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1962:, in which 41 New Zealand tunnellers were killed and 151 wounded. The British tunnellers had gained an advantage over the German miners by the Autumn of 1916, which virtually ended the German underground threat. The British turned to digging 12 subways about 25 ft (7.6 m) down, to the front line, the longest tunnel being 1,883 yd (1.070 mi; 1.722 km) long of the 10,500 yd (6.0 mi; 9.6 km) dug. In one sector, four Tunnelling companies of 500 men each, worked around-the-clock in 18-hour shifts for two months to dig 12 mi (20 km) of subways for foot traffic, tramways with rails for hand-drawn trolleys and a light railway system. Most tunnels were lit by electricity, accommodated telephone cables and some had trams and water supplies. Caverns were dug into the sides for brigade and battalion HQs, first aid posts and store-rooms. The subways were found to be a most efficient way to relieve troops in the line, form up for the attack and then to evacuate wounded. Some of the tunnels were continued into
2610:
French offensive in the Aisne sector. In many respects, the battle might be deemed a victory for the
British and their allies but these gains were offset by high casualties after the first two days and the failure of the French offensive at the Aisne. By the end of the offensive, the British had suffered more than 150,000 casualties and gained little ground since the first day. Despite significant early gains, they were unable to break through and the situation reverted to stalemate. Although historians generally consider the battle a British victory, in the wider context of the front, it had very little impact on the strategic or tactical situation. Ludendorff later commented "no doubt exceedingly important strategic objects lay behind the British attack but I have never been able to discover what they were". Ludendorff was also "very depressed; had our principles of defensive tactics proved false and if so, what on Earth was to be done?"
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1903:) by the front divisions. On 7 April, Nagel viewed the imminent British attack as a limited effort against Vimy ridge, preparatory to a bigger attack later, perhaps combined with the French attack expected in mid-April. Construction of positions to fulfil the new policy of area defence had been drastically curtailed by shortages of labour and the long winter, which affected the setting of concrete. The 6th Army commanders had also been reluctant to encourage the British to change their plans if the British detected a thinning of the front line. The Germans were inhibited by the extent of British air reconnaissance, which observed new field works and promptly directed artillery fire on them. The 6th Army failed to redeploy its artillery, which remained in lines easy to see and bombard. Work on defences was also divided between maintaining the front line, strengthening the third line and the new
1806:), with the reinforcements from Verdun, which began to arrive in greater numbers in September. In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre would not evade Allied artillery fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited French or British infantry to occupy vacant areas. Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the means to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wide area had already made difficult. Loßberg and others had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack (
1947:
he had 16 Army Troops companies, five with each corps in the front line and one with XVIII Corps, four tunnelling companies, three entrenching battalions, eight RE labour battalions and 37 labour companies. Inside the old walls of Arras were the Grand Place and Petit Place, under which there were old cellars, which were emptied and refurbished for the accommodation of 13,000 men. Under the suburbs of St
Sauveur and Ronville were many caves, some huge, which were rediscovered by accident in October 1916. When cleared out, the caves had room for 11,500 men, one in the Ronville system housing 4,000 men. The 8 ft × 6 ft (2.4 m × 1.8 m) Crinchon sewer followed the ditch of the old fortifications and tunnels were dug from the cellars to the sewer.
1951:
tunnel followed the line of the road to
Cambrai and had five shafts in no man's land but the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line forestalled the use of the Ronville tunnels, when the German front line was withdrawn 1,000 yd (910 m) and there was no time to extend the diggings. The subterranean workings were lit by electricity and supplied by piped water, with gas-proof doors at the entrances; telephone cables, exchanges and testing-points used the tunnels, a hospital was installed and a tram ran from the sewer to the St Sauveur caves. The observation post for the VI Corps heavy artillery off the St Sauveur tunnel, had a telephone exchange with 750 circuits; much of the work in this area being done by the
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Corps were to allot tasks to divisions, which would then select objectives and devise infantry plans subject to corps approval. Artillery planning was controlled by corps with consultation of divisions by the corps
General Officer Commanding, Royal Artillery (GOCRA) which became the title of the officer at each level of command who devised the bombardment plan, which was coordinated with neighbouring corps artillery commanders by the army GOCRA. Specific parts of the bombardment were nominated by divisions, using their local knowledge and the results of air reconnaissance. The corps artillery commander was to co-ordinate counter-battery fire and the howitzer bombardment for zero hour. Corps controlled the
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the men became exhausted by the endless task of keeping open dug-out entrances and demoralised by the absence of rations caused by the difficulties of preparing and moving hot food under bombardment. Some went without food altogether for two or three consecutive days. By the eve of battle, the front-line trenches had ceased to exist and their barbed wire defences were blown to pieces. The official history of the 2nd
Bavarian Reserve Regiment describes the front line as "consisting no longer of trenches but of advanced nests of men scattered about". The 262nd Reserve Regiment history writes that its trench system was "lost in a crater field". To add to the misery, for the last ten hours of bombardment,
2169:, although they suffered many casualties in fighting near the village. One reason for the success of the offensive in this sector was the failure of Falkenhausen to employ a defence in depth. In theory, an attacker would be allowed to make initial gains, thus stretching their lines of communication. Reserves held close to the battlefield would be committed once the initial advance had bogged down, before enemy reinforcements could be brought up. The defenders would thus be able to counter-attack and regain any lost territory. In this sector, Falkenhausen kept his reserve troops too far from the front and they were too late for a useful counter-attack on either 10 or 11 April.
239:
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objective) was not to be attacked by tanks, which were to begin the drive to the front line at zero hour and rendezvous with infantry at the black line two hours later. The tanks were reserved for the most difficult objectives beyond the black line in groups of up to ten vehicles. Four tanks were to attack
Neuville Vitasse, four against Telegraph Hill, four against The Harp and another four against Tilloy lez Mofflaines and two were to drive down the slope from Roclincourt west of Bois de la Maison Blanche. Once the blue line had fallen, the tanks still running were to drive to rally points.
331:
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184:
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255:
2184:
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210:
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2210:, constant training and the assignment of specific objectives to each platoon. By giving units specific goals, troops could continue the attack even if their officers were killed or communication broke down, thus bypassing two major problems of combat on the Western Front. The Canadian troops could see the Germans in retreat across the Douai Plain away from the ridge. There was nevertheless an inflexibility to the plan which prevented the leading troops from continuing the advance and on 10 April the Germans began to stop the gaps with reserves.
197:
63:
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1621:, which covered an area 100 yd (91 m) wide and 50 yd (46 m) deep, with the four sections in a diamond pattern, the rifle section ahead, rifle grenade and bombing sections to the sides and the Lewis gun section behind, until resistance was met. German defenders were to be suppressed by fire from the Lewis-gun and rifle-grenade sections, while the riflemen and hand-grenade sections moved forward, preferably by infiltrating around the flanks of the resistance, to overwhelm the defenders from the rear.
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2403:. On 8 April it was announced that wire cutting, begun on 5 April, would take another eight days. At dusk on 9 April, patrols went forward and found that the Hindenburg Line was occupied but that the wire cutting bombardment had made several lanes through the wire. Preparations were made in a rush, the 4th Australian Division to attack with two brigades, the 4th on the right and 12th on the left. The attack had to cover 500 yd (457 m) to the wire and another 100 yd (91 m) to the first trench at
1707:), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack. Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with bigger units. The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to
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2234:(the right to issue orders in the army commander's name) and within hours, Loßberg began to restructure the German defence. The British aimed to consolidate the gains made in the first days of the offensive, to keep the initiative and to break through in concert with the French at Aisne. From 16 April, it was apparent that the French part of the Nivelle Offensive on the Aisne had not achieved a breakthrough. Haig continued to attack at Arras, to divert troops from the French on the Aisne.
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2459:) ammunition. The next tank to reach the German lines was snagged by wire, then crossed the first trench before being knocked out. The last tank started late and followed a similar path to the first. The four tanks comprising the left-hand section were late and two were knocked out short of the German trenches; the third tank arrived behind the Australian infantry and silenced a machine-gun in Bullecourt. The tank was hit twice, returned to the railway and was hit again.
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out and the 48th
Australian Battalion further forward was surrounded. The artillery of the 2nd Guard Division and 220th Division added to the barrage in no man's land and prevented another Australian attack. As the Australians were being forced back, they were unable to salvage ammunition and grenades from the dead and wounded. The British and Australian artillery had eventually begun to fire but this fell on the Australian-occupied trenches, making them untenable. At
224:
2079:. (Flash spotting required Royal Flying Corps observers to record the location of telltale flashes made by guns whilst firing.) On Zero-Day, 9 April, over 80 per cent of German heavy guns in the sector were neutralised (that is, "unable to bring effective fire to bear, the crews being disabled or driven off") by counter-battery fire. Gas shells were also used against the draught horses of the batteries and to disrupt ammunition supply columns.
1999:, from adopting an offensive posture. Dominance of the air over Arras was essential for reconnaissance and the British carried out many aerial patrols. RFC aircraft carried out artillery spotting, photography of trench systems and bombing. Aerial observation was hazardous work as, for best results, the aircraft had to fly at slow speeds and low altitude over the German defences. It became even more dangerous with the arrival of the Red Baron,
2582:, while British troops from the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division attacked Bullecourt, which was finally taken by the 7th Division and despite determined counter-attacks was held by the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. German resistance was fierce and when the offensive was called off on 17 May, few of the initial objectives had been met. The Australians were in possession of much of the German trench system between Bullecourt and
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1632:
through the leading platoons to the next objective. The new organisations and equipment gave the infantry platoon the capacity for fire and manoeuvre, even in the absence of adequate artillery support. To bring uniformity in adoption of the methods laid down in the revised manuals and others produced over the winter, Haig established a BEF Training
Directorate in January 1917, to issue manuals and oversee training.
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blowing "a squall of sleet and snow into the faces of the
Germans". The combination of the unusual bombardment and poor visibility meant many German troops were caught unawares and taken prisoner, still half-dressed, clambering out of the deep dugouts of the first two lines of trenches. Others were captured without their boots, trying to escape but stuck in the knee-deep mud of the communication trenches.
1713:(immediate counter-attack within the position). Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods.
1663:. Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone. Behind the main line of resistance was a
2684:. Fowkes collated the daily casualty tallies kept by each unit under Haig's command and his findings were endorsed by the official historian Cyril Falls in 1940. Third Army casualties were 87,226, the First Army suffered 46,826 (including 11,004 Canadians at Vimy Ridge) and the Fifth Army 24,608 casualtis, a total of 158,660. German losses are more difficult to determine.
2152:, a trench running between Wancourt and Feuchy and an important component of the German defences. Most of these objectives, including Feuchy village, had been achieved by the evening of 10 April though the Germans were still in control of large sections of the trenches between Wancourt and Feuchy, particularly in the area of the fortified village of Neuville-Vitasse.
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food for the men and feed for the draught horses was brought up and
Casualty Clearing Stations were established in readiness for the inevitable counter-attacks. Allied commanders also faced a dilemma: whether to keep their exhausted divisions on the attack and run the risk of having insufficient manpower or replace them with fresh divisions and lose momentum.
