
3534:
temples or shrines associated with popular religion. This is one of the reasons why it is very difficult to arrive at reliable data about the number of " Buddhists " in China.
5163:
3408:. This ecumenical attitude and embrace of religious pluralism has been a common feature of Chinese culture since ancient times. For example, Chinese Buddhists may practice
5931:
3914:, the Chan school is the most popular school in China today, though this is often combined with Pure Land practice as well. Sheng-yen also notes that the Tiantai, Huayan,
3499:
argued that all three teachings should be followed and practiced since they all contain important truths (though he also considered Buddhism to reveal the highest truth).
7277:
Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds.)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism
1510:(1091–1157) developed the silent sitting method of "silent illumination". Both of these traditions of Chan practice were very influential (and remain so) on East Asian
10966:
6603:
5991:
2832:
worldview. For example, according to master Zhiyi's "eight teachings and five periods" classification, the final and supreme teaching of the Buddha is found in the
3529:. As such, Chinese adherents may also practice Buddhism alongside other Chinese religious practices without seeing this as conflicting. According to Mario Poceski:
1561:. At this point in its history, Chinese Buddhism had also become quite eclectic, drawing from all the main Chinese traditions. An example of this is the figure of
3319:
Devout laity are also often vegetarian. Some laypersons may practice being vegetarian on certain sacred days, during religious retreats, or on certain festivals.
11263:
1460:
greatly impacted and weakened the Buddhist institutions in China. Perhaps the main reason for this persecution was the Chinese state's need for tax and wealth.
2824:
schools of thought. These different doctrinal traditions developed their own scriptural commentaries and treatises and also various doctrinal classifications (
1665:
6583:
11303:
8764:
10662:
6845:
1084:
11293:
11258:
9679:
8154:
5969:
1601:
of Tibetan Buddhism. Chinese Buddhism suffered much during the various imperial and internal conflicts of the Qing dynasty, especially the devastating
3221:
halls also house the images of lesser Buddhist divinities, giving residents and visitors alike a wide choice of objects of worship and supplication."
2866:
Chinese Buddhism contains a wide array of religious practices and observances. Ritual and devotional practices are commonly seen as generating karmic
889:
that includes the andigonous cultural traditions of Confucianism and Taoism (Chinese: 三教; pinyin: sān jiào) and the rituals of local colloquialised
78:
2103:
11278:
11273:
2633:
4051:
Chinese Buddhists celebrate numerous religious festivals and holidays and these are the most widely attended and popular Chinese Buddhist events.
3279:
the Buddha hall, preaching the scriptures, Dharma lectures, ritual meals, and chanting at mealtime, as well as confession and repentance rituals.
9683:
6927:
3733:
2743:
2110:
917:
9907:
4302:
2723:
and Mahāyāna treatises and draws its main doctrines from these sources. Some of the most important scriptures in Chinese Buddhism include: the
10971:
7285:
7162:
2682:
1062:. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".
10956:
7079:
971:, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Chinese Buddhism also developed various unique traditions of Buddhist thought and practice, including
6374:
11283:
8124:
2969:
897:
and Mahāyāna treatises and draws its main doctrines from these sources. Some of the most important scriptures in Chinese Buddhism include:
5207:
3165:
bodhisattva (Pǔxián púsà), often depicted riding an elephant, is associated with confession and repentance rites and the bodhisattva vows.
2769:, as well as many other kinds of divine beings, ghosts, and so on. Chinese Buddhism also upholds classic Mahayana Buddhist doctrines like
1678:. In the latter half of the twentieth century, many new Buddhist temples and organizations were set up by the exiles in Taiwan, including
10951:
7664:
1542:
was established, the Tibetan lamas were expelled from the court, and this form of Buddhism was denounced as not being an orthodox path.
10961:
10702:
8232:
7141:
6529:
5760:
5514:, edited by Jonathan A. Silk (editor-in chief), Richard Bowring, Vincent Eltschinger, and Michael Radich, 752-758. Leiden, Brill, 2019.
705:
190:
7967:
6816:
6736:
3054:
1776:
1728:, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism began to take place. This was a period which saw the restoration of damaged Buddhist temples like
1219:
school was very influential in establishing Buddhism in China. This resulted in the widespread adoption of the Dharmaguptaka school's
11268:
7989:
7642:
6482:
3563:
11288:
7094:
6506:, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Kuroda Institute, p. 257. (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.),
5548:
5160:
1605:(December 1850 – August 1864), which saw many temples destroyed and scriptures burned by rebels. This era also saw the arrival of
10655:
10499:
9951:
1248:
By the 460s Buddhism was a mainstream institution in China, and its iconography and art were widely recognized. The Dunhuang and
7462:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7324:
6317:
5935:
1162:
One of the central tasks of the initial missionaries was the translation of Buddhist texts. The first surviving translations of
10154:
8134:
4962:
3322:
Temples and monasteries often have vegetarian dining halls and vegetarian feasts are a common feature of popular celebrations.
3275:
Buddhist monks and nuns perform numerous religious practices and services, including offerings to altars, liturgical services,
2825:
2749:
1464:
923:
596:
5658:
Rothschild, N, Henry (2015). Emperor Wu Zhao and Her Pantheon of Devis, Divinities, and Dynastic Mothers. Columbia UP. p. 221.
7609:
7580:
7314:
7065:
7048:
7028:
6994:
6965:
6396:
6244:
6220:
6126:
6070:
6022:
5778:
5729:
5683:
5618:
5585:
5443:
5279:
5237:
2119:
1891:
1701:
Chinese Buddhism suffered extensive repression, persecution, and destruction during the Cultural Revolution (from 1966 until
1632:. Humanistic Buddhism sought to move away from ritualistic and otherworldly obsessions to embrace more worldly pursuits like
7209:
3103:, the bodhisattva of compassion who has various forms (such as the thousand arms form), the most popular being the motherly
11467:
8317:
8159:
7190:
3063:
2626:
5917:
Yu, Dan Smyer. "Delayed contention with the Chinese Marxist scapegoat complex: re-membering Tibetan Buddhism in the PRC".
10494:
5999:
4951:
289:
10648:
10391:
9941:
8036:
4984:
4851:
4297:
4254:
3355:, which provide extensive and revealing accounts to the degree Buddhism penetrated elite and popular culture in China.
2651:
1040:
1027:
279:
2156:
8237:
7929:
7706:
7240:
6656:
6511:
5643:
5181:
1617:
145:
127:
10484:
6551:
6154:"Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work"
10169:
9914:
7956:
3578:
2475:
249:
6435:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales"
1935:
10561:
10551:
8380:
7787:
7657:
7485:
7379:
5476:
5004:
2619:
1453:
3518:) is another common religious practice in Buddhist spaces derived from traditional Chinese religion. During the
3074:
are venerated in Chinese Buddhism, most of which are Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Some of the key figures include:
2039:
11001:
10991:
10806:
10506:
10159:
9961:
9852:
9797:
8370:
7711:
7058:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
4906:
3907:
Many of these traditions were also later exported to other East Asian nations, like Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.
3335:
3189:
844:
730:
698:
19:
This article is about the Chinese form of Mahayana Buddhism. For all Buddhist branches practiced in China, see
6837:
2719:, "Great Storage of Scriptures") as well as numerous Chinese traditions. Chinese Buddhism focuses on studying
1051:
10476:
10174:
9857:
8149:
7982:
5009:
4780:
4475:
1740:
836:
662:
7802:
7398:
5961:
3309:
3283:
most prestigious monasteries have support from rich elites, and the smallest are usually in small villages.
2064:
1851:
11462:
10059:
9931:
9902:
9604:
7924:
7832:
7701:
7326:
Buddhism in China Today: The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery. Perspectives, Volume 4, No.2, June 2003
6724:
The Origins and Development of Pure Land Buddhism: A Study and Translation of Gyonen's Jodo Homon Genrusho,
6102:
4967:
4725:
4500:
4460:
3954:
3526:
3441:
3437:
2757:
As such, Chinese Buddhism follows the classic Mahāyāna Buddhist worldview, which includes a belief in many
1744:
1671:
6015:
The Huayan University Network: The Teaching and Practice of Avataṃsaka Buddhism in Twentieth-Century China
4029:
3922:, Vinaya, and Esoteric traditions are also present in modern Chinese Buddhism, though to a lesser extent.
2170:
10821:
9750:
9659:
9129:
8774:
8287:
8182:
7898:
7487:
Buddhism in China and Modern Society: An Introduction Centering Around the Teachings of Taixu and Yinshun
4994:
4978:
3162:
3047:
2149:
2096:
1985:
1019:
262:
119:
9294:
6796:
A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index.
5807:
The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554-1628) D81G0T8P
3347:
11457:
10599:
10079:
9555:
9041:
8164:
7997:
7903:
7760:
7650:
7020:
4886:
3421:
3257:
is an important part of Chinese Buddhism. Chinese Buddhist monastics (both male and female) follow the
2666:
968:
233:
10692:
9489:
6920:
3538:
During the Tang and Yuan dynasties, Chinese Buddhism was also in proximity to Chinese branches of the
2999:
2520:
11421:
10489:
10302:
10292:
10164:
9147:
8727:
8488:
8463:
7944:
7939:
7672:
5415:
A Reexamination of the Influence of Kumārajīva's Thought on His Translation of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa
4926:
4600:
4133:
3888:
3766:
3567:
3452:. Chinese religions like Taoism and Confucianism were also, in turn, influenced by Chinese Buddhism.
2671:
2656:
2285:
1434:
1192:
691:
550:
307:
197:
11213:
8513:
4410:
3793:), a.k.a. Faxiang ("dharma characteristics") school, founded by Xuanzang (602–664) and based on his
2758:
1836:
1743:
is the sole official government supervisory organ of Buddhism in the country. It is directed by the
1287:
The 6th and 7th centuries saw a flowering of new and unique Chinese Buddhist traditions, including:
11472:
10996:
10594:
9946:
9760:
9738:
9731:
9634:
9167:
8787:
8603:
8548:
8169:
7975:
7538:
7511:
7294:
7156:
7126:
6559:
6054:
4921:
4605:
4555:
3919:
3782:
3291:
3010:. Robert Gimello has also observed that in Chinese Buddhist communities, the esoteric practices of
2885:
2828:), which hierarchically ordered the mass of Buddhist scriptures in order to advance their school's
2821:
1733:
1438:
1276:
540:
269:
57:
7073:
5770:
5474:
The Doctrine of *Amalavijnana in Paramartha (499-569), and Later Authors to Approximately 800 C.E.
3915:
3706:
2817:
1826:
1242:
1115:
545:
168:
10531:
10511:
9842:
9822:
9579:
9309:
8553:
7950:
7857:
7765:
6648:
5219:
4765:
3582:
2852:
2470:
1748:
1578:
1446:
1396:
1066:
11076:
10906:
6105:, ed. (2021-05-28), "The Sinicization of Buddhism and Its Competing Reinventions of Tradition",
2812:, Chinese Buddhism contains various doctrinal traditions, the most important being the Tiantai,
578:
10876:
10541:
10381:
10049:
10019:
9792:
9743:
9584:
9532:
9527:
9289:
9110:
9007:
8759:
8754:
8503:
7755:
4916:
4844:
4580:
4565:
4545:
4470:
4465:
4380:
4287:
3303:
2712:
1457:
964:
886:
573:
74:
10911:
8871:
5675:
5669:
5161:
The Battle for China's Spirit: Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping.
3117:: Ēmítuó fó, "Limitless Light"), also called Amitāyus ("Limitless Life"), associated with the
2445:
2071:
1480:
10546:
10516:
10097:
10029:
9862:
9777:
9772:
9696:
9691:
9609:
8139:
7888:
7750:
7696:
5577:
5228:
4931:
4896:
4785:
4775:
4730:
3609:
3405:
2901:
2829:
2600:
2385:
2135:
2086:
1714:
1007:
890:
10881:
9162:
7135:
6523:
4014:
3638:). This list is also found in traditional Japanese Buddhist histories, particularly that of
3059:
2906:, which are often practiced by both laity and monastics. Acts of charity or social service (
2435:
392:
10931:
10569:
10536:
10521:
10039:
9936:
9882:
9767:
9706:
9674:
9669:
9654:
9639:
9629:
9594:
9507:
9199:
9122:
8425:
8365:
8114:
8081:
8031:
6808:
6158:
4999:
4936:
4795:
4755:
4750:
4715:
4560:
4440:
4348:
4333:
4277:
4249:
4079:
The following holiday dates given are based on the Chinese calendar, so that 8.4 means the
4056:
3417:
3254:
3027:
2897:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2247:
1861:
1683:
1143:(206 BCE-220 CE) and the religion was present in China at the beginning of the common era.
