604:
shielding Nazi war criminals from execution overrode their support for capital punishment in ordinary murder cases. As soon as West
Germany abolished capital punishment via Article 102, the West German government immediately started lobbying for clemency for all Nazi war criminals who were on death row under Allied military law, citing the new law. Lane noted that as late as the 1960s, polls showed that 71% of the West German public supported the reinstatement of capital punishment, which the CDU unsuccessfully tried to do.
19:
763:"Die staatliche Organisation einer Vollstreckung der Todesstrafe ist schließlich, gemessen am Ideal der Menschenwürde, ein schlechterdings unzumutbares und unerträgliches Unterfangen. Diese Bedenken legen den Befund nahe, daß nach deutschem Verfassungsrecht jegliche Wiedereinführung der Todesstrafe – auch abgesehen von Art. 102 GG – vor Art. 1 Abs. 1 GG und der Wesensgehaltsgarantie des Grundrechts auf Leben (Art. 2 Abs. 2 Satz 1 i. V. m. Art. 19 Abs. 2 GG) keinen Bestand haben könnte"
664:, for sexually motivated serial child murder. By then, East German courts had imposed death sentences in 227 cases. 166 were executed, of which 52 for assumedly political crimes (espionage, sabotage etc.), 64 for crimes under Hitler's rule and 44 for common criminality (mostly murder under aggravated circumstances). Most of these took place during the 1950s; three known executions took place in the 70s and two in the 80s. The guillotine (called the
290:. His work compared the number of executions in Prussia to the number in England and Wales in the first half of the 19th century, which together had about the same population as Prussia. Every year, England and Wales executed about sixteen times as many people. While in Prussia the death penalty was usually applied only in murder cases, the English also executed people for theft, sometimes even in minor cases, under the so-called
122:
repealed under article 79. However some legal scholars have argued that the prohibition of capital punishment follows necessarily from article 2 GG, and article 102 GG merely puts the prohibition beyond doubt. It has also been argued that
Article 102, according to its systematical place, does not guarantee a basic right but enacts a judicial restriction. The German
629:(murder, rape, and robbery) on May 12, 1949. Despite the newly founded Federal Republic's protests, the Western Allied powers continued for some time to practice capital punishment in their separate jurisdiction. The last seven condemned men, all of whom were war criminals, were executed by the U.S. military at
540:
could be executed "if the protection of the people or the need for just atonement so demands". Courts (or whatever was in place of a court) sometimes were officially granted the right to inflict capital punishment, even where not provided by law, and sometimes did so by their own discretion. To quote
192:
provided capital punishment for high crimes, this provision was inoperative due to the federal ban on the death penalty ("Bundesrecht bricht
Landesrecht." (article 31 GG) – Federal law overrides state law.). The capital punishment provision was finally scrapped from Hesse's state constitution in 2018
575:
wrote that many
Germans, then and now, claimed that West Germany had thoroughly learned a lesson from the Nazi era, pointing to its abolishment of capital punishment as an example. However, Lane said the real reason West Germany abolished capital punishment early-on was to protect Nazi war criminals
556:
courts issued at least 25,000 death warrants, of which 18,000 to 20,000 were executed. According to official statistics, other courts had altogether issued 16 560 death warrants (contrasting with 664 before the war), of which about 12,000 were executed. In fighting partisans, 345,000 are reported to
121:
There has also been debate on the question whether this article could legally be abolished by a two-thirds majority in
Bundestag and Bundesrat. Section 3 of article 79 GG expressly prohibits only amendments of articles 1 and 20, which suggests that article 102 can in principle legally be amended or
603:
However, both parties started to see the advantages of the proposal. For the SPD, which genuinely opposed capital punishment outright, Seebohm gave them cover for an objective they were too afraid to pursue on their own, whereas for more than half of those in the CDU, the political advantages of
679:
The convicts were not told they had been denied clemency until the day of their execution. They would be transported to
Leipzig Prison early in the morning, and then taken to an office. There, an official read out two sentences to the convict: "The petition for clemency has been rejected. Your
633:
on June 7, 1951. Until 1990, some "criminal actions against the Allied
Occupating Powers' interests" remained capital offenses in West Berlin, being under Allied jurisdiction without complete force of the Basic Law. However, no capital sentences under this authority were carried out.