2071:, accounting for over half the casualties at the first day of the Somme. A further complication was the location of German artillery, hidden as it was behind the ridges. In response, specialist artillery units were created to attack German artillery. Their targets were provided by 1st Field Survey Company, Royal Engineers, who collated data obtained from
2330:, another German defensive position in the Douai Plain. This was scheduled to coincide with the Australian attack at Bullecourt to present the Germans with a two–pronged assault. British commanders hoped that success in this venture would force the Germans to retreat further to the east. The British launched another attack using regiments from the
1764:). If the immediate counter-attack failed, counter-attack divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack if the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront. The reserve was obtained by creating
2472:
The Australian infantry in the German defences were cut off and the 4th Australian Brigade was forced back; many of its troops were taken prisoner and those who tried to retreat suffered many more casualties. In the 12th Australian Brigade, the 46th Australian Battalion in the first trench was forced
2419:
and Stokes 4-inch mortars as the Australians assembled and waited for the tanks to arrive. Six battalions were out in the snow of no man's land. The left of the 12th Australian Brigade was only 400 yd (366 m) from Bullecourt and dawn was approaching. Zero hour was put back but the tanks had
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were sound but the whole art of leadership lies in applying them correctly". (A later court of inquiry found that Falkenhausen had indeed misunderstood the principles of defence in depth.) Ludendorff immediately ordered reinforcements. On 11 April, he sacked Falkenhausen's chief of staff and replaced
2101:
The preliminary bombardment of Vimy Ridge started on 20 March; and the bombardment of the rest of the sector on 4 April. Limited to a front of only 24 mi (39 km), the bombardment used 2,689,000 shells, over a million more than had been used on the Somme. German casualties were not heavy but
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and the Battle of the Somme but had encountered two technical problems. The first was accurately synchronising the movement of the troops to the fall of the barrage: for Arras, this was overcome by rehearsal and strict scheduling. The second was the barrage falling erratically as the barrels of heavy
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with exits in mine craters in no man's land and new mines were laid. Galleries were dug to be opened after the attack for communication or cable trenches, the work being done by the 172nd, 176th, 182nd and 185th Tunnelling companies (Lieutenant-Colonel G. C. Williams, Controller of Mines First Army).
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of 8 May 1916 and marked a significant step in the evolution of the BEF into a homogeneous force, well adapted to its role on the Western Front. The duties of army, corps and divisions in planning attacks were standardised. Armies were to devise the plan and the principles of the artillery component.
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decided on a defensive strategy on the Western Front for that year. This impasse reinforced the French and British commanders' belief that to end the stalemate they needed a breakthrough; while this desire may have been the main impetus behind the offensive, the timing and location were influenced by
2577:
After the initial assault around Bullecourt failed to penetrate the German lines, British commanders made preparations for a second attempt. British artillery began an intense bombardment of the village, which by 20 April had been virtually destroyed. Although the infantry assault was planned for 20
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persuaded the British Prime Minister, that if the British launched a diversionary assault to draw German troops away from the Aisne sector, the French offensive could succeed. It was agreed in the London Convention of 16 January, that the French assault on the Aisne would begin in mid-April and that
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met stiffer resistance. The village was secured by early evening but when a German counter-attack forced a brief retreat, elements of the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division were brought up as reinforcements and the village was held. Subsequent attacks on 29 April failed to capture more ground. The attacks
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The news of the battle reached General Ludendorff during his 52nd birthday celebrations at his headquarters in Kreuznach who wrote, "I had looked forward to the expected offensive with confidence and was now deeply depressed". He telephoned each of his commanders and "gained the impression that the
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After the Allied conference at Chantilly, Haig issued instructions for army commanders on 17 November 1916, with a general plan for offensive operations in the spring of 1917. The Chief engineer of the Third Army, Major-General E. R. Kenyon, composed a list of requirements by 19 November, for which
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and its companion manuals provided British infantry with "off-the-peg" tactics, devised from the experience of the Somme and from French Army operations, to go with new equipment made available by increasing British and Allied war production and better understanding of the organisation necessary to
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in Operation Alberich, negating the tactical assumptions underlying the plans for the French offensive. Until French troops advanced into the former Noyon Salient during the Battles of Arras, they encountered no German troops in the assault sector and French doubts over the wisdom of the offensive
1364:
until after August 1916. The battles consumed enormous quantities of resources while achieving virtually no strategic gains on the battlefield. The cost to Germany of containing the Anglo-French attacks had been enormous and given that the material preponderance of the Entente and its allies could
2609:
By the standards of the Western Front, the gains of the first two days were nothing short of spectacular. A great deal of ground was gained for relatively few casualties and a number of tactically significant points were captured, notably Vimy Ridge. The offensive drew German troops away from the
2272:
The Cojeul river marked a divisional boundary within VI Corps. Guémappe on the north side of the river was the objective of the 15th (Scottish) Division, attacking east from Wancourt towards Vis-en-Artois. The objective was commanded by the higher ground on the south bank and it was not until the
2218:
After the territorial gains of the first two days, a lull followed as British guns, ammunition and transport links were moved forward. Battalions of pioneers built temporary roads across the churned up battlefield; heavy artillery (and its ammunition) was manhandled into position in new gun pits;
1950:
Two long tunnels were excavated from the Crinchon sewer, one through the St Sauveur and one through the Ronville system, allowing the 24,500 troops safely sheltered from German bombardment to move forward underground, avoiding the railway station, an obvious target for bombardment. The St Sauveur
1896:
could be brought forward to relieve the front divisions on the evening of the second day. On 6 April, General Karl von Nagel, the 6th Army Chief of Staff, accepted that some of the front divisions might need to be relieved on the first evening of battle but that any penetrations would be repulsed
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Despite transfers, the Fifth Army had 26 batteries of medium and heavy howitzers but traffic jams caused many hold-ups. When the Bapaume railway station opened on 6 April, train delays caused huge traffic jams, made worse because the lorries could carry only half-loads because of the German road
2087:
Forty tanks of the 1st Brigade were to be used in the attack on the Third Army front, eight with XVIII Corps and sixteen each in VII Corps and VI Corps. When the blue line had been reached, four of the VII Corps tanks were to join VI Corps for its attack on the brown line. The black line (first
2028:
The average flying life of a RFC pilot in Arras in April was 18 hours and from 4 to 8 April, the RFC lost 75 aircraft and 105 aircrew. The casualties created a pilot shortage and replacements were sent to the front straight from flying school; during the same period, 56 aircraft were crashed by
2750:) and several staff officers. Ludendorff and Loßberg discovered that although the Allies were capable of breaking through the first position, they could probably not capitalise on their success if they were confronted by a mobile, clever defence. Ludendorff immediately ordered more training in
2114:
lasting five minutes, following a relatively quiet night. When the time came, it was snowing heavily; Allied troops advancing across no man's land were hindered by large drifts. It was still dark and visibility on the battlefield was very poor. A westerly wind was at the Allied soldiers' backs
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of February 1917, which recommended that the leading troops should push on to the final objective, when only one or two were involved but that for a greater number of objectives, when artillery covering fire was available for the depth of the intended advance, fresh platoons should "leap-frog"
2448:
but drowning the sound of their engines with machine-gun fire failed and they were heard in the German defences. The tank on the right flank deviated to the right, suffered mechanical difficulties and returned to the railway. Another tank also veered right and crossed the first trench of the
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Zero-Hour had originally been planned for the morning of 8 April (Easter Sunday) but it was postponed 24 hours at the request of the French, despite reasonably good weather in the assault sector. Zero-Day was rescheduled for 9 April with Zero-Hour at 05:30. The assault was preceded by a
1659:(Principles of Command for Defensive Battles in Positional Warfare), the policy of unyielding defence of ground, regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would
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in each platoon – the corps was able to advance through about 4,000 yd (3,700 m) of German defences and captured the crest of the ridge at about 13:00 on 10 April. Military historians have attributed the success of this attack to careful planning by Canadian Corps commander
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of February 1917 marked the end of attacks made by lines of infantry with a few detached specialists. The platoon was divided into a small headquarters and four sections, one with two trained grenade-throwers and assistants, the second with a Lewis gunner and nine assistants carrying
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near the Scarpe on 3 May. Neither effort made a significant advance and the attack was called off the following day after incurring many casualties. The British learned important lessons about the need for close liaison between tanks, infantry and artillery, which they used in the
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of ammunition, the third section comprised a sniper, scout and nine riflemen and the fourth section had nine men with four rifle-grenade launchers. The rifle and hand-grenade sections were to advance in front of the Lewis-gun and rifle-grenade sections, in two waves or in
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volume on the battle (1940), estimated that 30 per cent needed to be added to German returns for comparison with the British. Falls made "a general estimate" that German casualties were "probably fairly equal". Nicholls puts them at 120,000 and Keegan at 130,000.
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With a view to economising my troops, my objectives were shallow and for a like reason and also in order to give the appearance of an attack on a more imposing scale, demonstrations were continued southwards to the Arras-Cambrai Road and northwards to the Souchez
2477:
the 48th Australian Battalion, the last in the German trenches, made an orderly retreated over the bullet-swept ground. By noon the German counter-attack had succeeded; few Australians had managed to re-cross no man's land through artillery and machine-gun fire.
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50th (Northumbrian) Division captured the rise on the south side of the Cojeul that the village was taken. Several determined German counter-attacks were made and by the morning of 24 April, the British held Guémappe, Gavrelle and the high ground overlooking
2018:...during these days, there was a whole series of dogfights, which almost invariably ended in defeat for the British since it was Richthofen's squadron they were up against. Often five or six planes in succession would be chased away or shot down in flames.
1859:, 15 mi (24 km) away from the front line. The new Hindenburg line ended at Telegraph Hill between Neuville-Vitasse and Tilloy lez Mofflaines, from whence the original system of four lines 75–150 yd (69–137 m) apart, ran north to the
2836:
Most of the tunnels and trenches are barred to the public for reasons of safety. A 270 yd (250 m) portion of the Grange Subway at Vimy Ridge is open to the public from May to November and the Wellington tunnel was opened to the public as the
1396:
The mid-war years were momentous times. Governing politicians in Paris and London were under great pressure from the press, the people and their parliaments to win the war. Hundreds of thousands of casualties had been suffered at the battles of
2823:, which was blown by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company at zero hour, 5:30 a.m. Two German dugouts, 46 m (50 yd) of trench and a concrete pillbox were destroyed but it also stunned and apparently buried some members of the 13th
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increased. The French government desperately needed a victory to avoid civil unrest but the British were wary of proceeding, given the rapidly changing tactical situation. In a meeting with Lloyd George, French commander-in-chief General
1812:) from behind the battle zone. Sceptics wanted the tactic of fighting in the front line to continue, with authority devolved no further than battalion, to maintain organizational coherence in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack (
1355:
At the beginning of 1917, the British and French were still searching for a way to achieve a strategic breakthrough on the Western Front. The previous year had been marked by the costly success of the Anglo-French offensive astride the
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from 1917 to 1918. Haig stayed in his post until the end of the war. When the failures of the 6th Army command became apparent, Ludendorff removed Falkenhausen (who never held a field command again, spending the rest of the war as
2256:
At 04:45 on 23 April, following two days of poor visibility and freezing weather, VI Corps and VII Corps attacked to the east on a 9 mi (14 km) front from Croisilles to Gavrelle, either side of the Scarpe. The
2443:
At a conference at the 4th Australian Division HQ, it was decided that the infantry would advance fifteen minutes after the tanks, rather than wait on a signal from them. Only four tanks reached their start line by
2058:
accordingly. While there was a risk of friendly fire, the creeping barrage forced the Germans to remain in their shelters, allowing Allied soldiers to advance without fear of machine gun fire. The new instantaneous
1560:) in the north and the plan was devised by Allenby. The British used the lessons of the Somme and Verdun the previous year and planned to attack on an 11 mi (18 km) front, from Vimy Ridge in the north to
1328:) but made few gains. The British armies then conducted smaller attacks to consolidate the new positions. Although these battles were generally successful in achieving limited aims, they came at considerable cost.
2407:
about an hour and 48 minutes before the sun rose to evade crossfire in the re-entrant between Quéant and Bullecourt. Artillery-fire would continue as normal until zero hour then maintain barrages on the flanks.
