Federal Court of Justice

1242:

violation of law by virtue of which the judgment is vacated. Therefore, a grave procedural defect may lead to an entirely new trial; on the other hand, if a trial court improperly did not find a particular offense on the basis of an incorrect understanding of its legal requirements, the factual findings may be left in place entirely, and the trial court, as the basis for its new judgement, may only have to take additional evidence pertaining to the (previously misunderstood) requirements of said offense. In a minority of cases, the Federal Court of Justice can also decide a case on the merits without sending it back. This can occur, for instance, when a trial court has made a finding about the defendant's actions pertaining to an offense committed by someone else and has determined on that basis that the defendant is guilty of aiding the third party in committing the offense; if the Federal Court of Justice later deems the defendant's actions—as found by the trial court—insufficient to justify a conviction as an aider, the Federal Court of Justice may acquit the defendant.

1128: 1117: 622:

authorised for the court, only 12 were immediately filled, although that number quickly rose to 42 within the first three months of the court's operation; by July 1952 it stood at 86. New divisions were established, including a criminal division based in Berlin, 500 kilometres north-east of Karlsruhe. The steep increase in judgeships in the first years of the court's existence was in part the result of a higher-than-expected workload of the court, and in part the result of legislative changes that broadened the court's scope of responsibility. At the same time, the

226: 1557:) to the Federal Constitutional Court. However, while any party may lodge such a complaint if they feel that a decision by the Federal Court of Justice infringes their constitutional rights, the constitutional complaint has no suspensive effect. Therefore, if, say, a defendant's appeal on points of law in a criminal case has been dismissed by the Federal Court of Justice, their conviction will enter into force even if the defendant now asks the Constitutional Court to overturn the Federal Court of Justice's decision on constitutional grounds. 3652: 1286:) leads the investigation. The Public Prosecutor General may also take over an investigation of various more ordinary offenses (including murder, manslaughter and abduction) under certain circumstances (for instance where the offence is capable of undermining the continued existence or security of the Federal Republic of Germany) and when it deems the crime to be of "special significance". In such cases as well, the investigating judges of the Federal Court of Justice have jurisdiction. 1234:

witnesses. Instead, it conducts its review of the lower court's decision based on the briefs submitted by counsel and the record of lower court proceedings. In some instances where the five judges of the panel unanimously find that a criminal appeal is inadmissible or has no chance of success, they can dismiss it without oral argument. Unlike in civil matters, a panel can also unanimously decide in favour of a defendant without oral argument. In other cases, oral argument is held.

890: 858:), which have specific responsibilities and are made up of judges from the civil and criminal divisions; some of those divisions also include appointed volunteers with specific expertise relevant to the division's specialisation. The lion's share of the work is, however, done within the civil and criminal divisions: Of the approximately 10,400 new matters brought before the Court in 2021, about 10,200 fell within the scope of responsibility of a criminal or civil division. 51: 901:

serve as the presiding judge of at least one civil or criminal division of the court, in addition to being the presiding judge of the Grand Panels, the Joint Panel, and one of the special divisions. At the same time, the president serves in a key administrative role, supervising the other judges of the court, the court's academic staff, civil servants, and employees and may also participate in the preparation of legislative projects by issuing opinions.

725: 1161:

Federal Court of Justice itself does not receive additional evidence, nor does it hear witnesses, and conducts its review of the lower court's decision based on the briefs submitted by counsel, the record of lower court proceedings, and oral argument. In some instances where the five judges of the panel unanimously find that an appeal is inadmissible or has no chance of success, they can dismiss it without oral argument.

646: 1230:), which is a role that can be assumed by the victims of a number of serious offenses such as murder or sexual abuse, or by individuals whose children, parents, siblings, spouses or life partners were killed through an unlawful act. Private accessory prosecutors also have a right to initiate an appeal to the Federal Court of Justice, although their ability to appeal is somewhat more limited. 543:. The location of the new supreme courts had been a matter of considerable debate at the time. Karlsruhe's most serious contender had been Cologne, where both the Supreme Court for the British Zone and the German High Court for the Combined Economic Area were based, but the Karlsruhe proposal ultimately found a large majority in the relevant parliamentary committee. 843:). Each judge of the court is assigned to at least one civil or criminal division, with both civil and criminal divisions presently consisting of approximately eight judges each. Judges can serve on more than one division, in which case their working time is split. Cases are never decided by all the members of a division but, in general, by a panel of five judges ( 1507:). This admission is the only 'special' admission within the German court system; ordinarily in Germany, an attorney admitted to the bar may practice before any court. Conversely, within the German court system an attorney at the Federal Court of Justice is only allowed to practice before the Federal Court of Justice, other federal courts of last instance, the 1260:) of the court. In the German criminal law system, investigating judges are responsible for deciding on arrests, provisional placements, seizures, searches, and other measures in relation to a criminal investigation. The jurisdiction of the investigating judges of the Federal Court of Justice is limited to investigations for a small subset of crimes, such as 1165:

ensuring uniform adjudication require a decision to be handed down by the Federal Court of Justice. If leave to appeal is granted, the Federal Court of Justice is bound by this determination of the lower court and has to take the case. Should an injured party feel that the appellate court has wrongly decided not to grant leave to appeal, they can file a

867:) specifies in detail the allocation of cases to divisions, and each division's internal schedule of responsibilities determines the allocation of cases to a five-judge panel. The allocation of cases to divisions is fundamentally different in civil matters than in criminal matters: Each of the civil divisions has specific 527:) was enacted, establishing the Federal Republic of Germany. Article 96(1) of the Basic Law provided that "higher federal courts shall be established for the spheres of ordinary, administrative, finance, labour and social jurisdiction." Roughly a year later, it was decided by the German federal parliament, the 1241:

the contested judgement and sends the matter back to the regional or higher regional court, respectively. In general, vacating a judgement does not mean setting aside the trial court's factual findings. However, the Federal Court of Justice quashes factual findings insofar as they are affected by the

1476:

If any division of the Federal Court of Justice intends to deviate from a decision by one or more divisions of any other German supreme court (i.e. the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Fiscal Court, the Federal Labour Court, or the Federal Social Court), it must refer the issue to the Joint

1102:

The presidium of the Federal Court of Justice consists of the president and ten other judges of the court. The ten other members of the presidium are elected by all judges of the court. Among other duties, it is the responsibility of the presidium to assign new judges to one or more divisions of the

880:

Each division of the Federal Court of Justice has a presiding judge. Presiding judges are regular judges of the Federal Court of Justice who are proposed for this additional role by the Federal Minister of Justice and appointed by the Federal President of Germany. A presiding judge's vote on a given

1164:

In general, bringing a civil case to the Federal Court of Justice requires a grant of leave to appeal by the appellate court. An appellate court is legally required to grant leave if (a) the legal matter is of fundamental significance or if (b) the further development of the law or the interests in

876:

of the case, with each division handling the appeals from a certain subset of court districts. For instance, criminal appeals from courts in Berlin are always decided by the Fifth Criminal Division. A few exceptions to this location-based assignment exist; for example, one of the criminal divisions

900:

The president of the Federal Court of Justice is a regular judge of the court who has been proposed for this additional role by the Federal Minister of Justice and has been so appointed by the Federal President of Germany. The president of the court has a dual role: The president of the court must

1160:

In some cases, the decision by the appellate court can then be further appealed to the Federal Court of Justice—but this time only on points of law. Examples of such points of law are (alleged) procedural defects or an incorrect understanding of the law that led to the lower court's decision. The

1514:

Admission to the bar at the Federal Court of Justice is highly selective; as of June 2022, only 38 attorneys are so admitted. Candidates for admission are nominated by an electoral committee (consisting of judges, members of the ordinary bar, and other members of the bar at the Federal Court of

1233:

As in civil matters, appeals on points of law in criminal matters may allege procedural defects or an incorrect understanding of the law that led to the trial court's decision, and—again as in civil cases—the Federal Court of Justice itself does not receive additional evidence, nor does it hear

1455:), asking them whether they stand by their prior decision(s). If any of the divisions do, and if the requesting panel still intends to deviate, it must refer the issue to a Grand Panel. In cases of disagreement between civil divisions, the ultimate arbiter is the Grand Panel for Civil Matters ( 621:

The Federal Court of Justice was established effective 1 October 1950 and began operating a day later. The Supreme Court for the British Zone ceased operations a day earlier and all cases pending before the court were transferred to the Federal Court of Justice. Of the 54 judgeships initially

871:

responsibilities. For instance, civil disputes concerning copyright law are handled by the First Civil Division, while disputes concerning inheritance law are handled by the Fourth. In practice, these responsibilities are rarely changed, which leads to a high degree of specialisation of the

2391:

Sections 21e(1) first sentence, 21g GVG. See also BVerfG 8 April 1997 = BVerfGE 95, 322, 331, on the constitutional requirements of the internal schedule of responsibilities (jurisdiction of any panel must be specified "in advance in a generalised manner according to objective

1150:

In a typical civil case in Germany, the losing party in the court of first instance can appeal to a court of second instance if the subject matter of the appeal is greater than 600 euros or the court of first instance expressly allowed the appeal. Such an appeal

881:

case carries the same weight as that of any of the associate judges on the panel, but a presiding judge does have some additional influence on the jurisprudence of their division due to the fact that they are a member of every five-judge panel of their division.

1103:

court. Judges can also be reassigned to other divisions by the presidium at the beginning of each calendar year (and, in exceptional circumstances, during the year). In addition, the presidium can appoint a judge as one of the investigating judges of the court.

707:

Judges must meet the personal requirements for lifetime judicial appointments; in particular, they must be German citizens and must have the necessary educational background. Judges of the Federal Court of Justice also have to be 35 years of age or older.

1536:). If the Federal Court of Justice arrives at the conclusion that a provision is unconstitutional and if the court's desired decision of the case depends on that determination, the court must stay the proceedings and must first obtain a decision from the 1461:), a special panel of the court composed of the presiding judges of each of the 13 civil divisions and the president of the court; in cases of disagreement between criminal divisions, the issue is referred to the Grand Panel for Criminal Matters ( 1467:), which is made up of two representatives from each of the six criminal divisions and the president of the court. If a difference of opinion arises between a criminal and a civil division, the dispute must be resolved by the Joint Grand Panels ( 1448:

All divisions of the court are at liberty to deviate from their own prior jurisprudence at any time. However, when a panel wishes to deviate from the jurisprudence of one or more other divisions, it must submit a request to those divisions

2406: 1127: 1116: 3115:

Article 267 TFEU. The Federal Court of Justice is a "court or tribunal of a Member State against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law" pursuant to that provision. See Ulrich Ehricke in Rudolf Streinz (ed),

426:

commenced operation in August 1870. In the beginning, the court's supreme appellate jurisdiction was largely limited to trade law matters, but after the southern German states joined the Confederation in November 1870 to form the

2764: 1642: 1157:) can be both on points of fact and on points of law, and it prompts the appellate court to re-hear the entire matter (that is, it (re-)hears witnesses, including potential new witnesses, and re-tries material issues of fact). 3334:

Jungmann, Carsten (2009), "Ein neuer 'horror pleni' in den Zivilsenaten des Bundesgerichtshofs: Zum sachgerechten Umgang mit Divergenz- und Grundsatzvorlagen gemäß § 132 GVG zur Sicherung einer einheitlichen Rechtsprechung",

2948: 2354: 2319: 1492:

instrument is used only sparsely. In 2021, not a single question was put before the Grand Panel for Criminal Matters (2020: 2). Between 1951 and 2009, only 36 decisions were issued by the Grand Panel for Civil Matters.

227: 1217:). Criminal cases originating in a regional or higher regional court can subsequently be appealed to the Federal Court of Justice on points of law. Unlike in civil cases, no grant of leave is required to appeal. 2191:, art 97 para 113 (R 99 March 2022). Compare Section 2(1) BVerfGG ("The Federal Constitutional Court shall consist of two Senates" and Section 2(2) BVerfGG ("Eight Justices shall be elected to each Senate."). 493:) came into operation in 1948. The court was tasked with ensuring the uniform jurisprudence within the zone; to that end, its scope of jurisdiction and its procedural rules largely followed the example of the 1518:

The requirement for a representative specifically admitted to the Federal Court of Justice does not apply in criminal cases. Here, representation by any lawyer admitted to the bar in Germany is sufficient.

2017: 1577:(CJEU) before rendering a final decision in the case. This duty does not arise in situations where the law of the European Union, as interpreted by the CJEU in prior decisions, is sufficiently clear ( 2402: 1501:

In all civil cases heard by the Federal Court of Justice, the parties need to be represented by an attorney who has been specifically admitted to the bar at the Federal Court of Justice (

406:

As the Empire was dissolved in 1806, so were the two supreme courts. What ensued was a prolonged period of judicial independence of the dozens of newly-sovereign German states within the

806:

as part of the annual Federal Budget Act. The federal government has a constitutional duty to ensure the adequate staffing of the Federal Court of Justice and its sister supreme courts.

2757: 2257: 1635: 1294:

Appeals of decisions in some particular areas of the law are handled by special divisions of the court. The following table lists the special divisions of the Federal Court of Justice.