607:
A 2017 study found that "judges more committed to the Nazi Party were more likely to impose the death sentence on defendants belonging to organised political opposition groups, those accused of violent resistance and those with characteristics to which Nazism was intolerant."
616:
After World War II, hundreds of executions of common and war criminals were carried out on West German soil, albeit the overwhelming majority of them were carried out by the Allied occupation authorities, not German authority. The last common criminal to be executed in the
591:, Seebohm "was thinking primarily of the executions of the war criminals, against which he and his party had so clearly opposed. Preventing Nazi war criminals from being sentenced to death would no doubt lure more voters to the extreme right for the NPD." The
549:, a man is lost to the people's community anyway. Thus what to do with such a guy is either put him into a concentration camp, or kill him. In latest times the latter is more important, for the sake of deterrence."
599:
initially both rejected the proposal, the SPD since nearly 80 percent of the West German public supported capital punishment, and the CDU since they mostly supported capital punishment for ordinary murderers.
196:
The
Bavarian Constitution, while not providing the death penalty by itself, for a long time contained a rule of implementation of it which was abrogated in a summary constitutional amendment in 1998.
275:" ("Capital punishment, except when it is prescribed by martial law or permitted by the law of the seas in cases of mutiny, abolished"). These lines were deleted in the constitution for the
2183:
418:, which in 1936 was ordained the official means of civil execution of capital punishment. From 1942, short-drop hanging was also used, notoriously in the reprisals in the aftermath of the
2188:
340:
in the face of the enemy, or in the field (only) if done as a ringleader or instigator, or with violence as a leading man. During the German empire, the legal methods were the hand-held
568:. In concentration camps, commanders could, as early as 1933, sentence prisoners to death for "disobedience" without needing to provide any additional justification or explanation.
2236:
2206:
2173:
1331:
529:, which was any action pandering to the enemy) and subversion of the military strength, which could be interpreted as to cover any critical remark, and was applied to any
587:
In his speech to his fellow legislators, Seebohm equated executions by the Nazi regime to executions "after 1945", those of war criminals. According to
British historian
564:
Aside from the use of capital punishment in legal contexts, death was a permanent feature of the concentration camp system and the broader police state, particularly the
302:
660:, in 1981; the last execution of a civilian (after 1970, capital punishment was rare and used almost exclusively for espionage and occasionally Nazi war criminals) was
1837:
1143:
1880:
1191:
1158:
1416:
1029:
433:(now only with life imprisonment). Among the crimes subject to mandatory, the following non-exhaustive list illustrates the width of crimes concerned:
80:
A 1949 opinion poll, when West
Germany abolished capital punishment, found 77% of Germans were in favour of capital punishment with 18% opposed.
1394:
1770:
172:, considered the party's demand for a referendum on the reintroduction of capital punishment as anti-constitutional and incompatible with the
2008:
1571:
1511:
89:
1938:
1494:
271:
in 1849 had come into force, capital punishment would have been abolished in most cases, since Art. III § 139 of the constitution stated: "
745:) cites Roman Herzog: Todesstrafe I. Rechtlich B. Verfassungsrechtlich. In: Evangelisches Staatslexikon. Band 2, Stuttgart 1987, Sp. 3614.
811:
367:, after serious debate, retained the death penalty for murder, and several murderers were guillotined, including notorious child murders
2298:
2293:
1873:
305:, abolition was sincerely considered, but execution was maintained. Various states inflicted the death penalty for some forms of (1)
273:
Die Todesstrafe, ausgenommen wo das Kriegsrecht sie vorschreibt, oder das Seerecht im Fall von Meutereien sie zuläßt, , abgeschafft
2252:
2145:
1958:
1272:
Norbert Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. Columbia University Press, 2002. p 173
1224:
776:
This did not lead to a change of the law-as-in-force itself, which had immediately taken place with the enactment of the Basic Law.