1669:(battle zone), a second defensive area 1,500–2,500 yd (0.85–1.42 mi; 1.4–2.3 km) deep, on ground hidden from enemy observation, as far as possible while in view of German artillery observers. A
2785:
was killed by a shell on 9 April 1917, during the first day of the Easter Offensive. Thomas's war diary gives a vivid and poignant picture of life on the Western front in the months leading up to the battle.
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April, it was postponed several times untilearly morning of 3 May. At 03:45, elements of the 2nd Australian Division attacked east of Bullecourt village, intending to pierce the Hindenburg Line and capture
2902:
reported that two tanks and 200 infantry penetrated Hendecourt and that Indian cavalry could be seen west of Riencourt; no cavalry of the Sialkot Brigade came within 1.5 mi (2 km) of the village.
2294:
Although the Canadian Corps had taken Vimy Ridge, difficulties in securing the south-eastern flank had left the position vulnerable. To rectify this, British and Canadian troops launched an attack towards
2137:
attacking Observation Ridge, north of the Arras–Cambrai road. After reaching this objective, they were to push on towards Feuchy, the second and third German positions. At the same time, elements of the
4315:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
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Due to British fears that blowing the mines would churn up the ground too much and the German withdrawal south-east of Arras, the British were to spring only the 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) charge at
2063:
had been adapted from a French design for high-explosive shells so that they detonated on the slightest impact, vaporising barbed wire. Poison gas shells were used for the final minutes of the barrage.
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but had been unable to capture Hendecourt. To the west, British troops managed to push the Germans out of Bullecourt but incurred considerable losses, failing also to advance north-east to Hendecourt.
2642:
1439:. The United States was close to declaring war on Germany; American public opinion was growing increasingly incensed by U-boat attacks upon civilian shipping, which had begun with the sinking of
1230:
on 1 July 1916. The British advance slowed in the next few days and the German defence recovered. The battle became a costly stalemate for both sides and by the end of the battle, the British
2285:
The principal objective of the attack was to tie down German reserves to assist the French offensive against the plateau north of the Aisne traversed by the Chemin des Dames. Haig reported,
2737:
Although Haig paid tribute to Allenby for the "great initial success"; Allenby's subordinates "objected to the way he handled the ... attritional stage" and he was sent to command the
637:
2265:, attacked the buildings west of Roeux Station and gained the line of their objectives on the western slopes of Greenland Hill, north of the railway. On the left of the main attack, the
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made rapid progress against Gavrelle and secured the village. To the south of the Scarpe and east of Monchy-le-Preux the 29th Division gained the western slopes of Infantry Hill.
632:
1343:(3–17 May), the Arras sector became a quiet front, typical of most of the war in the west, except for attacks on the Hindenburg Line and around Lens, culminating in the Canadian
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1996:
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1564:, 4 mi (6.4 km) south of the Scarpe river. The preliminary bombardment was planned to last about a week except for a much longer and heavier barrage at Vimy Ridge.
4914:
Bechthold, Mike (2013). "Command, Leadership, and Doctrine on the Great War Battlefield: The Australian, British, and Canadian Experience at the Battle of Arras, May 1917".
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explosions that crept across the battlefield in lines, about one hundred metres in advance of the assaulting troops. The Allies had previously used creeping barrages at the
1279:
50 mi (80 km) to the south. The aim of the French offensive was to break through the German defences in forty-eight hours. At Arras the Canadians were to capture
7346:
2510:) planned a spoiling attack to drive back the advanced posts, destroy supplies and guns and then retire to the Hindenburg defences. OHL had added an extra division to his
1585:
but divisions were given authority over extra batteries added to the barrage, which could be switched to other targets by the divisional commander and brigade commanders.
543:
506:
398:
548:
5117:
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only reached Noreuil and Holmes ordered the infantry back under cover; snow began to fall again and shielded the retirement. Patrols of the 2/7th and 2/8th battalions,
1887:
line, which extended the Hindenburg position, was built around 4 mi (6.4 km) further back and not entirely mapped by the Allies until the battle had begun.
6804:
4149:
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in Palestine. He regarded the transfer as a "badge of failure" but "more than redeemed his reputation by defeating" the Ottomans in battles that were fought in the
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6265:
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admitted that they could not meet their commitments. The spring offensive was reduced from attacks on the Eastern and Western fronts to a French assault along the
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592:
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After securing the area around Arleux at the end of April, the British determined to launch another attack east from Monchy to try to break through the
7109:
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2898:
Falls wrote that reports that tanks got into Riencourt and Hendecourt were caused by the foreshortening effect of the rolling down land. An Australian
642:
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2197:
launched an assault on Vimy Ridge. Advancing behind a creeping barrage and making heavy use of machine guns – eighty to each brigade, including one
7356:
940:
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2528:(Operation Battering Ram). The German forces managed to penetrate the Australian front line at the junction on the 1st Australian Division and
2331:
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1792:) was published on 30 January 1917 by Ludendorff but new defensive methods were controversial. During the Battle of the Somme in 1916 Colonel
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6854:
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achieved the limited objective of securing the Canadian position on Vimy Ridge but casualties were high and the result was disappointing.
1475:
The French, Russians and British had intended to launch a joint spring offensive in 1917 but this strategy foundered in February when the
6878:
5769:
5223:
492:
384:
307:
296:
285:
274:
175:
2794:, was severely wounded on 23 April 1917 leading an assault on the German trenches outside Monchy-le-Preux (for which he was awarded the
2764:
of the summer and late autumn; he had become "legendary as the fireman of the Western Front; always sent by OHL to the area of crisis".
5446:
2261:
attacked on the northern side in determined fighting on the western outskirts of Roeux Wood and the chemical works. On their left, the
1226:
on the Western Front. The British achieved the longest advance since trench warfare had begun, surpassing the record set by the French
4269:
Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)
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1526:
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2134:
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objective from early 1915 was to break through the German defences into the open ground beyond and engage the numerically inferior
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was not fully in British hands until a few days later. The British were able to consolidate these gains and push forward towards
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IR 120 in Bullecourt spotted the Australians but were distracted by the 2/7th and 2/8th battalions, West Yorkshire Regiment.
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on 6 April 1917 but it would be more than a year before a suitable army could be raised, trained and transported to France.
7175:
6595:
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1410:
290:
5123:
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by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the Western Front, in
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6270:
5898:
5403:
7160:
2054:
guns wore swiftly but at differing rates during fire: for Arras, the rate of wear of each gun barrel was calculated and
1958:
On the First Army front German sappers also conducted underground operations, seeking out Allied tunnels to assault and
1335:. New tactics and the equipment to exploit them had been used, showing that the British had absorbed the lessons of the
7145:
6435:
5837:
5595:
1331:
When the battle officially ended on 16 May, the British had made significant advances but had been unable to achieve a
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4202:
4181:
2854:(1921), subsidiary operations to the main Battle of Arras were labelled "Flanking Operations to the Arras Offensive".
2507:
2384:
741:
4356:
Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande Zwölfter Band, Die Kriegführung im Frühjahr 1917
6200:
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31:
17:
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1837:
arranged the infantry at Arras for the rigid defence of the front-line, supported by methodical counter-attacks (
859:
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on 28 April. The village was captured by Canadian troops with relative ease but the British troops advancing on
7071:
7066:
7061:
7051:
6745:
5390:
5365:
5263:
4313:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg line and the Battles of Arras
2747:
2262:
2251:
battery under German fire close to Monchy-le-Preux, 24 April. In the foreground is an advanced dressing station
1952:
1530:
2760:
divisions. Loßberg was soon promoted to general and directed the defensive battle of the 4th Army against the
1716:
Given the growing Allied superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second
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7005:
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6677:
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A Taste of Success: The First Battle of the Scarpe. The Opening Phase of the Battle of Arras, 9–14 April 1917
2496:
was holding a frontage of 13,000 yd (7.4 mi; 12 km), the local German corps commander General
2400:
881:
5171:, General history of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade involved in the battle, accessed 9 February 2017
805:
6995:
6622:
6562:
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6364:
6127:
5913:
5617:
5456:
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For much of the war, the opposing armies on the Western Front were at stalemate, with a continuous line of
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1890:
Just before the battle, Falkenhausen had written that parts of the front line might be lost but the five
1553:
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1537:
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1340:
1315:
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1207:
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1132:
965:
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660:
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279:
50:
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1689:) held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front. Sentries could retreat to larger positions (
822:
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7331:
7213:
7170:
6447:
6205:
6190:
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5529:
5441:
5398:
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4668:
4354:
2623:
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2358:
1683:(Principles of Field Fortification) was published by OHL in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone (
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1117:
1095:
1029:
945:
935:
908:
736:
617:
437:
2274:
2146:
and the Bois des Boeufs as their initial objectives. The ultimate objective of these assaults was the
2042:
1734:) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers. As the attackers tried to capture the
7155:
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6507:
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6250:
6235:
5956:
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At roughly the same time, in perhaps the most carefully crafted portion of the entire offensive, the
2103:
1435:
were politically diminished and resigned in March 1917, following disagreements over the prospective
1250:
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1147:
1102:
1085:
1041:
955:
876:
832:
827:
473:
468:
6102:
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Australian battalions restored the front line and the action ended with the Germans having suffered
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6489:
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2725:
2529:
2493:
2336:
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2050:
1834:
1797:
1661:"fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve their strength"
1422:
1239:
1142:
1080:
1056:
960:
886:
215:
4361:
The World War 1914 to 1918, Military Land Operations Twelfth Volume, Warfare in the Spring of 1917
2143:
7336:
7201:
7193:
7135:
6895:
6590:
6353:
6180:
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5807:
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2421:
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1722:(artillery protection line), leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in resistance nests
1332:
1107:
1068:
1046:
896:
837:
763:
335:
229:
6147:
4969:
2676:
The most quoted Allied casualty figures are those in the returns made by Lieutenant-General Sir
1910:
1360:, while the French had been unable to take the initiative because of intense German pressure at
6968:
6692:
6627:
6483:
6210:
6137:
6072:
6054:
6027:
5941:
5908:
5573:
5534:
5514:
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5162:
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2000:
1499:
the British would make a diversionary attack in the Arras sector approximately one week prior.
1447:
1122:
1090:
1051:
950:
918:
891:
864:
773:
455:
4426:
A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918
2838:
2522:
to the south, further to strengthen the attack. The four divisions provided 23 battalions for
1938:
1675:(rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment.
901:
6958:
6612:
6501:
6277:
6240:
6170:
6117:
6039:
6007:
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5931:
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5253:
2787:
2111:
1648:
1219:
1137:
1112:
970:
852:
756:
244:
92:
4651:
Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918
2455:
opposite Grenadier Regiment 123 and was knocked out by machine-guns firing armour-piercing (
1513:
7308:
7223:
5903:
5877:
5827:
5184:
4547:
The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Change in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War
2782:
2665:
2313:
2183:
2178:
1860:
1307:
1254:
1024:
602:
533:
430:
5852:
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1793:
1446:
in 1915 and culminated in the torpedoing of seven American merchantmen in early 1917. The
8:
7290:
6429:
6293:
6245:
6122:
6082:
6077:
6022:
5705:
5699:
5600:
2123:
2067:
The principal danger to assaulting troops came from enemy artillery fire as they crossed
1402:
1398:
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1227:
1034:
990:
985:
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442:
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1991:
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4118:
2899:
2799:
1986:
1769:
1470:
1418:
1007:
847:
768:
670:
2724:
German records excluded the "lightly wounded". Captain Cyril Falls, the author of the
746:
7283:
7277:
7238:
7140:
6973:
6556:
6411:
6394:
6195:
6017:
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4981:
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4935:
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4855:
4818:
4796:
4777:
4758:
4739:
4720:
4698:
4676:
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4616:
4597:
4554:
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4286:
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4253:
4236:
4217:
4198:
4177:
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2772:
2751:
2672:) mentioning three local men who were killed in action on the first day of the battle
2533:
1436:
1344:
1272:
1073:
1014:
817:
647:
408:
5054:
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6044:
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5588:
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4923:
4875:. Vol. I (facs, repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London:
4522:
2681:
2416:
2068:
1822:
Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by Loßberg's memorandum to add it to the new
1582:
1561:
1406:
1370:
1268:
975:
751:
324:
62:
4143:
2363:
1589:
provided the basis for the operational technique of the BEF for the rest of 1917.