1607:

and whose origins can be traced back to the 14th century, is used only by the Federal Labour Court and the Federal Court of Justice, but no other court in the German judicial system.

2941: 2347: 2312: 1483:). The Joint Panel is composed of the presidents of all supreme courts (permanent members) and two judges from each of the divisions involved in the disagreement (ad-hoc members). 2063: 1532:

The Federal Court of Justice, like all German courts of ordinary jurisdiction, is barred from determining that a law or any part of a law violates the German constitution (the

1549:

As is the case with all decisions of ordinary courts in Germany, every decision by the Federal Court of Justice may also itself be the subject of a constitutional complaint (

1182:

the matter (sends it back) to the court of appeal, which decides on it once again. In doing so, the court of appeal must comply with the Federal Court of Justice's decision.

1175:

20,000. If the Federal Court of Justice agrees that leave to appeal on a point of law was wrongly denied, it grants leave on its own and subsequently rules on the appeal.

1843: 684:

In April 2012, a new reception building with large courtroom opened. Up until then the garden had been used as a helicopter landing pad for defendants being flown in.

458:

enjoyed far broader supreme appellate jurisdiction than its predecessors, encompassing all civil and criminal matters arising in the Empire. The enactment of a unified

2622:

Section 543(2) 2nd sentence ZPO. On the special case of an "objectively arbitrary" grant of leave, see Wolfgang Krüger in Thomas Rauscher and Wolfgang Krüger (eds),

2243:). However, as of 2023, it is current practice that the investigating judges are in fact ordinary members of a civil or criminal division. See Burkhard Feilcke in 2010: 2509: 181: 271:

the court's interpretation of the law is followed by lower courts with almost no exception. Decisions handed down by the Federal Court of Justice can only be

3722: 3639: 1508: 3740: 3194:

Fischer, Detlev (2021), "Das Ende des Obersten Bundesgerichts im Jahre 1968 – 50 Jahre einheitliche Rechtsprechung der Obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes",

1595:

Judgements by the Federal Court of Justice end with the phrase "von Rechts wegen" ("by virtue of the law"). This formula, which had also been used by the

779:

usually appoints some of its own members (and occasionally former members) to the committee. Nominations for new judicial appointments can be made by the

3607: 17: 659:

The Federal Court of Justice is housed in five buildings on park-like premises in the centre of Karlsruhe, Herrenstraße 45 a. The main building is the

1025: 687:

The Court has two branch offices, such as the Villa Reiss in the Gartenstrasse and a former Bundeswehr barracks in the Rintheimer Strasse, Karlsruhe.

672:

In the 1990s the Federal Prosecutor General's Office was separated off of the Federal Court of Justice and housed in a new building in Brauerstrasse.

265:

for errors of law. While, legally, a decision by the Federal Court of Justice is only binding with respect to the individual case in which it enters,

3804: 1083: 943: 151: 1001: 877:

has a special responsibility for road traffic-related criminal matters and another one has exclusive responsibility for national security matters.

3579: 3431:

Die Rechtsprechung des Reichsgerichts in Strafsachen zwischen 1933 und 1945 und ihre Fortwirkung in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofes

2693:

In particular, a private accessory prosecutor cannot appeal the trial court's determination of the length of a sentence. Section 400(1) StPO.

2088: 1533: 518: 280: 3799: 3181: 800:

As of 2023, the Federal Court of Justice has 153 judges. The number of authorised judgeships at the Federal Court of Justice is set by the

3318:"Im Namen des Rechts": Der Oberste Gerichtshof für die Britische Zone als Höchstgericht in Zivilsachen zwischen Tradition und Neuordnung 389:

to counter the influence of the Emperor, which led to the somewhat unusual circumstance of the coexistence of two supreme courts with

3784: 1440:

All judges of the Federal Court of Justice that serve in a special division are regular members of a civil and/or criminal division.

690:

Since July 1997, the 5th Criminal Panel, and since February 2020, the 6th Criminal Panel have been housed at Villa Sack in Leipzig,

1739: 385:, is often viewed as the institutional origin of supreme court jurisprudence in Germany. The court arose out of an attempt by the 3794: 3600: 276: 2273:

For the criminal divisions, see also Thomas Fischer and Hans Kudlich in Eric Hilgendorf, Hans Kudlich and Brian Valerius (eds),

2239:

Section 1(3) 1st sentence GeschOBGH , which also provides that this requirement does not apply to the investigating judges (see

1178:

To the extent the appeal on points of law is deemed justified, the Federal Court of Justice reverses the contested judgment and

3666: 1574: 509:) with supreme appellate jurisdiction over matters of the public and private economic law created through Bizonal legislation. 326: 3382: 3325: 783:

or members of the electoral committee. The electoral committee's meetings are non-public and the committee's vote is done by

780: 1432:

three judges of the Federal Court of Justice + two judges from the judicial branch of which the affected judge is a member

1277: 295: 3532:

Wagner, Walter; Willms, Günther (1975), "Der 6. Strafsenat – Legende und Wirklichkeit", in Krüger-Nieland, Gerda (ed.),

3593: 484: 503:

by the British and the Americans also led to the establishment of a German High Court for the Combined Economic Area (

3541: 3474: 3456: 3438: 3400: 3364: 3307: 2501: 2166: 872:

individual divisions. Criminal cases, on the other hand, are assigned to a criminal division based primarily on the

3779: 3550:

Wassermann, Rudolf (1990), "Karlsruhe oder Leipzig? – Zum Sitz des Bundesgerichtshofs im vereinten Deutschland",

3024: 2570: 472:, like all German courts, was closed, and its administration subsequently dismantled, by proclamation of General 3222:

Fischer, Detlev (2015), "Zwischen Leipzig und Karlsruhe, rechtshistorische Reminiszenzen und Wechselwirkungen",

675:

In October 2003, an extension building was inaugurated. The large library contains the Museum of Legal History (

637:

Only in 1995, the Federal Court of Justice admitted to the failed processing of the Third Reich justice system.

3270:

Fuchs, Ralf-Peter (2003), "The Supreme Court of the Holy Roman Empire: The State of Research and the Outlook",

1336:

three judges including the president of the Federal Court of Justice + two appointed volunteers who are lawyers

1221: 1121: 669:) built in 1891 to 1897 by Josef Durm. During WWII its dome was destroyed and the mansard floor caught fire. 660: 649: 1587:

In 2022, eleven requests for preliminary ruling were submitted by the Federal Court of Justice to the CJEU.

