Sardinian people - Knowledge

7367:<< speak a peculiar language, Sardinian, and use it to write both in poetry and prose, especially in Logudoro where it has been kept purer, and more elegant and rich. And, since many Spaniards, both Aragonese and Catalan, and Italians immigrated to Sardinia, and keep doing so in order to trade, Spanish, Catalan and Italian are also spoken; so, a single people is able to hold a conversation in all these languages. However, those from Cagliari and Alghero usually speak their masters' language, Catalan, whilst the other people retain the genuine language of the Sardinians.>> Original text: << Loquuntur lingua propria sardoa, tum ritmice, tum soluta oratione, praesertim in Capite Logudorii, ubi purior copiosior, et splendidior est. Et quia Hispani plures Aragonenses et Cathalani et Itali migrarunt in eam, et commerciorum caussa quotidie adventant, loquuntur etiam lingua hispanica et cathalana et italica; hisque omnibus linguis concionatur in uno eodemque populo. Caralitani tamen et Algharenses utuntur suorum maiorum lingua cathalana; alii vero genuinam retinent Sardorum linguam.>> 455: 7004:«come conseguenza dell’italianizzazione dell’isola – a partire dalla seconda metà del XVIII secolo ma con un’accelerazione dal secondo dopoguerra – si sono verificati i casi in cui, per un lungo periodo e in alcune fasce della popolazione, si è interrotta la trasmissione transgenerazionale delle varietà locali. Potremmo aggiungere che in condizioni socioeconomiche di svantaggio l’atteggiamento linguistico dei parlanti si è posto in maniera negativa nei confronti della propria lingua, la quale veniva associata ad un’immagine negativa e di ostacolo per la promozione sociale. Un gran numero di parlanti, per marcare la distanza dal gruppo sociale di appartenenza, ha piano piano abbandonato la propria lingua per servirsi della lingua dominante e identificarsi in un gruppo sociale differente e più prestigioso.» Gargiulo, Marco (2013). 7334:«The evolution of Gallurese is often explained by the existence of Corsican settlements in Gallura in the 15th and 16th centuries. As regards Sassarese, opinions diverge: Wagner (1950) argues that it developed through the immigration of Italian settlers into deserted Sassari in the aftermath of the plague in the 16th and 17th centuries, while Sanna (1975) regards it as a kind of 'Verkehrsprache' that developed through the contacts with Pisa and Genoa from the 12th century onwards. Doubts as to the Sardinian character of the two northern dialects are based on several systematic differences that distinguish Sassarese and Galurese from Logudorese and Campidanese and suggest that they belong to the group of Italo-Romance dialects.» 513: 7578:"Olim Sardi vestiebantur caprarum pellibus, veterum Graecorum more, ut inquit Alexander Sardus lib. 1, cap. 9 de Moribus Gentium. Nam et Hercules, a quo originem duxerunt, pelle etiam vestiebatur. Illis tamen utebantur hyeme, pilis introrsum conversis; aestate vero, aversis, ut inquit Nymphodorus, quem refert Volaterramus, eamque tunicam sardonicam vocat Caelius, lib. 16, cap. 1 o, et Sardorum mastrucam appellat Cicero et Divus Hieronymus lib. Adversus Luciferianos. Unde Sardi Mastrucati sunt dicti a Cicerone, et Pelidi a Sabellico, post Livium lib. 23 et 29, qui, alibi refert, anno ante Christum 3757, fuisse a Sardis Romano exercitui data duodecim millia tunicarum, et mille et ducentae togae." 88: 3173: 3741: 2193: 3698: 3490: 3671: 3505: 4012: 3403: 3982: 3844: 3328: 3460: 3445: 3920: 2940: 3880: 3536: 3626: 3864: 3721: 4072: 564: 3343: 1093: 3611: 100: 3520: 3997: 3951: 2850: 1498: 3475: 3808: 3832: 3820: 3757: 3551: 3900: 3641: 3388: 3358: 1261: 3581: 3313: 3772: 2684: 683: 4027: 3967: 3656: 8055: 4057: 3566: 3686: 3418: 3939: 118: 4087: 3373: 792: 3433: 8116: 4042: 3784: 2974: 262: 3796: 5659:«..Nello stesso tempo i Sardi rimasti indipendenti sulle montagne smisero il loro iniziale atteggiamento ostile nei confronti dei Cartaginesi, dei quali divennero federati, come dimostra il fatto che essi non si sollevarono contro i Punici nel momento in cui Scipione prese Olbia (259 a.C.), ma anzi fecero causa comune con quelli. Ne sono indizio le numerose menzioni di trionfi romani su Cartaginesi e Sardi.» 3127: 3596: 5706: 7160:<<Nel 1948 la Sardegna diventa, anche per le sue peculiarità linguistiche, Regione Autonoma a statuto speciale. Tuttavia a livello politico, ufficiale, non cambia molto per la minoranza linguistica sarda, che, con circa 1,2 milioni di parlanti, è la più numerosa tra tutte le comunità alloglotte esistenti sul territorio italiano...>> 859:. The Italic immigrants were confronted with a difficult coexistence with the natives, who were reluctant to assimilate to the language and customs of the colonists; many aspects of the ancient Sardo-Punic culture are documented to have persisted well into Imperial times, and the mostly mountainous innerlands came to earn the name of 2757:, and finally Italian) imposing themselves in a position of political and thereby social prestige. Because of a movement, described by some authors as a "linguistic and cultural revival" that gained traction in the postwar period, the Sardinians' cultural heritage was recognized in 1997 and 1999, which makes them the largest 1149:

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the main Sardinian cities of Cagliari (the capital of the Kingdom), Alghero and Sassari appear well placed in the trade routes of the time. The cosmopolitan composition of its people provides evidence of it: the population was not only indigenous, but also hailing from

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There are four nations of mountaineers, the Parati, Sossinati, Balari, and the Aconites. These people dwell in caverns. Although they have some arable land, they neglect its cultivation, preferring rather to plunder what they find cultivated by others, whether on the island or on the continent, where

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Neque ego, cum de vitiis gentis loquor, neminem excipio; sed a me est de universo genere dicendum, in quo fortasse aliqui suis moribus et humanitate stirpis ipsius et gentis vitia vicerunt. Magnam quidem esse partem sine fide, sine societate et coniunctione nominis nostri res ipsa declarat. Quae est

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Olivieri, A; Sidore, C; Achilli, A; Angius, A; Posth, C; Furtwängler, A; Brandini, S; Capodiferro, MR; Gandini, F; Zoledziewska, M; Pitzalis, M; Maschio, A; Busonero, F; Lai, L; Skeates, R; Gradoli, MG; Beckett, J; Marongiu, M; Mazzarello, V; Marongiu, P; Rubino, S; Rito, T; Macaulay, V; Semino, O;

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In the past, the clothes diversified themselves even within the communities, performing a specific function of communication as it made it immediately clear the marital status and the role of each member in the social area. Until the mid-20th century the traditional costume represented the everyday

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Colourful and of various and original forms, the Sardinian traditional clothes are an ancient symbol of belonging to specific collective identities, as well as one of the most genuine ethnic expressions of the Mediterranean folklore. Although the basic model is homogeneous and common throughout the

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The Region of Sardinia keeps a register of overseas Sardinians who have managed to set up, in the Italian mainland and the rest of the world, a number of cultural associations: these are meant to provide the people of Sardinian descent, or those with an interest on Sardinian culture, an opportunity

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With a population density of 69/km, slightly more than a third of the national average, Sardinia is the fourth least populated region in Italy. The population distribution was anomalous compared to that of other Italian regions lying on the sea. In fact, contrary to the general trend, from the late

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and the swampy nature of the coastal plains that were reclaimed only in the 20th century. Similarly to the Celtic clans, the Sardinians have in fact tended to retreat into the less accessible interior to keep their own independence and way of life. The situation has been recently reversed with the