7150:
6990:
6329:
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5303:
5142:
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2038:
2010:
led to sharply increased losses of Allied pilots and April 1917, became known as
1518:
1490:
1425:
1319:
1211:
1170:
842:
677:
54:
5147:
4795:(repr. The Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Edinburgh: Blakwood.
4462:
1772:. By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of
7381:
6983:
6963:
6634:
6347:
6185:
5976:
5867:
5723:
5627:
5610:
4388:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918
4383:
2795:
2776:
2619:
2497:
2194:
2133:
The main British assault of the first day was directly east of Arras, with the
2072:
2046:
2004:
1876:
1495:
1432:
1303:
1246:
1203:
913:
783:
160:
5022:'An Army of Brigadiers' British Brigade Commanders at the Battle of Arras 1917
1382:
7325:
7094:
6382:
6376:
5812:
5729:
5640:
5168:
5020:
4985:
4960:
4945:"Bloody April Revisited: The Royal Flying Corps at the Battle of Arras, 1917"
4368:
4240:
2791:
2702:
are incomplete. Wolfgang Foerster, the editor of the German official history
2655:
dedicated to the memory of Lt William Henry O'Keefe who was killed in action.
2560:
2342:
2207:
2076:
1480:
1454:
1440:
1414:
1357:
1215:
795:
330:
319:
260:
113:
100:
5165:
General history of a regiment involved in the battle, accessed 24 April 2007
5065:
4822:
4004:
1597:
6544:
5971:
4944:
4810:
4755:
The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne
4558:
4192:
4157:
4139:
4087:
2648:
2060:
2011:
1959:
1931:
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1311:
301:
1339:
and could mount set-piece attacks against field fortifications. After the
376:
6755:
6660:
6358:
5786:
5207:
4308:
2824:
2203:
2055:
1310:, capturing the ridge. The Third Army in the centre advanced astride the
5135:
4774:
Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18
2536:
and destroyed six Australian artillery pieces. Counter-attacks from the
1624:
The changes in equipment, organisation and formation were elaborated in
484:
5004:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3976:
2570:
2380:
1299:
1280:
1294:
The British effort was an assault on a relatively broad front between
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6317:
3746:
2627:
2198:
202:
6810:
5150:
3834:
3688:
3686:
2634:
he had received at the Battle of the Somme the previous September.
2456:
2300:
1975:
1868:
4020:
2604:
British troops returning for a rest following the Battle of Arras.
2599:
1656:
Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht im Stellungskrieg
2669:
2652:
2237:
1963:
1288:
4428:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
4291:
Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
3683:
3673:
3671:
2159:
were able to force the Germans out of the village, although the
688:
4970:"The Introduction of New German Defensive Tactics in 1916–1917"
4831:
4553:. Fort Leavenworth: US Army Command and General Staff College.
4174:
Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action
2939:
2820:
2296:
2118:
1872:
1476:
1361:
189:
5176:
4363:]. Vol. XII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler.
2481:
6978:
4407:
Now All Roads Lead to France: The Last Years of Edward Thomas
4152:. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
3894:
3892:
3668:
3320:
1856:
1388:
1302:
to the south-east. After a long preparatory bombardment, the
1284:
1223:
88:
5126:
Another online history of the battle, accessed 16 April 2007
5034:. Wolverhampton military Studies (No. 35). Warwick: Helion.
5032:
The Darkest Year: The British Army on the Western Front 1917
5002:
Holding Out: The German Army and Operational Command in 1917
4673:
Forgotten Victory: The First World War – Myths and Realities
4250:
The 1917 Spring Offensives: Arras, Vimy, Le Chemin des Dames
3992:
3952:
3200:
2307:
2128:
18 pounder gun crew in action during the advance near Athies
4854:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber.
4316:
3569:
3459:
3457:
3029:
3027:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2954:
2802:
was wounded during the attack on Bullecourt on 3 May 1917.
2142:
began an assault south of the road, with the Devil's Wood,
1880:
1875:
and to the north the Point du Jour lines, running from the
1295:
1271:. The British attack at Arras was part of the Anglo-French
3889:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3039:
2343:
Flanking operations (Round Bullecourt, 11 April – 16 June)
2041:
was planned. This required gunners to create a curtain of
1980:
British machine gunners fire on German aircraft near Arras
4056:
3762:
3698:
3581:
3557:
3442:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3363:
3361:
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3000:
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demolitions. The heavy guns of the 1st Anzac Corps fired
2172:
1800:) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions (
627:
4378:– via Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich.
4176:(repr. ed.). London: Military Press International.
4032:
3964:
3850:
3810:
3774:
3619:
3617:
3615:
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3469:
3454:
3344:
3308:
3284:
3248:
3236:
3212:
3152:
3140:
3024:
2983:
2966:
2951:
2037:
To keep enemy action to a minimum during the assault, a
1409:, with little prospect of victory in sight. The British
5159:
Exploring the life of a soldier killed at Oppy-Gavrelle
4872:
The Story of the 62nd (West Riding) Division, 1914–1919
4120:
Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System
4068:
3928:
3904:
3879:
3877:
3734:
3722:
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3521:
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3517:
3515:
3502:
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3498:
3496:
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2555:
2277:
and Cherisy; the fighting around Roeux was indecisive.
1989:(RFC) entered the battle with inferior aircraft to the
1752:
of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the
1502:
1417:, resigned in early December 1916 and was succeeded by
1214:. From 9 April to 16 May 1917, British troops attacked
3710:
3641:
3403:
3356:
3224:
3176:
3164:
3128:
3092:
2927:
2379:
The Hindenburg Line defences enclosing the village of
2368:
Relief map showing the Hindenburg Line and Wotan Line
2280:
1784:
Experience of the German 1st Army in the Somme Battles
1758:
into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack (
4150:
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
3612:
3430:
1238:
had suffered about 160,000 casualties and the German
4336:
Chasing Lost Time: the Life of C. K. Scott Moncrieff
4044:
3940:
3916:
3874:
3862:
3822:
3798:
3786:
3653:
3545:
3512:
3493:
3373:
3332:
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3104:
2622:
were awarded. On the German side, on 24 April 1917,
2467:
German troops with British tank captured on 11 April
1867:
road. About 3 mi (4.8 km) behind were the
1365:
only be expected to increase in 1917, Field Marshal
7347:
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
5120:
Online history of the battle, accessed 4 April 2007
5096:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick: Helion.
4852:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
3080:
3012:
5053:
4830:Winkler, Gretchen; Tiedemann, Kurt M. von (2014).
4469:. Translated by Hofman, Michael. London: Penguin.
4214:Look To Your Front: Studies in the First World War
4117:
3188:
2432:the patrols began to retire. The patrols suffered
1291:and divert German reserves from the French front.
4271:(repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press.
2415:Bullecourt was subjected to a gas bombardment by
7323:
4829:
4334:Findlay, Jean (2014). "Chapter 9: Wounded Out".
3958:
2393:(Balcony Trench) around Quéant, defended by the
1645:In a new manual published on 1 December 1916 by
166:
6153:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
4695:Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918
4689:
4634:(2nd ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
4026:
2696:suffered 79,418 casualties but the figures for
2387:for about 2,500 yd (2,286 m) to the
2374:) defences around Bullecourt and Quéant, 1917.
2238:Second Battle of the Scarpe (23–24 April 1917)
235:
7377:Battles of World War I involving South Africa
7372:Battles of World War I involving Newfoundland
5192:
5163:Online history of the Worcestershire Regiment
4790:
4145:The Australian Imperial Force in France: 1917
3692:
2347:
1936:Exit from the Allied military tunnels in the
704:
500:
392:
220:
7367:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand
5048:
4717:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army
4594:Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917
2852:Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee
2755:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2626:awarded Loßberg the Oakleaves (similar to a
2523:
2517:
2511:
2501:
2450:
2394:
2388:
2369:
2325:
2319:
2229:
2160:
2147:
2119:First Battle of the Scarpe (9–14 April 1917)
1904:
1898:
1891:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1789:Erfahrungen der I Armee in der Sommeschlacht
1787:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1646:
1484:
1323:
1262:
27:British offensive during the First World War
6643:
4793:The Fifteenth (Scottish) Division 1914–1919
2482:German attack on Lagnicourt (15 April 1917)
1653:(OHL, supreme command of the German army),
1567:
1467:Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917
406:
7362:Battles of World War I involving Australia
7342:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
5199:
5185:
4521:
3677:
2775:makes reference to the battle in the poem
2228:him with Loßberg. Loßberg went armed with
1602:Front lines at Arras prior to the assault.
1592:
1306:of the First Army in the north fought the
711:
697:
507:
493:
399:
385:
30:For other battles with the same name, see
4942:
4913:
4711:
4667:
4247:
4038:
3635:
3463:
3206:
2308:Third Battle of the Scarpe (3–4 May 1917)
2188:Canadian machine gun squad at Vimy Ridge.
2014:. A German infantry officer later wrote,
1483:. In March, the German army in the west (
514:
7352:Battles of World War I involving Germany
6442:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
5130:New Zealand Tunnellers Memorial in Arras
5124:The Battle of Arras at the War Chronicle
5091:
4809:
4591:
4382:
4352:
4266:
4230:
4115:
4014:
3998:
3986:
3716:
3704:
3606:
3575:
3448:
3412:
3367:
3182:
3170:
3122:
3098:
3074:
3045:
2994:
2977:
2945:
2933:
2659:
2641:
2598:
2559:
2461:
2362:
2241:
2182:
2122:
1974:
1930:
1740:and dig in near the German second line,
1596:
1512:
1381:
7357:Battles of World War I involving Canada
6819:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
5025:(PhD thesis). University of Birmingham.
4771:
4752:
4736:The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917
4733:
4648:
4333:
4285:
4074:
3898:
3752:
3647:
3230:
3146:
3006:
2767:
2716:losses to the end of April and another
2708:volume for early 1917 (1939), recorded
1921:
1640:
1374:political and tactical considerations.
14:
7324:
5018:
4868:
4757:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
4629:
4610:
4543:
4529:. London: Naval & Military Press.
4502:
4483:
4461:
4404:
4190:
4171:
4062:
4050:
4010:
3934:
3922:
3844:
3840:
3756:
3740:
3728:
3662:
3623:
3587:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3436:
3424:
3158:
3134:
3057:
3033:
2960:
2827:and impeded their assault temporarily.
2173:Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917)
1995:, this did not deter their commander,
1897:with local immediate counter-attacks (
1572:In December 1916, the training manual
6772:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
6108:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
5180:
5029:
4999:
4967:
4849:
4697:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4442:
4423:
4307:
4124:(repr. ed.). London: Pan Books.