1199:

In Germany, criminal cases involving lesser offenses are decided in the first instance by a district court (

3651: 3630: 1537: 904:

The following is a list of all presidents of the Federal Court of Justice since the court's establishment:

787:. To be elected, a candidate needs a simple majority of the votes. Elected candidates are appointed by the 3789: 411: 533:, that the "higher federal court" of ordinary (i.e., civil and criminal) jurisdiction was to be named 1190:

The criminal divisions of the Federal Court of Justice primarily deal with appeals on points of law (

1250:

Two judges of the Federal Court of Justice (plus four judges acting as their deputies) serve as the

737: 1179: 500: 421: 318: 220: 1135:

The civil divisions of the Federal Court of Justice primarily deal with appeals on points of law (

186: 1265: 1171:

with the Federal Court of Justice provided that the subject matter of the appeal is greater than

390: 299: 286:

In addition to the court's appellate duties, a few judges of the Federal Court of Justice act as

3250:

Fischer, Detlev (2010), "Zur Geschichte der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung in Deutschland",

1224:. In some trials, the public prosecutor is joined by one or more private accessory prosecutors ( 1273: 967: 291: 410:. In the states of central and northern Germany, this changed following the foundation of the 3572: 1552: 2942:"Übersicht über den Geschäftsgang bei den Strafsenaten des Bundesgerichtshofs im Jahre 2020" 2348:"Übersicht über den Geschäftsgang bei den Strafsenaten des Bundesgerichtshofs im Jahre 2021" 2313:"Übersicht über den Geschäftsgang bei den Zivilsenaten des Bundesgerichtshofs im Jahre 2021" 1237:

To the extent the appeal on points of law is deemed justified, the Federal Court of Justice

3702: 3693: 3684: 3616: 1251: 815: 788: 473: 407: 338: 334: 330: 322: 287: 106: 3519:

Schubert, Werner; Glöckner, Hans Peter (2000), "Vom Reichsgericht zum Bundesgerichtshof",

2091:; Sections 1(1), 2, 3(1), 4(1), 5(1) RiWG ; Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz in Horst Dreier (ed), 349: 8: 814:

As judges for life, judges of the Federal Court of Justice must retire upon reaching the

376: 2927:

Section 3(1) RsprEinhG; Andreas Voßkuhle in Friedrich Klein and Christian Starck (eds),

1030: 3508: 3500: 3409:

Nassall, Wendt (2009), "Die Rechtsanwaltschaft beim BGH aus rechtshistorischer Sicht",

3287: 3239: 3211: 2298:

Bettina Malzahn and Rudolf Mellinghoff, "Bundesgerichte", in Görres-Gesellschaft (ed),

1570: 1566: 1088: 948: 691: 477: 156: 3537: 3512: 3470: 3452: 3434: 3396: 3378: 3360: 3357:

Deutsche Gerichtsgebäude: Von der Dorflinde über den Justizpalast zum Haus des Rechts

3321: 3303: 3243: 3215: 1006: 926: 831:

The Federal Court of Justice consists of 13 divisions responsible for civil matters (

762: 382: 1742:

did require some of the smallest states to create joint upper appellate courts. See

3492: 3418: 3344: 3279: 3259: 3231: 3203: 1846:

for an English translation of the original, unamended version of Basic Law of 1949.

1565:

If a decision by the Federal Court of Justice depends on the interpretation of the

1238: 1205:), while more serious offenses are initially decided by panels of regional courts ( 753:

The judges of the Federal Court of Justice are selected by an electoral committee (

462:

in 1872 added to the significance of the court. In the wake of Germany's defeat in

272: 258: 1049: 733: 3483:

Press, Volker (1986), "The Habsburg Court as Center of the Imperial Government",

3467:

Palais im Park: Vom Erbgroßherzoglichen Palais zum Bundesgerichtshof in Karlsruhe

2806:

Sections 2(1) 3rd sentence, 2(2), 4(3)(1), 4(6) Landwirtschaftsverfahrensgesetz .

2302:, vol 1 (8th edn, Herder 2017). The Grand Panels are not included in that number. 1855:

Sections 123ff GVG as amended on 12 September 1950 (BGBl. 1950 I, 455). See also

1375:

Professional and disciplinary matters concerning tax consultants and tax agents (

1066: 818:. The retirement age is between 65 and 67 years, depending on the year of birth. 459: 386: 209: 2152:

Section 125(1) GVG ; s 1(1) RiWG; Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz in Horst Dreier (ed),

1473:), which consists of all the members of the Civil and the Criminal Grand Panel. 3422: 3348: 3263: 3046:

Sections 164, 170(1) 1st sentence BRAO; Volker Römermann and Wolfgang Hartung,

1820: 1515:

Justice) and are then chosen and appointed by the Federal Minister of Justice.

311: 307: 1875: 3773: 3755: 3742: 2008: 1511:

and the Federal Constitutional Court—but not before any of the lower courts.

1384:

three judges + two appointed volunteers who are tax consultants or tax agents

984: 784: 428: 394: 3235: 3207: 1269: 889: 861:

As in all German courts, an annually revised schedule of responsibilities (

463: 250: 247: 3451:, Karlsruhe: Verlag der Gesellschaft für Kulturhistorische Dokumentation, 3354: 2815:

Sections 112a(2), 112a(3), 106(1) 1st sentence, 106(2) 1st sentence BRAO .

1320:

three judges + two appointed volunteers who work or have worked in farming

767:

and of 16 representatives appointed by the German federal parliament, the

2226:

Sections 48(1) 2nd sentence, 48(3) DRiG; Klaus Weber, "Altersgrenzen" in

2213:

Sections 48(1) 1st sentence, 48(2) DRiG; Klaus Weber, "Altersgrenzen" in

325:. The four sister supreme courts of the Federal Court of Justice are the 262: 243: 50: 3291: 2441:

Löwe-Rosenberg: Die Strafprozeßordnung und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz

1988:

Löwe-Rosenberg: Die Strafprozeßordnung und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz

3585: 3504: 1578: 3375:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)

3020: 732:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

539:(Federal Court of Justice) and that its seat was to be in the city of 3283: 1673: 1261: 1141:) and complaints against denial of leave to appeal on points of law ( 653: 540: 529: 345: 303: 84: 2277:, vol 7 (C.F. Müller 2020), § 14, para 41 ("seven to eight judges"). 3496: 2984:

Sections 78(1) 3rd sentence ZPO; 10(4) 1st sentence, 114(2) FamFG .

1810: 1808: 1359:

Professional and disciplinary matters concerning patent attorneys (

437:—received jurisdiction over various additional areas of civil law. 267: 1343:

Professional and disciplinary matters concerning notaries public (

1701: 645: 415: 353: 254: 88: 3355:

Klemmer, Klemens; Wassermann, Rudolf; Wessel, Thomas M. (1993),

2547: 2545: 2200:

Andreas Voßkuhle in Friedrich Klein and Christian Starck (eds),

1945: 1943: 1805: 1368:

three judges + two appointed volunteers who are patent attorneys

403:) in Vienna had sole jurisdiction over criminal cases, however. 1352:

three judges + two appointed volunteers who are notaries public

357: 27:

Highest court in the system of ordinary jurisdiction in Germany

2869:

Sections 79(2), 79(3), 61(1), 61(2) 1st and 2nd sentence DRiG.