264:
754:
Roman Herzog: Todesstrafe I. Rechtlich B. Verfassungsrechtlich. In: Evangelisches Staatslexikon. Band 2, Stuttgart 1987, Sp. 3615.
561:
offered SS members convicted of capital crimes the option to commit suicide with a pistol. Surviving family were given pensions.
2288:
2211:
1983:
1842:
1088:
Wolfgang Curilla: Die deutsche Ordnungspolizei und der Holocaust im Baltikum und Weißrussland 1941-1944, Paderborn 2006, S. 742.
2273:
668:, "falling sword machine") was used for the last time on sex murderer Günter Herzfeld in 1967, after which it was replaced by
2226:
2178:
2070:
2065:
1866:
1817:
596:
313:. Murder was defined as killing with premeditation; only murder or attempted murder of one's sovereign was capital treason.
1847:
169:
680:
execution is imminent." The convict was then taken to the death chamber and suddenly shot by another officer behind them.
2030:
123:
1356:
1133:
2150:
1099:
592:
2130:
536:
In addition to crimes declared capital by law or decree, a "dangerous habitual criminal" or individual convicted of
153:
after 15 years for regular intervals. Since the introduction of this provision, courts may in extreme cases declare
2100:
2060:
2040:
2020:
1923:
1487:
232:
141:
The Penal Code was formally amended in 1951 to conform to the abolition. Previous death sentences were replaced by
1307:
2216:
2035:
1822:
694:
518:
Taking advantage of the state of war whilst committing a crime ("if the sound feeling of the people so requires")
479:
Compassing or imagining the death of a NS or state official for political reasons or the reason of their service
134:) that capital punishment should indeed be considered inadmissible already as a consequence of the guarantee of
97:
2221:
2168:
2115:
2110:
2085:
1943:
1442:
822:
173:
107:
2140:
2090:
2050:
2003:
1998:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1948:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1765:
244:
48:
has been abolished for all crimes, and is now explicitly prohibited by the constitution. It was abolished in
1077:
2278:
2231:
2135:
2125:
2105:
2095:
2080:
2075:
2055:
2025:
1993:
1978:
1953:
1889:
786:
165:
142:
2120:
2045:
2015:
1692:
1480:
1832:
145:. As the constitution requires that prisoners have a chance of regaining freedom with other means than
393:
of "reckless implementation of capital punishment" as a special acquisition of the Nazi regime. Under
2283:
1529:
572:
92:("Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), which came into effect on 23 May 1949, forbids
328:
in the field in case of relapse, if the previous desertion also had taken place in the field, (6)
1635:
955:
1541:
577:
530:
429:
The definition of murder was changed and, in practice, extended to the rather vague definition
727:
22:
Europe holds the greatest concentration of abolitionist states (blue). Map current as of 2022:
1662:
1650:
1524:
989:
981:
947:
669:
356:
223:
originally was reserved to the king. From the 13th century, it was transferred to the king's
1380:
742:
1790:
1630:
1395:"Todesurteile in der DDR 1959 bis 1981 – zusammengestellt von Wolfgang Krüger | Kriminalia"
731:
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Official english translation Stand 22.09.09)
321:
268:
8:
1667:
1655:
1584:
1138:
1104:
581:
500:
492:
430:
158:
1827:
1739:
1595:
1503:
1255:
898:
Christopher Clark: Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang. 1600–1947. BpB, Bonn 2007, p. 534.
881:
316:
Under military law, in case of a war only, some other particularly listed forms of (3)
93:
106:
It is debated among constitutional jurists whether article 102 GG in combination with
1259:
1247:
1199:
1166:
1109:
985:
926:
825:
It would, of course, also be inactive due to lack of an implementing penal law today.