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noted how there was still not on the island a single community which had had friendly intercourse with the Roman people. Even from the former Sardo-Carthaginian settlements, with which the Sardinian mountaineers had formed an alliance in a common struggle against the Romans, indigenous attempts

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Therefore, at the beginning of the imperial age, the Sardinian population appears remarkably composite: the coexistence between the natives and the Italic immigrants was not easy; the integration turned out to be slow, different from region to region and, in the inland areas, firmly closed to

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in Italy, with around a million Sardinians still able to speak the language to some degree. However, because of a rigid model of Italian education system that has strongly promoted Italian to the detriment of Sardinian, the language has been in decline over the past century, since the people

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Question which gave the following results: (1) just Sardinian, 26%; (2) more Sardinian than Italian, 37%; (3) equally Sardinian and Italian, 31%; (4) more Italian than Sardinian, 5%; (5) only Italian and not Sardinian, 1%. A 2017 poll by the Ixè Institute reported that 51% of the Sardinians

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Paglietti, Giacomo; Tanda, Giuseppa; Melis, Rita Teresa; Musinu, Anna; Cruciani, Gabriele; Franceschelli, Marcello; Cannas, Carla; Mameli, Valentina; Casu, Mariano (2022), "Technological insights on the Early-Middle Bronze Age pottery of Monte Meana cave (Sardinia, Italy)",

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since the late 19th century, at a time in which they first started to be slowly displaced in favour of the "Continental fashion" in the various contexts of everyday life, and their primary function has since switched to become a marker of ethnic identity.

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Most Sardinians are native to the island but a sizable number of people have settled outside Sardinia: it had been estimated that, between 1955 and 1971, 308,000 Sardinians emigrated to the Italian mainland. Sizable Sardinian communities are located in

5064:"I monumenti dell'Egitto che hanno di già sparsa tanta luce sulla storia dell'antico oriente, sarebbero quelli i quali, secondo un'opinione recentemente emessa da più di un dotto, farebbero anche il più antico ricordo dei Sardi." Pais, Ettore (1881). 2638:

Population surveys have been carried out, on repeated occasions, to provide information about the Sardinians' identity, as well as their conciliation with the institutional layers of political governance. The most detailed survey, conducted by the

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Matisoo-Smith, E.; Gosling, A. L.; Platt, D.; Kardailsky, O.; Prost, S.; Cameron-Christie, S.; Collins, C. J.; Boocock, J.; Kurumilian, Y.; Guirguis, M.; Pla Orquín, R.; Khalil, W.; Genz, H.; Abou Diwan, G.; Nassar, J.; Zalloua, P. (2018).

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In 1931, only 3.2% of the island's population was estimated to be native of the Mainland. A central government policy would change this situation in the following years, which saw an immigration flow from the Italian peninsula: the

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in the world (22 centenarians/100,000 inhabitants). The key factors of such a high concentration of centenarians are identified in the genetics of the Sardinians, lifestyle such as diet and nutrition, and the social structure.

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Rosati, G; Aiello, I; Pirastru, MI; Mannu, L; Sanna, G; Sau, GF; Sotgiu, S (1996). "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Northwestern Sardinia: further evidence for higher frequency in Sardinians compared to other Italians".

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region, along the north-western coastline. As a result of the city's originally diverse composition, Carbonia developed a variety of Italian with some Sardinian influences from the neighbouring areas, while the other mainland

1294:. According to an 1882 census realised by the French engineer Leon Goüine, 10,000 miners worked in the south-western Sardinian mines, one third of whom being from the Italian mainland; most of them settled in Iglesias and 598:. Although the Sardinians were considered to have acquired a sense of national identity, at that time, the grand tribal identities of the Nuragic Sardinians were said to be three (roughly from the South to the North): the 7873:

Sotgiu, S; Pugliatti, M; Sanna, A; Sotgiu, A; Castiglia, P; Solinas, G; Dolei, A; Serra, C; Bonetti, B; Rosati, G (2002). "Multiple sclerosis complexity in selected populations: the challenge of Sardinia, insular Italy".