2117:

Section 10(1) 1st sentence RiWG. See Johann-Friedrich Staats,

1758: 1756: 897:

The Federal Court of Justice has a president and a presidium.

133: 2542: 1955: 1940: 1891: 1616: 239: 1977:, pp. 266f, for an example in the area of criminal law. 381:, which was established in 1495 as the highest court of the 1753: 1391:

Professional and disciplinary matters concerning auditors (

1172: 2403:"Zuständigkeit der Strafsenate und der Ermittlungsrichter" 1327:

Professional and disciplinary matters concerning lawyers (

759:) consisting of the Ministers of Justice of the 16 German 506:

Deutsches Obergericht für das Vereinigte Wirtschaftsgebiet

279:

for violating a provision of the German constitution, the

3391:

Krüger-Nieland, Gerda, ed. (1975), "Statistischer Teil",

3053: 1560: 1378:

Senat für Steuerberater- und Steuerbevollmächtigtensachen

893:

Bettina Limperg (2013), president of the court since 2014

3145: 2058: 2056: 1768: 1400:

three judges + two appointed volunteers who are auditors

1185: 2966: 2443:, vol 11 (27th edn, De Gruyter 2023), s 125 GVG para 6. 2095:, vol 3 (3rd edn, Mohr Siebeck 2018), art 95 paras 26f. 1928: 1916: 884: 3725:

Gemeinsamer Senat der obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes

3723:

Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation (

2009:

The President of the Federal Court of Justice (2021).

1793: 1689: 837:) and six divisions responsible for criminal matters ( 3129:

See generally Ulrich Ehricke in Rudolf Streinz (ed),

2156:, vol 3 (3rd edn, Mohr Siebeck 2018), art 95 para 32. 2053: 1111: 1986:

See generally Karl Schäfer in Emil Niethammer (ed),

1509:

Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation

298:

for a small number of exceptional offenses (such as

3157: 2478:, vol 9 (6th edn, Heymanns 2023), s 124 GVG para 2. 2285: 2283: 352:. Two criminal divisions of the court are based in 3006:Section 172(1) 1st sentence BRAO; Jens Adolphsen, 1131:Judges of a civil division before an oral argument 3179: 2918:Article 95(3) 1st sentence GG; s 2(1) RsprEinhG . 1717: 1622: 1598:Bundesoberhandelsgericht/Reichsoberhandelsgericht 1220:An appeal can be brought by the defendant or the 3771: 3518: 2280: 1885: 1856: 1826: 1814: 852:In addition, there are eight special divisions ( 1527: 1443: 344:The seat of the Federal Court of Justice is in 3390: 3297: 3106:, vol 3 (7th edn, Beck 2018), art 93 para 170. 2797:Sections 169(1) 2nd sentence StPO, 120(2) GVG. 2788:Sections 169(1) 2nd sentence StPO, 120(1) GVG. 2342: 2340: 1990:(20th edn, De Gruyter 1956), § 124 GVG para 1. 1961: 1949: 1897: 3601: 3449:Karlsruhe auf dem Weg zur Residenz des Rechts 2842:Sections 97(1), 97(2) Steuerberatungsgesetz . 2263:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. pp. 25ff 2139:Section 12(1) RiWG; Johann-Friedrich Staats, 306:). As such, they are responsible for issuing 3531: 3300:Der Bundesgerichtshof: Justiz in Deutschland 2880:Karlsruher Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung 2763:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. p. 18. 2635:Sections 543(1) 2nd sentence, 544(2)(1) ZPO. 2626:, vol 2 (6th edn, Beck 2020), s 543 para 52. 2489:Karlsruher Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung 2245:Karlsruher Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung 1974: 1872:, pp. 10ff for a comprehensive account. 1641:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. p. 50. 1602: 1596: 1550: 1541: 1502: 1487: 1478: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1424: 1408: 1392: 1376: 1360: 1344: 1328: 1312: 1281: 1255: 1225: 1212: 1211:) or, in few cases, higher regional courts ( 1206: 1200: 1191: 1166: 1152: 1142: 1136: 862: 853: 844: 838: 832: 801: 792: 774: 768: 760: 754: 711: 676: 664: 629: 623: 534: 522: 504: 494: 488: 467: 453: 447: 441: 432: 419: 398: 374: 40: 2934: 2931:(7th edn, Beck 2018) vol 3, art 95 para 43. 2337: 2305: 2204:(7th edn, Beck 2018) vol 3, art 95 para 20. 1522: 490:Oberster Gerichtshof für die Britische Zone 3608: 3594: 3549: 3102:BVerfGE 93, 381, 385; Andreas Voßkuhle in 3071:Steffen Detterbeck in Michael Sachs (ed), 2189:Dürig/Herzog/Scholz, Grundgesetz-Kommentar 1569:, it must stay the proceedings and seek a 652:, seat of the Federal Court of Justice in 487:, the Supreme Court for the British Zone ( 257:. Its primary responsibility is the final 3133:(3rd edn, Beck 2018), art 267 paras 47ff. 2909:Sections 132(2), 132(5) 3rd sentence GVG. 2900:Sections 132(2), 132(5) 1st sentence GVG. 2891:Sections 132(2), 132(3) 1st sentence GVG. 2560:Sections 21e(1) 1st sentence, 21e(3) GVG. 2167:"Die Organisation des Bundesgerichtshofs" 826: 234: 3805:Courts and tribunals established in 1950 3615: 3446: 3333: 2972: 2502:"Die Präsidenten des Bundesgerichtshofs" 2465:(17th edn, Beck 2022), s 125 GVG para 1. 2382:, art 101 paras 50ff (R 84 August 2018). 1881: 1869: 1740:Constitution of the German Confederation 1546:) on the provision's constitutionality. 1126: 1115: 888: 644: 640: 628:practice of employing assistant judges ( 98:Election by Judicial Selection Committee 3408: 3372: 3249: 3224:Journal der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte 3221: 3196:Journal der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte 3193: 3151: 3059: 2882:(8th edn, Beck 2019), § 132 GVG para 5. 2878:Burkhard Feilcke in Rolf Hannich (ed), 2833:Section 90(1), 90(2) 2nd sentence PAO . 2491:(9th edn, Beck 2023), s 124 GVG para 2. 2247:(9th edn, Beck 2023), s 124 GVG para 6. 1934: 1922: 1910: 1830: 1799: 1787: 1774: 1762: 1743: 1735: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1667: 1610: 1245: 14: 3772: 3464: 3120:(3rd edn, Beck 2018), art 267 para 43. 3104:von Mangoldt/Klein/Starck: Grundgesetz 2929:von Mangoldt/Klein/Starck: Grundgesetz 2474:Helmut Frister in Jürgen Wolter (ed), 2202:von Mangoldt/Klein/Starck: Grundgesetz 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1575:Court of Justice of the European Union 1561:Court of Justice of the European Union 3589: 3482: 3428: 3315: 3298:Godau-Schüttke, Klaus-Detlev (2005), 3269: 3163: 3142:Section 12(1) 1st sentence GeschOBGH. 3075:(9th edn, Beck 2021), art 100 para 4. 2851:Section 74 Wirtschaftsprüferordnung . 2824:Sections 99, 106 Bundesnotarordnung . 2439:Section 17(2)(3) DRiG; Eric Simon in 2435: 2433: 1723: 1711: 1679: 1186:Role of the court in criminal matters 1120:Courtroom of a civil division in the 393:over most matters. The emperor's own 337:(for matters of labour law), and the 317:The German legal order has different 219: 2409:from the original on 16 October 2022 2023:from the original on 1 November 2021 1289: 885:President and presidium of the court 718: 3800:1950 establishments in West Germany 3536:, München: Beck, pp. 265–272, 3395:, München: Beck, pp. 351–391, 2770:from the original on 1 January 2023 1993: 1648:from the original on 1 January 2023 1504:Rechtsanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof 24: 18:Federal Court of Justice of Germany 3010:(6th edn, Beck 2020), s 5 para 14. 2997:(6th edn, Beck 2020), s 5 para 14. 2512:from the original on 17 March 2017 2430: 2380:Maunz/Dürig: Grundgesetz-Kommentar 2360:from the original on 20 March 2022 2325:from the original on 20 March 2022 1112:Role of the court in civil matters 329:(for administrative matters), the 321:for the different branches of its 116:153 judges (as of 15 January 2023) 25: 3816: 3564: 3491:(suppl. December 1986): S23–S45, 3050:(3rd edn, Beck 2018), s 7 para 5. 3027:from the original on 7 March 2022 2954:from the original on 3 March 2022 1909:For 1 October 1950 was a Sunday. 1394:Senat für Wirtschaftsprüfersachen 3785:Organisations based in Karlsruhe 3716:Collaborations of Supreme Courts 3650: 3136: 3123: 3109: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3065: 3040: 3023:. Rechtsanwaltskammer beim BGH. 3013: 3000: 2987: 2978: 2947:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. 2613:Section 543(2) 1st sentence ZPO. 2551:Section 21e(1) 1st sentence GVG. 2405:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. 2353:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. 2318:(in German). Bundesgerichtshof. 723: 512: 49: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2758:"Geschäftsverteilungsplan 2023" 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2684:Section 395(1) and 395(2) StPO. 2678: 2675:Sections 333 StPO , 135(1) GVG. 2669: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2616: 2607: 2604:Sections 553(1), 552, 552a ZPO. 2598: 2589: 2576: 2563: 2554: 2533: 2524: 2494: 2481: 2468: 2455: 2446: 2421: 2395: 2385: 2372: 2292: 2258:"Geschäftsverteilungsplan 2023" 2250: 2233: 2220: 2207: 2194: 2181: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2124: 2111: 2098: 2081: 2044: 2035: 1980: 1967: 1903: 1862: 1849: 1836: 1780: 1636:"Geschäftsverteilungsplan 2023" 1423:Federal Disciplinary Tribunal ( 1106: 821: 702: 452:. Also located in Leipzig, the 368: 341:(for social security matters). 