730:
626:
525:
Many of the crimes covered a wide range of actions. Crimes like treason, "sabotage" (
404:
283:
248:
216:
185:
57:
853:
The execution of capital punishment requires previous confirmation by the government
625:(murder and robbery) on February 18, 1949; the last execution in West Berlin was of
1620:
1615:
1605:
1536:
1239:
630:
588:
558:
399:
115:
1802:
1719:
1282:
835:
389:
364:
333:
866:
368:
1858:
1744:
1640:
1610:
1546:
1225:"Hitler's Judges: Ideological Commitment and the Death Penalty in Nazi Germany"
790:
714:
661:
372:
69:
18:
967:
908:
2267:
1795:
1645:
1251:
1203:
1192:"Todesstrafe für Richard Schuh: Letzte Hinrichtung durch westdeutsche Justiz"
1170:
1159:"Todesstrafe für Richard Schuh: Letzte Hinrichtung durch westdeutsche Justiz"
1113:
622:
576:
from execution. Many members of the West German parliament were shocked when
298:
227:
along with their fiefs. The first codification of capital punishment was the
135:
557:
have been killed, of which fewer than 10% may have been partisans. However,
1556:
653:
649:
645:
423:
419:
411:
394:
363:, "Germany had issued 1547 death warrants, of which 393 were executed. The
349:
332:
if it led to a flight with enticing one's comrades to flight, (7) explicit
276:
220:
210:
65:
61:
49:
1223:
Geerling, Wayne; Magee, Gary; Mishra, Vinod; Smyth, Russell (2017-03-01).
802:
Though some realistic hope for regaining freedom must still be guaranteed.
1785:
1625:
1600:
1590:
1551:
689:
360:
291:
885:
1749:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1308:"Hesse: Where the death penalty won't get you killed – DW – 11/02/2018"
1243:
812:
Verdict of the Federal Constitutional Court, January 17, 2017 (German).
637:
In 2018 the state of Hesse voted in a Referendum on the Death Penalty.
482:
474:
415:
384:
345:
118:
on the part of the state (e.g. in the context of a hostage situation).
1807:
1780:
1682:
1472:
553:
546:
487:
352:
for military crimes. Under the Nazi era, guillotine was streamlined
329:
325:
224:
56:
in 1956 (as part of the Saarland joining West Germany and becoming a
1812:
1724:
468:
337:
53:
515:
Crime during danger resulting from enemy aviation (in grave cases)
110:– "Jeder hat das Recht auf Leben und körperliche Unversehrtheit" (
1734:
1729:
1677:
1672:
1561:
1519:
657:
618:
565:
506:
438:
306:
287:
64:
in 1987. The last person executed in Germany was the East German
1467:
Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987
1417:"Diktaturen: Sie töteten mit Fallbeil, Strick und Schalldämpfer"
1283:"Death penalty: German state Hesse scraps death penalty anomaly"
925:
was not only the Emperor, but also the Prince of both one's own
836:"Death penalty: German state Hesse scraps death penalty anomaly"
130:) related to the general nature of the death penalty "suggest" (
112:
Every person shall have the right to life and physical integrity
764:
542:
310:
150:
146:
397:
nearly 40 000 death sentences were handed down, mainly by the
1775:
445:
189:
1357:"German region to vote on decades-old death penalty anomaly"
648:
abolished capital punishment in 1987. The last execution in
1443:"Als Deutschland nicht mehr töten wollte | DW | 18.02.2009"
537:
1838:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
855:, article 47 IV 2 (old form) of the Bavarian Constitution.
765:
BGH, Urteil vom 16. 11. 1995 – 5 StR 747/94; Ziffer 28 ff.
341:
1222:
1134:"Charles Lane - The Paradoxes of a Death Penalty Stance"
1100:"Charles Lane - The Paradoxes of a Death Penalty Stance"
728:
Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 29.7.2009
184:
Although article 21.1 of the constitution of the German
383:
As to the National Socialists, the leading Nazi jurist
286:
noted that the death penalty was not very prevalent in
938:
Militär-Strafgesetzbuch für das Deutsche Reich (MStGB)
672:(an "unexpected close shot in the back of the head";
584:, introduced a motion to abolish capital punishment.
1054:
Law of 1941 for the amendment of the Penal Code, § 1
258:
193:by popular vote, with 83% of the votes in favor.
