22:
269:
143:
and bureaucracy who swore allegiance to Joseph
Bonaparte, installed as King of Spain by his brother, Napoleon. The term extended to cover a predominantly middle class intellectual, merchant, or manufacturer who saw the French as agents of change in the rigid structure of Spanish society, and who
317:(servants of French interests), receivers of honours and distinctions handed by King Joseph, co-operating bureaucrats (those who had not resigned their positions during the occupation), or even those who were sought by the French as collaborators but had denied offers.
241:, a conflict between Britain and the Spanish colonies. Napoleon and Joseph sent the Marquis of Sassenay to the zone, seeking support from Liniers to the new monarchy, but Liniers rejected it and confirmed his loyalty to the captive Ferdinand VII.
485:
353:
condition by either settling in the country or leaving its territory. Joseph
Bonaparte's great-great-grandson Frederick Joseph Benton (born in 1954) reviewed the
455:
114:(installed by Napoleon as King of Spain) or, as a lesser evil, preferring to avoid the consequences of outright war with the greatest military power in Europe.
370:
495:
400:
460:
410:
248: – which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand was deposed – to maintain as much possible of Joseph's
237:. However, his appointment took place before the Peninsular War, and France was not involved at all in it: it was instead a consequence of the
234:
375:
95:
135:, and had a neutral meaning, being used to designate those who followed French fashions and customs. Subsequently, it became popular as a
555:
691:
536:
475:
656:
284:
651:
223:
230:
666:
601:
238:
465:
420:
686:
415:
173:
339:
671:
440:
681:
327:
661:
253:
99:
445:
559:
540:
302:'s forces. The total estimate of this exile is fluctuating between 4,000 and 12,000 persons at its peak.
342:
330:
in France, and they began steps to convince the
Spanish government to pardon them. This came during the
528:
696:
450:
291:, all of Joseph's court and his collaborators (nobles, soldiers, jurists, writers, journalists, and
676:
306:
305:
Ferdinand broke the terms of his agreement with
Napoleon after his return from imprisonment at the
490:
480:
103:
646:
505:
435:
299:
296:
405:
578:
574:
470:
132:
72:
390:
8:
631:
Los
Famosos Traidores. Los afrancesados durante la crisis del Antiguo Régimen (1808-1833)
543:
518:
203:
145:
51:
210:, and tried in vain to prevent Napoleon's separate administration of Spanish provinces (
566:
349:
intervention. On April 21, 1832, France ordered them to solve their highly problematic
346:
256:. Nonetheless, the Cortes voted to confiscate all assets of Joseph's court and of the
245:
288:
194:
169:
164:
King Joseph found himself at war with the majority of his subjects. He relied on the
80:
385:
149:
140:
111:
42:
25:
83:, that supported Napoleon's occupation as a mean to implant these ideas in Spain.
551:
331:
292:
249:
207:
202:
were also weary of French designs: more favourable to the
Revolution than of the
547:
500:
425:
273:
91:
640:
430:
350:
185:
153:
60:
188:
but not entirely liberal, this political creation was soon rejected by both
380:
189:
532:
322:
181:
56:
136:
76:
211:
527:
in
Portugal is connected with liberal politicians who organised the
277:
107:
68:
21:
335:
219:
309:(May 4, 1814), and began a campaign of persecution, defining as
168:
to enforce a project that would gradually replace tradition and
268:
215:
313:
most of those who had not risen in combat against the French:
244:
Later, they also attempted to negotiate with the anti-French
144:
reacted against the perceived corruption and incompetence of
64:
357:
doctrine in 1999 but has done nothing to advance its cause.
63:", lit. "Frenchified" or "French-alike") refers to the
581:, which they demanded to have enforced in Portugal.
539:'s arbitrary regime, they called for the return of
345:; those that did return had to flee soon after the
638:
605:, pp. 109-110. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.
360:
90:were upper-and-middle class supporters of the
565:French influence, already present during the
496:Diego Pacheco Téllez-Girón Gómez de Sandoval
531:, begun on August 25, 1820. Demanding the
152:in general (including Joseph's competitor
295:clergy alike) took refuge to France with
607:Google Books. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
267:
239:British invasions of the Río de la Plata
206:, they aimed to withdraw Spain from the
20:
320:The immense number of liberally-minded
192:and liberals (many liberals joined the
639:
603:Guerrilla Conflict Before the Cold War
50:
41:
596:
594:
159:
13:
573:elite with principles such as the
233:had a French viceroy at the time,
231:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
139:reference to those members of the
102:), preferring the reforms of the "
14:
708:
591:
546:- who had preferred to remain in
28:, King of Spain from 1808 to 1814
18:Francophile in Spain and Portugal
692:Portuguese expatriates in France
556:transferred the Portuguese court
657:Groups of the French Revolution
326:alarmed the authorities of the
1:
652:Spanish expatriates in France
584:
466:Martín Fernández de Navarrete
421:José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla
198:against the occupation). The
178:razón, la justicia y el poder
131:surfaced during the reign of
416:Leandro Fernández de Moratín
174:Leandro Fernández de Moratín
7:
667:Forced migrations in Europe
512:
441:José Marchena Ruiz de Cueto
92:French occupation of Iberia
10:
713:
516:
122:
446:Francisco Martínez Marina
287:'s 1813 campaign and the
687:19th century in Portugal
624:Fernando VII y su tiempo
343:Evaristo Pérez de Castro
263:
117:
569:, had familiarised the
491:Mariano Luis de Urquijo
184:, justice, and power).