284:
220:
11016:
10871:
10409:
9024:
8893:
8819:
8695:
8433:
3243:
8:
11383:
11378:
11011:
10376:
10255:
10089:
10064:
10054:
10014:
9991:
9874:
9847:
9807:
9726:
9716:
9644:
9571:
9002:
8859:
8640:
8618:
8570:
8390:
8190:
8046:
8026:
7934:
7862:
7842:
7520:
7158:
Buddhist Revival under State Watch, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40, 2,107-134
6474:
5827:
Stanley Weinstein, "The Schools of Chinese Buddhism", in Kitagawa & Cummings (eds.),
4941:
4805:
4760:
4698:
4638:
4575:
4520:
4515:
4270:
4259:
3926:
3546:
in general, and competed with these traditions, especially in the Tang dynasty. Chinese,
3508:
3182:
2920:
2809:
2565:
2055:
2046:
1831:
1695:
1621:
1549:(1368–1644), there was a revival of the study of native Chinese traditions like Tiantai,
555:
11228:
11021:
10846:
8350:
8277:
7103:
5540:
4102:
3090:
3042:
1980:
1871:
1263:, 499–569 CE) who along with his team of Chinese disciples translated numerous works on
11406:
11243:
10439:
10344:
10186:
10149:
10144:
10074:
10024:
9971:
9966:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9817:
9802:
9787:
9782:
9721:
9701:
9664:
9589:
9394:
9095:
9019:
8897:
8839:
8680:
8580:
8508:
8483:
8129:
8059:
7847:
7743:
7393:
7361:
7038:
6680:
6456:
6402:
6300:
Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China
6132:
6076:
4901:
4790:
4770:
4710:
4705:
4593:
4495:
4488:
4415:
4405:
4312:
3985:
3934:
3855:
3725:
3551:
3539:
3459:(Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism) is common in China and is expressed in the phrase
3296:
3228:, which may contain Buddhist relics and statues or images of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
2928:
2780:
2585:
2550:
2212:
2142:
1637:
1334:
1271:
philosophy, and other Mahayana texts. The work of other sixth century translators like
1151:
1070:
995:
984:
936:. It is also a major religion in Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia, as well as among the
644:
535:
352:
83:
10687:
10238:
3953:: "awakening", "enlightenment") that are not recognised as legitimate Buddhism by the
3146:
bodhisattva (Mílè púsà), is seen as the Buddha of the future, sometimes depicted as a
872:
805:
11436:
11431:
11138:
11066:
11026:
10617:
10579:
10275:
10260:
10223:
10208:
9981:
9897:
9812:
9649:
9614:
9599:
9326:
9316:
8997:
8844:
8829:
8700:
8623:
8543:
8478:
8410:
8297:
8054:
7908:
7893:
7872:
7827:
7728:
7688:
7680:
7605:
7576:
7532:
7505:
7333:
7310:
7236:
7120:
7061:
7044:
7024:
7011:
6990:
6961:
6662:
6652:
6595:
6507:
6406:
6392:
6312:
6240:
6216:
6136:
6122:
6084:
6066:
6028:
6018:
5774:
5725:
5679:
5639:
5614:
5591:
5581:
5439:
5275:
5233:
4891:
4837:
4735:
4720:
4525:
4400:
4343:
4307:
4292:
4223:
4157:
3654:
3614:
3593:
3504:
3401:
3394:
3385:
2875:
2770:
2736:
2575:
2560:
2555:
2538:
2217:
2128:
2078:
1758:
1606:
1602:
1499:
1493:
1044:
991:
910:
20:
10762:
9561:
8355:
8255:
6870:
Orthodox Chinese Buddhism: A Contemporary Chan Master's Answers to Common Questions,
6711:
Orthodox Chinese Buddhism: A Contemporary Chan Master's Answers to Common Questions,
6460:
4122:
3945:
There are many sects and organisations proclaiming a Buddhist identity and pursuit (
3695:
3231:
There is a conception of an "impersonal god" in Chinese Buddhism likely inspired by
3216:
According to Mario Poceski, Chinese Buddhist temples generally follow a traditional
3100:
1955:
10851:
10831:
10265:
10218:
10213:
10069:
10034:
10009:
10004:
9755:
9711:
9624:
9299:
8955:
8948:
8732:
8722:
8608:
8272:
8144:
7867:
7837:
7738:
7629:
7353:
6446:
6384:
6114:
6110:
6058:
5810:
5766:
5223:
4800:
4745:
4675:
4530:
4167:
4064:
4060:
3990:
Buddhism of the Lord of Heaven of Infinite Thriving of the Mountain of Longevity (
3828:
3795:
3547:
3373:
3276:
3193:
3071:
3011:
3005:
2867:
2731:
2570:
2410:
2227:
2207:
2031:
1995:
1534:
1507:
1483:
developed. Many classic Chan texts were written during this era, such as the famed
1415:
1404:
1314:
1252:
cave complexes are a great example of early Chinese Buddhist art from this period.
1249:
1120:
948:
937:
905:
753:
667:
639:
427:
387:
213:
9344:
7434:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400
2275:
1390:
The Tang era was one of the golden ages of Buddhism in China. During this time, a
11218:
11148:
11061:
10941:
10926:
10856:
10826:
10629:
10574:
10526:
10454:
10324:
10122:
10102:
10044:
9956:
9619:
9517:
9364:
9100:
9083:
9068:
9046:
8598:
8468:
8302:
8282:
7599:
7201:
7194:
6321:
5511:
5480:
5427:
5167:
4956:
4825:
4740:
4540:
4450:
4395:
4106:
3738:
3718:
3456:
3248:
3175:
3171:
bodhisattva (Dìzàng púsà), the savior monk associated with rites for the deceased
3137:
3094:
2913:
2720:
2515:
2450:
2290:
2008:
1990:
1975:
1866:
1846:
1721:
1234:
1209:
1167:
1078:
894:
672:
312:
9374:
8528:
8518:
7633:
7187:
4390:
3851:
2794:
2310:
1641:
1095:
932:. Currently, there are an estimated 185 to 250 million Chinese Buddhists in the
11223:
11091:
11086:
11081:
10767:
10584:
10287:
10137:
9919:
9499:
9479:
9399:
9088:
9078:
9012:
8849:
8335:
8198:
7772:
5525:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
4866:
4685:
4615:
4570:
4428:
4173:
4068:
4033:
3873:
3598:
3496:
3217:
2943:
2580:
2495:
2252:
2016:
1915:
1816:
1729:
1691:
1573:
1562:
1422:
1421:
The next important event in the history of Chinese Buddhism was the arrival of
1163:
967:
had far-reaching implications for the dissemination of Buddhism throughout the
929:
447:
442:
11041:
10861:
6451:
6434:
6118:
6088:
6032:
11451:
11401:
11358:
11333:
11193:
11123:
11006:
10737:
10722:
10354:
10203:
9512:
9414:
9272:
9073:
9051:
8987:
8658:
8453:
8448:
8340:
8009:
7852:
7601:
Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners
6599:
6475:"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China"
5595:
5435:
4946:
4911:
4510:
4505:
4445:
4198:
4055:
Some of the most important holidays celebrated by Chinese Buddhists include:
4002:
Wulian Jingang Dadao ("Great Way of the Innumerable Attendants of Awakening")
3840:
3511:, as well as participating in services to pray for one's deceased ancestors.
3258:
2938:
2893:
2837:
2798:
2480:
2465:
2405:
2237:
2197:
1940:
1881:
1821:
1806:
1725:
1679:
1475:
1474:(960–1279) saw the flourishing of Chinese Buddhist culture. During the Song,
1376:
1356:
1216:
1188:
1059:
1031:
980:
530:
520:
497:
432:
417:
274:
47:
10640:
8812:
8802:
8174:
7186:
Asiatische Studien: Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft, 1952
6666:
4650:
4455:
3957:
and the government of the People's Republic of China. These groups include:
1279:, also known as the "Consciousness-Only school" (唯識宗; pinyin: Wéishí-zōng).
11128:
11118:
11046:
10866:
10727:
10444:
10429:
10399:
10349:
10339:
10181:
9976:
9469:
9304:
9182:
8970:
8965:
8792:
8663:
8538:
7999:
7718:
6080:
4550:
4435:
4353:
4239:
3877:
3746:
3678:
3543:
3519:
3359:
Land and Chan traditions, as well as the study of the Buddhist sutras. The
3352:
3351:
numerous biographies, there are accounts from Jesuit missionaries, such as
2981:
2766:
2704:
2505:
2490:
2330:
1594:
1554:
1553:, and Yogachara, and most monks belonged to the two dominant Chan schools:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1515:
1488:
1471:
1391:
1156:
999:
960:
952:
795:
760:
624:
462:
437:
67:
11031:
9227:
9212:
9172:
8869:
8533:
8109:
7137:
The Religious Revival in China. In: Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18
6388:
6062:
6051:
The Sentinel State: Surveillance and the Survival of Dictatorship in China
2879:
widely performed today is the Great Compassion Repentance associated with
2320:
2116:
2084:
2052:
2029:
1403:(772 – 846). The various artistic complexes from this period, such as the
11338:
11248:
11098:
10896:
10886:
10786:
10414:
10243:
9384:
9369:
9152:
8960:
8888:
8668:
8498:
8400:
8247:
8119:
7620:"Appendix: Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC".
5574:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
4620:
4205:
4182:
4115:
3863:
3815:
3673:
3650:
3571:
3433:
3168:
3156:
2985:
2973:
2955:
2947:
2833:
2790:
2725:
2365:
2340:
2325:
2022:
1965:
1908:
1791:
1519:
1430:
1407:, also attest to the artistic vibrancy of Chinese Buddhism at this time.
1372:
1360:
1301:
1140:
1100:
1089:
972:
944:
899:
634:
629:
614:
487:
407:
402:
10752:
10717:
10404:
8864:
7573:
China's Holy Mountain: An Illustrated Journey into the Heart of Buddhism
3937:, and other humanitarian practices that help improve social conditions.
3110:
1920:
10916:
10757:
10707:
10677:
10359:
10317:
10193:
9999:
9924:
9538:
9522:
9484:
9464:
9359:
9334:
9242:
9177:
9157:
8903:
8834:
8705:
8588:
8558:
8493:
8443:
8101:
8091:
8064:
7777:
7246:
Saunders, Kenneth J. (1923). "Buddhism in China: A Historical Sketch",
6149:
6046:
4625:
4385:
4282:
3772:
3714:
3700:
3690:
3205:
3132:
3078:
2977:
2965:
2860:
2762:
2485:
2395:
2380:
2305:
2300:
2177:
1925:
1904:
1801:
1796:
1702:
1610:
1426:
1364:
1264:
1256:
1238:
619:
457:
422:
397:
327:
11051:
10747:
9379:
8375:
7494:
7365:
5722:
Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China, World Wisdom Books
5473:
5417:. The Eastern Buddhist 47/1: 57-80 ©2018 The Eastern Buddhist Society.
3839:
school or Nanshan school, a historical tradition which focused on the
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3155:
bodhisattva (Wénshū púsà), the bodhisattva of wisdom, associated with
2802:
2315:
1856:
1111:), Dunhuang was a thriving center of Buddhism between 500 and 1000 CE.
11343:
11173:
11071:
11036:
10946:
10836:
10816:
10742:
10732:
10712:
10334:
10307:
9474:
9349:
9061:
8977:
8854:
8744:
8717:
8710:
8673:
8630:
8593:
8360:
8325:
8292:
8267:
8222:
7822:
7807:
6380:
5814:
4670:
4645:
4188:
4088:
4037:
3911:
3790:
3751:
3662:
3631:
3515:
3492:
3445:
3339:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3031:
2958:, libraries, and scripture platforms (施法壇), a kind of sacred podium.
2660:
2510:
2270:
2222:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1930:
1876:
1710:
1649:
1633:
1609:
to China, a right which had been granted to Western powers after the
1582:
1558:
1523:
1449:(r. 762–779), its influence among the upper classes was significant.
1442:
1411:
1395:
literature of this period, such as in the works of famous poets like
1272:
1268:
1170:
1147:
1055:
1036:
774:
482:
182:
11328:
11238:
11113:
10107:
8943:
8797:
8563:
8345:
8214:
8206:
5133:(pp. 197-218) edited Randall L. Nadeau. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
4067:(on the first and fifteenth days of the first lunar month), and the
3639:
3086:
2440:
2370:
11396:
11348:
11298:
11233:
11183:
11103:
10921:
10841:
10624:
10464:
10419:
10364:
10329:
10233:
9892:
9459:
9454:
9404:
9339:
9257:
9222:
9217:
8878:
8749:
8737:
8648:
8307:
8004:
7593:, Translated by Douglas Gildow and Otto Chang, North Atlantic Books
7357:
5569:
4972:
4880:
4680:
4660:
4655:
4535:
4231:
4139:
4126:
4095:
4023:
4019:
3930:
3618:
3143:
2870:, which can bring about positive results in this life or the next.
2708:
2430:
2355:
2280:
2232:
2182:
1970:
1766:
1629:
1384:
1342:
1338:
1184:
1104:
990:
From its inception, Chinese Buddhism has been influenced by native
882:
862:
781:
492:
452:
357:
342:
332:
317:
10807:
Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)
9449:
9439:
9424:
9247:
9117:
8385:
6763:
Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice,
3813:
school, also known as the Lotus school, due to their focus on the
3330:
2460:
2425:
2415:
2375:
1146:
Buddhist missionaries made use of both the overland Central Asian
11411:
11373:
11363:
11178:
11143:
11133:
11108:
10811:
10369:
10312:
10297:
9444:
9434:
9409:
9284:
9279:
9237:
9207:
9139:
9105:
8992:
8933:
8928:
8782:
8685:
8523:
8473:
8260:
8086:
7812:
7436:, Association for Asian Studies & University of Hawaiʻi Press
7202:"The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism"
6737:"Buddhism in China Today: An Adaptable Present, a Hopeful Future"
5903:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
4989:
4870:
4360:
3961:
3844:
3810:
3602:
3425:
3413:
3390:
3232:
3104:
2992:
2880:
2687:
2420:
2350:
2345:
2242:
2187:
1886:
1841:
1687:
1674:, many Buddhists and monastics followed the Republican exodus to
1645:
1400:
1368:
1350:
1346:
1292:
1180:
1124:
1074:
802:
525:
502:
477:
412:
377:
367:
362:
347:
205:
174:
11153:
9056:
8824:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
5872:
Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, University of Hawaii Press
2988:) are also undertaken by monastics and lay practitioners alike.