3982:
3970:
3946:
3883:
3868:
3856:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3506:
3487:
3475:
3379:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3218:
3110:
3086:
3018:
2488:German attack on Lagnicourt, 15 April
692:
577:
488:
380:
7176:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
5148:France reveals British WWI cave camp
5136:The Arras tunnels – NZHistory.net.nz
5118:The Battle of Arras at 1914–1918.net
5072:
4974:British Journal for Military History
4949:British Journal for Military History
4211:
4138:
3910:
3194:
2556:Battle of Bullecourt (3–17 May 1917)
1879:river north along the east slope of
1503:Tactics: British Expeditionary Force
7387:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade
7105:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
5899:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
5169:The South Africans at Delville Wood
4088:"War Composers: E. J. Moeran's War"
2281:Battle of Arleux (28–29 April 1917)
2155:The following day, troops from the
1849:) on the second or third day. Five
1824:Manual of Infantry Training for War
1629:The Normal Formation For the Attack
24:
5838:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
4907:
4252:. Paris: Histoire et Collections.
4197:. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart.
1778:
25:
7408:
5111:
5077:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
4817:. Vol. I. New York: Viking.
4791:Stewart, J.; Buchan, J. (2003) .
4615:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
4596:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
4568:from the original on 4 March 2017
1970:
1275:, the main part of which was the
718:
6201:Second Battle of the Piave River
5823:Russian invasion of East Prussia
4353:Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (1939).
4293:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
4235:(repr. ed.). London: Dent.
2618:On the Allied side, twenty-five
2371:Siegfriedstellung, Wotanstellung
1818:) by the relief divisions after
1536:) were in the Arras sector, the
329:
318:
306:
295:
284:
273:
253:
237:
222:
208:
195:
182:
168:
153:
61:
32:Battle of Arras (disambiguation)
7272:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
6472:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
5206:
5068:– via Archive Foundation.
4928:10.1179/0729247313Z.00000000020
4338:. London: Chatto & Windus.
4108:
4080:
3392:Veterans Affairs Canada website
3385:
2905:
2892:
2883:
2857:
2844:
2830:
2812:
2213:
2003:in March 1917. The presence of
67:The Battle of Arras, April 1917
7095:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
6954:Deportations from East Prussia
6751:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
5019:Harvey, Trevor Gordon (2016).
2720:by the end of May, a total of
2096:
1953:New Zealand Tunnelling Company
1926:
1843:), by the "relief" divisions (
1517:Troops of the 10th Battalion,
1377:
1249:from the Belgian coast to the
13:
1:
7006:Ukrainian Canadian internment
4738:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
4445:Underground Warfare 1914–1918
4233:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches
2781:. The Anglo-Welsh lyric poet
2732:
2637:
2352:
1900:Gegenangriffe in der Stellung
1680:Allgemeines über Stellungsbau
1350:
1287:to the east, advance towards
134:
7161:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
6460:Estonian War of Independence
6128:Southern Palestine offensive
5030:Jones, Spencer, ed. (2022).
4447:. Pen & Sword Military.
3959:Winkler & Tiedemann 2014
2921:
2911:The original records are in
2743:Sinai and Palestine campaign
2739:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
2630:for a repeat award) for the
2589:
2157:56th (1/1st London) Division
2032:
7:
7115:USA against Austria-Hungary
6514:Turkish War of Independence
6466:Latvian War of Independence
6191:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
5782:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
4675:. London: Review (Hodder).
4580:New Zealand Defence Force.
4267:Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) .
4216:. Staplehurst: Spellmount.
4027:Sheffield & Bourne 2005
2900:forward observation officer
2872:from 5 to 8 April averaged
2748:Governor-General of Belgium
2594:
2532:, occupying the village of
2438:
2267:63rd (Royal Naval) Division
1911:Drocourt–Quéant switch line
1527:British Expeditionary Force
1525:Three of the armies of the
1509:Western Front tactics, 1917
1460:
1341:Second Battle of Bullecourt
1181:Western Front tactics, 1917
10:
7413:
7198:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
6746:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
6206:Second Battle of the Marne
6093:Second battle of the Aisne
5962:Second Battle of Champagne
5803:German invasion of Belgium
2839:Carrière Wellington museum
2485:
2359:First attack on Bullecourt
2356:
2348:First attack on Bullecourt
2311:
2176:
2029:inexperienced RFC pilots.
1916:
1521:at Wagonlieu, 8 April 1917
1506:
1464:
1277:Second Battle of the Aisne
29:
7304:
7263:
7184:
7123:
7085:
7029:
7018:
6979:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
6922:
6894:
6842:
6764:
6738:
6690:
6583:
6576:
6508:Irish War of Independence
6404:
6286:
6251:Armistice of Villa Giusti
6236:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
6161:
6063:
5990:
5891:
5848:First Battle of the Marne
5795:
5757:
5692:
5683:
5626:
5500:
5489:
5455:
5427:
5389:
5341:
5294:
5287:
5214:
5060:. Boston: Little, Brown.
4582:Arras Tunnellers Memorial
4231:Boraston, J. H. (1920) .
3693:Stewart & Buchan 2003
2613:
2580:Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt
2091:
1710:Gegenstoß in der Stellung
1701:(five men and an NCO per
728:
526:
443:The Hills (3rd Champagne)
418:
362:
341:
266:
145:
71:
60:
48:
43:
7131:Constantinople Agreement
6424:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
6287:Co-belligerent conflicts
6256:Second Romanian campaign
6226:Third Transjordan attack
5937:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
5843:Battle of Grand Couronné
5132:archived 21 October 2008
4943:Bechthold, Mike (2018).
4586:Archived 21 October 2008
4405:Hollis, Matthew (2011).
4248:Buffetaut, Yves (1997).
4116:Ashworth, Tony (2000) .
3329:, pp. 189, 192–193.
2948:, pp. 48–51, 55–56.
2805:
2726:History of the Great War
2647:Stained glass window by
2584:Riencourt-lès-Cagnicourt
2516:and added two more from
2259:51st (Highland) Division
2223:principles laid down by
2082:
2051:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
1719:Artillerieschutzstellung
1568:Division attack training
1552:) in the centre and the
7194:Modus vivendi of Acroma
7146:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
6454:Greater Poland Uprising
6354:National Protection War
6231:Meuse–Argonne offensive
6181:German spring offensive
6176:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5952:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
5927:Second Battle of Artois
5808:Battle of the Frontiers
5141:1 December 2008 at the
5056:The Real War, 1914–1918
4719:. London: Aurum Press.
4630:Oldham, Peter (2000) .
4503:Levine, Joshua (2008).
4191:Berton, Pierre (1986).
2530:2nd Australian Division
2494:1st Australian Division
2422:West Yorkshire Regiment
2337:Battle of Cambrai, 1917
2275:Fontaine-lès-Croisilles
2135:12th (Eastern) Division
1865:Bailleul-aux-Cornailles
1831:Ludwig von Falkenhausen
1796:(Chief of Staff of the
1761:Gegenstoß aus der Tiefe
1593:Platoon attack training
1069:German spring offensive
410:Nivelle Offensive, 1917
336:Ludwig von Falkenhausen
7219:Paris Peace Conference
7207:Ukraine–Central Powers
7001:Massacres of Albanians
6969:Late Ottoman genocides
6776:Bulgarian occupations
6484:Third Anglo-Afghan War
6448:Hungarian–Romanian War
6266:Naval Victory Bulletin
6261:Armistice with Germany
6211:Hundred Days Offensive
6138:Battle of La Malmaison
6088:Second battle of Arras
6055:Battle of Transylvania
5909:Second Battle of Ypres
5777:Sarajevo assassination
5666:South African Republic
5092:Smithson, Jim (2017).
4850:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
4776:. Stroud: Spellmount.
4653:. London: Frank Cass.
4611:Oldham, Peter (1997).
4505:On a Wing and a Prayer
4424:James, E. A. (1990) .
4409:. London: Bloomsbury.
4212:Bond, B., ed. (1999).
2756:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2673:
2657:
2606:
2574:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2469:
2451:
2424:began to advance from
2395:
2389:
2376:
2370:
2326:
2320:
2292:
2253:
2230:
2190:
2161:
2148:
2130:
2026:
2001:Manfred von Richthofen
1982:
1943:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1788:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1647:
1637:exploit it in battle.
1604:
1522:
1485:
1448:United States Congress
1393:
1324:
1314:and in the south, the
1298:in the north-west and
1263:
1200:Second Battle of Arras
358:5 divisions in reserve
351:9 divisions in reserve
267:Commanders and leaders
7229:Treaty of St. Germain
7202:Russia–Central Powers
7156:Sykes–Picot Agreement
6984:Pontic Greek genocide
6959:Destruction of Kalisz
6935:Eastern Mediterranean
6496:Polish–Lithuanian War
6278:Armistice of Belgrade
6241:Armistice of Salonica
6171:Operation Faustschlag
6118:Third Battle of Oituz
6040:Baranovichi offensive
6008:Lake Naroch offensive
5982:Battle of Robat Karim
5957:Vistula–Bug offensive
5932:Battles of the Isonzo
5863:First Battle of Ypres
5157:Finding Private Adams
4693:; Bourne, J. (2005).
4592:Nicholls, J. (2005).
4484:Keegan, John (1999).
4443:Jones, Simon (2010).
2913:The National Archives
2788:C. K. Scott Moncrieff
2663:
2645:
2602:
2563:
2525:Unternehmen Sturmbock
2465:
2366:
2287:
2245:
2208:General Arthur Currie
2186:
2144:Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines
2126:
2112:hurricane bombardment
2016:
1978:
1934:
1755:rückwärtige Kampfzone
1672:rückwärtige Kampfzone
1649:Oberste Heeresleitung
1600:
1516:
1385:
518:Battle of Arras, 1917
363:Casualties and losses
79:9 April – 16 May 1917
7224:Treaty of Versailles
6940:Mount Lebanon famine
6855:in the United States
6823:Russian occupations
6537:Turkish–Armenian War
6478:Polish–Ukrainian War
6418:Ukrainian–Soviet War
6365:Central Asian Revolt
6148:Armistice of Focșani
5878:Battle of Sarikamish
5828:Battle of Tannenberg
5224:Military engagements
5000:Cowan, Tony (2023).
4968:Cowan, Tony (2019).
4869:Wyrall, E. (2003) .
4772:Simpson, A. (2006).
4753:Sheldon, J. (2015).
4734:Sheldon, J. (2008).
4649:Samuels, M. (1995).
4172:Bellis, M. (1996) .
4013:, pp. 348–352;
4001:, pp. 272, 276.
3771:, pp. viii, 19.
3397:21 June 2008 at the
2790:, the translator of
2768:Literature and music
2666:Ruhstorf an der Rott
2548:and the Australians
2314:Capture of Oppy Wood
2206:and his subordinate
2179:Battle of Vimy Ridge
1922:British preparations
1641:Tactics: German army
1607:The training manual
1544:) in the south, the
1308:Battle of Vimy Ridge
1176:French Army mutinies
1171:1914 Christmas truce
941:Hohenzollern Redoubt
114:50.28972°N 2.78083°E
7291:They shall not pass
7214:Treaty of Bucharest
7171:Treaty of Bucharest
7110:USA against Germany
7087:Declarations of war
6791:German occupations
6704:British casualties
6563:Soviet–Georgian War
6490:Egyptian Revolution
6430:Armeno-Georgian War
6294:Somaliland campaign
6246:Armistice of Mudros
6123:Battle of Caporetto
6113:Battle of Mărășești
6083:Zimmermann telegram
6078:February Revolution
6023:Battle of the Somme
5947:Bug-Narew Offensive
5922:Battle of Gallipoli
5914:Sinking of the RMS
5706:Scramble for Africa
5700:Franco-Prussian War
5356:Sinai and Palestine
5050:Liddell Hart, Basil
4815:The First World War
4632:The Hindenburg Line
4613:The Hindenburg Line
4544:Lupfer, T. (1981).
4507:. London: Collins.
4488:. London: Pimlico.
4486:The First World War
4065:, pp. 332–333.
4029:, pp. 495–496.
4017:, pp. 210–211.
3989:, pp. 210–211.
