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693:. After marching a few kilometers, the allies came into contact with the Austrian troops, who had entrenched themselves in those villages. In the absence of a fixed battle plan, the fighting which took place was uncoordinated, which is why so many casualties occurred, and it fell into three separate engagements, at Medole (south), Solferino (centre) and San Martino (north).
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ignored the order and kept resisting. At 8:00 pm a fourth
Sardinian assault finally captured the contested hills, and Benedek withdrew. The main Sardinian contribution in the overall battle consisted in keeping Benedek's corps deeply engaged throughout the day and preventing the sending of two brigades as reinforcement to the force attacked by the French in Solferino.
509:. Although he did not witness the battle (his statement is contained in an "unpublished page" included in the 1939 English edition published by the American Red Cross), he toured the field following the battle and was greatly moved by what he saw. Horrified by the suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield, Dunant set about a process that led to the
533:. The left wing consisted of four Piedmontese divisions, the right wing consisted of the French III and IV corps, while the center consisted of the I and II corps, with the Imperial Guard held in reserve. On 23 June, Franz Josef moved his 1st Army (57,000 men) and 2nd Army (45,500 men) across the Mincio. Both forces were converging on
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had 39,000 men and 80 guns and was repeatedly attacked by a
Sardinian force of 22,000 men with 48 guns. The Austrians were able to ward off three Sardinian attacks, inflicting heavy losses upon the attackers; at the end of the day Benedek was ordered to retreat with the rest of the Austrian army, but
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According to
Schneid, "By early afternoon, the Austrian attack had failed and Niel pushed beyond Robecco and Casa Nova halfway to Guidizzolo. At 3:00 pm General Renault's division of Canrobert's III Corps arrived at Robecco. Niel, now reinforced, launched a coordinated attack on Guidizzolo." However,
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adopted a declaration on the occasion stating that "This battle was also the grounds on which the international community of States has developed and adopted instruments of
International Humanitarian Law, the international law rules relevant in times of armed conflict, in particular the four Geneva
701:
The battle started at Medole around 4 am. Marching towards
Guidizzolo, the 4th Corps encountered an Austrian infantry regiment of the Austrian 1st Army. General Niel immediately decided to engage the enemy and deployed his forces east of Medole. This move prevented the three corps (III, IX and
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The battle was a particularly gruelling one, lasting over nine hours and resulting in over 2,386 Austrian troops killed with 10,807 wounded and 8,638 missing or captured. The Allied armies also suffered a total of 2,492 killed, 12,512 wounded and 2,922 captured or missing. Reports of wounded and
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and Gaudin) encountered
Hungarian units posted near Ca’Morino (Medole). The Austrian forces were three corps strong (I, V and VII) and positioned on the towns of Solferino, Cavriana and Volta Mantovana. The Austrians were able to hold these positions all day against repeated French attacks.
589:. At the same time, Napoleon III ordered his troops to advance, causing the battle to occur in an unpredicted location. While the Piedmontese fought the Austrian right wing near San Martino, the French battled to the south of them near Solferino against the main Austrian corps.
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The confrontation was between the
Austrians, on one side, and the French and Piedmontese forces, who opposed their advance. In the morning of 23 June, after the arrival of emperor Franz Joseph, the Austrian army changed direction to counterattack along the river
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On the northern side of the battlefield the
Sardinians, four divisions strong, encountered the Austrians around 7 am. A long battle erupted over control of Pozzolengo, San Martino and Madonna della Scoperta. The Austrian VIII Corps under
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Napoleon III was moved by the losses, as he had argued back in 1852 "the French Empire is peace", and for reasons including the
Prussian threat and domestic protests by the Roman Catholics, he decided to put an end to the war with the
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on both sides added to the horror. In the end, the
Austrian forces were forced to yield their positions, and the Allied French-Piedmontese armies won a tactical, but costly, victory. The Austrians retreated to the four fortresses of
561:. The war's geopolitical context was the nationalist struggle to unify Italy, which had long been divided among France, Austria, Spain and numerous independent Italian states. The battle took place near the villages of
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and a cavalry brigade. Niel, holding a thin line of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in length, was able to stop the Austrian assaults on his position by ably warding off attacks and counterattacking at opportune moments.
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in 1813. There were about 130,000 Austrian troops and a combined total of 140,000 French and allied Piedmontese troops. After the battle, the Austrian emperor refrained from further direct command of the army.