928:. Chinese Buddhism is the largest institutionalized religion in
11426:
11416:
11368:
11353:
11318:
11188:
11168:
11163:
11056:
10449:
10434:
10270:
10132:
10112:
9887:
9549:
9429:
9419:
9354:
8982:
8938:
8923:
8913:
8883:
8807:
8690:
8458:
8330:
8074:
8069:
7723:
6875:
6607:
5215:
4820:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4328:
3884:
3836:
3823:
3776:
3762:
3755:
3409:
3261:
3225:
3197:
3114:
3085:"), the historical founder of Buddhism, commonly depicted with
3082:
3014:
enjoyed popularity among both the common people and the elite.
2924:
2841:
2813:
2691:
2455:
2390:
2360:
2295:
2192:
1706:
1675:
1586:
1550:
1445:
Buddhism now became popular with the elites and by the time of
1410:
A famous proponent of Buddhism during the Tang era was empress
1327:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1220:
1003:
976:
956:
947:(206 BCE – 220 CE). It was promoted by multiple
852:
382:
322:
178:
6584:"The centuries-old dialogue between buddhism and christianity"
6263:
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism
5841:
5839:
5837:
5045:
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism
3741:(c. 233–310); this was later absorbed into the Tiāntāi school.
3380:
2690:
Foundation at a health screening event for foreign workers in
11308:
11253:
11203:
11158:
10981:
10936:
10777:
10589:
10424:
10282:
10248:
10228:
10198:
10127:
9544:
9389:
9267:
9262:
9232:
9187:
9034:
9029:
8908:
8613:
8438:
8405:
8395:
7675:
7555:
Religion in Contemporary China: Revitalization and Innovation
6268:
5039:
5037:
4876:
4610:
4148:
4047:
Buddha's Birthday celebration of bathing baby Buddha statues.
3868:
3586:
3488:
3147:
3035:
2933:
2675:
2500:
2400:
2335:
1811:
1653:
1625:
1598:
1296:
1275:
and Ratnamati also contributed to the establishment of a new
1230:
1136:
1108:
933:
810:
472:
467:
372:
337:
7096:
Bodhidharma. A collection of stories from Chinese literature
6261:
Huaiyu Chen, "East Asian Transformations of Monasticism" in
4005:
Hanmi Chinese esoteric Buddhism, Living Buddha Dechan Jueren
3634:
enumerate thirteen Buddhist traditions or schools (Chinese:
3574:, considered the birthplace of East Asian Pure Land Buddhism
10459:
9252:
8918:
8415:
7271:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1972.
7264:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968.
7257:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967.
7233:
The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnations
6107:
The Sinicization of Chinese Religions: From Above and Below
5834:
5638:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.
3449:
3429:
1713:, as a superstitious instrument of the ruling class and as
1597:(1644–1911), the imperial court shifted its support to the
1484:
1241:
school of Buddhist philosophy, which would later be called
677:
201:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5034:
4995:
Persecution of Buddhists in the People's Republic of China
3689:
The Kosa School (俱舍宗) (historical), based on the study of
10117:
8653:
7817:
7250:, Vol. 3.2, pp. 157–169; Vol. 3.3, pp. 256–275.
5613:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 138.
3859:
3682:("The Treatise that Accomplishes Reality"; Chinese: 成實論,
3272:) in China and has 250 rules for monks and 348 for nuns.
2892:
Keeping sets of ethical rules, like the classic Buddhist
2202:
1652:, as well as a revival of Tiantai Buddhism by Dixian and
1511:
1359:, based on the teachings of various Chan masters such as
1130:
786:
7427:, Translated by Thomas Cleary, Charles E. Tuttle Company
7344:
Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1987), "The Sound of the One Hand",
5300:
5298:
2655:
Buddhist monastics and laypeople chanting sutras in the
1282:
7060:. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
7037:
Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2006),
5734:
3676:
school (historical), which focused on the study of the
3204:), a common ser ot Chinese Buddhist protector deities (
1414:(r. 690–705) and she is known for her promotion of the
6958:
The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen
4163:
19.6 — Enlightenment Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara
1690:. These organizations also became influential back in
1666:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
6642:
5400:
Mair, Victor H.; Sanping Chen, Wood, Frances (2013).
5295:
4194:
19.9 — Renunciation Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara
3400:
Chinese Buddhism also include influences from native
1318:) school, based on the works of Chinese masters like
765:
7287:
THE BAILIN BUDDHIST TEMPLE: THRIVING UNDER COMMUNISM
7040:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
6977:. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1964.
3625:
2919:
Another key part of Chinese Buddhism is engaging in
7179:
Hong Kong, China, Hong Kong University Press, 1968.
7036:
5541:"Living in the Chinese Cosmos | Asia for Educators"
4153:
13.5 — Birthday of Bodhisattva Sangharama (Qie Lan)
3491:was actually a disciple of the Buddha and also how
2991:Another popular practice is the use of mantras and
6765:pp. 10-12. University of Hawaiʻi Press / Honolulu.
5504:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Volume II: Lives
5402:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization,
5131:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
4081:Eighth day of the fourth month in Chinese calendar
3495:was a bodhisattva. Chinese Buddhist thinkers like
943:Buddhism was first introduced to China during the
7477:Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's Reforms
6621:Lau, Hua Teck (2003). "The Cross and the Lotus".
5913:
5911:
1135:Buddhist missionaries began bringing Buddhism to
73:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
11449:
11007:Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)
10992:Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)
7588:
7546:
6960:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
6809:"Buddhist Schools: The Chinese Buddhist Schools"
6685:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online
6581:
6287:The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, Part 2
3649:The various Chinese Buddhist traditions are not
3325:
11002:Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)
5942:
5901:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
5171:Freedom House Report. Rowman & Littlefield.
4059:(on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month),
1295:school mainly founded by the efforts of master
1223:(monastic rule) by all Chinese Buddhist schools
122:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
6794:William Edward Soothill, Lewis Hodous (1977).
5908:
5527:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 81.
3731:The Nirvana school (historical), based on the
3525:Another common feature of Chinese religion is
2968:to well-known monasteries and sites, like the
1418:. She also depicted herself as a bodhisattva.
10670:
10656:
7983:
7658:
7422:
7418:, Translated by J.C. Cleary, Red Wheel Weiser
7413:
6516:
5286:
5269:
4845:
3991:
3974:
3965:
3843:monastic discipline, established by the monk
3621:, a modern Chinese Esoteric tradition temple.
3455:The ancient idea of the compatibility of the
3140:(Yàoshī fó), associated with medicinal powers
2907:
2784:
2774:
2627:
1659:
1196:
1174:
735:
699:
8765:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
7597:
7206:The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism
7204:, in Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale S. (eds.),
6881:
6606:from the original on 2020-07-09 – via
5857:
5855:
5831:(New York: Macmillan 1987) pp. 257–265, 264.
5350:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
4071:(fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month).
3334:Lay Buddhists at the recitation hall of the
10997:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)
7564:Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies
6237:Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice
6213:Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice
6012:
5962:"RELIGION-CHINA: Buddhism Enjoys A Revival"
3653:, and are better seen as trends, emphases,
3630:Traditional Chinese Buddhist scholars like
3381:Syncretism and multiple religious belonging
2912:) are also an important of part of Chinese
1709:propaganda depicted Buddhism as one of the
1166:into Chinese were those of the 2nd century
10698:Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)
10663:
10649:
7990:
7976:
7665:
7651:
7518:
7431:
7416:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen
7279:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
7013:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5889:Basic Buddhism. Exploring Buddhism and Zen
5747:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen
5636:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5434:(First Vintage Books ed.). New York:
5432:The Silk Roads: A New History of the World
5174:
5043:Jiang Wu, "The Chinese Buddhist Canon" in
4852:
4838:
4111:8.2 — Renunciation Day of Śākyamuni Buddha
3940:
3925:There is also a modernist movement called
3872:) and developed numerous sub-schools like
3514:The ritual burning of incense (shaoxiang,
2634:
2620:
706:
692:
7468:
7154:
6955:
6504:Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism
6450:
5886:
5852:
5771:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333572.003.0003
5749:. York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99.
5674:. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. pp.
5426:
5227:
4009:
1506:Likewise, during this time, the works of
1183:. His work was followed by the extensive
146:Learn how and when to remove this message
7346:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7343:
7043:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
6980:
6910:, pp. 97-100. University of Hawaii Press
5905:pp. 136-137. University of Hawaii Press.
5608:
5212:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
4178:24.7 — Birthday of Bodhisattva Nagarjuna
4042:
4028:
4013:
3608:
3592:
3577:
3562:
3384:
3329:
3290:
3242:
3062:within the Universal Wisdom Hall of the
3053:
3041:
3021:
2851:
2681:
2665:
2650:
2646:
1572:
1341:and the works of Pure Land masters like
1114:
1094:
1083:
1065:
1035:
867:
10693:Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)
9952:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
7474:
6638:
6636:
6372:
6239:, pp. 188-198. Shambhala Publications,
6215:, pp. 198-210. Shambhala Publications,
6182:, pp. 29-70. University of Hawaii Press
6017:. New York: Columbia University Press.
5882:
5880:
5667:
5146:, pp. 29–70. University of Hawaii Press
3883:The Zhenyan school (真言宗, "true word", "
3866:, which focuses on sitting meditation (
3801:The Demonstration of Consciousness-only
3367:were the most popular, followed by the
2840:. According to the Huayan masters like
2670:Buddha statues at the Mahavira Hall of
11450:
10942:Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)
10155:List of Buddhist architecture in China
7598:Munro, Robin; Spiegel, Mickey (1994).
7570:
7561:
7309:, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press,
7274:
6975:Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey
6582:Clasquin-Johnson, M. (December 2009).
6577:
6575:
6549:
6285:Twitchett, Denis, and Fairbank, John.
6231:
6229:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6101:
5535:
5533:
5487:41:45-174 (2009) Copy BIBT
5229:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638
5129:Poceski, Mario. "Chinese Buddhism" in
4963:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3404:, including Confucianism, Taoism, and
3125:, which many hope to reach after death
3017:
1465:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1337:, which is based on the veneration of
1131:The establishment of Buddhism in China
10644:
7971:
7646:
7483:
7222:
7199:
7177:Chao Lun - The Treatises of Seng-Chao
7092:
7071:
7009:
6864:
6862:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6432:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6148:
5633:
5404:#28, Kumarajiva. Thames & Hudson.
5246:from the original on 19 February 2019
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
2698:
1437:from 716 to 720, during the reign of
1283:The development of a Chinese Buddhism
893:Chinese Buddhism focuses on studying
16:Buddhism with Chinese characteristics
11144:Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)
11082:Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)
10802:Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)
7622:Chinese Sociology & Anthropology
7552:
7307:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6908:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6895:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6778:, p. 127. University of Hawaii Press
6776:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6647:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
6633:
6423:, p. 125. University of Hawaii Press
6421:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6366:
6363:, p. 121. University of Hawaii Press
6361:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6348:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6335:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6195:, p. 111. University of Hawaii Press
6193:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
6180:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5972:from the original on October 6, 2022
5877:
5798:
5568:
5460:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5389:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5363:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5328:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5306:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5205:
5154:
5152:
5144:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
3862:tradition attributed to the founder
3754:); this was later absorbed into the
3064:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum
2923:such as chanting the Buddha's name (
102:
25:
11264:Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)
10797:Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)
7322:
7283:
7133:
6897:, p. 97. University of Hawaii Press
6755:
6673:
6645:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
6643:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
6620:
6572:
6467:
6350:, p. 71. University of Hawaii Press
6337:, p. 72. University of Hawaii Press
6314:Popular Deities of Chinese Buddhism
6226:
6198:
6142:
6045:
6006:
5948:
5602:
5562:
5530:
5462:, p. 76. University of Hawaii Press
5420:
5391:, p. 22. University of Hawaii Press
5365:, p. 18. University of Hawaii Press
5330:, p. 15. University of Hawaii Press
5308:, p. 14. University of Hawaii Press
5182:"Six facts about Buddhism in China"
4952:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
4210:17.11 — Birthday of Amitabha Buddha
4204:5.10 — Anniversary of the death of
4074:
290:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
13:
11304:Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)
11214:Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)
10907:Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)
10877:Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)
10688:Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó)
9942:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
7373:
7304:
6872:pp. 118-119. North Atlantic Books.
6859:
6781:
6713:pp. 116-119. North Atlantic Books.
6698:
6250:
5804:
5758:
5494:
5465:
5407:
5394:
4985:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4303:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
4298:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4144:8.4 — Birthday of Śākyamuni Buddha
3775:); it was later absorbed into the
3159:, often appears mounted on a lion.