3973:, pp. 556–561.
3913:, pp. 355–403.
3901:, pp. 224–225.
3859:, pp. 363–364.
3819:, pp. 361–362.
3783:, pp. 357–359.
3695:, pp. 129–133.
3680:, pp. 421–422.
3590:, pp. 104–105.
3578:, pp. 244–246.
3566:, pp. 325–326.
3490:, pp. 186–187.
3478:, pp. 173–175.
3427:, pp. 252–253.
3353:, pp. 136–137.
3317:, pp. 353–354.
3293:, pp. 175–176.
3281:, p. 240, map.
3257:, pp. 156–158.
3245:, pp. 152–156.
3221:, pp. 149–151.
3209:, pp. 209–211.
3060:, pp. 377–379.
3048:, pp. 243–244.
3036:, pp. 227–231.
3009:, pp. 250–310.
2963:, pp. 348–352.
2798:) and the composer
2492:Observing that the
1939:Carrière Wellington
1893:Ablösungsdivisionen
1855:were placed behind
1852:Ablösungsdivisionen
1846:Ablösungsdivisionen
1833:, commander of the
1803:Ablösungsdivisionen
1619:artillery formation
1489:), withdrew to the
1430:Minister of Defence
1367:Paul von Hindenburg
1337:Battle of the Somme
1198:(also known as the
1165:Associated articles
882:Hartmannswillerkopf
742:Invasion of Belgium
655:Associated articles
612:Flanking operations
463:Associated articles
110: /
7251:Treaty of Lausanne
7166:Paris Economy Pact
7100:UK against Germany
7030:Entry into the war
6996:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
6715:Ottoman casualties
6525:Franco-Turkish War
6405:Post-War conflicts
6389:Russian Revolution
6371:Invasion of Darfur
6336:Kelantan rebellion
6324:Kurdish rebellions
6300:Mexican Revolution
6133:October Revolution
6098:Kerensky offensive
6073:Capture of Baghdad
6050:Monastir offensive
6035:Brusilov offensive
5873:Battle of Kolubara
5712:Russo-Japanese War
3161:, pp. 83–107.
2800:Ernest John Moeran
2762:Flanders Offensive
2674:
2658:
2607:
2575:
2470:
2377:
2254:
2191:
2131:
1987:Royal Flying Corps
1983:
1944:
1770:Operation Alberich
1605:
1523:
1471:Operation Alberich
1419:David Lloyd George
1394:
1218:defences near the
7392:April 1917 events
7332:Conflicts in 1917
7317:
7316:
7300:
7299:
7284:The Golden Virgin
7278:Mutilated victory
7259:
7258:
7239:Treaty of Trianon
7234:Treaty of Neuilly
7141:Damascus Protocol
7014:
7013:
6974:Armenian genocide
6931:Allied blockades
6903:Belgian refugees
6686:
6685:
6596:Strategic bombing
6572:
6571:
6557:Franco-Syrian War
6531:Greco-Turkish War
6519:Anglo-Turkish War
6502:Polish–Soviet War
6436:German Revolution
6412:Russian Civil War
6395:Finnish Civil War
6221:Battle of Megiddo
6196:Battle of Goychay
6143:Battle of Cambrai
6103:Battle of Mărăști
6018:Battle of Jutland
5998:Erzurum offensive
5853:Siege of Przemyśl
5833:Siege of Tsingtao
5818:Battle of Galicia
5748:Second Balkan War
5736:Italo-Turkish War
5693:Pre-War conflicts
5679:
5678:
5569:Portuguese Empire
5485:
5484:
5447:German New Guinea
5429:Asian and Pacific
5103:978-1-911096-40-5
5084:978-1-84415-619-1
5073:Reed, P. (2007).
5041:978-1-914059-98-8
5011:978-1-108-83023-2
4916:War & Society
4886:978-1-84342-467-3
4802:978-1-84342-639-4
4783:978-1-86227-292-7
4764:978-1-78346-345-9
4745:978-1-84415-680-1
4726:978-1-84513-691-8
4704:978-0-297-84702-1
4682:978-0-7472-6460-6
4641:978-0-85052-568-7
4622:978-0-85052-568-7
4536:978-1-84574-303-1
4523:Ludendorff, Erich
4514:978-0-00-726945-7
4495:978-0-7126-6645-9
4476:978-0-14-118691-7
4454:978-1-84415-962-8
4435:978-0-948130-18-2
4416:978-0-571-27608-0
4345:978-0-374-71401-7
4300:978-0-674-01880-8
4131:978-0-330-48068-0
3937:, pp. 60–71.
3847:, pp. 66–67.
3759:, pp. 66–67.
3743:, pp. 50–56.
3731:, pp. 38–40.
3707:, pp. 97–98.
3542:, pp. 50–53.
3451:, pp. 53–64.
3149:, pp. 63–70.
3125:, pp. 30–32.
2997:, pp. 48–51.
2980:, pp. 55–56.
2773:Siegfried Sassoon
2752:manoeuvre warfare
2718:64,000 casualties
2508:XIV Reserve Corps
2417:Livens projectors
1997:General Trenchard
1861:Neuville St Vaast
1794:Fritz von Loßberg
1725:Widerstandsnester
1437:Nivelle Offensive
1387:The town square,
1345:Battle of Hill 70
1325:Siegfriedstellung
1283:, dominating the
1273:Nivelle Offensive
1206:offensive on the
1189:
1188:
1015:Nivelle offensive
789:Trouée de Charmes
686:
685:
482:
481:
450:Other engagements
375:
374:
141:
140:
119:50.28972; 2.78083
16:(Redirected from
7404:
7244:Treaty of Sèvres
7136:Treaty of London
7027:
7026:
6805:Northeast France
6736:
6735:
6708:Parliamentarians
6641:
6640:
6603:Chemical weapons
6581:
6580:
6342:Senussi campaign
6312:Muscat rebellion
6306:Maritz rebellion
6274:
6216:Vardar offensive
6045:Battle of Romani
6013:Battle of Asiago
6003:Battle of Verdun
5967:Kosovo offensive
5742:First Balkan War
5690:
5689:
5589:Russian Republic
5498:
5497:
5292:
5291:
5234:Economic history
5201:
5194:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5107:
5088:
5069:
5059:
5045:
5026:
5015:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4964:
4939:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4889:. Archived from
4865:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4832:"Pour le Mérite"
4826:
4806:
4787:
4768:
4749:
4730:
4708:
4686:
4664:
4645:
4626:
4607:
4584:(press release)
4577:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4552:
4540:
4518:
4499:
4480:
4458:
4439:
4420:
4401:
4390:. London: Yale.
4379:
4377:
4375:
4349:
4330:
4304:
4282:
4263:
4244:
4227:
4208:
4187:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4135:
4123:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3610:
3604:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:, pp. 1–81.
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2816:
2759:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2682:Adjutant-General
2664:War memorial in
2620:Victoria Crosses
2551:
2547:
2546:2,313 casualties
2527:
2521:
2515:
2505:
2476:
2454:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2373:
2329:
2323:
2233:
2164:
2151:
2039:creeping barrage
2024:
1992:Luftstreitkräfte
1913:) further back.
1908:
1902:
1895:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1791:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1635:
1627:
1615:
1610:
1588:
1583:creeping barrage
1579:
1575:
1562:Neuville-Vitasse
1534:Sir Douglas Haig
1488:
1455:Imperial Germany
1371:Erich Ludendorff
1347:(15–25 August).
1327:
1266:
1128:St Quentin Canal
723:
713:
706:
699:
690:
689:
529:Battles of Arras
521:
519:
509:
502:
495:
486:
485:
413:
411:
401:
394:
387:
378:
377:
334:
333:
325:Erich Ludendorff
323:
322:
311:
310:
300:
299:
289:
288:
278:
277:
259:
257:
256:
247:
243:
241:
240:
232:
228:
226:
225:
214:
212:
211:
201:
199:
198:
188:
186:
185:
178:
174:
172:
171:
159:
157:
156:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
73:
72:
65:
41:
40:
21:
18:Battle of Arleux
7412:
7411:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7397:May 1917 events
7322:
7321:
7318:
7313:
7296:
7255:
7187:
7180:
7151:Treaty of Darin
7119:
7081:
7037:Austria-Hungary
7023:
7010:
6991:Rape of Belgium
6918:
6890:
6838:
6832:Western Armenia
6827:Eastern Galicia
6760:
6734:
6698:
6697:Civilian impact
6696:
6682:
6639:
6568:
6400:
6330:Ovambo Uprising
6282:
6268:
6157:
6059:
5986:
5904:Battle of Łomża
5887:
5883:Christmas truce
5858:Race to the Sea
5791:
5753:
5675:
5646:Austria-Hungary
5622:
5557:Empire of Japan
5494:
5492:
5481:
5465:U-boat campaign
5451:
5423:
5385:
5337:
5283:
5264:Popular culture
5210:
5205:
5143:Wayback Machine
5114:
5104:
5085:
5042:
5012:
4990:
4988:
4910:
4908:Further reading
4905:
4896:
4894:
4893:on 26 June 2019
4887:
4877:The Bodley Head
4862:
4840:
4838:
4803:
4784:
4765:
4746:
4727:
4705:
4683:
4661:
4642:
4623:
4604:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4550:
4537:
4515:
4496:
4477:
4455:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4373:
4371:
4346:
4327:
4301:
4279:
4260:
4224:
4205:
4184:
4162:
4160:
4132:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:, p. 556;
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:, p. 220;
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3684:
3678:Ludendorff 2005
3676:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3613:
3605:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3513:
3505:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3399:Wayback Machine
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2984:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:, pp. 3–4.
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2831:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2770:
2735:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2656:
2640:
2616:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2573:
2567:Hindenburg Line
2558:
2549:
2545:
2490:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2445:
2441:
2434:162 casualties.
2433:
2429:
2425:
2412:
2404:
2375:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2316:
2310:
2283:
2252:
2240:
2216:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2167:Monchy-le-Preux
2129:
2121:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2035:
2025:
2022:
1981:
1973:
1942:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1883:ridge. The new
1819:
1781:
1779:German 6th Army
1773:
1765:
1749:Sturmregimenter
1743:Sturmbattalions
1643:
1633:
1625:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1519:Royal Fusiliers
1511:
1505:
1491:Hindenburg line
1473:
1463:
1426:Aristide Briand
1392:
1391:, February 1919
1380:
1353:
1320:Hindenburg Line
1269:war of movement
1242:about 125,000.
1212:First World War
1196:Battle of Arras
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1162:
966:Vimy Ridge 1916
843:Race to the Sea
811:1st St. Quentin
733:
724:
719:
717:
687:
682:
678:Hindenburg Line
652:
633:Hindenburg Line
609:
522:
517:
515:
513:
483:
478:
460:
447:
414:
409:
407:
405:
371:120,000–130,000
357:
355:
350:
348:
328:
327:
317:
305:
304:
294:
293:
283:
282:
272:
254:
252:
238:
236:
223:
221:
209:
207:
196:
194:
183:
181:
169:
167:
154:
152:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
95:
66:
55:First World War
44:Battle of Arras
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7410:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7337:1917 in France
7334:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7275:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7186:Peace treaties
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7091:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7072:United Kingdom
7069:
7064:
7062:Ottoman Empire
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6966:
6964:Sack of Dinant
6961:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6928:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6912:United Kingdom
6909:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6872:
6866:POW locations
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6740:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6699:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6666:United Kingdom
6663:
6661:Ottoman Empire
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6638:
6637:
6635:Trench warfare
6632:
6631:
6630:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6587:
6585:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6351:
6348:Volta-Bani War
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6186:Zeebrugge Raid
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5977:Battle of Loos
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5868:Black Sea raid
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5770:Historiography
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5724:Bosnian Crisis
5721:
5718:Tangier Crisis
5715:
5709:
5703:
5696:
5694:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:Ottoman Empire
5648:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5628:Central Powers
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5611:British Empire
5606:United Kingdom
5603:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5584:Russian Empire
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
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5559:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
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5527:
5522:
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5506:
5504:
5502:Entente Powers
5495:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5470:North Atlantic
5461:
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5387:
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5381:Central Arabia
5378:
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5347:
5345:
5343:Middle Eastern
5339:
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5298:
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5244:Historiography
5241:
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5215:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5181:
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5112:External links
5110:
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5089:
5083:
5070:
5046:
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5027:
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5010:
4997:
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4940:
4922:(2): 116–137.