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According to Schneid, "Stadion received reinforcements from Clam Gallas' I Korps but Napoleon III fed the Imperial Guard divisions into the combat and by 2:00 pm the cemetery and town were surrounded.
491:. It was the last major battle in world history where all the armies were under the personal command of their monarchs. Perhaps 300,000 soldiers fought in the important battle, the largest since the
880:, who witnessed the aftermath of the battle in person, was motivated by the horrific suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield to begin a campaign that would eventually result in the
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937:, where many of the wounded were taken after the battle, is the site of the museum of the International Red Cross, focusing on the events that led to the formation of that organization.
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to emphasize the peace of the nations. Wreaths were laid in the cemeteries and the museum was honored. During the event, the battle was re-enacted by hundreds of volunteers.
923:, dominating the area, a memorial to Victor Emmanuel II. It is 70 m high and was built in 1893. In the town there is a museum, with uniforms and weapons of the time, and an
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The French army at Solferino, personally led by Napoleon III, was divided in four Corps plus the Imperial Guard. Many of its men and generals were veterans of the
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The Austrian forces were personally led by Emperor Franz Joseph, consisting of the 1st Army, containing four corps (II, III, IX and XI) under
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At Solferino there is also a museum, displaying arms and mementos of the time, and an ossuary, containing the bones of thousands of victims.
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According to the allied battle plan formulated on 24 June, the Franco-Sardinian army moved east to deploy along the right river banks of the
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1337:"Il Capo della Casa d’Austria a Solferino e San Martino per ricordare i caduti nel 160° della battaglia" In: Gardanotizi, 20.6.2019.
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XI) of the Austrian 1st Army from aiding their comrades of the 2nd Army near Solferino, where the main French attacks took place.
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The French forces were numerically inferior to the Austrians'. The 4th Corps contained three infantry divisions under de Luzy,
622:, but its commander-in-chief had very limited military experience of note. The Sardinian army had four divisions on the field.
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opens at the Battle of Solferino. There, the father of the novel's Trotta dynasty is immortalized as the Hero of Solferino.
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served as Chief of Staff to Napoleon III, while Victor Emmanuel was accompanied by his Minister of War, Lieutenant General
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Campagne de l'empereur Napoléon III en Italie, 1859, rédigée au dépot de la guerre, d'après les documents officiels (1865)
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Although all three combatants were commanded by their monarchs, each was seconded by professional soldiers. Marshal
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Around 5 am 2nd Corps under Mac-Mahon (two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade under La Motterouge,
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the arrival of the Austrian III and XI Korps stopped the French assault, and after two hours, Niel withdrew.
888:. The Movement organized the 150th anniversary commemoration of the battle between 23 and 27 June 2009. The
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Near 3 pm the French reserves, formed by Canrobert's 3rd Corps and the Imperial Guard under
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1012:(English title: "Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross"), which tells the story of the signing of the
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On 22 June, the French (96,000 men) and Piedmontese (37,000 men) allied army advanced from the
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In 2019, an important memorial event took place on the former battlefield in the presence of
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Around 4:30 am the advance guard of the 1st Corps (three infantry divisions under
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This battle would have a long-term effect on the future conduct of military actions.
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633:. The Austrian high command was hindered by the rivalry between the Chief of Staff,
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Conventions of 1949, the 60th anniversary of which will be celebrated this year."
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The area contains a number of memorials to the events surrounding the battles.
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Photo of the Piedmontese camp made one day before the battle at Solferino
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The Battle of Solferino was depicted also in a 2006 television drama
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607:, and the 2nd Army, containing four corps (I, V, VII and VIII) under
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988:'s poem "The Forced Recruit at Solferino" commemorates this battle (
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Der Feldzug des Kaisers Napoleon 3. in Italien im Jahre 1859 (1865)
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Der Feldzug des Kaisers Napoleon 3. in Italien im Jahre 1859
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1238:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. chapter 1.
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The Battle of Solferino was a decisive engagement in the
467:) on 24 June 1859 resulted in the victory of the allied
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Solferino 1859. Les blessés français soignés à Manerbio
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Solferino 1859, I feriti francesi ricoverati a Manerbio
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Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni
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Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni
661:. The French were to occupy the villages of Solferino,
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on 11 July 1859. The Piedmontese won Lombardy but not
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Final battle of the Second Italian War of Independence
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1593:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
2344:Battles of the Second Italian War of Independence
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2295:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
1214:Napoléon III, Pierre Milza, Perrin edition, 2004
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1414:Solferino 1859: The Battle for Italy's freedom
1190:Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870
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1127:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 51–58.