3093:, or in a triad with Amitabha and
1640:work. There was also a revival of
1383:During the Tang dynasty, the monk
1028:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
248:
63:for transliterated languages, and
43:of its non-English content, using
14:
11484:
11294:Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)
11012:Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)
10912:Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)
10703:Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)
7930:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
7227:, The University Press Group Ltd.
6989:, Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom,
6798:p. 256. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
6265:, p. 299, Wiley-Blackwell (2014).
5206:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018).
5149:
5050:
5047:, p. 299, Wiley-Blackwell (2014).
4018:Traditional Buddhist ceremony in
3626:Major Chinese Buddhist traditions
3464:three teachings harmonious as one
2927:), which is the core practice of
1720:During the normalization period (
1255:Another important translator was
1208:–186 CE), as well as the work of
11259:Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)
11244:Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)
10967:Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)
10887:Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)
10882:Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)
10832:Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)
10776:
10728:Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)
10623:
10613:
10612:
10170:Thai temple art and architecture
9915:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
8155:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
8021:
8008:
7998:
7957:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
7786:
7674:
7255:The Practice of Chinese Buddhism
7010:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999),
6552:"The Eastern (Nestorian) Church"
5891:, Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House
5711:, The University Press Group Ltd
4819:
4238:
3286:
2857:Chanting the Buddhist Scriptures
1775:
1179:), who worked in the capital of
212:
189:
167:
161:Institutions of Chinese Buddhism
107:
30:
8022:
7235:(2001) Clear Light Publishers.
7212:from the original on 2012-07-25
7188:Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus
7184:Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus
7165:from the original on 2019-12-25
7144:from the original on 2013-07-22
7082:from the original on 2019-03-09
7075:Buddhism and Buddhists in China
6933:from the original on 2020-09-18
6913:
6900:
6887:
6848:from the original on 2022-11-29
6830:
6819:from the original on 2013-12-14
6801:
6768:
6743:from the original on 2020-09-27
6729:
6726:p. 15. Oxford University Press.
6716:
6614:
6543:
6532:from the original on 2020-04-05
6496:
6485:from the original on 2017-05-08
6426:
6413:
6353:
6340:
6327:
6324:, Contemplative Order Malaysia.
6305:
6292:
6185:
6172:
6095:
6039:
5984:
5954:
5924:
5895:
5864:
5821:
5809:(Thesis). Columbia University.
5787:from the original on 2018-06-02
5752:
5714:
5701:
5692:
5661:
5652:
5627:
5551:from the original on 2021-04-16
5517:
5500:Keng Ching and Michael Radich.
5452:
5381:
5368:
5355:
5342:
5333:
5320:
5005:Water and Land Ritual paintings
4181:30.7 — Birthday of Bodhisattva
4166:13.7 — Birthday of Bodhisattva
4132:21.2 — Birthday of Bodhisattva
4121:19.2 — Birthday of Bodhisattva
3997:Shòushān Wànlóng Tiānzhǔ Fójiào
3899:(密宗; "Esoteric Tradition"), or
3779:and Consciousness-only schools.
3744:The Dilun school (based on the
3299:is well known throughout China.
1454:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
877:
811:
787:
11229:Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)
11224:Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)
11219:Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)
11129:Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)
11099:Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)
10160:Japanese Buddhist architecture
9962:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
9042:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
8233:Places where the Buddha stayed
7712:Chinese salvationist religions
6956:Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999),
6868:Chan Master Sheng Yen (2007).
6709:Chan Master Sheng Yen (2007).
5311:
5274:Sinolingua. 2010. p. 64.
5258:
5199:
5136:
4907:Buddhism and Eastern religions
4138:4.4 — Birthday of Bodhisattva
3734:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
3483:
3336:Temple of the Six Banyan Trees
3238:
3224:Another common structure is a
3190:Twenty-Four Protective Deities
2970:Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains
1299:(538–597 CE) and based on the
1215:During this early period, the
1077:, one of the earliest Chinese
857:
848:
840:
766:
736:
597:Buddhist architecture in China
79:multilingual support templates
1:
11249:Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)
10917:Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)
10847:Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)
10812:Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)
10175:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
7547:Contemporary Chinese Buddhism
7284:Yang, Fenggang; Wei, Dedong,
7262:The Buddhist Revival in China
6376:Making Sense of World History
6013:Hammerstrom, Erik J. (2020).
5288:公元1世纪———传入中国内地,与汉文化交融,形成汉传佛教。
5022:
5010:Zhiyuan fabao kantong zong lu
3783:The Consciousness Only school
3761:The She lun school (based on
3558:
3326:Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism
3295:The vegetarian restaurant of
2937:), which is the focus of the
1741:Buddhist Association of China
1433:, and their establishment of
1202:
663:Buddhist Association of China
10957:Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)
10947:Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)
10872:Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)
10867:Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)
10837:Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)
9932:Buddhism and the Roman world
9908:Decline of Buddhism in India
9903:History of Buddhism in India
8003: Topics in
7925:Freedom of religion in China
7519:Lancashire, Douglas (n.d.),
7479:, University of Hawaii Press
7407:
7399:Resources in other libraries
7004:Sources of Chinese Tradition
6550:Jenott, Lance (2002-05-07).
6373:Szostak, Rick (2020-10-22).
5027:
4968:List of converts to Buddhism
4501:Buddhist Paths to liberation
4087:8.12 — Enlightenment Day of
3955:Chinese Buddhist Association
3707:The "Three Treatises" school
3668:The "thirteen schools" are:
3527:multiple religious belonging
3442:traditional Chinese medicine
2847:
1745:United Front Work Department
1724:, 1977 to early 80s) led by
1672:Chinese Communist Revolution
1568:
1047:
885:Buddhism which draws on the
7:
11468:History of Buddhism in Asia
11284:Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)
11077:Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)
10972:Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)
10822:Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)
10738:Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)
9130:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
8870:
7634:10.2753/CSA0009-46252104102
7475:Pittman, Don Alvin (2001),
7208:, Oxford University Press,
6981:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005),
5765:. Oxford University Press.
5720:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005),
4214:
2793:path, and the doctrines of
2686:Volunteers of the Buddhist
2117:
2085:
2053:
2030:
1020:History of Chinese Buddhism
10:
11489:
10952:Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)
10927:Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)
10862:Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)
10708:Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)
10080:The unanswerable questions
7571:Baumer, Christoph (2011),
7134:Lai, Hongyi Harry (2003),
7021:Cambridge University Press
6973:Chen, Kenneth Kuan Sheng.
6948:
6882:Munro & Spiegel (1994)
6502:Gregory, Peter N. (2002),
6433:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018).
6235:Jones, Charles B. (2021).
6211:Jones, Charles B. (2021).
5992:"Erica B. Mitchell (201),
5829:Buddhism and Asian History
5671:Debt: The First 5000 Years
5609:Sullivan, Michael (2008).
5576:(1st ed.). New York:
5317:Maspero 1981, pp. 401-405.
4887:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
4191:Buddha (an ancient buddha)
4172:15.7 — Ullambana Festival
3826:school, the school of the
3348:lay Buddhist practitioners
3081:(Shijiamoni, "sage of the
1663:
1660:People's Republic of China
1041:Buddhist expansion in Asia
1025:
1017:
1013:
969:East Asian cultural sphere
934:People's Republic of China
18:
11422:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
11392:
11317:
11202:
11194:Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)
10980:
10932:Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)
10895:
10827:Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)
10785:
10774:
10723:Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)
10676:
10671:Chinese Buddhist pantheon
10608:
10560:
10475:
10390:
10165:Buddhist temples in Korea
10088:
9990:
9873:
9570:
9498:
9325:
9198:
9138:
8773:
8728:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
8639:
8631:Three planes of existence
8579:
8424:
8316:
8246:
8238:Buddha in world religions
8100:
8045:
8017:
7945:Ghosts in Chinese culture
7940:Regional Religious System
7917:
7881:
7795:
7784:
7687:
7618:List first published in:
7591:Orthodox Chinese Buddhism
7589:Master Sheng Yen (2007),
7394:Resources in your library
7155:Laliberte, Andre (2011),
6761:Jones, Charles B. (2019)
6452:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2
6119:10.1163/9789004465183_005
5287:
5270:
4927:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3992:
3975:
3966:
3895:(密教; Esoteric Teaching),
3889:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3467:
3183:Four Great Heavenly Kings
3131:(Dàrì Rúlái), the cosmic
2946:, silent meditation, and
2931:, and seated meditation (
2908:
2785:
2775:
2657:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple
1435:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1197:
1175:
822:
801:
794:
780:
773:
759:
752:
747:
743:
729:
725:
720:
11299:Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)
11087:Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)
11072:Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)
11052:Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)
10962:Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)
10922:Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)
10758:Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)
10713:Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)
9947:Persecution of Buddhists
9168:Four stages of awakening
8549:Three marks of existence
8135:Physical characteristics
7689:Major religions in China
7553:Chau, Adam Yuet (2010),
7522:Buddhism in Modern China
7425:The Story of Chinese Zen
6921:"2020 Buddhist Calendar"
6560:University of Washington
6524:
6055:Harvard University Press
5847:A Dictionary of Buddhism
5762:Enlightenment in Dispute
5759:Wu, Jiang (2008-04-01).
5634:Ebrey, Patricia (2003).
5265:
5017:
4922:Chinese Buddhist cuisine
4201:Buddha (Medicine Buddha)
3589:), a Chinese Chan temple
3264:, which is known as the
2886:Great Compassion Dharani
2761:, the existence of many
1439:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
951:, especially during the
731:Traditional Chinese
270:Buddhism in Central Asia
11279:Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)
11274:Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)
11254:Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)
11239:Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)
11189:Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)
11092:Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)
11037:Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)
10937:Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)
10817:Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)
10763:Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)
9310:Ten principal disciples
8193:(aunt, adoptive mother)
7951:Three Persian religions
7858:Mongolian folk religion
7275:Welter, Albert (2000),
7248:The Journal of Religion
7200:McRae, John R. (2000),
7093:Kambe, Tstuomu (n.d.),
6983:Zen Buddhism: A History
6649:Oxford University Press
6439:Palgrave Communications
5887:Huai-Chin, Nan (1999),
5668:Graeber, David (2011).
5220:Oxford University Press
5012:, a translation catalog
4521:Philosophical reasoning
4118:Day of Śākyamuni Buddha
3941:New religious movements
3903:(唐密; "Tang Esoterica").
3768:Summary of the Mahayana
3249:Kunming Yuantong Temple
3030:, a colossal statue of
2859:, by Taiwanese painter
2120:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
1749:Chinese Communist Party
1579:Fo Guang Shan Monastery
1533:(1271–1368) patronized
1447:Emperor Daizong of Tang
1441:. This Chinese form of
1277:Chinese Yogacara school
881:) is a Chinese form of
198:Ling Shan Brahma Palace
11289:Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)
11269:Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)
11184:Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)
10985:諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)
10743:Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)
10020:Buddhism and democracy
9533:Tibetan Buddhist canon
9528:Chinese Buddhist canon
8760:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
8755:Early Buddhist schools
7707:Folk ritual ministries
7604:. Human Rights Watch.
7575:, London: I.B.Tauris,
7562:Miller, James (2006),
7557:, Taylor & Francis
7469:First Buddhist revival
7423:Nan Huai-Chin (1995),
7414:Nan Huai-Chin (1998),
7305:Yü, Chün-fang (2020),
7019:, Cambridge, England:
6722:Blum, Mark L. (2002).
6629:(2): 85–87, 90, 93–94.
6623:Church and the Society
6479:afe.easia.columbia.edu
6178:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
5994:A Revival of Buddhism?
5545:afe.easia.columbia.edu
5458:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
5387:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
5361:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
5326:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
5304:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
5142:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
4917:Chinese Buddhist canon
4288:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4048:
4040:
4026:
4010:Holidays and festivals
3622:
3606:
3590:
3575:
3536:
3397:
3343:
3300:
3251:
3067:
3051:
3039:
2998:, such as the popular
2863:
2713:Chinese Buddhist Canon
2703:Chinese Buddhism is a
2695:
2679:
2663:
2150:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra
2097:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
1607:Christian missionaries
1590:
1458:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
1127:
1112:
1099:Buddhist art from the
1092:
1081:
1063:
965:Chinese Buddhist canon
887:Chinese Buddhist canon
574:Chinese Buddhist canon
280:Silk Road transmission
254:
11322:高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)
11234:Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)
11134:Thunder god (Léigōng)
10753:Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)
10030:Eight Consciousnesses
8140:Life of Buddha in art
7697:Chinese folk religion
7323:Zhu, Caifang (2003),
7072:Hodus, Lewis (1923),
7056:Hill, John E. (2009)
6906:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6893:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6774:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6419:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6389:10.4324/9781003013518
6359:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6346:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6333:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6191:Chün-fang Yü (2020).
6063:10.4159/9780674296459
5968:. November 30, 2010.
5938:on December 25, 2005.
5805:Ma, Yung-fen (2011).
4932:Chinese folk religion
4897:Buddhism in Hong Kong
4556:Aids to Enlightenment
4381:Dependent Origination
4046:
4032:
4017:
3973:) or Guanyin Church (
3612:
3596:
3581:
3566:
3531:
3406:Chinese folk religion
3388:
3346:In Chinese Buddhism,
3333:
3294:
3246:
3057:
3045:
3025:
2855:
2732:Flower Ornament Sutra
2711:, which draws on the
2685:
2669:
2654:
2647:Teaching and practice
2111:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2088:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
2032:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra
2017:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
1715:counter-revolutionary
1694:after the end of the
1664:Further information:
1576:
1118:
1098:
1087:
1069:
1039:
1018:Further information:
1008:Chinese folk religion
906:Flower Ornament Sutra
868:Hon3 Cyun4 Fat6 Gaau3
788:Hon3 Cyun4 Fat6 Gaau3
252:
11309:Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)
11104:Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)
11067:Marici (Mólìzhītiān)
11032:Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)
10842:Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)
10748:Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)
10718:Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)
10507:East Asian religions
9937:Buddhism in the West
9508:Early Buddhist texts
9123:Four Right Exertions
8589:Ten spiritual realms
8082:Noble Eightfold Path
7628:(4): 103–104. 1989.