4909:
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4885:
4866:
4860:
4847:
4836:Pour le Mérite
4827:
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4709:
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4659:
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4640:
4627:
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4589:
4578:
4541:
4535:
4527:My War Memoirs
4519:
4513:
4500:
4494:
4481:
4475:
4467:Storm of Steel
4459:
4453:
4440:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4402:
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4380:
4350:
4344:
4331:
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4299:
4287:Doughty, R. A.
4283:
4277:
4264:
4258:
4245:
4228:
4222:
4209:
4203:
4188:
4182:
4169:
4140:Bean, C. E. W.
4136:
4130:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4041:, p. 122.
4039:Buffetaut 1997
4031:
4019:
4003:
3991:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3949:, p. 183.
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3888:
3886:, p. 369.
3873:
3871:, p. 366.
3861:
3849:
3843:, p. 42;
3833:
3831:, p. 362.
3821:
3809:
3807:, p. 361.
3797:
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3785:
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3733:
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3709:
3697:
3682:
3667:
3652:
3650:, p. 325.
3640:
3636:Buffetaut 1997
3628:
3626:, p. 352.
3611:
3609:, p. 244.
3592:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3511:
3509:, p. 173.
3492:
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3468:
3466:, p. 194.
3464:Sheffield 2002
3453:
3441:
3439:, p. 133.
3429:
3417:
3402:
3384:
3382:, p. 309.
3372:
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3331:
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3295:
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3259:
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3233:, p. 181.
3223:
3211:
3207:Sheffield 2011
3199:
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3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3113:, p. 168.
3103:
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3062:
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3011:
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2938:
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2841:in March 2008.
2829:
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2804:
2769:
2766:
2734:
2731:
2714:78,000 British
2693:Gruppe Souchez
2646:
2639:
2636:
2632:Pour le Mérite
2624:Kaiser Wilhelm
2615:
2612:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2519:Gruppe Cambrai
2498:Otto von Moser
2486:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2466:
2452:Balkonstellung
2440:
2437:
2390:Balkonstellung
2367:
2357:Main article:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2324:and reach the
2309:
2306:
2282:
2279:
2246:
2239:
2236:
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2195:Canadian Corps
2187:
2177:Main article:
2174:
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2127:
2120:
2117:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2073:flash spotting
2047:shrapnel shell
2043:high explosive
2034:
2031:
2020:
1979:
1972:
1971:War in the air
1969:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1780:
1777:
1666:Grosskampfzone
1642:
1639:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1569:
1566:
1550:Edmund Allenby
1504:
1501:
1496:Robert Nivelle
1462:
1459:
1433:Hubert Lyautey
1423:Prime Minister
1411:Prime Minister
1386:
1379:
1376:
1352:
1349:
1304:Canadian Corps
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1158:Lys and Escaut
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868:
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860:Winter actions
857:
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823:Grand Couronné
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6628:Convoy system
6626:
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6623:Naval warfare
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6609:
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6409:
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6396:
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6390:
6387:
6384:
6383:Kaocen revolt
6381:
6378:
6377:Easter Rising
6375:
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5968:
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5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Great Retreat
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5910:
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5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Battle of Cer
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5771:
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5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5730:Agadir Crisis
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5618:United States
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5535:French Empire
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5488:
5478:
5477:Mediterranean
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5457:Naval warfare
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5333:Italian Front
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5321:Eastern Front
5319:
5317:
5316:Western Front
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Puppet states
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5197:
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5183:
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5179:
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5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5075:Walking Arras
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5003:
4998:
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4911:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4861:0-8371-5029-9
4857:
4853:
4848:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4811:Strachan, Hew
4808:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4779:
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4756:
4751:
4747:
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4737:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:Sheffield, G.
4710:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4691:Sheffield, G.
4688:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:Sheffield, G.
4666:
4662:
4660:0-7146-4214-2
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4603:1-84415-326-6
4599:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4397:0-30006-663-5
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4326:0-89839-180-6
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4278:0-85420-250-1
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4259:2-908182-66-1
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4223:1-86227-065-1
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4204:0-7710-1339-6
4200:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4183:0-85420-195-5
4179:
4175:
4170:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4113:
4093:
4092:War Composers
4089:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4059:
4053:, p. 10.
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4015:Nicholls 2005
4012:
4007:
4000:
3999:Foerster 1939
3995:
3988:
3987:Nicholls 2005
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3925:, p. 69.
3924:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3719:, p. 99.
3718:
3717:Boraston 1919
3713:
3706:
3705:Boraston 1919
3701:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3665:, p. 29.
3664:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3638:, p. 84.
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3607:Strachan 2003
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3576:Strachan 2003
3572:
3565:
3560:
3554:, p. 56.
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3530:, p. 50.
3529:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3449:Nicholls 2005
3445:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3415:, p. 36.
3414:
3413:Nicholls 2005
3409:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3370:, p. 30.
3369:
3368:Nicholls 2005
3364:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3197:, p. 86.
3196:
3191:
3185:, p. 88.
3184:
3183:Corkerry 2001
3179:
3173:, p. 77.
3172:
3171:Griffith 1996
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3123:Nicholls 2005
3119:
3112:
3107:
3101:, p. 23.
3100:
3099:Nicholls 2005
3095:
3089:, p. 16.
3088:
3083:
3076:
3075:Strachan 2003
3071:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3046:Strachan 2003
3042:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2995:Ashworth 2000
2991:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2978:Ashworth 2000
2974:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2946:Ashworth 2000
2942:
2935:
2934:Ashworth 2000
2930:
2926:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2783:Edward Thomas
2780:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2710:85,000 German
2706:
2705:Der Weltkrieg
2700:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:Gruppe Quéant
2500:, commanding
2499:
2495:
2489:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2436:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2401:27th Division
2397:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:Wotanstellung
2322:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:37th Division
2260:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2077:sound ranging
2074:
2070:
2069:no man's land
2065:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1985:Although the
1977:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:Wotanstellung
1901:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:Gegenangriffe
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1774:40 divisions.
1771:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1692:Gruppennester
1687:
1686:Vorpostenfeld
1681:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:Field Marshal
1528:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:, along with
1427:
1424:
1421:. In France,
1420:
1416:
1415:H. H. Asquith
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1318:attacked the
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:Western Front
1205:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Meuse-Argonne
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Passchendaele
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:2nd Champagne
907:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:1st Champagne
875:
874:
873:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:Great Retreat
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
727:
722:
721:Western Front
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
691:
679:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Tactics, 1917
659:
658:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
579:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
510:
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
490:
487:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
417:
412:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
379:
370:
367:
366:
361:
353:
346:
345:
340:
337:
332:
326:
321:
316:
314:
309:
303:
298:
292:
287:
281:
276:
271:
270:
265:
262:
261:German Empire
251:
246:
234:
231:
219:
217:
206:
204:
193:
191:
180:
177:
165:
164:
163:
162:
150:
149:
144:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
51:Western Front
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
7319:
7289:
7282:
7270:
6877: /
6809:
6644:Conscription
6608:Cryptography
6545:Iraqi Revolt
6087:
5972:Siege of Kut
5915:
5493:participants
5442:German Samoa
5376:South Arabia
5174:
5093:
5074:
5055:
5031:
5021:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4980:(2): 81–99.
4977:
4973:
4952:
4948:
4919:
4915:
4895:. Retrieved
4891:the original
4871:
4851:
4839:. Retrieved
4835:
4814:
4792:
4773:
4754:
4735:
4716:
4694:
4672:
4650:
4631:
4612:
4593:
4585:
4570:. Retrieved
4546:
4526:
4504:
4485:
4466:
4444:
4425:
4406:
4387:
4384:Griffith, P.
4372:. Retrieved
4360:
4355:
4335:
4312:
4290:
4268:
4249:
4232:
4213:
4193:
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4144:
4119:
4109:Bibliography
4095:. Retrieved
4091:
4082:
4075:Findlay 2014
4070:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4022:
4006:
3994:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3899:Sheldon 2015
3864:
3852:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3753:Sheldon 2015
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3648:Sheldon 2008
3643:
3631:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3483:
3471:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3387:
3375:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3231:Samuels 1995
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3147:Simpson 2006
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3053:
3041:
3014:
3007:Doughty 2005
3002:
2941:
2929:
2907:
2894:
2885:
2876:per day and
2874:4,000 rounds
2868:on 3 April,
2866:1,100 rounds
2859:
2851:
2846:
2832:
2814:
2777:
2771:
2736:
2712:casualties,
2699:Gruppe Arras
2678:George Fowke
2675:
2649:Harry Clarke
2617:
2608:
2576:
2491:
2471:
2442:
2410:
2378:
2332:4th Division
2321:Boiry Riegel
2317:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2255:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:Second phase
2192:
2162:Monchyriegel
2154:
2149:Monchyriegel
2140:3rd Division
2132:
2108:
2106:were added.
2100:
2086:
2066:
2061:No. 106 Fuze
2036:
2027:
2023:Ernst Jünger
2017:
2012:Bloody April
2005:
1990:
1984:
1964:Russian saps
1960:counter-mine
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1889:
1884:
1828:
1823:
1820:24–48 hours.
1815:Gegenangriff
1783:
1782:
1766:22 divisions
1715:
1677:
1660:
1644:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1606:
1571:
1542:Hubert Gough
1524:
1474:
1451:declared war
1442:
1395:
1369:and General
1354:
1333:breakthrough
1330:
1312:Scarpe River
1293:
1251:Swiss border
1244:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1164:
1163:
1123:Saint-Mihiel
1091:Belleau Wood
1074:
1062:
1061:
1052:La Malmaison
1019:
1008:
996:
995:
961:Kink Salient
929:
928:
924:Gas: Wieltje
870:
869:
730:
671:
654:
653:
611:
610:
528:
516:
462:
461:
456:La Malmaison
449:
448:
425:
420:
356:12 divisions
349:14 divisions
302:Hubert Gough
280:Douglas Haig
245:South Africa
216:Newfoundland
151:
146:Belligerents
49:Part of the
36:
6907:Netherlands
6884:Switzerland
6765:Occupations
6756:Spanish flu
6533:(1919–1922)
6527:(1918–1921)
6521:(1918–1923)
6510:(1919–1921)
6504:(1919–1921)
6498:(1919–1920)
6474:(1918–1920)
6468:(1918–1920)
6462:(1918–1920)
6444:(1918–1920)
6426:(1918–1920)
6420:(1917–1921)
6414:(1917–1921)
6361:(1916-1918)
6359:Arab Revolt
6350:(1915–1917)
6344:(1915–1917)
6332:(1914-1917)
6326:(1914–1917)
6320:(1914–1921)
6314:(1913–1920)
6302:(1910–1920)
6296:(1900–1920)
6269: [
5787:July Crisis
5708:(1880–1914)
5371:Mesopotamia
5249:Home fronts
5208:World War I
4897:11 February
4163:14 November
4063:Hollis 2011
4051:Lupfer 1981
4011:Keegan 1999
3935:Oldham 1997
3923:Oldham 1997
3845:Oldham 2000
3841:Wyrall 2003
3757:Oldham 2000
3741:Oldham 1997
3729:Oldham 1997
3663:Lupfer 1981
3624:Keegan 1999
3588:Berton 1986
3564:Keegan 1999
3552:Oldham 1997
3540:Oldham 1997
3528:Oldham 1997
3437:Jünger 2003
3425:Levine 2008
3159:Bellis 1996
3135:Bellis 1996
3058:Keegan 1999
3034:Keegan 1999
2961:Keegan 1999
2825:Royal Scots
2778:The General
2687:Gruppe Vimy
2204:Julian Byng
2097:First phase
1927:Underground
1698:Stosstrupps
1558:Henry Horne
1481:Aisne River
1378:Home fronts
1358:River Somme
1285:Douai Plain
1259:German Army
1210:during the
1143:2nd Cambrai
981:Boar's Head
971:Mont Sorrel
666:Ancre, 1917
354:first day:
347:first day:
313:Henry Horne
230:New Zealand
117: /
7326:Categories
7124:Agreements
6924:War crimes
6800:Luxembourg
6693:Casualties
5564:Montenegro
5399:South West
5279:Technology
5269:Propaganda
5259:Opposition
5153:5 May 2008
4463:Jünger, E.