2265:
1888:
1332:"Germany abolishes death penalty in public vote"
456:Procuring a secret for the sake of betraying it
1440:
1010:Law for the upholding of the legal peace, § 1.
336:by word or deed in the face of the enemy, (8)
1874:
1488:
988:, provided retrospective application so that
640:
512:Arson which damages the defence of the people
509:(mandatory even in cases of smallest amounts)
301:in 1871 and the introduction of the national
251:, all regional codes were superseded by the
805:
674:"unerwarteter Nahschuss in das Hinterhaupt"
483:Setting a car trap for the means of robbery
168:, in its verdict on the attempt to ban the
1881:
1867:
1495:
1481:
410:Executions were carried out most often by
1392:
652:is believed to have been the shooting of
297:With the unification of Germany into the
83:
17:
1843:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
359:, "from 1907 to 1932," i. e. including
2266:
1502:
968:"How Germany banned the death penalty"
909:"How Germany banned the death penalty"
715:"How Germany banned the death penalty"
426:were reserved for military offenders.
179:
100:: "Die Todesstrafe ist abgeschafft" -
1862:
1476:
1414:
611:
239:. Both codes formed the basis of the
1848:Capital punishment for homosexuality
1189:
1156:
1097:
1001:Cf. the respective forms of the StGB
864:
204:
170:National Democratic Party of Germany
126:in 1995 has argued that "concerns" (
929:and the State of momentary sojourn.
867:"Schutz vor Todesstrafe im Ausland"
521:Publishing foreign radio broadcasts
462:Failure to denounce a capital crime
237:Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis
13:
503:(mandatory except for minor cases)
157:which is meant and popularized as
14:
2310:
2299:1987 disestablishments in Germany
2294:1949 disestablishments in Germany
1771:Most recent executions by country
1469:, Oxford University Press (1996).
1019:Kriegssonderstrafrechtsverordnung
741:on this point, German Knowledge (
465:Destroying means for military use
259:Confederation and Reich 1849–1933
253:Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana
235:in 1499, followed in 1507 by the
1146:from the original on 2022-11-23.
865:Kühn, Hermann Christoph (2001).
459:Insidious publishing or rhetoric
149:only, prisoners are checked for
102:Capital punishment is abolished.
40: Retains capital punishment
28: Abolished for all offences
1823:Religion and capital punishment
1434:
1408:
1386:
1374:
1349:
1324:
1300:
1275:
1266:
1216:
1183:
1150:
1126:
1091:
1082:
1070:
1057:
1048:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
974:
960:
941:
932:
915:
901:
892:
858:
846:
828:
816:
695:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
501:Subversion of military strength
378:
375:, but relatively infrequently.
241:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
2289:Human rights abuses in Germany
1441:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
796:
779:
770:
757:
748:
735:
721:
707:
580:, the leader of the far-right
174:liberal democratic basic order
1:
2274:Capital punishment in Germany
1890:Capital punishment in Europe
1766:Enforcement or use by country
1415:Stark, Florian (2012-12-11).
1036:. February 6, 1940. p. 9
952:Die Wehrmachtjustiz 1933-1945
874:Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik
700:
348:for civilian crimes, and the
46:Capital punishment in Germany
1098:Lane, Charles (2005-06-04).
787:Federal Constitutional Court
243:(CCC), passed in 1532 under
166:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
1693:Hanged, drawn and quartered
1383:, Bürgerkomitee Leipzig e.V
743:de:Todesstrafe#cite ref-169
683:
621:under German authority was
450:Aiding and abetting treason
34: Abolished in practice
10:
2315:
1190:Iken, Katja (2019-02-18).
1157:Iken, Katja (2019-02-18).
641:German Democratic Republic
344:, in some states also the
208:
199:
2245:
2197:
2159:
1896:
1758:
1570:
1510:
1063:as in: Richard J. Evans:
1512:Current judicial methods
1393:Kirchschlager, Michael.