7537:: CS1 maint: year (
7510:: CS1 maint: year (
7223:McRae, John (2003),
7182:Liebenthal, Walter.
7175:Liebenthal, Walter.
7125:: CS1 maint: year (
6687:. StudyLamp Software
6159:Jamestown Foundation
5707:McRae, John (2003),
5339:Maspero 1981, p. 409
5158:Cook, Sarah (2017).
5000:Timeline of Buddhism
4937:Dharma Drum Mountain
4526:Devotional practices
4349:Noble Eightfold Path
3255:Buddhist monasticism
3028:Spring Temple Buddha
2921:Buddhist meditations
2898:bodhisattva precepts
1862:Bodhisattva Precepts
1822:Transcendent Virtues
1684:Dharma Drum Mountain
1622:Humanistic Buddhists
1416:Longmen cave complex
1187:translations of the
1050:the Chinese Empire (
285:Dunhuang manuscripts
177:at Jintai Temple in
41:specify the language
39:This article should
11463:Buddhism by country
11174:Gandharva (Gāntàpó)
11027:Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)
10852:Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)
10768:Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)
10733:Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)
10630:Religion portal
10377:Temple of the Tooth
10256:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
9295:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
8788:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
8571:Two truths doctrine
8391:Mahapajapati Gotamī
8191:Mahapajapati Gotamī
7935:Irreligion in China
7863:Qiang folk religion
7702:Ancestor veneration
7484:Daoru, Wei (n.d.),
7432:Tansen Sen (2003),
5966:Inter Press Service
5861:Mullin 2001, p. 358
5378:. 2000. pp. 280–281
5208:"Maritime Buddhism"
5186:Pew Research Center
4942:East Asian Buddhism
4826:Buddhism portal
4699:Buddhism by country
4461:Sanskrit literature
4197:30.9 — Birthday of
4187:22.8 — Birthday of
4036:floating lanterns,
3929:, which emphasizes
3927:Humanistic Buddhism
3858:) school, i.e. the
3679:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra
3509:Zhong Yuan Festival
3438:ancestor veneration
3148:fat laughing Buddha
3018:Deities and temples
3001:Mahā Karuṇā Dhāraṇī
2876:Buddhist devotional
2810:Buddhist philosophy
2759:realms of existence
2533:Regional traditions
2072:Lalitavistara Sūtra
2047:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra
2040:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
1936:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
1852:Non-abiding Nirvana
1817:Transcendent Wisdom
1705:'s death in 1976).
1696:Cultural Revolution
1487:collections of the
1481:Five Houses of Chan
1335:Pure Land tradition
1305:and works of Zhiyi.
1229:The arrival of the
1088:Buddhist temple at
845:traditional Chinese
556:Humanistic Buddhism
11339:Bodhidharma (Dámó)
11179:Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)
11169:Garuda (Jiālóuluó)
11114:Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)
10982:Deities and Demons
10857:Tara (Duōluó Púsà)
10552:Western philosophy
10150:Dzong architecture
9972:Vipassana movement
9967:Buddhist modernism
9395:Emperor Wen of Sui
9163:Pratyekabuddhayāna
9096:Threefold Training
8898:Vipassana movement
8614:Hungry Ghost realm
8434:Avidyā (Ignorance)
8381:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
8130:Great Renunciation
8125:Eight Great Events
8007:
7848:Miao folk religion
7744:Theravada Buddhism
7269:Buddhism under Mao
7225:Seeing Through Zen
7193:2016-03-06 at the
6884:, p. 269–271.
6320:2022-11-13 at the
6298:Jiang, Wu (2008).
6113:, pp. 64–85,
5709:Seeing Through Zen
5510:2022-11-26 at the
5479:2022-11-26 at the
5166:2021-08-08 at the
4902:Buddhism in Taiwan
4313:Buddhist modernism
4156:3.6 — Birthday of
4101:9.1 — Birthday of
4094:1.1 — Birthday of
4049:
4041:
4027:
3986:True Buddha School
3920:Consciousness Only
3655:schools of thought
3623:
3607:
3601:, a center of the
3591:
3576:
3552:Mongolian Buddhism
3540:Church of the East
3444:, and make use of
3420:, venerate native
3398:
3344:
3301:
3297:South Putuo Temple
3252:
3247:Buddhist Monks at
3068:
3052:
3040:
2929:Pure Land Buddhism
2903:Brahmā's Net Sutra
2864:
2699:Doctrine and texts
2696:
2680:
2664:
2157:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
2143:Golden Light Sutra
2056:Vimalakirtinirdeśa
1872:Bodhisattva stages
1837:Consciousness-only
1591:
1577:An aerial view of
1128:
1113:
1093:
1082:
1071:White Horse Temple
1064:
985:Pure Land Buddhism
878:Hàn-thoân Hu̍t-kàu
837:simplified Chinese
812:Hàn-thoân Hu̍t-kàu
645:White Horse Temple
255:
126:You can assist by
11458:Buddhism in China
11445:
11444:
11437:Religion in China
11432:Chinese mythology
11109:Sudhana (Shàncái)
11047:Chandra (Yuètiān)
11022:Indra (Dìshìtiān)
10681:佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái)
10638:
10637:
10276:Om mani padme hum
9982:Women in Buddhism
9898:Buddhist councils
9768:Western countries
9556:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
9317:Shaolin Monastery
8894:Samatha-vipassanā
8504:Pratītyasamutpāda
8308:Metteyya/Maitreya
8226:
8218:
8210:
8202:
8194:
8186:
8178:
8055:Four Noble Truths
7965:
7964:
7873:Yao folk religion
7681:Religion in China
7611:978-1-56432-105-3
7582:978-1-84885-700-1
7380:Library resources
7316:978-0-8248-8348-5
7231:Mullin, Glenn H.
7066:978-1-4392-2134-1
7050:978-0-618-13384-0
7030:978-0-521-66991-7
6996:978-0-941532-89-1
6967:978-0-520-21972-4
6813:www.buddhanet.net
6556:Silk Road Seattle
6398:978-1-003-01351-8
6245:978-1-61180-890-2
6221:978-1-61180-890-2
6128:978-90-04-46517-6
6072:978-0-674-29645-9
6024:978-0-231-55075-8
6002:on July 14, 2014.
5919:The Tibet Journal
5780:978-0-19-533357-2
5730:978-0-941532-89-1
5685:978-1-933633-86-2
5620:978-0-520-25569-2
5611:The Arts of China
5587:978-0-385-51284-8
5471:Radich, Michael.
5445:978-1-101-94633-6
5281:978-7-80200-985-1
5239:978-0-19-934037-8
4892:Buddhism in China
4862:
4861:
4344:Four Noble Truths
4057:Buddha's Birthday
3747:Daśabhūmikā sutra
3450:Chinese talismans
3402:Chinese Religions
3395:Daxiangguo Temple
3310:Lankavatara Sutra
3133:primordial Buddha
3070:Various Mahāyāna
2808:When it comes to
2738:Vimalakirtī Sutra
2709:Mahāyāna Buddhism
2644:
2643:
2129:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
2104:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
2079:Samādhirāja Sūtra
1802:Mind of Awakening
1768:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1618:Republican period
1603:Taiping rebellion
1522:, and Vietnamese
1500:The Gateless Gate
1494:Blue Cliff Record
1045:Mahayana Buddhism
992:Chinese religions
912:Vimalakirtī Sutra
826:
825:
818:
817:
754:Standard Mandarin
716:
715:
551:Esoteric Buddhism
253:Chinese: "Buddha"
156:
155:
148:
101:
100:
81:may also be used.
21:Buddhism in China
11480:
11057:Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)
11017:Brahma (Fàntiān)
10780:
10665:
10658:
10651:
10642:
10641:
10628:
10627:
10616:
10615:
10455:Sacred languages
10303:Maya Devi Temple
10266:Mahabodhi Temple
10070:Secular Buddhism
10035:Engaged Buddhism
8875:
8723:Tibetan Buddhism
8674:Vietnamese Thiền
8273:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
8224:
8216:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8184:
8176:
8025:
8024:
8012:
8002:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7969:
7968:
7838:Manchu shamanism
7790:
7739:Tibetan Buddhism
7734:Chinese Buddhism
7679:
7678:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7644:
7643:
7637:
7615:
7594:
7585:
7567:
7558:
7542:
7536:
7528:
7527:
7515:
7509:
7501:
7500:on April 2, 2013
7499:
7493:, archived from
7492:
7480:
7437:
7428:
7419:
7385:Chinese Buddhism
7368:
7340:
7338:
7332:, archived from
7331:
7319:
7301:
7299:
7293:, archived from
7292:
7280:
7228:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7130:
7124:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7102:, archived from
7101:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7053:
7033:
7018:
6999:
6970:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6932:
6925:
6917:
6911:
6904:
6898:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6866:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6842:Oxford Reference
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6805:
6799:
6792:
6779:
6772:
6766:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6733:
6727:
6720:
6714:
6707:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6640:
6631:
6630:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6520:
6514:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6454:
6430:
6424:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6370:
6364:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6338:
6331:
6325:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6266:
6259:
6248:
6233:
6224:
6209:
6196:
6189:
6183:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5998:. Archived from
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5934:. Archived from
5928:
5922:
5915:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5874:, pp. 240. 2020.
5868:
5862:
5859:
5850:
5843:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5815:10.7916/d81g0t8p
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5756:
5750:
5743:
5732:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5537:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5498:
5492:
5469:
5463:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5428:Frankopan, Peter
5424:
5418:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5392:
5385:
5379:
5372:
5366:
5359:
5353:
5348:Williams, Paul.
5346:
5340:
5337:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5273:
5272:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5231:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5178:
5172:
5156:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5127:
5048:
5041:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4824:
4823:
4551:Sublime abidings
4242:
4219:
4218:
4168:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4075:List of Holidays
4065:Lantern Festival
4061:Chinese New Year
3995:
3994:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3887:" school), i.e.
3829:Avatamsaka Sutra
3485:
3480:
3374:Avatamsaka Sutra
3277:circumambulating
3266:Four Part Vinaya
3072:Buddhist deities
2911:
2910:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2411:Hongzhi Zhengjue
2228:Tibetan Buddhism
2136:Ghanavyūha sūtra
2124:
2092:
2065:Pure Land Sutras
2060:
2035:
1996:Wrathful deities
1779:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1535:Tibetan Buddhism
1508:Hongzhi Zhengjue
1456:(841–845) under
1405:Longmen Grottoes
1315:Avatamsaka Sutra
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1178:
1177:
1121:Longmen Grottoes
1079:Buddhist temples
938:Chinese Diaspora
879:
869:
859:
850:
842:
829:Chinese Buddhism
814:
813:
790:
789:
769:
768:
745:
744:
739:
738:
721:Chinese Buddhism
718:
717:
708:
701:
694:
640:Tiantai Mountain
579:Taishō Tripiṭaka
428:Hongzhi Zhengjue
242:Chinese Buddhism
229:
228:
216:
196:Interior of the
193:
171:
151:
144:
140:
137:
131:
111:
110:
103:
96:
93:
87:
72:
66:
62:
56:
52:
46:
34:
33:
26:
11488:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11478:
11477:
11473:Three teachings
11448:
11447:
11446:
11441:
11388:
11321:
11313:
11206:
11198:
11159:Asura (Āxiūluō)
11139:Skanda (Wéituó)
11062:Yama (Yán Wáng)
10984:
10976:
10899:
10891:
10789:
10781:
10772:
10680:
10672:
10669:
10639:
10634:
10622:
10604:
10556:
10471:
10386:
10123:Ordination hall
10084:
9986:
9957:Buddhist crisis
9869:
9566:
9518:Mahayana sutras
9494:
9490:Thích Nhất Hạnh
9321:
9194:
9134:
9084:Bodhisattva vow
8769:
8635:
8575:
8534:Taṇhā (Craving)
8469:Five hindrances
8420:
8312:
8242:
8096:
8041:
8013:
7996:
7966:
7961:
7913:
7877:
7796:Other religions
7791:
7782:
7683:
7673:
7671:
7619:
7612:
7583:
7549:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7471:
7410:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7376:
7374:Further reading
7371:
7336:
7329:
7317:
7300:on June 6, 2010
7297:
7290:
7267:Welch, Holmes.
7260:Welch, Holmes.
7253:Welch, Holmes.
7215:
7213:
7195:Wayback Machine
7168:
7166:
7147:
7145:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7085:
7083:
7051:
7031:
7016:
6997:
6987:India and China
6985:, vol. 1:
6968:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6905:
6901:
6892:
6888:
6880:
6876:
6867:
6860:
6851:
6849:
6838:"Vinaya school"
6836:
6835:
6831:
6822:
6820:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6793:
6782:
6773:
6769:
6760:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6721:
6717:
6708:
6699:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6659:
6651:. p. 434.