3795:Organisations based in Leipzig 3667:Federal Administrative Court ( 3631:Federal Constitutional Court ( 3552:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3521:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2011:"The Federal Court of Justice" 1729: 1660: 1628: 1303:Composition of deciding panels 221:[ˌbʊndəsɡəˈʁɪçt͡shoːf] 13: 1: 3272:The Sixteenth Century Journal 3172: 3021:"Verzeichnis der BGH-Anwälte" 2729:Sections 353(1), 354(2) StPO. 2702:Sections 349(1), 349(1) StPO. 2664:An Introduction to German Law 2584:An Introduction to German Law 1362:Senat für Patentanwaltssachen 1122:Hereditary Grand Ducal Palace 809: 748:Authorised judgeships by year 661:Hereditary Grand Ducal Palace 650:Hereditary Grand Ducal Palace 3183:The Federal Court of Justice 2644:Sections 562(1), 563(1) ZPO. 2121:(Nomos 2003), s 10 para 1ff. 1886:Schubert & Glöckner 2000 1857:Schubert & Glöckner 2000 1827:Schubert & Glöckner 2000 1815:Schubert & Glöckner 2000 1538:Federal Constitutional Court 1528:Federal Constitutional Court 1496: 1464:Großer Senat für Strafsachen 1458:Großer Senat für Zivilsachen 1444:Grand Panels and Joint Panel 789:Federal President of Germany 327:Federal Administrative Court 277:Federal Constitutional Court 7: 3469:, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 3465:Pieper, Karl-Heinz (1999), 2624:Münchener Kommentar zur ZPO 2187:Cf Christian Hillgruber in 781:Federal Minister of Justice 666:Erbgrossherzogliches Palais 76:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 3821: 3676:Federal Court of Justice ( 3534:25 Jahre Bundesgerichtshof 3423:10.1628/002268809789919435 3393:25 Jahre Bundesgerichtshof 3349:10.1628/002268809788161446 3320:, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 3264:10.1628/002268810793455442 3180:Bundesgerichtshof (2021), 2666:(7th edn, Nomos 2019) 140. 2378:Monika Jachmann-Michel in 2228:Creifelds Rechtswörterbuch 2215:Creifelds Rechtswörterbuch 2143:(Nomos 2003), s 12 para 2. 2130:Sections 9(2), 12(1) RiWG. 1567:laws of the European Union 1222:public prosecutor's office 412:North German Confederation 363: 3715: 3659: 3648: 3623: 3485:Journal of Modern History 3373:Kotulla, Michael (2008), 2586:(7th edn, Nomos 2019) 25. 2452:Sections 21a(1), 124 GVG. 2108:(Nomos 2003), s 4 para 1. 2104:Johann-Friedrich Staats, 1278:Public Prosecutor General 1168:Nichtzulassungsbeschwerde 1144:Nichtzulassungsbeschwerde 712:Selection and appointment 697: 678:Rechtshistorisches Museum 551: 548: 431:, the court—now known as 296:Public Prosecutor General 194: 177: 172: 164: 147: 142: 128: 120: 112: 102: 94: 80: 72: 57: 48: 39: 34: 3669:Bundesverwaltungsgericht 3633:Bundesverfassungsgericht 3048:Anwaltliches Berufsrecht 2569:Sections 511(1), 511(2) 2275:Handbuch des Strafrechts 2064:"Tätigkeitsbericht 2022" 1975:Wagner & Willms 1975 1590: 1543:Bundesverfassungsgericht 1523:Relation to other courts 1426:Dienstgericht des Bundes 864:Geschäftsverteilungsplan 501:Bizonal Economic Council 499:. The foundation of the 443:Reichsoberhandelsgericht 434:Reichsoberhandelsgericht 422:Bundesoberhandelsgericht 206:Federal Court of Justice 61:1 October 1950 35:Federal Court of Justice 3780:National supreme courts 3447:Pfeiffer, Gerd (1990), 3429:Pauli, Gerhard (1992), 1470:Vereinigte Große Senate 1330:Senat für Anwaltssachen 1274:terrorist organisations 1266:crimes against humanity 485:British occupation zone 391:concurrent jurisdiction 333:(for tax matters), the 304:terrorist organisations 300:crimes against humanity 292:criminal investigations 3703:Federal Fiscal Court ( 3694:Federal Social Court ( 3685:Federal Labour Court ( 3433:, Berlin: De Gruyter, 3316:Grieß, Martin (2015), 3236:10.1515/jjzg-2015-0029 3208:10.1515/jjzg-2021-0001 2530:Section 21a(2)(1) GVG. 2230:(24th edn, Beck 2020). 2217:(24th edn, Beck 2020). 2041:Sections 9, 5ff DRiG . 1623:Bundesgerichtshof 2021 1603: 1597: 1551: 1542: 1503: 1488: 1479: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1425: 1409: 1393: 1377: 1361: 1345: 1329: 1313: 1311:Agricultural matters ( 1282: 1256: 1226: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1192: 1167: 1153: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1124: 894: 863: 854: 845: 839: 833: 827:Divisions of the court 802: 793: 775: 769: 761: 755: 677: 665: 656: 630: 624: 535: 523: 505: 495: 489: 468: 454: 448: 446:was replaced with the 442: 433: 420: 399: 375: 314:, among other things. 213: 41: 3093:Article 93(1)(4a) GG. 2154:Grundgesetz-Kommentar 2093:Grundgesetz-Kommentar 1553:Verfassungsbeschwerde 1346:Senat für Notarsachen 1272:and the formation of 1130: 1119: 892: 648: 641:Location and premises 634:) had been outlawed. 302:and the formation of 3756:49.00611°N 8.39667°E 3687:Bundesarbeitsgericht 3624:Constitutional Court 3617:Judiciary of Germany 3377:, Berlin: Springer, 3302:, Berlin: Tischler, 2738:Section 353(2) StPO. 2720:Section 349(5) StPO. 2711:Section 349(4) StPO. 2487:Burkhard Feilcke in 1738:, p. 1079. The 1611:Notes and references 1314:Landwirtschaftssenat 1252:investigating judges 1246:Investigating judges 756:Richterwahlausschuss 408:German Confederation 339:Federal Social Court 331:Federal Fiscal Court 288:investigating judges 107:Basic Law of Germany 3752: / 3696:Bundessozialgericht 2860:Section 94(1) GWB . 2653:Section 563(2) ZPO. 2595:Section 545(1) ZPO. 2289:Section 139(1) GVG. 2169:. Bundesgerichtshof 2069:. Bundesgerichtshof 2050:Section 125(2) GVG. 1962:Godau-Schüttke 2005 1950:Godau-Schüttke 2005 1898:Krüger-Nieland 1975 1283:Generalbundesanwalt 976:30. September 1977 773:. In practice, the 460:Imperial Penal Code 377:Reichskammergericht 335:Federal Labor Court 113:Number of positions 3084:Article 100(1) GG. 2392:characteristics"). 1571:preliminary ruling 1257:Ermittlungsrichter 1214:Oberlandesgerichte 1133: 1125: 895: 692:Karl-Heine-Strasse 657: 480:on 18 April 1945. 478:United States Army 182:Jürgen Ellenberger 95:Composition method 3790:Courts in Germany 3761:49.00611; 8.39667 3735: 3734: 3678:Bundesgerichtshof 3643: 3417:(22): 1086–1092, 3384:978-3-540-48705-0 3359:, München: Beck, 3327:978-3-16-153980-0 3258:(22): 1077–1087, 3062:, pp. 1086f. 3008:Zivilprozessrecht 2995:Zivilprozessrecht 2747:Section 354 StPO. 2662:Gerhard Robbers, 2582:Gerhard Robbers, 2506:Bundesgerichtshof 2141:Richterwahlgesetz 2119:Richterwahlgesetz 2106:Richterwahlgesetz 1777:, pp. 1080f. 1604:Reichsgerichtshof 1486:In practice, the 1480:Gemeinsamer Senat 1438: 1437: 1407:Cartel Division ( 1290:Special divisions 1100: 1099: 993:31 December 1987 927:Hermann Weinkauff 745: 744: 619: 618: 536:Bundesgerichtshof 517:In May 1949, the 383:Holy Roman Empire 350:Baden-Württemberg 238:) is the highest 214:Bundesgerichtshof 202: 201: 134:bundesgerichtshof 42:Bundesgerichtshof 16:(Redirected from 3812: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3654: 3640:list of justices 3637: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3575: 3573:Official website 3559: 3546: 3528: 3515: 3479: 3461: 3443: 3425: 3405: 3387: 3369: 3351: 3330: 3312: 3294: 3284:10.2307/20061311 3266: 3246: 3218: 3190: 3188: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2993:Jens Adolphsen, 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2539:Section 21b GVG. 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2428: 2427:Section 124 GVG. 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2163: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2068: 2060: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2006: 1991: 1984: 1978: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1829:, p. 2972; 1824: 1818: 1812: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1710:, p. 1078; 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1606: 1600: 1556: 1545: 1506: 1491: 1489:Divergenzvorlage 1482: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1452:Divergenzvorlage 1428: 1412: 1396: 1380: 1364: 1348: 1332: 1316: 1297: 1296: 1285: 1259: 1229: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1195: 1170: 1156: 1146: 1140: 1092: 1075:31 January 2014 1072:1 February 2008 1058:31 January 2008 1034: 1010: 952: 907: 906: 866: 857: 848: 842: 836: 805: 796: 778: 772: 766: 758: 727: 726: 719: 680: 668: 633: 627: 546: 545: 538: 526: 508: 498: 492: 471: 457: 451: 445: 436: 425: 402: 387:Imperial Estates 380: 261:of decisions by 259:appellate review 236: 231: 230: 229: 223: 218: 190: 160: 138: 135: 68: 66: 53: 44: 32: 31: 21: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3770: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3711: 3705:Bundesfinanzhof 3655: 3646: 3619: 3614: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3558:(40): 2530–2532 3544: 3527:(40): 2971–2976 3477: 3459: 3441: 3411:JuristenZeitung 3403: 3385: 3367: 3337:JuristenZeitung 3328: 3310: 3252:JuristenZeitung 3186: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154:, p. 1082. 