1125:The Second War of Italian Unification 1859–61
1091:Campagne de l'Empereur Napoleon III en Italie
689:). The four Sardinian divisions were to take
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2290:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
1465:(Сольферинская битва. (с двумя планами)) at
1085:Osterreichischen Militarischen Zeitschrift:
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2374:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion
1347:Guerra e pace sotto la torre di San Martino
1902:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
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1066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1151:, Vol. I, Milano, Vallardi, 1948, p. 320
1149:Il Risorgimento nelle sue fasi di guerra
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1323:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1104:The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914
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1463:Battle of Solferino. (With two plans)
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1177:, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 617.
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2112:Western African Ebola outbreak
1795:International Rescue Committee
1652:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
1541:International humanitarian law
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549:19th century map of the battle
537:, Solferino, and San Martino.
1:
2160:Sexual exploitation and abuse
2036:German Federal Foreign Office
1614:History of the United Nations
1405:
981:References in popular culture
884:and the establishment of the
825:dying soldiers being shot or
737:French infantry advances (by
520:
513:and the establishment of the
463:(referred to in Italy as the
2275:2015 European migrant crisis
2203:Aid Worker Security Database
2077:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
1949:Global Humanitarian Overview
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43:The Battle of Solferino, by
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2364:1859 in the Austrian Empire
1790:International Medical Corps
1662:Humanitarian Cluster System
1461:Mikhail Dragomirov. (1861)
1383:Valotti, Gianluigi (2015).
1358:Valotti, Gianluigi (2014).
1123:Schneid, Frederick (2012).
919:There is a circular tower,
131:Italian War of Independence
72:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
10:
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2280:Detention Centres in Libya
2165:Core Humanitarian Standard
1897:Network for Refugee Voices
1871:Global Refugee-Led Network
1193:. Routledge. p. 226.
986:Elizabeth Barrett Browning
935:Castiglione delle Stiviere
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778:Castiglione delle Stiviere
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616:French conquest of Algeria
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873:was proclaimed in 1861.
859:Armistice of Villafranca
136:Armistice of Villafranca
2228:Dolo hospital airstrike
2072:Chinese Famine of 1870s
1619:1951 Refugee Convention
1536:Humanitarian principles
1454:The Battle of Solferino
1232:Dromi, Shai M. (2020).
1187:Hearder, Harry (2014).
1010:: Du rouge sur la croix
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515:International Red Cross
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1915:Analysis and reporting
1785:Danish Refugee Council
1763:International agencies
1052:Fink, Humbert (1994).
853:
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639:Karl Ludwig von Grünne
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338:Including 216 officers
303:Including 117 officers
190:Commanders and leaders
2170:Sphere (organization)
2092:2010 Haiti earthquake
2010:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
1770:Action Against Hunger
1744:The Federation (IFRC)
1577:A Memory of Solferino
1416:. Osprey Publishing.
912:The battlefield today
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806:Battle of San Martino
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597:Further information:
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506:A Memory of Solferino
318:Including 49 officers
291:Casualties and losses
105:45.36722°N 10.56639°E
1939:The New Humanitarian
1219:26 July 2011 at the
2223:Airstrikes on Yemen
1571:Battle of Solferino
1412:Brooks, R. (2009).
1387:. Sardini Editore.
1362:. Sardini Editore.