6641:
6634:
6619:
6615:
6588:Acta Theologica
6580:
6573:
6564:
6562:
6548:
6544:
6535:
6533:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6501:
6497:
6488:
6486:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6431:
6427:
6418:
6414:
6399:
6383:. p. 321.
6371:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6341:
6332:
6328:
6322:Wayback Machine
6310:
6306:
6297:
6293:
6284:
6269:
6260:
6251:
6234:
6227:
6210:
6199:
6190:
6186:
6177:
6173:
6164:
6162:
6152:(May 9, 2019).
6147:
6143:
6129:
6103:Madsen, Richard
6100:
6096:
6073:
6044:
6040:
6025:
6011:
6007:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5975:
5973:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5916:
5909:
5900:
5896:
5885:
5878:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5853:
5845:Keown, Damien.
5844:
5835:
5826:
5822:
5803:
5799:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5757:
5753:
5745:Nan Huai-Chin.
5744:
5735:
5724:, pp. 256–257.
5719:
5715:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5607:
5603:
5588:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5523:Jerry Bentley,
5522:
5518:
5512:Wayback Machine
5499:
5495:
5490:
5481:Wayback Machine
5470:
5466:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5425:
5421:
5412:
5408:
5399:
5395:
5386:
5382:
5376:Indian Buddhism
5373:
5369:
5360:
5356:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5303:
5296:
5282:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5168:Wayback Machine
5157:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5128:
5051:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
4858:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4451:Mahayana Sutras
4431:
4421:
4420:
4361:Five Aggregates
4339:
4338:
4318:
4317:
4308:Later Buddhists
4273:
4217:
4116:Mahāparinirvāṇa
4077:
4012:
3943:
3916:Three Treatises
3628:
3561:
3457:Three Teachings
3422:Chinese deities
3383:
3328:
3289:
3241:
3202:Èrshísì Zhūtiān
3185:(Sìdà Tiānwáng)
3176:Eighteen Arhats
3138:Medicine Buddha
3095:Medicine Buddha
3020:
2948:Dharma lectures
2914:Buddhist ethics
2850:
2721:Mahayana sutras
2701:
2649:
2640:
2611:
2610:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2521:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2516:14th Dalai Lama
2451:Abhayākaragupta
2266:
2258:
2257:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2011:
2009:Mahayana sutras
2001:
2000:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1867:Bodhisattva vow
1787:
1767:
1734:Guanghua Temple
1722:Boluan Fanzheng
1668:
1662:
1656:(1875 – 1963).
1571:
1375:(580–651), and
1349:(562–645), and
1326:(602–668), and
1285:
1212:(3rd century).
1205:
1133:
1034:
1022:
1016:
895:Mahayana sutras
891:folk religions.
858:Hànchuán Fójiào
767:Hànchuán Fójiào
712:
683:
682:
658:
650:
649:
610:
602:
601:
592:
584:
583:
569:
561:
560:
516:
508:
507:
303:
295:
294:
265:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
217:
209:
208:
194:
186:
185:
172:
163:
162:
152:
141:
135:
132:
125:
112:
108:
97:
91:
88:
82:
70:
64:
60:
58:transliteration
54:
50:
44:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11486:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11387:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11325:
11323:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
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11236:
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11226:
11221:
11216:
11210:
11208:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11164:Yaksha (Yèchà)
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11089:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11042:Surya (Rìtiān)
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10988:
10986:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10903:
10901:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10793:
10791:
10783:
10782:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10684:
10682:
10674:
10673:
10668:
10667:
10660:
10653:
10645:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10632:
10620:
10609:
10606:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10487:
10481:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10279:
10278:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10187:Greco-Buddhist
10179:
10178:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10138:Burmese pagoda
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10094:
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9996:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9920:Greco-Buddhism
9917:
9912:
9911:
9910:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9879:
9877:
9871:
9870:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9853:United Kingdom
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9798:Czech Republic
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9729:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9677:
9672:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9576:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9562:Abhidharmadīpa
9559:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9504:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9480:B. R. Ambedkar
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9400:Songtsen Gampo
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9331:
9329:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9204:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9144:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9079:Eight precepts
9076:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9005:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8958:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8867:
8857:
8852:
8850:Five Strengths
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8790:
8785:
8779:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8715:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8645:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8489:Mental factors
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8341:Mahamoggallāna
8338:
8333:
8328:
8322:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8256:Avalokiteśvara
8252:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8220:
8212:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8180:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8018:
8015:
8014:
7995:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7972:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7954:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7904:Inner Mongolia
7901:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7761:Roman Catholic
7758:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7693:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7670:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7610:
7595:
7586:
7581:
7568:
7559:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7516:
7481:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7429:
7420:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7358:10.2307/602960
7352:(1): 125–126,
7341:
7320:
7315:
7302:
7281:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7229:
7220:
7197:
7180:
7173:
7152:
7131:
7090:
7069:
7054:
7049:
7034:
7029:
7007:
7000:
6995:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6912:
6899:
6886:
6874:
6858:
6829:
6800:
6780:
6767:
6754:
6728:
6715:
6697:
6672:
6657:
6632:
6613:
6571:
6542:
6515:
6495:
6466:
6425:
6412:
6397:
6365:
6352:
6339:
6326:
6304:
6291:
6289:. 1998. p. 949
6267:
6249:
6225:
6197:
6184:
6171:
6141:
6127:
6094:
6071:
6049:(2023-12-31).
6038:
6023:
6005:
5983:
5953:
5941:
5923:
5907:
5894:
5876:
5870:Chün-fang Yü.
5863:
5851:
5849:. 2003. p. 104
5833:
5820:
5797:
5779:
5751:
5733:
5713:
5700:
5691:
5684:
5660:
5651:
5644:
5626:
5619:
5601:
5586:
5580:. p. 65.
5561:
5529:
5516:
5502:"Paramārtha."
5493:
5488:
5464:
5451:
5444:
5438:. p. 32.
5430:(March 2017).
5419:
5406:
5393:
5380:
5367:
5354:
5341:
5332:
5319:
5310:
5294:
5280:
5257:
5238:
5198:
5173:
5148:
5135:
5049:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4867:Avalokitesvara
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Pratyekabuddha
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Buddhist chant
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4429:Buddhist texts
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:Ghost Festival
4170:
4164:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4123:Avalokiteśvara
4119:
4112:
4109:
4105:, Lord of the
4099:
4092:
4076:
4073:
4069:Ghost Festival
4034:Ghost festival
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3988:
3983:
3971:Guānyīn Fójiào
3942:
3939:
3905:
3904:
3891:. Also called
3881:
3848:
3833:
3820:
3807:
3796:Chengweishilun
3780:
3771:translated by
3759:
3750:translated by
3742:
3737:translated by
3729:
3722:
3717:), founded by
3704:
3696:Abhidharmakośa
3687:
3627:
3624:
3615:Jing'an Temple
3599:Guoqing Temple
3568:Donglin Temple
3560:
3557:
3497:Guifeng Zongmi
3382:
3379:
3327:
3324:
3288:
3285:
3240:
3237:
3218:Chinese palace
3210:
3209:
3186:
3179:
3178:(Shíbā Luóhàn)
3172:
3166:
3160:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3108:
3101:Avalokiteśvara
3098:
3060:Cintāmaṇicakra
3019:
3016:
2944:eight precepts
2849:
2846:
2751:Amitābha Sutra
2700:
2697:
2672:Baoning Temple
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Rangjung Dorje
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Ratnākaraśānti
2443:
2438:
2436:Śaṅkaranandana
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Shāntarakshita
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:Chung Tai Shan
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Avalokiteśvara
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:Three Turnings
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Three vehicles
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Skillful Means
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1730:Guoqing Temple
1692:Mainland China
1661:
1658:
1570:
1567:
1563:Hanshan Deqing
1514:(including on
1423:Subhakarasimha
1399:(701–761) and
1381:
1380:
1354:
1331:
1306:
1284:
1281:
1164:Buddhist texts
1132:
1129:
1054:) through the
1015:
1012:
963:works) into a
930:mainland China
925:Amitābha Sutra
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
808:
799:
798:
792:
791:
784:
778:
777:
775:Yue: Cantonese
771:
770:
763:
757:
756:
750:
749:
748:Transcriptions
741:
740:
733:
727:
726:
723:
722:
714:
713:
711:
710:
703:
696:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:Hanshan Deqing
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Śubhakarasiṃha
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
245:
244:
238:
237:
221:house assembly
218:
211:
210:
195:
188:
187:
175:Buddhist monks
173:
166:
165:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
115:
113:
106:
99:
98:
77:. Knowledge's
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11485:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11391:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11124:Ziwei Emperor
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10900:明王 (Míngwáng)
10898:
10894:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10779:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10666:
10661:
10659:
10654:
10652:
10647:
10646:
10643:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10619:
10611:
10610:
10607:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10392:Miscellaneous
10389:
10383:
10382:Vegetarianism
10380:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10204:Buddha in art
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10180:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10087:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9922:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9876:
9872:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9858:United States
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9769:
9766:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9749:
9745:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9737:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9415:Padmasambhava
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9327:Major figures
9324:
9318:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9273:Western tulku
9271:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9197:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9137:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9074:Five precepts
9072:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:Dhamma vicaya
9050:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8820:Buddhābhiṣeka
8818:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8464:Enlightenment
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8454:Dhamma theory
8452:
8450:
8449:Buddha-nature
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8315:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8288:Samantabhadra
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8189:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8044:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7993:
7988:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7540:
7534:
7524:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7496:
7489:
7488:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7458:
7453:
7451:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7421:
7417:
7412:
7411:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7339:on 2010-09-29
7335:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7308:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7241:1-57416-092-3
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7153:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7109:on 2015-11-06
7105:
7098:
7097:
7091:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7014:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6929:
6922:
6916:
6909:
6903:
6896:
6890:
6883:
6878:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6771:
6764:
6758:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6725:
6719:
6712:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6658:0-19-541521-3
6654:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6513:
6512:0-8248-2623-X
6509:
6505:
6499:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6369:
6362:
6356:
6349:
6343:
6336:
6330:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6295:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6194:
6188:
6181:
6175:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5987:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5950:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5932:"murdoch edu"
5927:
5921:, 32.1 (2007)
5920:
5914:
5912:
5904:
5898:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5873:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5704:
5695:
5687:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5664:
5655:
5647:
5645:0-521-43519-6
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5526:
5520:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5497:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5436:Vintage Books
5433:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5403:
5397:
5390:
5384:
5377:
5374:Warder, A.K.
5371:
5364:
5358:
5352:. 2008. p. 30
5351:
5345:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5314:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5277:
5261:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:Samantabhadra
4977:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Fo Guang Shan
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Chan Buddhism
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4581:Vegetarianism
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Recollections
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Five precepts
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Chinese canon
4469:
4467:
4466:Tibetan canon
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:Bhaiṣajyaguru
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:Samantabhadra
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:According to
3908:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:Dharmaguptaka
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3721:(344–413 CE).
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3642:(1240–1321).