1381:Hinrichtungen in Leipzig
471:(mandatory for soldiers)
441:(mandatory for soldiers)
155:special gravity of guilt
124:Federal Court of Justice
96:. This ban is stated in
90:Constitution of Germany
75:
1939:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1065:Rituale der Vergeltung
578:Hans-Christoph Seebohm
545:, "after ten years of
531:conscientious objector
403:and also by the Reich
108:article 2 section 2 GG
84:Current legal position
68:, who was executed at
42:
1067:. Berlin 2001, S. 828
990:Marinus van der Lubbe
984:. A further law, the
982:Reichstag Fire Decree
948:Manfred Messerschmidt
921:§ 80, 211 StGB 1871.
670:execution by shooting
357:Manfred Messerschmidt
132:legen den Befund nahe
58:state of West Germany
21:
1232:The Economic Journal
992:could be "executed".
571:In 2005, journalist
387:boasted at the 1934
320:, some cases of (4)
269:Frankfurt Parliament
2279:German criminal law
2160:States with limited
1656:Republican marriage
1585:Damnatio ad bestias
1139:The Washington Post
1105:The Washington Post
1076:As reported on the
970:. 22 November 2021.
911:. 22 November 2021.
717:. 22 November 2021.
666:Fallschwertmaschine
334:disobeying an order
265:German constitution
229:Halsgerichtsordnung
180:Hesse & Bavaria
164:In 2017 the German
159:life without parole
1828:Wrongful execution
1740:Suffocation in ash
1596:Blowing from a gun
1504:Capital punishment
1465:Richard J. Evans,
1244:10.1111/ecoj.12497
1238:(614): 2414–2449.
1034:The Glasgow Herald
980:As enacted by the
842:. 2 November 2018.
612:After World War II
552:During 1933–1945,
453:Betraying a secret
322:wrongful surrender
94:capital punishment
43:
2261:
2260:
1856:
1855:
1833:Botched execution
1030:"Grim penal code"
986:Lex van der Lubbe
627:Berthold Wehmeyer
405:Military Tribunal
284:Christopher Clark
249:Habsburg monarchy
217:Holy Roman Empire
205:Holy Roman Empire
151:release on parole
147:extralegal pardon
143:life imprisonment
138:in article 1 GG.
2306:
2284:Death in Germany
2198:Dependencies and
1897:Sovereign states
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1542:Nitrogen hypoxia
1537:Lethal injection
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
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1220:
1214:
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1211:
1210:
1187:
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1177:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:German wikipedia
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
978:
972:
971:
964:
958:
945:
939:
936:
930:
919:
913:
912:
905:
899:
896:
890:
889:
871:
862:
856:
850:
844:
843:
832:
826:
820:
814:
809:
803:
800:
794:
785:as ruled by the
783:
777:
774:
768:
761:
755:
752:
746:
739:
733:
725:
719:
718:
711:
656:, convicted for
631:Landsberg Prison
589:Richard J. Evans
559:Heinrich Himmler
400:Volksgerichtshof
116:targeted killing
114:) prohibits any
52:in 1949, in the
39:
33:
27:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2264:
2263:
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2257:
2241:
2199:
2193:
2179:Northern Cyprus
2161:
2155:
2071:North Macedonia
1892:
1887:
1857:
1852:
1818:List of methods
1803:Final statement
1754:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1506:
1501:
1462:
1461:
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1450:
1439:
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1426:
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1341:
1339:
1336:The Independent
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1314:
1306:
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1292:
1290:
1281:
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1276:
1271:
1267:
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1188:
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1127:
1118:
1116:
1096:
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1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1039:
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1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
979:
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965:
961:
946:
942:
937:
933:
920:
916:
907:
906:
902:
897:
893:
880:(12): 542–547.
869:
863:
859:
851:
847:
834:
833:
829:
821:
817:
810:
806:
801:
797:
784:
780:
775:
771:
762:
758:
753:
749:
740:
736:
726:
722:
713:
712:
708:
703:
686:
643:
614:
390:Reichsparteitag
381:
365:Weimar Republic
303:Strafgesetzbuch
279:of 1849/1850.