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3041: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2461:Jürgen Graf in 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2099: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2007: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1941: 1937:, p. 1087. 1933: 1929: 1925:, p. 1086. 1921: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1888:, p. 2973. 1880: 1876: 1867: 1863: 1859:, p. 2973. 1854: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1833:, p. 1086. 1825: 1821: 1817:, p. 2972. 1813: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1790:, p. 1083. 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1754: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1706: 1702: 1698:, p. 1077. 1694: 1690: 1682:, p. S24; 1678: 1674: 1670:, p. 1077. 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1593: 1563: 1530: 1525: 1499: 1446: 1292: 1248: 1188: 1114: 1109: 1086: 1084:Bettina Limperg 1067:Klaus Tolksdorf 1028: 1014:1 January 1988 1004: 990:1 October 1977 946: 944:Bruno Heusinger 932:1 October 1950 887: 829: 824: 812: 794:Bundespräsident 751: 750: 749: 746: 741: 728: 724: 714: 705: 700: 643: 625:Reichsgericht's 515: 371: 366: 312:arrest warrants 225: 224: 216: 198:2 December 2016 184: 154: 152:Bettina Limperg 132: 64: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3660:Supreme Courts 3657: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3580:List of judges 3577: 3566: 3565:External links 3563: 3561: 3560: 3547: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3497:10.1086/243147 3480: 3475: 3462: 3457: 3444: 3439: 3426: 3406: 3401: 3388: 3383: 3370: 3365: 3352: 3343:(8): 380–388, 3331: 3326: 3313: 3308: 3295: 3267: 3247: 3219: 3191: 3189:(3rd ed.) 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3135: 3122: 3108: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3064: 3052: 3039: 3012: 2999: 2986: 2977: 2975:, p. 382. 2965: 2933: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2575: 2562: 2553: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2493: 2480: 2467: 2454: 2445: 2429: 2420: 2394: 2384: 2371: 2336: 2304: 2291: 2279: 2249: 2232: 2219: 2206: 2193: 2180: 2158: 2145: 2132: 2123: 2110: 2097: 2087:Article 95(2) 2080: 2052: 2043: 2034: 1992: 1979: 1966: 1964:, p. 153. 1954: 1952:, p. 154. 1939: 1927: 1915: 1902: 1900:, p. 391. 1890: 1884:, p. 14; 1874: 1861: 1848: 1835: 1819: 1804: 1802:, p. 102. 1792: 1779: 1767: 1752: 1728: 1716: 1700: 1688: 1672: 1659: 1627: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1592: 1589: 1562: 1559: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1498: 1495: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1291: 1288: 1247: 1244: 1187: 1184: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038:1 August 1996 1036: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1002:Walter Odersky 999: 995: 994: 991: 988: 982: 978: 977: 974: 973:1. April 1968 971: 968:Robert Fischer 965: 961: 960: 959:31 March 1968 957: 954: 941: 937: 936: 935:31 March 1960 933: 930: 924: 920: 919: 916: 913: 910: 886: 883: 869:subject matter 828: 825: 823: 820: 816:retirement age 811: 808: 747: 743: 742: 731: 729: 722: 717: 716: 715: 713: 710: 704: 701: 699: 696: 642: 639: 617: 616: 613: 610: 606: 605: 602: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 584: 583: 580: 577: 573: 572: 569: 566: 562: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 514: 511: 370: 367: 365: 362: 319:supreme courts 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 179: 175: 174: 173:Vice President 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3817: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3543:3-406-06175-3 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3476:3-8114-9974-2 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3458:3-922596-21-5 3454: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3440:3-11-013024-6 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3402:3-406-06175-3 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3366:3-406-37674-6 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3309:3-922654-66-5 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230:(3): 93–106, 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2974: 2973:Jungmann 2009 2969: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2536: 2527: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2424: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2300:Staatslexikon 2295: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2038: 2019: 2012: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1913:, p. 19. 1912: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1882:Pfeiffer 1990 1878: 1871: 1870:Pfeiffer 1990 1865: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1714:, p. 17. 1713: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1129: 1123: 1118: 1104: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055:15 July 2000 1054: 1051: 1050:Günter Hirsch 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1026:Karlmann Geiß 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017:31 July 1996 1016: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 986: 985:Gerd Pfeiffer 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 962: 958: 956:1 April 1960 955: 950: 945: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 921: 917: 914: 911: 909: 908: 905: 902: 898: 891: 882: 878: 875: 870: 865: 859: 856: 855:Spezialsenate 850: 847: 841: 835: 819: 817: 807: 804: 798: 795: 790: 786: 785:secret ballot 782: 777: 771: 765: 764: 757: 739: 738:MediaWiki.org 735: 730: 721: 720: 709: 695: 693: 688: 685: 682: 679: 673: 670: 667: 662: 655: 651: 647: 638: 635: 632: 626: 614: 611: 608: 607: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 586: 585: 581: 578: 575: 574: 570: 567: 564: 563: 559: 556: 555: 547: 544: 542: 537: 532: 531: 525: 520: 513:Establishment 510: 507: 502: 497: 496:Reichsgericht 491: 486: 481: 479: 475: 470: 469:Reichsgericht 465: 461: 456: 455:Reichsgericht 450: 449:Reichsgericht 444: 440:In 1879, the 438: 435: 430: 429:German Empire 424: 423: 417: 413: 409: 404: 401: 396: 395:Aulic Council 392: 388: 384: 379: 378: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249: 245: 241: 237: 228: 222: 215: 211: 207: 197: 193: 188: 183: 180: 176: 171: 167: 163: 158: 153: 150: 146: 141: 137: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 105: 103:Authorized by 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 60: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3737: 3724: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3675: 3668: 3632: 3555: 3551: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3488: 3484: 3466: 3448: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3392: 3374: 3356: 3340: 3336: 3317: 3299: 3275: 3271: 3255: 3251: 3227: 3223: 3199: 3195: 3182: 3166:, p. 1. 3159: 3152:Fischer 2010 3147: 3138: 3130: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3060:Nassall 2009 3055: 3047: 3042: 3029:. 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