3641:
3637:
3633:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3583:Bailin Temple
3580:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3535:
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3512:
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3506:
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3498:
3494:
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3486:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:), engage in
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3365:Diamond Sūtra
3362:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3304:Vegetarianism
3298:
3293:
3287:Vegetarianism
3284:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:Dharmaguptaka
3256:
3250:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:Samantabhadra
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
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3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3050:at Mount Emei
3049:
3048:Samantabhadra
3044:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:Cundī Dhāraṇī
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
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2967:
2963:
2959:
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2940:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2894:five precepts
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:Nirvana Sutra
2835:
2831:
2830:hermeneutical
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:buddha-nature
2796:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2744:Nirvana Sutra
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2689:
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2677:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2637:
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2625:
2623:
2618:
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2615:
2614:
2607:
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2599:
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2512:
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2497:
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2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Sakya Pandita
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Dahui Zonggao
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
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2362:
2359:
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2327:
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2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
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2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Fo Guang Shan
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:Major schools
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Samantabhadra
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Bhaiṣajyaguru
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Luminous mind
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Buddha-nature
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:Deng Xiaoping
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:Fo Guang Shan
1677:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1476:Chan Buddhism
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:Chan Buddhism
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Dharmaguptaka
1213:
1211:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:first entered
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:Indianization
1029:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:, especially
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
981:Chan Buddhism
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:
921:
919:
918:Nirvana Sutra
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
874:
870:
864:
860:
854:
846:
838:
834:
830:
821:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
785:
783:
779:
776:
772:
764:
762:
758:
755:
751:
746:
742:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
689:
687:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
606:
605:
598:
595:
594:
588:
587:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
511:
504:
501:
499:
498:Nan Huai-Chin
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:Dahui Zonggao
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Daman Hongren
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:Major figures
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Dharmaguptaka
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:
259:
258:
251:
247:
246:
243:
240:
239:
235:
231:
230:
222:
215:
207:
203:
199:
192:
184:
180:
176:
170:
150:
147:
139:
136:February 2024
129:
123:
121:
116:This article
114:
105:
104:
95:
92:February 2024
85:
80:
76:
69:
59:
49:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
11379:Emperor Ming
11119:Puti Shushen
10897:Wisdom Kings
10787:Bodhisattvas
10570:Bodhisattvas
10490:Christianity
10485:Baháʼí Faith
10350:Dharmachakra
10340:Prayer wheel
10330:Prayer beads
10098:Architecture
9977:969 Movement
9761:Saudi Arabia
9739:Central Asia
9732:South Africa
9554:
9537:
9470:Panchen Lama
9375:Buddhapālita
8971:Satipatthana
8966:Mindful Yoga
8879:Recollection
8793:Brahmavihara
8664:Japanese Zen
8659:Chinese Chan
8619:Animal realm
8426:Key concepts
8248:Bodhisattvas
8060:Three Jewels
7949:
7803:Baháʼí Faith
7751:Christianity
7733:
7719:Confucianism
7625:
7621:
7600:
7590:
7572:
7563:
7554:
7521:
7495:the original
7486:
7476:
7433:
7424:
7415:
7384:
7349:
7345:
7334:the original
7325:
7306:
7295:the original
7286:
7276:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7232:
7224:
7214:, retrieved
7205:
7183:
7176:
7167:, retrieved
7157:
7146:, retrieved
7136:
7111:, retrieved
7104:the original
7095:
7084:, retrieved
7074:
7057:
7039:
7012:
7003:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6957:
6935:. Retrieved
6915:
6907:
6902:
6894:
6889:
6877:
6869:
6850:. Retrieved
6841:
6832:
6821:. Retrieved
6812:
6803:
6795:
6775:
6770:
6762:
6757:
6745:. Retrieved
6731:
6723:
6718:
6710:
6689:. Retrieved
6684:
6681:"Nestorians"
6675:
6644:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6591:
6587:
6563:. Retrieved
6555:
6545:
6534:. Retrieved
6518:
6503:
6498:
6487:. Retrieved
6478:
6469:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6420:
6415:
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6368:
6360:
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6342:
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6329:
6313:
6307:
6299:
6294:
6286:
6262:
6236:
6212:
6192:
6187:
6179:
6174:
6163:. Retrieved
6157:
6144:
6106:
6097:
6050:
6041:
6014:
6008:
6000:the original
5993:
5986:
5974:. Retrieved
5965:
5956:
5944:
5936:the original
5926:
5918:
5902:
5897:
5888:
5871:
5866:
5846:
5828:
5823:
5806:
5800:
5789:. Retrieved
5761:
5754:
5746:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5703:
5694:
5670:
5663:
5654:
5635:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5573:
5564:
5553:. Retrieved
5544:
5524:
5519:
5503:
5496:
5484:
5472:
5467:
5459:
5454:
5431:
5422:
5414:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5375:
5370:
5362:
5357:
5349:
5344:
5335:
5327:
5322:
5313:
5305:
5285:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5211:
5201:
5190:. Retrieved
5188:. 2023-09-21
5185:
5176:
5159:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5044:
4665:
4531:Merit making
4496:Three Jewels
4436:Buddhavacana
4366:Impermanence
4354:Dharma wheel
4080:
4078:
4053:
4050:
3996:
3979:
3970:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3924:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3867:
3827:
3814:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3767:
3745:
3732:
3710:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3667:
3659:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3544:Christianity
3537:
3532:
3524:
3520:Zhou dynasty
3513:
3501:
3484:Sānjiào Héyī
3482:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3399:
3389:A statue of
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:Matteo Ricci
3345:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3253:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3069:
3066:, Singapore.
3006:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2982:Mount Jiuhua
2964:
2960:
2956:dharma halls
2952:
2932:
2918:
2902:
2891:
2884:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2807:
2767:bodhisattvas
2756:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2702:
2543:
2506:D. T. Suzuki
2311:Buddhapālita
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2023:
2015:
1909:Bodhisattvas
1842:Three bodies
1738:
1719:
1700:
1669:
1642:Chinese Chan
1615:
1599:Gelug school
1595:Qing dynasty
1592:
1547:Ming dynasty
1544:
1540:Ming dynasty
1531:Yuan dynasty
1528:
1516:Japanese Zen
1512:Zen Buddhism
1505:
1498:
1492:
1489:Linji school
1472:Song dynasty
1469:
1462:
1451:
1420:
1409:
1389:
1382:
1313:
1300:
1286:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1161:
1145:
1134:
1023:
1000:Confucianism
989:
953:Tang dynasty
942:
924:
916:
911:
904:
898:
876:
866:
856:
833:Han Buddhism
832:
828:
827:
796:Southern Min
761:Hanyu Pinyin
673:Martial arts
625:Mount Jiuhua
609:Sacred Sites
591:Architecture
463:Miyun Yuanwu
241:
142:
133:
120:copy editing
118:may require
117:
89:
75:ISO 639 code
71:}}
65:{{
61:}}
55:{{
51:}}
45:{{
40:
11207:羅漢 (Luóhàn)
11154:Nāga (Lóng)
11149:Deva (Tiān)
10415:Dharma talk
10244:Asalha Puja
10040:Eschatology
9843:Switzerland
9823:New Zealand
9751:Middle East
9660:Philippines
9580:Afghanistan
9385:Bodhidharma
9370:Buddhaghosa
9290:Householder
9200:Monasticism
9153:Bodhisattva
9008:Prostration
8961:Mindfulness
8889:Anapanasati
8872:Kammaṭṭhāna
8669:Korean Seon
8609:Asura realm
8604:Human realm
8544:Ten Fetters
8499:Parinirvana
8401:Uppalavanna
8366:Mahākaccana
8351:Mahākassapa
8283:Kṣitigarbha
8278:Ākāśagarbha
8175:Suddhodāna
8120:Four sights
8047:Foundations
7843:Manichaeism
7017:(paperback)
6311:Kuan Ming.
6150:Joske, Alex
6081:jj.10860939
6047:Pei, Minxin
5413:Fan Muyou.
4957:Kṣitigarbha
4766:New Zealand
4621:Bodhisattva
4606:Four Stages
4561:Monasticism
4541:Mindfulness
4511:Perfections
4441:Early Texts
4206:Bodhidharma
4183:Kṣitigarbha
4083:and so on.
3980:Guānyīn Huì
3964:Buddhism (
3864:Bodhidharma
3816:Lotus Sutra
3739:Dharmarakṣa
3684:Chengshilun
3651:exclusivist
3597:A model of
3572:Mountain Lu
3440:, practice
3434:Monkey King
3369:Lotus Sūtra
3361:Heart Sūtra
3239:Monasticism
3206:dharmapalas
3169:Kṣitigarbha
3157:Mount Wutai
3091:Mahākāśyapa
2986:Mount Putuo
2974:Mount Wutai
2966:Pilgrimages
2834:Lotus Sutra
2803:one vehicle
2791:bodhisattva
2726:Lotus Sutra
2544:Han Chinese
2366:Amoghavajra
2341:Bodhidharma
2331:Candrakīrti
2326:Dharmakīrti
2321:Bhāvaviveka
2276:Ashvaghosha
2265:Key figures
2024:Lotus Sūtra
1981:Ākāśagarbha
1976:Kṣitigarbha
1966:Vajrasattva
1857:One Vehicle
1792:Bodhisattva
1616:During the
1593:During the
1545:During the
1520:Korean Seon
1497:(1125) and
1491:, like the
1431:Amoghavajra
1373:Dayi Daoxin
1367:(487–593),
1361:Bodhidharma
1345:(476–542),
1322:(557–640),
1302:Lotus Sutra
1210:Dharmarakṣa
1141:Han dynasty
1139:during the
1119:Statues at
1101:Mogao Caves
1058:during the
1052:Han dynasty
1006:, but also
945:Han dynasty
900:Lotus Sutra
630:Mount Putuo
615:Mount Wutai
488:Yang Wenhui
408:Bodhidharma
403:Amoghavajra
219:A Buddhist
11452:Categories
11384:Emperor Wu
11334:Moggallāna
10532:Psychology
10512:Gnosticism
10500:Comparison
10495:Influences
10477:Comparison
10360:Bhavacakra
10318:Kushinagar
10293:Pilgrimage
10239:Māgha Pūjā
10194:Bodhi Tree
10010:Buddhology
10000:Abhidharma
9992:Philosophy
9925:Menander I
9793:Costa Rica
9744:Uzbekistan
9585:Bangladesh
9539:Dhammapada
9523:Pali Canon
9485:Ajahn Chah
9465:Dalai Lama
9365:Kumārajīva
9360:Vasubandhu
9335:The Buddha
9243:Zen master
9178:Sakadagami
9158:Buddhahood
9089:Pratimokṣa
8904:Shikantaza
8860:Meditation
8835:Deity yoga
8706:Madhyamaka
8599:Deva realm
8494:Mindstream
8444:Bodhicitta
8356:Aṅgulimāla
8223:Devadatta
8199:Yaśodharā
8102:The Buddha
8092:Middle Way
7778:Falun Gong
7756:Protestant
7566:, ABC-CLIO
7216:2013-02-19
7169:2013-03-29
7148:2013-03-29
7113:2013-02-19
7086:2013-03-29
6937:2020-01-04
6852:2022-11-29
6823:2022-11-29
6747:2020-06-01
6691:2023-03-01
6565:2023-03-01
6536:2016-01-29
6489:2022-11-30
6445:(1): 143.
6379:. London:
6165:2019-11-18
6089:1419055794
6033:1154101063
5976:October 6,
5791:2021-10-24
5555:2022-12-01
5266:中国文化科目认证指南
5192:2023-09-21
5023:References
4639:Traditions
4576:Pilgrimage
4516:Meditation
4476:Post-canon
4456:Pāli Canon
4386:Middle Way
4283:The Buddha
3847:(596–667).
3773:Paramartha
3758:tradition.
3719:Kumarajiva
3715:Madhyamaka
3713:, Chinese
3701:Vasubandhu
3693:using the
3691:Abhidharma
3559:Traditions
3058:Shrine to
3046:Statue of
2978:Mount Emei
2861:Li Mei-shu
2801:, and the
2717:Dàzàngjīng
2486:Longchenpa
2481:Tsongkhapa
2396:Mazu Daoyi
2381:Shāntideva
2306:Sthiramati
2301:Vasubandhu
2291:Kumārajīva
2248:Fa Gu Shan
2178:Mādhyamaka
1926:Adi-Buddha
1916:Shakyamuni
1877:Pure Lands
1832:Two truths
1797:Buddhahood
1703:Mao Zedong
1670:After the
1638:charitable
1611:Opium Wars
1427:Vajrabodhi
1379:(601–674).
1371:(d. 606),
1365:Dazu Huike
1330:(643–712).
1265:Abhidharma
1257:Paramārtha
1239:Madhyamaka
1235:Kumārajīva
1206: 164
1060:Kushan Era
1026:See also:
996:philosophy
873:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
620:Mount Emei
515:Traditions
458:Ouyi Zhixu
423:Mazu Daoyi
398:Vajrabodhi
328:Paramartha
313:Kumārajīva
128:editing it
11407:Pure Land
11344:An Shigao
10790:菩薩 (Púsà)
10600:Festivals
10580:Buddhists
10542:Theosophy
10345:Symbolism
10335:Hama yumi
10308:Bodh Gaya
10075:Socialism
10050:Evolution
10025:Economics
9863:Venezuela
9778:Australia
9773:Argentina
9697:Sri Lanka
9692:Singapore
9610:Indonesia
9572:Countries
9513:Tripiṭaka
9475:Ajahn Mun
9350:Nagarjuna
9345:Aśvaghoṣa
9228:Anagārika
9223:Śrāmaṇerī
9218:Śrāmaṇera
9213:Bhikkhunī
9173:Sotāpanna
9062:Passaddhi
9003:Offerings
8978:Nekkhamma
8855:Iddhipada
8775:Practices
8745:Theravada
8718:Vajrayana
8711:Yogachara
8681:Pure Land
8594:Six Paths
8581:Cosmology
8361:Anuruddha
8336:Sāriputta
8326:Kaundinya
8318:Disciples
8293:Vajrapāṇi
8145:Footprint
8110:Tathāgata
7899:Northeast
7889:Hong Kong
7882:By region
7823:Dongbaism
7808:Benzhuism
7006:. c. 800.
6600:1015-8758
6407:224902752
6381:Routledge
6137:242677252
5596:123079516
5578:Doubleday
5570:Chua, Amy
5028:Citations
4981:(Pu Xian)
4975:(Wen Shu)
4959:(Di Zang)
4786:Sri Lanka
4776:Singapore
4731:Indonesia
4671:Vajrayāna
4646:Theravāda
4601:Awakening
4489:Practices
4446:Tripiṭaka
4416:Cosmology
4391:Emptiness
4371:Suffering
4189:Dīpaṃkara
4160:(Wei Tuo)
4089:Sakyamuni
4038:Hong Kong
3912:Sheng-yen
3752:Bodhiruci
3726:Pure Land
3663:ecumenism
3632:Sheng-yen
3516:jingxiang
3493:Confucius
3446:Feng shui
3340:Guangzhou
3196:: 二十四諸天;
3153:Manjushri
3129:Vairocana
3123:Sukhavati
3119:pure land
3079:Śākyamuni
3032:Vairocana
2900:" of the
2848:Practices
2795:emptiness
2705:sinicized
2661:Singapore
2601:Indonesia
2511:Sheng-yen
2286:Lokakṣema
2271:Nāgārjuna
2223:Vajrayāna
2213:Pure Land
1961:Vajrapāṇi
1946:Vairocana
1931:Akshobhya
1827:Emptiness
1786:Teachings
1711:Four Olds
1650:Sheng Yen
1634:education
1583:Kaohsiung
1569:Modernity
1443:Vajrayana
1412:Wu Zetian
1392:sinicized
1353:(613–81).
1273:Bodhiruci
1269:Yogachara
1201:, active
1193:Lokakṣema
1171:An Shigao
1157:Confucian
1148:Silk Road
1090:Wutaishan
1056:Silk Road
961:Confucian
536:Pure Land
483:Hsuan Hua
388:Chengguan
308:Lokakṣema
183:Guangdong
11427:Tantrism
11397:Mahayana
11364:Shàn Dào
11349:Xuánzàng
10618:Category
10547:Violence
10517:Hinduism
10465:Sanskrit
10420:Hinayana
10405:Amitābha
10365:Swastika
10234:Uposatha
10224:Holidays
10209:Calendar
10055:Humanism
9893:Kanishka
9883:Timeline
9707:Thailand
9675:Kalmykia
9670:Buryatia
9655:Pakistan
9640:Mongolia
9635:Maldives
9630:Malaysia
9595:Cambodia
9460:Shamarpa
9455:Nichiren
9405:Xuanzang
9340:Nagasena
9258:Rinpoche
8988:Pāramitā
8830:Devotion
8750:Navayana
8738:Dzogchen
8701:Nichiren
8649:Mahayana
8641:Branches
8519:Saṅkhāra
8268:Mañjuśrī
8225:(cousin)
8217:(cousin)
8185:(mother)
8177:(father)
8165:Miracles
8115:Birthday
8032:Glossary
8005:Buddhism
7828:Hinduism
7766:Orthodox
7729:Buddhism
7533:citation
7506:citation
7463:original
7457:original
7450:original
7443:original
7210:archived
7191:Archived
7163:archived
7142:archived
7121:citation
7080:archived
7002:Han Yu.
6928:Archived
6846:Archived
6817:Archived
6741:Archived
6667:46661540
6604:Archived
6530:Archived
6483:Archived
6461:54444540
6318:Archived
6302:: p. 146
5970:Archived
5949:Lai 2003
5785:Archived
5572:(2007).
5549:Archived
5508:Archived
5477:Archived
5271:华语教学出版社.
5244:Archived
5164:Archived
4973:Manjusri
4881:Maitreya
4796:Thailand
4756:Mongolia
4751:Malaysia
4716:Cambodia
4681:Navayana
4661:Hinayana
4656:Mahāyāna
4566:Lay life
4396:Morality
4376:Not-self
4334:Concepts
4293:Councils
4278:Timeline
4250:Glossary
4232:Buddhism
4224:a series
4222:Part of
4215:See also
4140:Manjusri
4127:Guan Yin
4096:Maitreya
4063:and the
4024:Zhejiang
4020:Hangzhou
3993:寿山万隆天主佛教
3931:humanism
3791:Yogācāra
3711:, Sānlùn
3674:Chengshi
3619:Shanghai
3505:Qingming
3371:and the
3363:and the
3270:Sifen lü
3144:Maitreya
3113:Buddha (
3111:Amitābha
3038:, China.
3004:and the
2883:and the
2836:and the
2748:and the
2707:form of
2678:, China.
2596:Malaysia
2591:Mongolia
2431:Nichiren
2356:Xuanzang
2281:Āryadeva
2233:Dzogchen
2218:Nichiren
2183:Yogācāra
1971:Maitreya
1951:Mañjuśrī
1921:Amitabha
1759:a series
1757:Part of
1630:Yin Shun
1503:(1228).
1397:Wang Wei
1385:Xuanzang
1339:Amitabha
1233:scholar
1185:Mahayana
1168:Parthian
1159:elites.
1152:maritime
1150:and the
1105:Dunhuang
949:emperors
883:Mahayana
863:Jyutping
782:Jyutping
635:Mount Lu
493:Yin Shun
453:Zhu Hong
343:Woncheuk
333:Xuanzang
318:Sengzhao
234:a series
232:Part of
11412:Tiantai
10678:Buddhas
10595:Temples
10575:Buddhas
10537:Science
10527:Judaism
10522:Jainism
10440:Lineage
10400:Abhijñā
10370:Thangka
10313:Sarnath
10298:Lumbini
10219:Funeral
10214:Cuisine
10090:Culture
10065:Reality
10015:Creator
10005:Atomism
9875:History
9848:Ukraine
9808:Germany
9727:Senegal
9717:Vietnam
9645:Myanmar
9445:Shinran
9435:Karmapa
9410:Shandao
9380:Dignāga
9305:Śrāvaka
9285:Donchee
9280:Kappiya
9238:Sayadaw
9208:Bhikkhu
9183:Anāgāmi
9140:Nirvana
9106:Samadhi
8993:Paritta
8934:Tonglen
8929:Mandala
8884:Smarana
8865:Mantras
8813:Upekkha
8783:Bhavana
8733:Shingon
8686:Tiantai
8539:Tathātā
8529:Śūnyatā
8524:Skandha
8514:Saṃsāra
8509:Rebirth
8484:Kleshas
8474:Indriya
8376:Subhūti
8261:Guanyin
8215:Ānanda
8207:Rāhula
8087:Nirvana
8027:Outline
7918:Related
7868:Sikhism
7833:Judaism
7813:Bimoism
7408:History
6949:Sources
6525:中央研究院網站
4990:Tiantai
4871:Guanyin
4806:Vietnam
4761:Myanmar
4676:Tibetan
4666:Chinese
4594:Nirvāṇa
4411:Saṃsāra
4406:Rebirth
4271:History
4260:Outline
4147:15.4 —
4114:15.2 —
3962:Guanyin
3935:charity
3874:Caodong
3869:zuòchán
3845:Daoxuan
3811:Tiantai
3603:Tiantai
3548:Tibetan
3426:Guan Yu
3414:tai chi
3391:Guan Yu
3233:Shangdi
3194:Chinese
3105:Guānyīn
2994:dhāraṇī
2881:Guanyin
2826:panjiao
2789:), the
2781:rebirth
2763:Buddhas
2688:Tzu Chi
2571:Tibetan
2566:Vietnam
2496:Hanshan
2471:Dolpopa
2421:Shinran
2351:Shandao
2346:Huineng
2316:Dignāga
2243:Tzu Chi
2208:Shingon
2188:Tiantai
1905:Buddhas
1887:Dharani
1751:(CCP).
1747:of the
1688:Tzu Chi
1646:Hsu Yun
1624:, like
1559:Caodong
1401:Bo Juyi
1377:Hongren
1369:Sengcan
1351:Shandao
1347:Daochuo
1343:Tanluan
1293:Tiantai
1250:Yungang
1181:Luoyang
1125:Luoyang
1075:Luoyang
1014:History
973:Tiantai
803:Hokkien
668:Cuisine
657:Culture
526:Tiantai
503:Nenghai
478:Hsu Yun
413:Huineng
378:Zhanran
368:Shandao
363:Daochuo
358:Tanluan
353:Huiyuan
348:Daoxuan
263:History
206:Jiangsu
84:See why
11417:Huayan
11374:Jìgōng
11369:Huìguǒ
11359:Yìjìng
11354:Fǎxiǎn
11329:Ānanda
11319:Sangha
11204:Arhats
10590:Sutras
10585:Suttas
10450:Siddhi
10435:Koliya
10410:Brahmā
10325:Poetry
10271:Mantra
10261:Kasaya
10133:Pagoda
10113:Kyaung
10108:Vihāra
10103:Temple
10045:Ethics
9888:Ashoka
9838:Sweden
9833:Poland
9828:Norway
9818:Mexico
9803:France
9788:Canada
9783:Brazil
9722:Africa
9702:Taiwan
9665:Russia
9590:Bhutan
9550:Vinaya
9430:Naropa
9420:Saraha
9355:Asanga
9111:Prajñā
9020:Refuge
8983:Nianfo
8944:Tertön
8939:Tantra
8924:Ganana
8914:Tukdam
8840:Dhyāna
8808:Mudita
8803:Karuṇā
8696:Risshū
8691:Huayan
8624:Naraka
8564:Anattā
8559:Dukkha
8554:Anicca
8459:Dharma
8411:Channa
8346:Ānanda
8331:Assaji
8298:Skanda
8201:(wife)
8170:Family
8150:Relics
8075:Sangha
8070:Dharma
8065:Buddha
7724:Taoism
7608:
7579:
7382:about
7366:602960
7364:
7313:
7239:
7064:
7047:
7027:
6993:
6964:
6665:
6655:
6608:SciELO
6598:
6510:
6459:
6405:
6395:
6243:
6219:
6135:
6125:
6087:
6079:
6069:
6031:
6021:
5777:
5728:
5682:
5642:
5617:
5594:
5584:
5485:Zinbun
5442:
5278:
5250:30 May
5236:
5216:Oxford
4791:Taiwan
4771:Russia
4711:Brazil
4706:Bhutan
4626:Buddha
4546:Wisdom
4329:Dharma
4158:Skanda
4098:Buddha
4091:Buddha
3901:Tángmì
3897:Mìzōng
3893:Mìjiao
3885:mantra
3856:Dhyana
3837:Vinaya
3824:Huayan
3787:Wéishí
3785:(唯識宗;
3777:Huáyán
3763:Asanga
3756:Huayan
3728:school
3640:Gyōnen
3605:school
3550:, and
3432:, and
3424:(like
3418:gongfu
3416:, and
3410:qigong
3262:Vinaya
3226:pagoda
3198:pinyin
3115:pinyin
3087:Ᾱnanda
3083:śākyas
2984:, and
2925:nianfo
2842:Fazang
2822:Weishi
2820:, and
2818:Sanlun
2814:Huayan
2779:) and
2741:, the
2735:, the
2729:, the
2715:(大藏經,
2692:Taipei
2586:Bhutan
2551:Taiwan
2491:Hakuin
2461:Atisha
2456:Nāropā
2441:Virūpa
2391:Wohnyo
2371:Saichō
2361:Fazang
2296:Asanga
2198:Huayan
2193:Tendai
1707:Maoist
1686:, and
1676:Taiwan
1587:Taiwan
1551:Huayan
1429:, and
1328:Fazang
1324:Zhiyan
1320:Dushun
1310:Huayan
1261:Zhēndì
1243:Sanlun
1231:Kuchan
1221:Vinaya
1189:Kushan
1004:Taoism
983:, and
977:Huayan
957:Taoist
875::
865::
855::
853:pinyin
847::
839::
546:Sanlun
541:Weishi
531:Huayan
443:Zongmi
383:Fazang
323:Jizang
179:Zhuhai
10562:Lists
10430:Kalpa
10425:Iddhi
10288:Music
10283:Mudra
10249:Vassa
10229:Vesak
10199:Budai
10145:Candi
10128:Stupa
10060:Logic
9813:Italy
9712:Tibet
9650:Nepal
9620:Korea
9615:Japan
9605:India
9600:China
9545:Sutra
9500:Texts
9450:Dōgen
9440:Hōnen
9425:Atiśa
9390:Zhiyi
9300:Achar
9268:Tulku
9263:Geshe
9248:Rōshi
9233:Ajahn
9188:Arhat
9148:Bodhi
9118:Vīrya
9035:Sacca
9030:Satya
9025:Sādhu
9013:Music
8956:Merit
8949:Terma
8909:Zazen
8845:Faith
8798:Mettā
8479:Karma
8439:Bardo
8406:Asita
8396:Khema
8386:Upāli
8371:Nanda
8209:(son)
8183:Māyā
8160:Films
8037:Index
7909:Tibet
7894:Macau
7773:Islam
7526:(PDF)
7498:(PDF)
7491:(PDF)
7362:JSTOR
7337:(PDF)
7330:(PDF)
7298:(PDF)
7291:(PDF)
7107:(PDF)
7100:(PDF)
6931:(PDF)
6924:(PDF)
6594:(2).
6457:S2CID
6403:S2CID
6133:S2CID
6111:Brill
6077:JSTOR
5676:265–6
5018:Notes
4877:Budai
4801:Tibet
4741:Korea
4736:Japan
4726:India
4721:China
4686:Newar
4611:Arhat
4401:Karma
4255:Index
4149:Vesak
4107:Devas
4103:Śakra
3878:Linji
3587:Hebei
3489:Laozi
3036:Henan
3034:, in
3012:Cundī
2934:zazen
2868:merit
2771:karma
2676:Hunan
2581:Newar
2576:Nepal
2561:Korea
2556:Japan
2539:China
2501:Taixu
2426:Dōgen
2416:Hōnen
2401:Jinul
2376:Kūkai
2336:Zhiyi
1654:Tanxu
1626:Taixu
1581:, in
1555:Linji
1524:Thiền
1297:Zhiyi
1195:(Ch.
1191:monk
1173:(Ch.
1137:China
1109:Gansu
568:Texts
473:Tanxu
468:Taixu
438:Linji
373:Zhiyi
338:Kuiji
11402:Chan
10460:Pāḷi
10445:Māra
10355:Flag
9756:Iran
9680:Tuva
9625:Laos
9253:Lama
9101:Śīla
9069:Śīla
9057:Pīti
9047:Sati
8998:Puja
8919:Koan
8825:Dāna
8416:Yasa
8303:Tārā
7606:ISBN
7577:ISBN
7539:link
7512:link
7311:ISBN
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