1102:Evans, Richard J.,
722:Battle of Solferino
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1734:Seville Agreement
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1423:978-1-84603-385-8
1147:Vittorio Giglio,
902:Karl von Habsburg
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250:
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109:
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17:
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1677:organizations
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1642:Grand Bargain
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348:
344:9,290 missing
339:
333:
328:
324:1,258 missing
322:3,572 wounded
319:
313:
309:1,518 missing
307:8,530 wounded
304:
298:
295:
294:
289:
281:
275:9,490 cavalry
272:
265:
259:1,562 cavalry
254:
246:9,162 cavalry
241:
236:
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76:(present-day
73:
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62:
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57:
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53:
49:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2389:Napoleon III
2310:
2254:Peacekeeping
2244:Human Rights
2155:CHS Alliance
2148:power, abuse
2087:2004 tsunami
2000:Peter Maurer
1861:NEAR Network
1840:World Vision
1675:Humanitarian
1647:Localisation
1628:21st-century
1575:
1570:
1566:Henry Dunant
1459:(in Russian)
1413:
1384:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1342:
1333:
1307:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1234:
1227:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1124:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1086:
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1008:Henry Dunant
1006:
1004:
998:
989:
984:
932:
929:
918:
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875:
855:
847:Henry Dunant
823:
809:
793:
790:
782:
763:
716:
704:
700:
656:
624:
613:
602:
583:
559:Risorgimento
552:
524:
504:
498:
473:Napoleon III
464:
460:
458:
447:
346:
337:
334:7,679 killed
326:
317:
311:
302:
299:3,887 killed
296:
279:
263:
203:Napoleon III
148:Belligerents
124:
58:24 June 1859
45:Adolphe Yvon
29:Part of the
18:
1970:Jan Egeland
1854:Consortiums
1815:Mercy Corps
1684:UN agencies
1467:Runivers.ru
1040:Brooks 2009
994:Joseph Roth
800:Clam-Gallas
620:Crimean War
567:San Martino
479:army under
471:army under
129:End of the
108: /
2333:Categories
2146:Standards,
1406:References
990:Last Poems
890:Presidency
827:bayonetted
691:Pozzolengo
667:Guidizzolo
571:Lake Garda
521:Background
403:Montebello
314:691 killed
96:10°33′59″E
2046:ECHO (EU)
2041:FCDO (UK)
1995:Hugo Slim
1965:Degan Ali
1944:ReliefWeb
1062:cite book
1056:. Berlin.
1024:Footnotes
1018:Red Cross
974:Solferino
955:Solferino
851:Solferino
838:Aftermath
683:Canrobert
679:Mac-Mahon
563:Solferino
448:Solferino
438:Melegnano
428:Boffalora
413:San Fermo
351:c. 40,000
331:c. 28,000
312:Sardinia:
93:45°22′2″N
68:Solferino
2117:Iraq War
1319:cite web
1217:Archived
927:chapel.
663:Cavriana
618:and the
573:between
485:Austrian
475:and the
443:Treponti
418:Palestro
286:429 guns
277:429 guns
270:320 guns
248:240 guns
232:Strength
172:Sardinia
78:Lombardy
63:Location
1550:History
1309:25 June
1277:25 June
1251:27 June
992:1862).
970:ossuary
951:ossuary
933:Nearby
925:ossuary
892:of the
863:Venetia
820:Results
813:Benedek
796:Regnaud
774:Bazaine
529:to the
433:Magenta
423:Turbigo
297:France:
284:129,273
268:130,833
261:80 guns
184:Austria
2051:Turkey
1711:UNICEF
1473:format
1420:
1391:
1366:
1242:
1197:
1131:
785:Decaen
772:, and
711:Failly
671:Medole
659:Mincio
587:Chiese
579:Verona
541:Battle
535:Medole
531:Mincio
527:Chiese
469:French
408:Varese
161:France
121:Result
2031:USAID
1927:ALNAP
1892:Adeso
1825:Oxfam
1691:UNHCR
1604:Post
1303:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
766:Forey
707:Vinoy
575:Milan
347:Total
327:Total
280:Total
264:Total
82:Italy
2056:OECD
2026:CERF
1887:BRAC
1866:CALP
1780:CARE
1739:ICRC
1696:OCHA
1606:WWII
1471:DjVu
1418:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1325:link
1311:2009
1279:2009
1253:2021
1240:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1068:link
968:The
949:The
709:and
687:Niel
669:and
577:and
565:and
459:The
55:Date
1922:ODI
1716:WHO
1706:WFP
1701:IOM
1469:in
972:of
953:of
849:at
2335::
1321:}}
1317:{{
1111:^
1093:.)
1076:^
1064:}}
1060:{{
1032:^
1020:.
865:.
780:.
768:,
665:,
641:.
611:.
581:.
517:.
80:,
70:,
1500:e
1493:t
1486:v
1438:.
1426:.
1397:.
1372:.
1327:)
1313:.
1281:.
1255:.
1203:.
1137:.
1070:)
741:)
380:e
373:t
366:v
349::
329::
282::
266::
84:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