672:Liberalism in Portugal
537:William Carr Beresford
280:
52:[ɐfɾɐ̃sɨˈzaðu]
43:[afɾanθeˈsaðo]
29:
600:Joes, Anthony James.
506:Francisco Antonio Zea
436:Juan Antonio Llorente
376:Miguel José de Azanza
300:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
272:Plaque commemorating
271:
24:
682:Age of Enlightenment
575:separation of powers
481:Manuel José Quintana
451:Juan Meléndez Valdés
250:Bayonne laws of 1808
176:defined as based on
662:First French Empire
529:Revolution of Porto
519:Revolution of Porto
476:Cipriano de Palafox
338:decreed by liberal
328:Bourbon Restoration
307:Château de Valençay
235:Santiago de Liniers
127:In Spain, the term
104:enlightened despots
629:Juan López Tabar,
579:parliamentarianism
567:War of the Oranges
486:Félix José Reinoso
406:José Antonio Conde
347:Quintuple Alliance
285:Duke of Wellington
281:
30:
471:Gonzalo O'Farrill
401:Fernando Camborda
391:François Cabarrus
332:Liberal Triennium
315:colaboracionistas
289:Battle of Vitoria
254:1812 Constitution
252:into Ferdinand's
160:Political program
81:French Revolution
704:
697:Joseph Bonaparte
617:Los afrancesados
608:
598:
456:Sebastián Miñano
386:Javier de Burgos
371:Francisco Amorós
361:Notable Spanish
150:House of Bourbon
141:Spanish nobility
112:Joseph Bonaparte
110:and his brother
54:
49:
45:
40:
26:Joseph Bonaparte
712:
711:
707:
706:
705:
703:
702:
701:
677:Napoleonic Wars
637:
636:
615:Miguel Artola,
612:
611:
599:
592:
587:
560:French invasion
554:, where he had
521:
515:
510:
461:Manuel Narganes
393:(considered an
366:
266:
246:Cortes of Cádiz
208:Napoleonic Wars
162:
125:
120:
47:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
710:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
635:
634:
633:, Madrid, 2002
627:
626:, Madrid, 1942
622:Juan Arzadun,
620:
619:, Madrid, 1989
610:
609:
589:
588:
586:
583:
548:Rio de Janeiro
535:as opposed to
517:Main article:
514:
511:
509:
508:
503:
501:Juan Van Halen
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:Francisco Goya
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
397:in retrospect)
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
365:
359:
293:Roman Catholic
274:Francisco Goya
265:
262:
226:) after 1809.
172:with a system
161:
158:
124:
121:
119:
116:
86:In principle,
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
709:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
613:
606:
604:
597:
595:
590:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Alberto Lista
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Guido Bellico
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
279:
275:
270:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
190:conservatives
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
157:
155:
154:Ferdinand VII
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
73:Enlightenment
70:
66:
62:
59:" or "turned-
58:
53:
44:
36:
35:
27:
23:
16:
647:Afrancesados
630:
623:
616:
602:
570:
564:
524:
522:
394:
381:Fernando Sor
363:afrancesados
362:
354:
321:
319:
314:
311:afrancesados
310:
304:
282:
276:'s exile to
258:afrancesados
257:
243:
228:
200:afrancesados
199:
193:
177:
166:afrancesados
165:
163:
128:
126:
88:afrancesados
87:
85:
71:partisan of
33:
32:
31:
15:
571:afrancesado
558:during the
533:rule of law
525:afrancesado
395:afrancesado
355:afrancesado
186:Progressive
133:Charles III
129:afrancesado
57:Francophile
48:Portuguese:
34:Afrancesado
641:Categories
585:References
283:After the
170:absolutism
146:Charles IV
137:pejorative
108:Napoleon I
77:Liberalism
69:Portuguese
523:The term
351:stateless
212:Catalonia
79:, or the
513:Portugal
334:, as an
278:Bordeaux
195:guerilla
148:and the
96:Portugal
39:Spanish:
544:John VI
340:Premier
336:amnesty
323:émigrés
297:Marshal
220:Navarre
123:Origins
75:ideas,
65:Spanish
552:Brazil
224:Biscay
222:, and
216:Aragon
204:Empire
182:reason
61:French
264:Exile
118:Spain
100:Spain
577:and
541:King
229:The
98:and
67:and
156:).
55:; "
643::
593:^
562:.
550:,
260:.
218:,
214:,
106:"
46:,
180:(
94:(
37:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