3983:Falls 1992
3971:Falls 1992
3947:Wynne 1976
3884:Falls 1992
3869:Falls 1992
3857:Falls 1992
3829:Falls 1992
3817:Falls 1992
3805:Falls 1992
3793:Falls 1992
3781:Falls 1992
3769:James 1990
3507:Wynne 1976
3488:Falls 1992
3476:Wynne 1976
3380:Falls 1992
3351:Jones 2010
3339:Falls 1992
3327:Falls 1992
3315:Falls 1992
3303:Wynne 1976
3291:Falls 1992
3279:Falls 1992
3267:Wynne 1976
3255:Wynne 1976
3243:Wynne 1976
3219:Wynne 1976
3111:Wynne 1976
3087:Falls 1992
3019:Wynne 1976
2733:Commanders
2638:Casualties
2571:Bullecourt
2534:Lagnicourt
2475:12:25 p.m.
2405:4:30 a.m.,
2385:re-entrant
2381:Bullecourt
2353:8–10 April
2312:See also:
2249:18-pounder
2104:gas shells
2056:calibrated
1809:Gegenstoss
1695:) held by
1554:First Army
1546:Third Army
1538:Fifth Army
1507:See also:
1465:See also:
1351:Background
1316:Fifth Army
1300:Bullecourt
1281:Vimy Ridge
1236:First Army
1232:Third Army
1228:Sixth Army
956:Wulverghem
919:3rd Artois
897:2nd Artois
865:1st Artois
623:Lagnicourt
583:3rd Scarpe
556:2nd Scarpe
539:1st Scarpe
534:Vimy Ridge
431:Vimy Ridge
102:50°17′23″N
7021:Diplomacy
6728:Olympians
6651:Australia
6618:Logistics
6551:Vlora War
6480:(1918–19)
6456:(1918–19)
6450:(1918–19)
6438:(1918–19)
6385:(1916–17)
6367:(1916–17)
6318:Zaian War
6308:(1914–15)
6028:first day
5916:Lusitania
5744:(1912–13)
5738:(1911–12)
5726:(1908–09)
5720:(1905–06)
5702:(1870–71)
5491:Principal
5351:Gallipoli
5254:Memorials
5239:Geography
5229:Aftermath
4986:2057-0422
4961:2057-0422
4936:159854430
4369:248903245
4311:(1992) .
4309:Falls, C.
4241:633614212
4142:(1941) .
3911:Bean 1941
3195:Bond 1999
2922:Footnotes
2870:1,695 and
2590:Aftermath
2446:4:30 a.m.
2430:5:10 a.m.
2426:4:35 p.m.
2413:1:00 a.m.
2383:formed a
2231:vollmacht
2199:Lewis gun
2033:Artillery
1576:replaced
1556:(General
1548:(General
1540:(General
1443:Lusitania
1441:RMS
1399:Gallipoli
1138:5th Ypres
1118:2nd Somme
1096:2nd Marne
1086:3rd Aisne
1035:The Hills
1030:2nd Aisne
991:Fromelles
986:1st Somme
936:The Bluff
902:Hébuterne
892:2nd Ypres
853:1st Ypres
833:1st Aisne
828:1st Marne
801:Le Cateau
779:Charleroi
764:Frontiers
603:Oppy Wood
438:2nd Aisne
203:Australia
105:2°46′51″E
7309:Category
6896:Refugees
6862:Italians
6851:Germans
6811:Ober Ost
6591:Aviation
5685:Timeline
5656:Bulgaria
5437:Tsingtao
5414:Togoland
5361:Caucasus
5296:European
5288:Theatres
5151:BBC News
5139:Archived
5066:56212202
5052:(1930).
4823:53075929
4813:(2003).
4715:(2011).
4671:(2002).
4563:Archived
4525:(2005).
4465:(2003).
4386:(1996).
4289:(2005).
4097:24 April
3395:Archived
2880:9 April.
2878:6,025 on
2757:Eingreif
2754:for the
2722:142,000.
2595:Analysis
2457:K bullet
2439:11 April
2301:Gavrelle
2247:British
2021:—
1869:Wancourt
1835:6th Army
1829:General
1798:1st Army
1614:30 drums
1486:Westheer
1477:Russians
1461:Strategy
1264:Westheer
1247:trenches
1240:6th Army
1234:and the
1222:city of
1202:) was a
1148:Courtrai
1103:Soissons
1042:Messines
1009:Alberich
818:Maubeuge
774:Ardennes
769:Lorraine
737:Moresnet
672:Alberich
571:Coulotte
566:Gavrelle
561:Guémappe
549:Wancourt
469:Mutinies
342:Strength
135:Analysis
84:Location
7047:Germany
6947:Germany
6875:Germany
6795:Belgium
6780:Albania
6739:Disease
6719:Sports
6671:Ireland
6584:Warfare
6577:Aspects
5765:Origins
5758:Prelude
5661:Senussi
5641:Germany
5636:Leaders
5574:Romania
5515:Belgium
5510:Leaders
5409:Kamerun
5391:African
5326:Romania
5304:Balkans
5219:Outline
4991:5 April
4572:8 April
4559:8189258
4374:29 June
4158:9945668
4077:, ch 9.
2850:In the
2670:Bavaria
2653:Wexford
2428:and at
2399:German
1917:Prelude
1289:Cambrai
1267:) in a
1204:British
1113:Ailette
1081:The Lys
1075:Michael
1057:Cambrai
951:Hulluch
946:St Eloi
838:Antwerp
648:Hill 70
638:Souchez
593:Fresnoy
588:Chérisy
421:Battles
368:158,000
137:section
53:of the
7067:Russia
7042:France
6870:Canada
6785:Serbia
6656:Canada
6613:Horses
6565:(1921)
6559:(1920)
6553:(1920)
6547:(1920)
6539:(1920)
6492:(1919)
6486:(1919)
6432:(1918)
6397:(1918)
6391:(1917)
6379:(1916)
6373:(1916)
6338:(1915)
5750:(1913)
5732:(1911)
5714:(1905)
5671:Darfur
5596:Serbia
5579:Russia
5542:Greece
5530:France
5520:Brazil
5366:Persia
5309:Serbia
5100:
5081:
5064:
5038:
5008:
4984:
4959:
4934:
4883:
4858:
4841:6 June
4821:
4799:
4780:
4761:
4742:
4723:
4701:
4679:
4657:
4638:
4619:
4600:
4557:
4533:
4511:
4492:
4473:
4451:
4432:
4413:
4394:
4367:
4342:
4323:
4297:
4275:
4256:
4239:
4220:
4201:
4180:
4156:
4128:
2821:Blagny
2792:Proust
2680:, the
2614:Awards
2513:Gruppe
2297:Arleux
2290:River.
2092:Battle
1877:Scarpe
1873:Feuchy
1634:SS 143
1626:SS 144
1609:SS 143
1587:SS 135
1578:SS 109
1574:SS 135
1529:(BEF,
1407:Verdun
1401:, the
1362:Verdun
1255:Allied
1253:. The
1220:French
1216:German
1153:Sambre
1108:Amiens
976:Verdun
806:Étreux
752:Dinant
578:Arleux
544:Monchy
474:Verdun
258:
242:
227:
213:
200:
190:Canada
187:
173:
158:
130:Result
93:France
7382:Arras
7264:Other
7057:Japan
7052:Italy
6879:camps
6723:Rugby
6273:]
5552:Japan
5547:Italy
5525:China
5419:North
4955:(2).
4932:S2CID
4566:(PDF)
4551:(PDF)
4359:[
2806:Notes
2569:near
2550:1,010
2396:élite
2083:Tanks
2006:Jasta
1885:Wotan
1857:Douai
1737:Widas
1731:Widas
1704:Trupp
1403:Somme
1389:Arras
1224:Arras
1020:Arras
1003:Ancre
757:Namur
747:Liège
643:Avion
426:Arras
89:Arras
6844:POWs
6163:1918
6065:1917
5991:1916
5892:1915
5796:1914
5601:Siam
5404:East
5098:ISBN
5079:ISBN
5062:OCLC
5036:ISBN
5006:ISBN
4993:2024
4982:ISSN
4957:ISSN
4899:2020
4881:ISBN
4856:ISBN
4843:2007
4819:OCLC
4797:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4759:ISBN
4740:ISBN
4721:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4655:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4617:ISBN
4598:ISBN
4574:2017
4555:OCLC
4531:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4490:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4411:ISBN
4392:ISBN
4376:2021
4365:OCLC
4340:ISBN
4321:ISBN
4317:HMSO
4295:ISBN
4273:ISBN
4254:ISBN
4237:OCLC
4218:ISBN
4199:ISBN
4194:Vimy
4178:ISBN
4165:2015
4154:OCLC
4126:ISBN
4099:2021
2690:and
2565:The
2542:20th
2540:and
2075:and
2045:and
1881:Vimy
1746:and
1469:and
1405:and
1296:Vimy
1194:The
1063:1918
1025:Vimy
997:1917
930:1916
914:Loos
871:1915
848:Yser
784:Mons
731:1914
598:Rœux
133:See
76:Date
4924:doi
2651:in
2628:bar
2538:9th
2411:At
2225:OHL
1786:, (
1453:on
7328::
6271:It
4976:.
4972:.
4951:.
4947:.
4930:.
4920:32
4918:.
4879:.
4834:.
4561:.
4319:.
4148:.
4090:.
3891:^
3876:^
3685:^
3670:^
3655:^
3614:^
3595:^
3514:^
3495:^
3456:^
3405:^
3358:^
3065:^
3026:^
2985:^
2968:^
2953:^
2796:MC
2552:.
2339:.
2008:11
1955:.
1826:.
1413:,
91:,
6695:/
5200:e
5193:t
5186:v
5106:.
5087:.
5044:.
5014:.
4995:.
4978:5
4963:.
4953:4
4938:.
4926::
4901:.
4864:.
4845:.
4825:.
4805:.
4786:.
4767:.
4748:.
4729:.
4707:.
4685:.
4663:.
4644:.
4625:.
4606:.
4588:.
4576:.
4539:.
4517:.
4498:.
4479:.
4457:.
4438:.
4419:.
4400:.
4348:.
4329:.
4303:.
4281:.
4262:.
4243:.
4226:.
4207:.
4186:.
4167:.
4134:.
4101:.
3961:.
2668:(
2506:(
1909:(
1871:–
1863:–
1728:(
1322:(
1261:(
712:e
705:t
698:v
508:e
501:t
494:v
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393:t
386:v
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