267:enacted by the
261:
213:
207:
202:
182:
86:
78:
41:
37:
35:
31:
29:
25:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2253:European Union
2249:
2247:
2246:Other entities
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2200:other entities
2195:
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2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
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2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
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2148:
2146:United Kingdom
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
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2098:
2093:
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2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Czech Republic
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
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1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
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1854:
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1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1759:Related topics
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:Upright jerker
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
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1680:
1675:
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1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1641:Disembowelment
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:Breaking wheel
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1574:Post-classical
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
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1544:
1539:
1534:
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1532:
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1407:
1385:
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1056:
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1021:
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994:
973:
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940:
931:
914:
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891:
857:
845:
827:
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795:
778:
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747:
734:
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702:
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692:
685:
682:
662:Erwin Hagedorn
642:
639:
613:
610:
523:
522:
519:
516:
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510:
504:
498:
495:
490:
485:
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472:
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460:
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454:
451:
448:
442:
431:still in force
380:
377:
373:Fritz Haarmann
260:
257:
209:Main article:
206:
203:
201:
198:
181:
178:
98:article 102 GG
85:
82:
77:
74:
70:Leipzig Prison
36:
30:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2212:Faroe Islands
2210:
2208:
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2204:
2202:
2196:
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2187:
2185:
2184:South Ossetia
2182:
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2177:
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2172:
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2167:
2166:
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2158:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Liechtenstein
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
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1995:
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1987:
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1797:
1796:Scharfrichter
1794:
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1657:
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1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Dismemberment
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
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1581:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Electrocution
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
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1523:
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1518:
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1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1205:
1201:
1198:(in German).
1197:
1193:
1186:
1172:
1168:
1165:(in German).
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
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1035:
1031:
1025:
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1007:
998:
991:
987:
983:
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963:
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949:
944:
935:
928:
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918:
910:
904:
895:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
861:
854:
849:
841:
837:
831:
824:
823:article 31 GG
819:
813:
808:
799:
792:
788:
782:
773:
766:
760:
751:
744:
738:
732:
729:
724:
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710:
706:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
638:
635:
632:
628:
624:
623:Richard Schuh
620:
619:Western Zones
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
550:
548:
544:
539:
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528:
520:
517:
514:
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484:
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478:
476:
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470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
447:
443:
440:
436:
435:
434:
432:
427:
425:
424:Firing squads
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
391:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:According to
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:German Empire
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
197:
194:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
136:human dignity
133:
129:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
104:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
20:
16:
2189:Transnistria
2151:Vatican City
1988:
1730:Slow slicing
1712:
1583:
1530:firing squad
1466:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1388:
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1363:. 2018-10-24
1360:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1338:. 2018-11-21
1335:
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1289:. 2018-11-02
1286:
1277:
1268:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1195:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1137:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1084:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
976:
962:
951:
943:
934:
922:
917:
903:
894:
877:
873:
860:
852:
848:
839:
830:
818:
807:
798:
781:
772:
759:
750:
737:
723:
709:
678:
673:
665:
654:Werner Teske
650:East Germany
646:East Germany
644:
636:
615:
606:
602:
586:
582:German Party
573:Charles Lane
570:
563:
551:
535:
527:Kriegsverrat
526:
524:
428:
420:20 July plot
412:decapitation
409:
398:
388:
382:
379:Nazi Germany
369:Peter Kürten
354:
350:firing squad
317:
315:
309:and for (2)
307:high treason
296:
281:
277:Erfurt Union
272:
262:
252:
240:
236:
233:Maximilian I
228:
221:high justice
214:
211:High justice
195:
183:
163:
154:
140:
131:
127:
120:
111:
105:
101:
88:The current
87:
79:
66:Werner Teske
62:East Germany
50:West Germany
45:
44:
15:
2227:Isle of Man
2162:recognition
2131:Switzerland
2066:Netherlands
1786:Executioner
1626:Crucifixion
1601:Brazen bull
1591:Blood eagle
1572:Ancient and
1552:Gas chamber
1449:(in German)
1423:(in German)
1397:(in German)
1196:Der Spiegel
1163:Der Spiegel
789:in BVerfGE
690:Blutgericht
547:hard prison
361:World War I
292:Bloody Code
2268:Categories
2101:San Marino
2061:Montenegro
2041:Luxembourg
2021:Kazakhstan
1924:Azerbaijan
1750:Waist chop
1714:Mazzatello
1708:Ishikozume
1703:Impalement
1698:Immurement
1688:Guillotine
1636:Decimation
1453:2022-09-01
1427:2022-09-01
1401:2022-09-08
1367:2023-03-06
1342:2023-03-06
1317:2023-03-06
1293:2023-03-06
1209:2022-09-12
1176:2022-09-12
1119:2022-09-12
923:Souvereign
701:References
493:Partisanry
475:Kidnapping
416:guillotine
414:using the
385:Hans Frank
371: and
346:guillotine
282:Historian
231:passed by
2217:Gibraltar
2036:Lithuania
1808:Last meal
1781:Death row
1683:Gibbeting
1557:Beheading
1260:158003419
1252:1468-0297
1204:2195-1349
1171:2195-1349
1114:0190-8286
554:Wehrmacht
497:Desertion
488:Espionage
437:Declared
330:cowardice
326:desertion
255:in 1768.
247:. In the
245:Charles V
72:in 1981.
2237:Svalbard
2222:Guernsey
2169:Abkhazia
2116:Slovenia
2111:Slovakia
2086:Portugal
1944:Bulgaria
1813:Penology
1725:Scaphism
1663:Elephant
1651:Drowning
1631:Crushing
1525:Shooting
1421:DIE WELT
1287:BBC News
1144:Archived
1040:June 18,
886:23427065
840:BBC News
793:in 1977.
684:See also
469:Sabotage
338:sedition
128:Bedenken
54:Saarland
2141:Ukraine
2091:Romania
2051:Moldova
2009:Ireland
2004:Iceland
1999:Hungary
1989:Germany
1984:Georgia
1974:Finland
1969:Estonia
1964:Denmark
1949:Croatia
1934:Belgium
1929:Belarus
1919:Austria
1914:Armenia
1909:Andorra
1904:Albania
1735:Stoning
1678:Garrote
1673:Flaying
1668:Falling
1621:Burning
1606:Boiling
1576:methods
1562:Stoning
1520:Hanging
1361:Reuters
658:treason
566:Gestapo
507:Looting
439:treason
318:treason
288:Prussia
263:If the
225:vassals
215:In the
200:History
60:), and
2232:Jersey
2174:Kosovo
2136:Turkey
2126:Sweden
2106:Serbia
2096:Russia
2081:Poland
2076:Norway
2056:Monaco
2026:Latvia
1994:Greece
1979:France
1954:Cyprus
1720:Sawing
1616:Burial
1447:DW.COM
1312:dw.com
1258:
1250:
1202:
1169:
1112:
884:
791:45,147
543:Hitler
444:Grave
395:Hitler
324:, (5)
311:murder
38:
32:
26:
2207:Åland
2121:Spain
2046:Malta
2016:Italy
1776:Crime
1256:S2CID
1228:(PDF)
927:State
882:JSTOR
870:(PDF)
446:arson
190:Hesse
186:state
1791:list
1248:ISSN
1200:ISSN
1167:ISSN
1110:ISSN
1042:2017
595:and
538:rape
76:Poll
1240:doi
1236:128
676:).
597:CDU
593:SPD
342:axe
188:of
2270::
1445:.
1419:.
1359:.
1334:.
1310:.
1285:.
1254:.
1246:.
1234:.
1230:.
1194:.
1161:.
1142:.
1136:.
1108:.
1102:.
1032:.
954:,
950:,
878:34
876:.
872:.
838:.
533:.
422:.
407:.
294:.
219:,
176:.
161:.
1882:e
1875:t
1868:v
1496:e
1489:t
1482:v
1456:.
1430:.
1404:.
1370:.
1345:.
1320:.
1296:.
1262:.
1242::
1212:.
1179:.
1122:.
1044:.
957:.
888:.
767:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