6101:«Sardinians have always had a tendency to retreat into the mountainous interior of their island trying to continue their free and independent way of life, similar to that of the Gaelic clans. A Sardinian proverb says “ 913:

they make descents, especially upon the Pisatæ. The prefects sent sometimes resist them, but at other times leave them alone, since it would cost too dear to maintain an army always on foot in an unhealthy place.

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island, each town or village has its own traditional clothing which differentiates it from the others. The Sardinians' traditional garments, as well as their jewellery, have been defined as an object of study in

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nowadays, and it has been estimated that only 10-13 percent of the young native population have some active and passive competence in the language). Therefore, Sardinian is facing challenges analogous to other

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The other languages spoken in Sardinia, all also endangered but with much fewer speakers than Sardinian in absolute numbers, developed after the arrival of certain communities from outside the island, namely

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questioned identified themselves as Sardinian (as opposed to an Italian average of 15% who identified by their region of origin) rather than Italian (19%), European (11%), and/or citizen of the world (19%).

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in 1955, said that «for Sardinians, traditional costumes are daily dress and not a holiday or touristic get-up. In the arid brown autumn landscape the population blossoms like flowers on the desert».

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2011, – D.Angioni-S.Loi-G.Puggioni, La popolazione dei comuni sardi dal 1688 al 1991, CUEC, Cagliari, 1997 – F. Corridore, Storia documentata della popolazione di Sardegna, Carlo Clausen, Torino, 1902

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Several studies have been carried out on the genetics of the Sardinian population to investigate some pathologies to which the Sardinians seem to be predisposed in a unique way, likely linked due to

761:; however, it took the Romans more than another 150 years to manage to subdue the more belligerent Nuragic tribes of the interior, and after 184 years since the Sardinians fell under Roman sway, 3216:). Studies analyzing the DNA of both ancient and modern individuals from the island confirm that the current population is mainly (50% or more) derived from the prehistoric settlers (mostly 7808: 6604: 2931:. The holiday has been formally recognised by the Sardinian Council since 14 September 1993. Some public events are annually held to commemorate the episode, while the schools are closed. 6587: 2749:. The historical loss of the islanders' political autonomy has kept the language at a stage of dialectal fragmentation, reflecting the coexistence of the various other languages (namely 871:) as a testament of the fiercely independent spirit of the tribes who dwelled therein (in fact, they would continue to practice their indigenous prehistoric religion up until the age of 1446:

Middle Ages until the 20th century urban settlement has not taken place primarily along the coast but towards the centre of the island. Historical reasons for this include the repeated

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La politica linguistica per la lingua sarda, in Maccani, Lucia; Viola, Marco. Il valore delle minoranze. La leva ordinamentale per la promozione delle comunità di lingua minoritaria

4739:<<Sull'origine del popolo sardo le fonti classiche non riescono a darci che poche e scarse notizie, la cui interpretazione non è affatto facile.>> Sanna, Natale (1986). 2178:

Unlike the rest of Italian emigration, where migrants were mainly males, between 1953 and 1974 an equal number of females and males emigrated from Sardinia to the Italian mainland.

6551: 7548: 3271:. Some other genetic peculiarities have been noted, like the high frequency of rare uniparental haplotypes, extensive linkage disequilibrium of autosomal markers, high levels of 6431: 7772: 6420: 6021: 1274:

Since 1850, with the reorganization of the Sardinian mines, there had been a considerable migration flow from the Italian peninsula towards the Sardinian mining areas of

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Manjusha Chintalapati, Nick Patterson, Priya Moorjani (2022) The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene eLife 11:e77625

3843: 2927:, Carlo Balbiano) from Sardinia on 28 April 1794. The revolt was spurred by the King's refusal to grant the island the autonomy the locals demanded in exchange for 2220:

Fewer than a hundred Sardinian surnames are needed to group together as much as a third of the whole Sardinian population. The most common Sardinian surnames, like

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As of 2013, there were 42,159 foreign (that is, any people who have not applied for Italian citizenship) national residents, forming 2.5% of the total population.

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became the majority of the population at least since the 15th century. This migration from the neighboring island, which is likely to have led to the birth of the

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clothing in most of Sardinia, but even today in various parts of the island it is possible to meet elderly people dressed in costume. Herbert Kubly, writing for

6770: 2020: 2010: 2000: 1470:. However, the population in Sardinia has increased in recent years because of immigration, mainly proceeding from continental Italy and Sicily, but also from 7786: 6756: 6392: 2630:, etc.) are historically attested and were common among the islanders up until the contemporary era, when they switched in full measure to the Italian names. 8245: 6361: 6135: 2200:. In the tombstone to the left, dating back to the second half of the 19th century and written in Sardinian, some historical Sardinian given names are used ( 803:

During the Roman rule, there was a considerable immigration flow from the Italian peninsula into the island; ancient sources mention several populations of

6663: 6533: 2810:, settling in specific regions of Sardinia over the recent centuries; because of these dynamics, Sardinia's society has been characterized by situational 6892: 6721: 6784: 7917:

Olivieri, A.; Sidore, C.; Achilli, A.; Angius, A.; Posth, C.; Furtwängler, A.; Brandini, S.; Capodiferro, M.R.; Gandini, F.; Zoledziewska, M. (2017).

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were found, and they still followed the old Punic script at a time when even in North Africa the script was neo-Punic; Punic-style magistrates called

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Stranieri nella Cagliari del XVI e XVII secolo da "Los Otros: genti, culture e religioni diverse nella Sardegna spagnola”, Cagliari, 23 aprile 2004.

5271: 4632:«Sardi: indigeni, qui in Sardinia nati sunt.» ("Sardinians: the indigenous people who are born on the island of Sardinia.") Robert Estienne, 1583, 4522: 3879: 5090: 1459:

and seaside tourism; today all Sardinia's major urban centres are located near the coast, while the island's interior is very sparsely populated.

5131: 605:, inhabiting the area from the southernmost plains to the mountainous zone of eastern Sardinia (later part of what would be called by the Romans 4660:«Sardinians form an ethnic minority since they show a strong awareness of being an indigenous group with a language and culture of their own.» 4297:

Sardinia in Arabic sources. Annali della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Sassari, v.3, pp.287-297. ISSN 1828-5384

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The language or languages spoken in Sardinia during the Bronze Age is unknown since there are no written records of such period. According to

5105: 6281: 4865:"Sardus, ut inquit Pausanias, filius fuit Maceridis, qui apud Aegyptios et Libyes, Libyes Hercules dicebatur, et Delphos aliquando petiit." 4445:"EMIGRAZIONE SARDA, STORIE DI VITE NEL MONDO | InfoSardinya - sardegna info eventi advertising communication itinerari promotion guide" 3899: 784:

existed in Bithia as late as the mid-second century CE. Overall, Sardinia was quite disliked by the Romans and, as isolated as it was kept,

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Brigaglia, Manlio; Giuseppina Fois; Laura Galoppini; Attilio Mastino; Antonello Mattone; Guido Melis; Piero Sanna; Giuseppe Tanda (1995).

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Marco Tangheroni, La città dell'argento. Iglesias dalle origini alla fine del Medioevo, Napoli 1985, Liguori editore, ISBN 9788820713669

6497: 730:; starting from the same areas, where the relations between the indigenous Sardinians and the descendants of Phoenician settlers, the 6347: 2884:'s heads wearing a white bandana in each quarter. Its origins are basically shrouded in mystery, but it is presumed it originated in 2212:). Such given names are however absent in the neighbouring tombstones written in Italian, which testifies to the ongoing process of 6309: 6295: 5838: