1184:("Russian V-gas") coming a close second (Amiton is largely forgotten as VG, with G probably coming from "G"hosh). All of the V-agents are persistent agents, meaning that these agents do not degrade or wash away easily and can therefore remain on clothes and other surfaces for long periods. In use, this allows the V-agents to be used to blanket terrain to guide or curtail the movement of enemy ground forces. The consistency of these agents is similar to oil; as a result, the contact hazard for V-agents is primarily â but not exclusively â dermal. VX was the only V-series agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets,
2091:, each producing a different sound wave tone. The different wavelengths of light were directed into a sensor referred to as the photoacoustic cell. Within the cell were the vapors of different nerve agents. The traces of each nerve agent had a signature effect on the "loudness" of the lasers' sound wave tones. Some overlap of nerve agents' effects did occur in the acoustic results. However, it was predicted that specificity would increase as additional lasers with unique wavelengths were added. Yet, too many lasers set to different
1829:
the enemy had access to such a gas and what it was doing in this area. To Hitler's disappointment Ambros replied, "I have justified reasons to assume that Tabun, too, is known abroad. I know that Tabun was publicized as early as 1902, that Sarin was patented and that these substances appeared in patents. " (...)Ambros was informing Hitler of an extraordinary fact about one of
Germany's most secret weapons. The essential nature of Tabun and Sarin had already been disclosed in the technical journals as far back as 1902 and
1259:. Carbamate-based nerve agents are sometimes grouped in academic literature with Fourth Generation Novichok agents, as they were added to the CWC schedule on banned agents at the same time, despite their significant differences in chemical makeup and mechanisms of action. Carbamate-based nerve agents have been identified as Schedule 1 Nerve Agents, the highest classification possible under the CWC, reserved for agents with no identified alternate use, and those that can cause the most harm.
1038:
1110:
1122:
1050:
930:) is the standard oxime used to treat nerve agent poisoning. Rather than counteracting the initial effects of the nerve agent on the nervous system as does atropine, pralidoxime chloride reactivates the poisoned enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) by scavenging the phosphoryl group attached on the functional hydroxyl group of the enzyme, counteracting the nerve agent itself. Revival of acetylcholinesterase with pralidoxime chloride works more effectively on
1400:
1176:. It was subsequently withdrawn, as it was too toxic for safe use. The toxicity did not escape military notice and some of the more toxic materials had been sent to Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds became a new group of nerve agents, the V agents (depending on the source, the V stands for Victory, Venomous, or Viscous). The best known of these is probably
1199:. It is clear that many agricultural pesticides can be considered as V agents if they are notoriously toxic. The agent is not required to be a phosphonate and presents a dialkylaminoethyl group. The toxicity requirement is waived as the VT agent and its salts (VT-1 and VT-2) are "non-toxic". Replacing the sulfur atom with selenium increases the toxicity of the agent by orders of magnitude.
857:). Acetylcholine thus builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. This same action also occurs at the gland and organ levels, resulting in uncontrolled drooling, tearing of the eyes (lacrimation) and excess production of mucus from the nose (rhinorrhea).
2014:. According to a 1998 report by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the Army created at least 26 chemical weapons dump sites in the ocean off at least 11 states on both the west and east coasts. Due to poor records, they currently only know the rough whereabouts of half of them.
1828:
than
Germany did. Hitler interrupted to explain that he was not referring to traditional poison gases: "I understand that the countries with petroleum are in a position to make more , but Germany has a special gas, Tabun. In this we have a monopoly in Germany." He specifically wanted to know whether
1837:
both products in 1937 and 1938. Ambros then warned Hitler that if
Germany used Tabun, it must face the possibility that the Allies could produce this gas in much larger quantities. Upon receiving this discouraging report, Hitler abruptly left the meeting. The nerve gases would not be used, for the
1061:
is thus named because German scientists first synthesized them. G series agents are known as non-persistent, meaning that they evaporate shortly after release, and do not remain active in the dispersal area for very long. All of the compounds in this class were discovered and synthesized during or
724:
between nerves that control whether muscle tissues are to relax or contract. If the agent cannot be broken down, muscles are prevented from receiving 'relax' signals and they are effectively paralyzed. It is the compounding of this paralysis throughout the body that quickly leads to more severe
1974:
officer, Nick Bailey, was exposed to the substance. He was one of the first to respond to the incident. Twenty-one members of the public received medical treatment following exposure to the nerve agent. Despite this, only Bailey and the
Skripals remained in critical condition. On 11 March 2018,
975:
autoinjector, and is ineffective against other nerve agents. While it reduces fatality rates, there is an increased risk of brain damage; this can be mitigated by administration of an anticonvulsant. Evidence suggests that the use of pyridostigmine may be responsible for some of the symptoms of
864:
in the 1990s. The reaction products have been confirmed subsequently using different sources of acetylcholinesterase and the closely related target enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase. The X-ray structures clarify important aspects of the reaction mechanism (e.g., stereochemical inversion) at atomic
1707:
Because of the plant's deep secrecy and the difficult nature of the production process, it took from
January 1940 until June 1942 for the plant to become fully operational. Many of Tabun's chemical precursors were so corrosive that reaction chambers not lined with quartz or silver soon became
1680:
The plant was large, covering an area of 2.4 by 0.8 km (1.49 by 0.50 mi) and was completely self-contained, synthesizing all intermediates as well as the final product, Tabun. The factory even had an underground plant for filling munitions, which were then stored at
Krappitz (now
1719:
constructed of a poly-layered rubber/cloth/rubber sandwich that was destroyed after the tenth wearing. Despite all precautions, there were over 300 accidents before production even began and at least ten workers died during the two and a half years of operation. Some incidents cited in
1227:
and in Russia from the mid-1960s to the 1990s. The
Novichok program aimed to develop and manufacture highly deadly chemical weapons that were unknown to the West. The new agents were designed to be undetectable by standard NATO chemical-detection equipment and overcome contemporary
1788:
shells, the German government ultimately decided not to use nerve agents against Allied targets. The Allies did not learn of these agents until shells filled with them were captured towards the end of the war. German forces used chemical warfare against partisans during the
1524:
application and all related research was classified as secret. Colonel RĂŒdiger, head of the CW section, ordered the construction of new laboratories for the further investigation of Tabun and other organophosphate compounds and
Schrader soon moved to a new laboratory at
919:
better. While these drugs will save the life of a person affected by nerve agents, that person may be incapacitated briefly or for an extended period, depending on the extent of exposure. The endpoint of atropine administration is the clearing of bronchial secretions.
3913:
On
February 22, 2018, the United States determined under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act) that the Government of North Korea used the chemical warfare agent VX to assassinate Kim Jong Nam, in the Kuala Lumpur
2537:
Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, Greenblatt HM, Harel M, Raves ML, Segall Y, Barak D, Shafferman A, Silman I, Sussman JL (June 1999). "Crystal structures of aged phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase: nerve agent reaction products at the atomic level".
1172:(ICI) was investigating a class of organophosphate compounds (organophosphate esters of substituted aminoethanethiols). Like Schrader, Ghosh found that they were quite effective pesticides. In 1954, ICI put one of them on the market under the trade name
1008:
protection against the entire spectrum of organophosphate nerve agents. Butyrylcholinesterase currently is the preferred enzyme for development as a pharmaceutical drug primarily because it is a naturally circulating human plasma protein (superior
3004:
Doctor BP, Blick DW, Caranto G, Castro CA, Gentry MK, Larrison R, Maxwell DM, Murphy MR, Schutz M, Waibel K (June 1993). "Cholinesterases as scavengers for organophosphorus compounds: protection of primate performance against Soman toxicity".
1492:
he used in his initial experiment. In
January 1937, Schrader observed the effects of nerve agents on human beings first-hand when a drop of Tabun spilled onto a lab bench. Within minutes he and his laboratory assistant began to experience
6713:
4334:
Mukherjee, Anadi; Prasanna, Manu; Lane, Michael; Go, Rowel; Dunayevskiy, Ilya; Tsekoun, Alexei; Patel, C. Kumar N. (20 September 2008). "Optically multiplexed multi-gas detection using quantum cascade laser photoacoustic spectroscopy".
2017:
There is currently a lack of scientific data regarding the ecological and health effects of this dumping. In the event of leakage, many nerve agents are soluble in water and would dissolve in a few days, while other substances like
4248:
Prasad, Coorg R.; Lei, Jie; Shi, Wenhui; Li, Guangkun; Dunayevskiy, Ilya; Patel, C. Kumar N. (2012). "Laser photoacoustic sensor for air toxicity measurements". In Vo-Dinh, Tuan; Lieberman, Robert A.; Gauglitz, GĂŒnter (eds.).
1783:
also knew of these compounds, assuming that because these compounds were not discussed in the Allies' scientific journals information about them was being suppressed. Though Sarin, Tabun and Soman were incorporated into
1609:
The G-series naming system was created by the United States when it uncovered the German activities, labeling Tabun as GA (German Agent A), Sarin as GB and Soman as GD. Ethyl Sarin was tagged GE and CycloSarin as GF.
3962:
3872:"Report of the United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic on the alleged use of chemical weapons in the Ghouta area of Damascus on 21 August 2013"
668:
Nerve agents are generally colorless and tasteless liquids. Nerve agents evaporate at varying rates depending on the substance. None are gases in normal environments. The popular term "nerve gas" is inaccurate.
944:, such as diazepam, may be administered to manage seizures, improving long term prognosis and reducing risk of brain damage. This is not usually self-administered as its use is for actively seizing patients.
6723:
3420:
Palermo, Giulia; Kovarik, Zrinka; Hotchkiss, Peter J. (October 2022). "Newly scheduled carbamate compounds: A synopsis of their properties and development, and considerations for the scientific community".
1819:
authority on poison gas as well as synthetic rubber, to the meeting. Hitler asked Ambros, "What is the other side doing about poison gas?" Ambros explained that the enemy, because of its greater access to
6618:
6683:
1255:. The Family Practice Notebook claims carbamate-based nerve agents can be three times as toxic as VX. Both the United States and the Soviet Union developed carbamate-based nerve agents during the
1708:
useless. Tabun itself was so hazardous that the final processes had to be performed while enclosed in double glass-lined chambers with a stream of pressurized air circulating between the walls.
3878:
1331:
are sufficiently toxic to humans that they have been withdrawn from agricultural use, and were at one stage investigated for potential military applications. Paraoxon was allegedly used as an
6733:
1894:
chemical depot was destroyed. This and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs as a protective treatment against any possible nerve gas attack have been proposed as a possible cause of
1013:) and its larger active site compared with acetylcholinesterase may permit greater flexibility for future design and improvement of butyrylcholinesterase to act as a nerve agent scavenger.
4099:
6718:
791:
The effects of nerve agents are long lasting and increase with continued exposure. Survivors of nerve agent poisoning almost invariably develop chronic neurological damage and related
1994:
of the same kind that was used in the Skripal poisoning, which Rowley had found in a discarded perfume bottle and gifted to Sturgess. Whilst Rowley survived, Sturgess died on 8 July.
2573:
Millard CB, Koellner G, Ordentlich A, Shafferman A, Silman I, Sussman JL (1999). "Reaction Products of Acetylcholinesterase and VX Reveal a Mobile Histidine in the Catalytic Triad".
1760:
ordered the mass production of Sarin for wartime use. A number of pilot plants were built and a high-production facility was under construction (but was not finished) by the end of
6728:
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complications, including the heart and the muscles used for breathing. Because of this, the first symptoms usually appear within 30 seconds of exposure and death can occur via
3871:
6693:
6678:
4443:
2114:
4174:
Gurton, Kristan P.; Felton, Melvin; Tober, Richard (15 August 2012). "Selective real-time detection of gaseous nerve agent simulants using multiwavelength photoacoustics".
3048:
Broomfield CA, Lockridge O, Millard CB (May 1999). "Protein engineering of a human enzyme that hydrolyzes V and G nerve agents: design, construction and characterization".
744:. Soon after, the victim will have difficulty breathing and will experience nausea and salivation. As the victim continues to lose control of bodily functions, involuntary
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6698:
5116:
3776:
2120:
3953:
7098:
5197:
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Ashani Y, Shapira S, Levy D, Wolfe AD, Doctor BP, Raveh L (January 1991). "Butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase prophylaxis against Soman poisoning in mice".
6604:
3300:
2934:
Lockridge O (April 2015). "Review of human butyrylcholinesterase structure, function, genetic variants, history of use in the clinic, and potential therapeutic uses".
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3088:
1231:
In addition to the newly developed "third generation" weapons, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and were designated as "Novichok" agents.
8286:
4954:
2725:
Shih, T.-M.; McDonough, J. H. (19 May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication".
431:
270:
1979:
issued advice for the other people believed to have been in the Mill pub (the location where the attack is believed to have been carried out) or the nearby
860:
The reaction product of the most important nerve agents, including Soman, Sarin, Tabun and VX, with acetylcholinesterase were solved by the U.S. Army using
8291:
2022:
could last longer. There have also been a few incidents of chemical weapons washing ashore or being accidentally retrieved, for example during dredging or
1386:
The method chosen will depend on the physical properties of the nerve agent(s) used, the nature of the target, and the achievable level of sophistication.
4125:
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8183:
8179:
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8152:
3360:
2378:
4100:"Novichok poisoning probe: Police say there is 'no doubt' Novichok victims are linked and Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess were innocent tragic victims"
661:. Nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin, requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a
1734:
Seven workers were hit in the face with a stream of Tabun of such force that the liquid was forced behind their respirators. Only two survived despite
4221:
6703:
570:
4449:
4047:
1868:
within its own territory, Iraqi forces did expose the populace to some kind of chemical weapons, possibly mustard gas and most likely nerve agents.
2682:
Shih TM, McDonough JH (May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication".
885:
as an antidote. Anticholinergics treat the symptoms by reducing the effects of acetylcholine, while oximes displaces phosphate molecules from the
8003:
6958:
6816:
1686:
1477:. While working toward his goal of improved insecticide, Schrader experimented with numerous compounds, eventually leading to the preparation of
3392:
1998:
believe that the poisoning was not a targeted attack, but a result of the way the nerve agent was disposed of after the poisoning in Salisbury.
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
6968:
6925:
6876:
2344:
1021:
There are two main classes of nerve agents. The members of the two classes share similar properties and are given both a common name (such as
7353:
6930:
6796:
2841:
2660:
6911:
6811:
3976:
3220:
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This first class of nerve agents, the G-series, was accidentally discovered in Germany on December 23, 1936, by a research team headed by
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7603:
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780:âtype epileptic seizure. Death then comes via complete respiratory depression, most likely via the excessive peripheral activity at the
7668:
2010:
of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean waters off the United States by the U.S. Army, primarily as part of
1642:
1247:
EA-1464, of notorious toxicity. Compounds similar in structure and effect to EA-1464 formed a large group, including compounds such as
7413:
6901:
4501:
2449:"Effects of Sarin on the nervous system in rescue team staff members and police officers 3 years after the Tokyo subway Sarin attack"
2310:
3927:
1004:
and butyrylcholinesterase have demonstrated success in animal studies as "biological scavengers" (and universal targets) to provide
8317:
7608:
1195:
Analyzing the structure of thirteen V agents, the standard composition, which makes a compound enter this group, is the absence of
819:
acetylcholinesterase in the long-term are noticeably lower than normal and tend to be lower the worse the persisting symptoms are.
7368:
7243:
4437:
4283:
3753:
2255:
4434:
ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Including Pesticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents
4151:
Bearden, David M. (13 July 2006). U.S. Disposal of Chemical Weapons in the Ocean: Background and Issues for Congress (Report).
2073:
1497:(constriction of the pupils of the eyes), dizziness and severe shortness of breath. It took them three weeks to recover fully.
4251:
Advanced Environmental, Chemical, and Biological Sensing Technologies IX: 26-27 April 2012, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
4222:"Hearing the Telltale Sounds of Dangerous Chemicals: New Photoacoustic Technique Detects Multiple Nerve Agents Simultaneously"
1890:, no nerve agents (nor other chemical weapons) were used, but a number of U.S. and UK personnel were exposed to them when the
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3837:
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3720:
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1963:
563:
2601:
3954:"Russia spy latest: Salisbury police officer exposed to nerve agent says he is 'not a hero' and was 'merely doing his job'"
3464:
1776:
4022:"Exclusive: Novichok poisoning victim Charlie Rowley reveals perfume gift he gave to partner contained deadly nerve agent"
2006:
In 1972, the United States Congress banned the practice of disposing chemical weapons into the ocean. Thirty-two thousand
8165:
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5713:
2412:
Sidell FR (2008). "Soman and Sarin: clinical manifestations and treatment of accidental poisoning by organophosphates".
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1940:
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of 1980â1988) has been the only large-scale use of any chemical weapons. On the scale of the single Kurdish village of
907:
is the standard anticholinergic drug used to manage the symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. It acts as an antagonist to
3099:
5344:
5334:
3908:
3841:
3625:
3550:
1439:
1160:(it is thought that the 'X' in its name comes from its overlapping isopropyl radicals), was invented in the 1950s at
908:
594:
that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of
2053:(LPAS) is a method that has been used to detect nerve agents in the air. In this method, laser light is absorbed by
1504:
government had passed a decree that required all inventions of possible military significance to be reported to the
7218:
5172:
4615:
915:, may counteract the central symptoms of nerve agent poisoning more effectively than atropine, since they pass the
845:
Nerve agents disrupt the nervous system by inhibiting the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase by forming a
556:
2622:
971:. It is only effective if taken prior to exposure and in conjunction with Atropine and Pralidoxime, issued in the
6580:
4803:
1307:
at proper doses, but there is considerable concern about the effects of long-term exposure to these chemicals by
997:
nerve agents. It binds nerve agent in the bloodstream before the poison can exert effects in the nervous system.
544:
1520:. Schrader was summoned to the Wehrmacht chemical lab in Berlin to give a demonstration, after which Schrader's
6757:
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effects. Possible effects that can last at least up to twoâthree years after exposure include blurred vision,
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5304:
4494:
2232:
1932:
1790:
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3905:"Imposition of Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act Sanctions on North Korea"
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8020:
6634:
5656:
5202:
1573:
1417:
1169:
1077:
This series is the first and oldest family of nerve agents. The first nerve agent ever synthesized was GA (
3268:
3252:
1623:
1347:
is a major cause of disability in many developing countries and is often the preferred method of suicide.
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5438:
5382:
5376:
5298:
5273:
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4133:. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: Office of the Program Manager for Chemical Munitions. Archived from
1319:
toxicity and death can occur through the same mechanism as other nerve agents. Some insecticides such as
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7891:
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6277:
5745:
5324:
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4021:
2050:
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Four pipe fitters had liquid Tabun drain onto them and died before their rubber suits could be removed.
1505:
956:
1950:
On 4 March 2018, a former Russian agent (who was convicted of high treason but allowed to live in the
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enzymes, allowing the breakdown of acetylcholine. Military personnel are issued the combination in an
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SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS and PROBLEMS. United States Army Chemical Corps (U). FISCAL YEAR 1960. p-116
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de. It was codenamed T-144 or Trilon-46. It was found to be more than ten times as potent as Tabun.
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engineered an LPAS system that can detect multiple trace amounts of toxic gases in one air sample.
1991:
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A worker had two liters of Tabun pour down the neck of his rubber suit. He died within two minutes.
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916:
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The plant produced between 10 000 and 30 000 tons of Tabun before its capture by the Soviet Army
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4301:
Schmitt, Katrin; MĂŒller, Andreas; Huber, Jochen; Busch, Sebastian; Wöllenstein, JĂŒrgen (2011).
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1905:
1780:
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143:
133:
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2769:"Oximes in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning: a systematic review of clinical trials"
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History Note: The CWS Effort to Obtain German Chemical Weapons for Retaliation Against Japan
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1976:
1701:
1372:
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861:
389:
2039:
The methods of detecting gaseous nerve agents include but are not limited to the following.
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7223:
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6524:
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6272:
5933:
5860:
5815:
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was also discovered during WWII but the details were lost and it was rediscovered in 1949.
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923:
839:
713:
595:
443:
104:
99:
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1916:, killing several hundred people. Most governments contend that forces loyal to President
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immediately breaks down the acetylcholine in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax.
8:
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2110:
The following nerve agent simulants have been identified with this multiwavelength LPAS:
1995:
1478:
1344:
1093:) in 1949. GB was the only G agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets,
1078:
1042:
931:
911:, blocking the effects of excess acetylcholine. Some synthetic anticholinergics, such as
838:, which transmits the impulse to a muscle or organ. Once the impulse is sent, the enzyme
772:
and burning of the eyes and/or lungs may also occur. This phase is followed by initially
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317:
194:
94:
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was discovered by Schrader and his team in 1938 and named in honor of its discoverers:
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705:
658:
3777:"Ex-Aum Shinrikyo member Katsuya Takahashi gets life in prison over 1995 Sarin attack"
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3515:
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3065:
2498:"Sequelae of Sarin toxicity at one and three years after exposure in Matsumoto, Japan"
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in 1944 as he worked with the existing compounds; the name is derived from either the
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A higher form of killing : the secret history of chemical and biological warfare
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Coulter, P. B.; Callahan, J. J.; Link, R.S. Physical Constants of Thirteen V Agents.
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1971:
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126:
69:
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3697:
Bellamy, Chris (2008). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Knopf.
3227:, U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, December 26, 2007, accessed January 4, 2007
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2011:
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43:
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19:
This article is about chemical weapons. For an American hardcore punk band, see
7468:
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7143:
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4706:
4620:
2873:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2197:
2171:
2019:
1959:
1951:
1857:
1722:
A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare
1593:
1517:
1208:
990:
952:
941:
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816:
730:
701:
646:
403:
296:
152:
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1970:. They survived, and were subsequently released from hospital. In addition, a
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Nishiwaki Y, Maekawa K, Ogawa Y, Asukai N, Minami M, Omae K (November 2001).
2206:
1872:
1843:
1735:
1711:
Three thousand German nationals were employed at Hochwerk, all equipped with
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1005:
846:
835:
812:
717:
603:
508:
87:
3822:
3635:
3204:
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2893:
2235:
techniques have been reported to be used for gaseous nerve agent detection.
1838:
time being at least, although they would continue to be produced and tested.
1168:, England. Ranajit Ghosh, a chemist at the Plant Protection Laboratories of
1037:
8202:
7993:
7886:
7841:
7806:
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7153:
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2955:
2920:
2802:
2746:
2703:
2559:
2523:
2482:
2186:
2181:
1804:
1764:. Estimates for total Sarin production by Nazi Germany range from 500
1761:
1750:
1589:
1538:
1484:
In experiments, Tabun was extremely potent against insects: as little as 5
1308:
1224:
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is the second family of nerve agents and contains five well known members:
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642:
513:
488:
416:
373:
138:
3034:
2990:
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2464:
2433:
1990:
On 30 June 2018, two British nationals, Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess,
934:
while blocking acetylcholine receptors with atropine is more effective on
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8068:
7988:
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7673:
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7338:
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4714:
4535:
4474:
4356:
4195:
4072:
3994:
2153:
2092:
2069:
2065:
1984:
1936:
1856:
Since World War II, Iraq's use of mustard gas against Iranian troops and
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1712:
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57:
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Suspect CW Agent Production Plants, Dzerzhinsk, USSR, Changes Since 1962
641:, with the first symptoms appearing in seconds after exposure. Death by
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1603:
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1424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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in a few minutes, depending upon the dose received and the agent used.
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219:
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27:
4442:
Nervegas: America's Fifteen-year Struggle for Modern Chemical Weapons
4258:
2586:
2551:
2514:
2497:
2258:(FTIR) spectroscopy has been reported to detect gaseous nerve agents.
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4856:
4720:
4659:
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3835:
2303:"Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Nerve Agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)"
2276:
Toxic: A History of Nerve Agents, from Nazi Germany to Putin's Russia
2088:
1967:
1830:
1816:
1785:
1697:
1641:. In January 1940, construction began on a secret plant, code named "
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1513:
1474:
1462:
1336:
1288:
1284:
1244:
1165:
1071:
912:
753:
634:
474:
4048:"Novichok victim found substance disguised as perfume in sealed box"
1399:
16:
Class of organophosphates; classified as weapons of mass destruction
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1955:
1944:
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1821:
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1716:
1541:. The compound was initially codenamed Le-100 and later Trilon-83.
1328:
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960:
904:
804:
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411:
378:
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109:
3620:. Paxman, Jeremy, 1950â. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
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may follow in minutes due to the loss of the body's control over
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5101:
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4565:
4303:"Compact photoacoustic gas sensor based on broadband IR source"
3977:"Public health advice following Salisbury nerve agent incident"
2496:
Nakajima T, Ohta S, Fukushima Y, Yanagisawa N (November 1999).
2495:
2163:
Other gases and air contaminants identified with LPAS include:
2057:
1909:
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1501:
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74:
3838:"Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence"
653:
and other muscles. Some nerve agents are readily vaporized or
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7623:
7613:
7463:
7358:
6708:
6473:
6388:
6347:
5634:
5038:
5033:
5023:
4862:
4845:
4798:
4284:"Army scientists demonstrate rapid detection of nerve agents"
3543:
A laboratory history of chemical warfare agents : a book
2247:
absorption has been reported to detect gaseous nerve agents.
2157:
2100:
2047:
1980:
1901:
1876:
1597:
1585:
1544:
1243:. The starting compound studied by the United States was the
1086:
1082:
964:
898:
882:
853:, where acetylcholine would normally be broken down (undergo
749:
737:
685:
673:
622:
327:
322:
312:
307:
209:
199:
7053:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
5117:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
3545:. Mazal Holocaust Collection (2nd ed.). Jared Ledgard.
3491:"Overcoming apathy in research on organophosphate poisoning"
986:
is under development by the U.S. Department of Defense as a
865:
resolution and provide a key tool for antidote development.
8166:
8079:
7099:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
5644:
5639:
5198:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
4169:
4167:
4165:
3118:"Organophosphorus Compounds at 80: Some Old and New Issues"
2817:"Nerve Agent Treatment â Autoinjector Instructions â CHEMM"
2766:
2446:
2216:
1987:
stated that the substance used was a Novichok nerve agent.
1465:. Since 1934, Schrader had been working in a laboratory in
1026:
8135:
3047:
2250:
736:
Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents (like
6031:
5584:
4232:
3239:
U. S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories Technical Report
2221:
2072:
that result from the pressure changes. Scientists at the
2007:
1769:
4162:
3866:
3003:
2869:"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Gulf War illnesses"
2393:
2325:
2307:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
1508:, so in May 1937 Schrader sent a sample of Tabun to the
4333:
4300:
3488:
3419:
3393:"New nerve agents added to Chemical Weapons Convention"
3218:"U.S. Army Destroys Entire Stockpile of VX Spray Tanks"
1355:
Many methods exist for spreading nerve agents such as:
657:, and the primary portal of entry into the body is the
3836:
Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force (9 April 1997).
2968:
2767:
Eddleston M, Szinicz L, Eyer P, Buckley N (May 2002).
4412:. Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
4073:"Novichok: Victim found poison bottle in branded box"
2060:. This causes a heating/cooling cycle and changes in
1983:
Restaurant. On 12 March 2018, British Prime Minister
704:. All such agents function the same way resulting in
3715:. Mazal Holocaust Collection. New York: Free Press.
3489:
Buckley NA, Roberts D, Eddleston M (November 2004).
3180:
3178:
2034:
621:
Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction of
26:"Nerve gas" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3928:"Sergei Skripal Discharged from Salisbury Hospital"
2042:
4410:Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare
3952:
3708:
3575:
3187:Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents
3086:
2566:
1962:, and his daughter, who was visiting from Moscow,
1879:several times on other Japanese, most notably the
1807:, who was strongly opposed to the introduction of
1239:Contrary to some claims, not all nerve agents are
6663:
4173:
4046:Morris, Steven; Rawlinson, Kevin (24 July 2018).
4039:
3175:
2602:"Treatment for the Soviet-era nerve gas Novichok"
8304:
3926:Morris, Steven; Wintour, Patrick (18 May 2018).
3860:
3804:Deadly cults : the crimes of true believers
2309:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
740:) are a runny nose, tightness in the chest, and
4045:
3358:
3236:
1085:) was discovered next in 1939, followed by GD (
8008:Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above
4247:
1685:) in Upper Silesia. The plant was operated by
1537:to continue his research in secret throughout
7948:
6612:
4495:
4127:Chemical Weapons Movement History Compilation
3995:"Highly likely Russia behind spy attack â PM"
3925:
3870:, Cairns S, Barbeschi M (16 September 2013).
2724:
2681:
1824:, probably had a greater capacity to produce
1214:
1153:, along with several more obscure analogues.
564:
8287:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
6744:
4065:
4013:
3482:
3041:
2927:
2867:Golomb, Beatrice Alexandra (18 March 2008).
2760:
2675:
2530:
1964:were both poisoned by a Novichok nerve agent
1089:) in 1944, and finally the more obscure GF (
901:), for ease of use in stressful conditions.
716:, which is responsible for the breakdown of
8292:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
8171:Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein
8084:Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
8038:
2997:
2962:
2489:
2440:
1350:
1299:that these compounds have little effect on
8140:Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
6619:
6605:
4502:
4488:
4123:
2405:
2227:
1935:, half-brother of the North Korean leader
1793:in 1942, but did not use any nerve agent.
1704:production plants in Germany at the time.
571:
557:
4318:
3652:Corona: America's first satellite program
3567:
3514:
3165:
3163:
3143:
3133:
2933:
2910:
2892:
2792:
2513:
2472:
1796:This is detailed in Joseph Borkin's book
1440:Learn how and when to remove this message
3293:"Novichok nerve agents â what are they?"
2575:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2099:. Citation LPAS technology can identify
1630:near the German Army proving grounds at
1120:
1108:
1048:
1036:
7244:Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
4438:Department of Health and Human Services
4281:
4150:
3746:"Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds?"
3743:
3711:The crime and punishment of I.G. Farben
3655:. New York: Morgan James. p. 185.
3648:
3540:
3189:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3184:
2297:
2295:
2273:
2251:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
1992:were poisoned by a Novichok nerve agent
1846:, The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben
1600:'to bludgeon'. It was codenamed T-300.
1156:The most studied agent in this family,
8305:
5383:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
5377:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
4407:
4282:Brayboy, Joyce P. (5 September 2012).
4019:
3902:
3706:
3613:
3361:"History of Russia's chemical weapons"
3290:
3160:
2866:
2599:
2411:
2399:
2331:
1613:
1291:, are nerve agents. The metabolism of
822:
7434:Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)
6684:2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
6600:
5625:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
4483:
4380:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4097:
3774:
3756:from the original on 13 December 2008
3573:
3536:
3534:
3415:
3413:
3320:
3318:
3274:
3258:
3115:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2617:
2615:
2347:. New Environment Inc. Archived from
2144:two volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
1927:On 13 February 2017, the nerve agent
1798:The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben
811:. In people exposed to nerve agents,
695:
3800:
2313:from the original on 25 January 2018
2292:
1851:
1422:adding citations to reliable sources
1393:
1339:South African government as part of
8231:
6734:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
5714:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
3096:Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
3087:Sidell FR, Newmark J, McDonough J.
1622:for Tabun production was set up at
873:Standard treatment for nerve agent
13:
5330:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
4391:10.1016/B978-0-124-65020-6.X5001-5
4383:Multidimensional Pharmacochemistry
4210:
4098:Tobin, Olivia (5 September 2018).
3965:from the original on 18 June 2022.
3531:
3410:
3315:
3303:from the original on 18 March 2018
3170:FM 3â8 Chemical Reference handbook
3098:. pp. 155â219. Archived from
2844:. 3 September 2018. Archived from
2644:
2612:
2363:
1941:Kuala Lumpur International Airport
1649:), for the production of Tabun at
1219:, "newcomer") agents, a series of
1202:
947:
909:muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
14:
8329:
6668:Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase
5345:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
5335:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
4427:
4220:Meyer, Lyndsay (14 August 2012).
3909:United States Department of State
3842:Federation of American Scientists
3578:The Third Reich at War, 1939â1945
2453:Environmental Health Perspectives
2381:from the original on 8 April 2017
2035:Detection of gaseous nerve agents
2001:
1223:compounds, were developed in the
1113:Chemical form of the nerve agent
1041:Chemical form of the nerve agent
799:, declined memory, hoarse voice,
7728:Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)
7219:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
5173:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
4616:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
4290:. U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
3877:. United Nations. Archived from
2948:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.011
2345:"Chemical and Biological Agents"
2238:
2135:(DIME), triethyl phosphate (TEP)
2043:Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy
1398:
610:. Nerve agents are irreversible
602:that catalyzes the breakdown of
8318:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
7659:Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
7384:Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)
6581:List of chemical warfare agents
4804:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
4327:
4294:
4275:
4144:
4124:Brankowitz WR (27 April 1987).
4117:
4091:
4020:Evelyn, Rupert (24 July 2018).
3987:
3969:
3945:
3919:
3896:
3829:
3794:
3768:
3737:
3700:
3691:
3677:
3642:
3607:
3457:
3385:
3352:
3327:
3284:
3230:
3211:
3116:Costa, Lucio G (1 March 2018).
3109:
3080:
3050:Chemico-Biological Interactions
3007:Chemico-Biological Interactions
2936:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2860:
2834:
2809:
2718:
2593:
1920:deployed the gas; however, the
1409:needs additional citations for
1295:is sufficiently different from
1262:
1228:chemical-protective equipment.
1070:(later under the employment of
881:to manage the symptoms, and an
831:is stimulated, it releases the
684:has a slightly fruity odor and
612:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
545:List of chemical warfare agents
6729:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
4455:AChE inhibitors and substrates
3359:Våsårhelyi G, Földi L (2007).
2667:. 8 March 2018. Archived from
2337:
2267:
2127:diisopropyl methyl phosphonate
1875:religious group made and used
1:
8282:Receptor/signaling modulators
8054:Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)
7953:Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase
4921:
4831:
3066:10.1016/S0009-2797(99)00053-8
2600:Scutti, Susan (5 July 2018).
2261:
2074:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
1933:assassination of Kim Jong-nam
1791:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
1665:40 km (25 mi) from
1315:alike. At high enough doses,
1234:
1125:The V series of nerve agents.
1053:The G series of nerve agents.
1045:, the first ever synthesized.
6749:Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase
5657:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
5203:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
4320:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.266
3374:(1): 135â146. Archived from
3027:10.1016/0009-2797(93)90056-5
2983:10.1016/0006-2952(91)90008-S
2029:
1452:
1188:, airplane spray tanks, and
1170:Imperial Chemical Industries
868:
827:When a normally functioning
7:
8043:Tooltip Choline transporter
7989:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
7229:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
6694:4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
6679:1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
5439:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
5299:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
5168:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
3807:. Westport, Conn: Praeger.
3744:Kinsley S (11 March 1991).
2371:"Effects of Blister Agents"
2115:dimethyl methyl phosphonate
2095:could result in overlap of
1924:has denied responsibility.
1578:, and Hans-JĂŒrgen von der L
1104:
1032:
776:(muscle jerks) followed by
10:
8334:
7892:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
6699:Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
6278:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
5746:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
5072:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
4374:
3750:Human Rights Watch in Iraq
3574:Evans, Richard J. (2008).
3291:Sample I (13 March 2018).
2375:Integrated Publishing, Inc
2256:Fourier transform infrared
2121:diethyl methyl phosphonate
2051:photoacoustic spectroscopy
1758:German Army Weapons Office
1389:
1206:
1016:
742:constriction of the pupils
462:Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
25:
18:
8274:
8220:
8124:
8107:
8077:
8036:
8019:
7946:
6742:
6661:
6644:
6576:
6536:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
6517:
6381:
6330:
6291:
6155:
5932:
5879:
5741:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
5670:
5471:
5246:
5160:
5152:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
5062:
5009:
4993:
4920:
4830:
4821:
4791:
4772:
4739:
4705:
4658:
4649:
4534:
3903:Nauert H (6 March 2018).
3775:Osaki T (30 April 2015).
3507:10.1136/bmj.329.7476.1231
3443:10.1016/j.tox.2022.153322
3089:"Chapter 5: Nerve Agents"
2426:10.3109/15563657408987971
2278:. C. Hurst. p. 263.
2156:(ISO), used to construct
1881:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1775:During that time, German
1215:
1029:identifier (such as GB).
807:, shoulder stiffness and
105:Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
100:Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
7762:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
6253:Chloroacetophenone oxime
6238:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
5846:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
5756:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
5403:Phosphorus pentachloride
5228:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
2971:Biochemical Pharmacology
1488:of Tabun killed all the
1469:to develop new types of
1351:Methods of dissemination
700:Nerve agents attack the
586:, sometimes also called
95:Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
6939:+glycopyrronium bromide
6532:(variants and mixtures)
5801:Trichloronitrosomethane
5796:Trifluoronitrosomethane
5371:Methyldichlorophosphine
4226:OSA The Optical Society
2894:10.1073/pnas.0711986105
2502:Journal of Epidemiology
2233:Non-dispersive infrared
2228:Non-dispersive infrared
2083:contained three lasers
1966:in the English city of
1745:and moved, probably to
1651:Dyhernfurth an der Oder
1369:explosive dissemination
1213:The Novichok (Russian:
877:is a combination of an
432:Diphenylamincyanoarsine
6689:3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
6331:Cornea-clouding agents
5826:Phosphorus trichloride
5408:Phosphorus trichloride
5142:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
4596:Phosphorus trifluoride
3752:. Human Rights Watch.
3335:"Nerve Agent Exposure"
3122:Toxicological Sciences
2785:10.1093/qjmed/95.5.275
2727:Archives of Toxicology
2684:Archives of Toxicology
2107:(ppb) concentrations.
1849:
1126:
1118:
1054:
1046:
1025:) and a two-character
963:as a pretreatment for
953:Pyridostigmine bromide
782:neuromuscular junction
65:Cyanogen chloride (CK)
5725:Disulfur decafluoride
5526:Chlorophenylsilatrane
5434:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
4381:Mager, Peter (1984).
3135:10.1093/toxsci/kfx266
2739:10.1007/s002040050670
2696:10.1007/s002040050670
2465:10.1289/ehp.011091169
2274:Kaszeta, Dan (2020).
1977:Public Health England
1802:
1702:chemical weapon agent
1124:
1112:
1052:
1040:
984:Butyrylcholinesterase
862:X-ray crystallography
768:will be experienced.
444:Incapacitating agents
390:Disulfur decafluoride
70:Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
8250:Atracotoxins (e.g.,
7877:Tetrahydrocannabinol
7224:Diisopropylphosphate
6525:Methyl fluoroacetate
6353:Methyl cyanoacrylate
6273:Allyl isothiocyanate
5861:Uranium hexafluoride
5816:Dinitrogen tetroxide
5761:Chlorine trifluoride
4809:Selenium oxychloride
4679:Phenyldichloroarsine
4673:Methyldichloroarsine
4611:Nickel tetracarbonyl
4444:Army Chemical Review
4357:10.1364/ao.47.004884
4307:Procedia Engineering
4196:10.1364/OL.37.003474
3884:on 17 September 2013
3465:"Annex on Chemicals"
3105:on 17 February 2013.
2671:on 12 December 2017.
2133:dimethylpolysiloxane
1904:gas was deployed in
1700:, as were all other
1512:(CW) section of the
1418:improve this article
1002:acetylcholinesterase
967:as it increased the
936:muscarinic receptors
924:Pralidoxime chloride
840:acetylcholinesterase
714:acetylcholinesterase
596:acetylcholinesterase
8236:Tooltip Latrophilin
7938:Trimedoxime bromide
7867:Stercuronium iodide
7684:Tricresyl phosphate
7159:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
6218:Bromobenzyl cyanide
5986:Dimethylheptylpyran
5914:Diphenylcyanoarsine
5909:Diphenylchlorarsine
5841:Methyl vinyl ketone
5766:Perchloryl fluoride
5630:Bicyclic phosphates
5449:Trimethyl phosphite
5398:Phosphoryl chloride
4667:Ethyldichloroarsine
4641:Chloral cyanohydrin
4631:Acetone cyanohydrin
4601:Methyl cyanoformate
4349:2008ApOpt..47.4884M
4188:2012OptL...37.3474G
3649:Ruffner KC (1995).
3582:. Penguin. p.
3541:Ledgard JB (2006).
3435:2022Toxgy.48053322P
3185:Ellison DH (2008).
3058:1999CBI...119..413B
3019:1993CBI....87..285D
2885:2008PNAS..105.4295G
2848:on 3 September 2018
2414:Clinical Toxicology
2402:, pp. 147â149.
2334:, pp. 131â139.
1996:Metropolitan Police
1614:During World War II
1514:Army Weapons Office
1345:pesticide poisoning
932:nicotinic receptors
917:bloodâbrain barrier
823:Mechanism of action
499:Riot-control (RCAs)
427:Diphenylcyanoarsine
422:Diphenylchlorarsine
153:Phosgene oxime (CX)
38:Part of a series on
7755:Onchidella binneyi
7097:Organophosphates:
6586:CB military symbol
6444:Enterotoxin type B
6399:Cyclopiazonic acid
6358:N-Methylmorpholine
6258:Ethyl bromoacetate
5736:Ethyl bromoacetate
5703:Perfluoroisobutene
5444:Triethyl phosphite
4715:Levinstein mustard
4606:Iron pentacarbonyl
4408:Sidell FR (1997).
3781:Japan Times Online
3223:2009-02-06 at the
3052:. 119â120: 413â8.
2139:tributyl phosphate
2097:absorption spectra
1871:Operatives of the
1779:believed that the
1696:, a subsidiary of
1596:'to sleep' or the
1588:was discovered by
1343:. Organophosphate
1127:
1119:
1055:
1047:
969:median lethal dose
778:status epilepticus
706:cholinergic crisis
696:Biological effects
659:respiratory system
633:, and involuntary
8300:
8299:
8270:
8269:
8118:
8103:
8102:
8030:
8015:
8014:
7654:Tetrachlorvinphos
7529:Pirimiphos-methyl
7479:Oxydemeton-methyl
7429:Methyl phenkapton
6655:
6594:
6593:
6404:Histrionicotoxins
6382:Biological toxins
6263:Ethyl iodoacetate
5831:Methyl isocyanate
5791:Selenoyl fluoride
5781:Mercuric chloride
5751:Tetranitromethane
5605:Sulfuryl fluoride
5590:HN3 hydrochloride
5585:HN2 hydrochloride
5580:HN1 hydrochloride
5467:
5466:
5424:Phenacyl chloride
5419:Pinacolyl alcohol
5365:Isopropyl alcohol
5360:4-Hydroxycoumarin
5294:1,8-Dibromooctane
4817:
4816:
4741:Nitrogen mustards
4554:Cyanogen chloride
4419:978-99973-2-091-9
4400:978-0-12-465020-6
4343:(27): 4884â4887.
4268:978-0-8194-9044-5
4259:10.1117/12.919241
4182:(16): 3474â3476.
3932:The Guardian (UK)
3814:978-0-275-98052-8
3722:978-0-02-904630-2
3707:Borkin J (1978).
3687:. CIA/NPIC. 1963.
3662:978-0-9758570-4-5
3614:Harris R (2002).
3593:978-1-59420-206-3
3381:on 14 March 2018.
3196:978-0-8493-1434-6
2879:(11): 4295â4300.
2821:chemm.nlm.nih.gov
2632:. 17 January 2002
2623:"ATNAA Factsheet"
2587:10.1021/ja992704i
2552:10.1021/bi982678l
2515:10.2188/jea.9.337
2285:978-1-78738-306-7
2105:parts per billion
1922:Syrian Government
1896:Gulf War syndrome
1852:PostâWorld War II
1618:In 1939, a pilot
1450:
1449:
1442:
978:Gulf War syndrome
592:organic chemicals
590:, are a class of
581:
580:
537:
536:
514:Pepper spray (OC)
374:Chloropicrin (PS)
361:Pulmonary/choking
351:
350:
8325:
8237:
8233:
8172:
8168:
8141:
8137:
8122:
8121:
8112:
8085:
8081:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8024:
7954:
7950:
7918:Asoxime chloride
7494:Parathion-methyl
7194:Demeton-S-methyl
6750:
6746:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6649:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6568:White phosphorus
6545:post-combustion
6541:Depleted uranium
6368:Osmium tetroxide
6248:Phenacyl bromide
5811:Nitrogen dioxide
5786:Selenium dioxide
5776:Cadmium chloride
5233:Dimefox (TL-792)
4828:
4827:
4656:
4655:
4581:Hydrogen sulfide
4560:Hydrogen cyanide
4549:Cyanogen bromide
4515:chemical warfare
4504:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4450:CBIAC Newsletter
4423:
4404:
4369:
4368:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4245:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4171:
4160:
4159:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4140:on 12 July 2013.
4139:
4132:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4104:Evening Standard
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3983:. 11 March 2018.
3973:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3844:. Archived from
3833:
3827:
3826:
3801:Snow RL (2003).
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3714:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3501:(7476): 1231â3.
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3288:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2896:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2657:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2271:
1972:Wiltshire Police
1931:was used in the
1914:Syrian Civil War
1847:
1744:
1724:are as follows:
1695:
1640:
1577:
1510:chemical warfare
1459:Gerhard Schrader
1445:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1402:
1394:
1366:smoke generation
1277:organophosphates
1241:organophosphates
1218:
1217:
1186:artillery shells
1099:artillery shells
1068:Gerhard Schrader
1011:pharmacokinetics
955:was used by the
833:neurotransmitter
762:gastrointestinal
608:neurotransmitter
573:
566:
559:
451:
450:
205:Chlorosarin (GC)
181:
180:
127:Nitrogen mustard
120:
35:
34:
21:The Nerve Agents
8333:
8332:
8328:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8266:
8235:
8216:
8176:Botulinum toxin
8170:
8145:Botulinum toxin
8139:
8111:
8099:
8083:
8073:
8059:Triethylcholine
8042:
8023:
8011:
7952:
7942:
7862:Rosmarinic acid
7629:Sulfotep (TEDP)
7299:Ethylsarin (GE)
7179:Cyclosarin (GF)
7149:Chlorfenvinphos
7139:Carbophenothion
7119:Azinphos-methyl
6748:
6738:
6704:Acryloylcholine
6667:
6648:
6640:
6625:
6595:
6590:
6572:
6513:
6424:Botulinum toxin
6377:
6326:
6287:
6203:Benzyl chloride
6158:
6151:
5935:
5928:
5919:Cacodyl cyanide
5881:Vomiting agents
5875:
5673:
5666:
5575:Dimethylmercury
5497:Botulinum toxin
5463:
5242:
5156:
5058:
5011:Novichok agents
5005:
4989:
4916:
4813:
4787:
4768:
4735:
4707:Sulfur mustards
4701:
4645:
4591:Carbon monoxide
4571:Cacodyl cyanide
4530:
4529:
4513:Agents used in
4508:
4430:
4420:
4401:
4377:
4372:
4332:
4328:
4299:
4295:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4246:
4233:
4218:
4211:
4172:
4163:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
4001:. 13 March 2018
3993:
3992:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3959:The Independent
3951:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3924:
3920:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3848:on 22 July 2013
3834:
3830:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3723:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3663:
3647:
3643:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3572:
3568:
3553:
3539:
3532:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3418:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3235:
3231:
3225:Wayback Machine
3216:
3212:
3197:
3183:
3176:
3172:; US Army; 1967
3168:
3161:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3046:
3042:
3013:(1â3): 285â93.
3002:
2998:
2967:
2963:
2932:
2928:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2765:
2761:
2723:
2719:
2680:
2676:
2659:
2658:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2571:
2567:
2535:
2531:
2494:
2490:
2459:(11): 1169â73.
2445:
2441:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2241:
2230:
2212:Ethylene Glycol
2205:
2170:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2012:Operation CHASE
2004:
1918:Bashar al-Assad
1854:
1848:
1842:
1742:
1689:
1634:
1616:
1571:
1506:Ministry of War
1455:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1403:
1392:
1353:
1265:
1237:
1221:organophosphate
1211:
1205:
1203:Novichok agents
1107:
1081:) in 1936. GB (
1035:
1019:
995:organophosphate
950:
948:Countermeasures
942:Anticonvulsants
926:(also known as
879:anticholinergic
871:
825:
774:myoclonic jerks
698:
577:
533:
493:
479:
438:
437:
436:
406:
396:
395:
394:
385:Diphosgene (DP)
381:
363:
353:
352:
347:
297:Novichok agents
290:
229:
220:Cyclosarin (GF)
215:Ethylsarin (GE)
178:
168:
167:
149:
148:
129:
122:
119:(HD H HT HL HQ)
118:
117:
90:
80:
79:
60:
44:Chemical agents
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8331:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8244:
8243:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8211:Îł-bungarotoxin
8207:ÎČ-bungarotoxin
8196:
8195:
8161:
8160:
8130:
8128:
8119:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8088:
8086:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8047:
8045:
8031:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7957:
7955:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7747:
7725:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7469:Novichok agent
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7389:Isofluorophate
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:Chlorethoxyfos
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7114:Azinphos-ethyl
7111:
7106:
7101:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6954:Pyridostigmine
6951:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6753:
6751:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6672:
6670:
6656:
6642:
6641:
6624:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6601:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6547:uranium oxides
6538:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6283:Crotonaldehyde
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:Benzyl bromide
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6147:Chlorpromazine
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5934:Incapacitating
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5897:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5821:Sulfur dioxide
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5674:choking agents
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5570:Tetraethyllead
5567:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5274:A.P.C. complex
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4985:V-sub x (GD-7)
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4782:Phosgene oxime
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4651:Blister agents
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4621:Glycolonitrile
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4520:incapacitation
4517:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4429:
4428:External links
4426:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4405:
4399:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4337:Applied Optics
4326:
4293:
4274:
4267:
4231:
4209:
4176:Optics Letters
4161:
4143:
4116:
4090:
4079:. 24 July 2018
4064:
4038:
4012:
3986:
3968:
3944:
3918:
3895:
3859:
3828:
3813:
3793:
3767:
3736:
3721:
3699:
3690:
3676:
3661:
3641:
3626:
3606:
3592:
3566:
3551:
3530:
3481:
3456:
3409:
3384:
3351:
3339:fpnotebook.com
3326:
3314:
3283:
3267:
3251:
3229:
3210:
3195:
3174:
3159:
3108:
3079:
3040:
2996:
2961:
2926:
2859:
2842:"NERVE AGENTS"
2833:
2808:
2759:
2733:(3): 165â172.
2717:
2674:
2661:"NERVE AGENTS"
2643:
2611:
2592:
2581:(42): 9883â4.
2565:
2546:(22): 7032â9.
2529:
2488:
2439:
2404:
2392:
2362:
2351:on 1 June 2017
2336:
2324:
2291:
2284:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:Nitrogen oxide
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Carbon dioxide
2168:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2020:sulfur mustard
2003:
2002:Ocean disposal
2000:
1960:Sergei Skripal
1952:United Kingdom
1853:
1850:
1840:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1628:LĂŒneburg Heath
1615:
1612:
1518:Berlin-Spandau
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1352:
1349:
1335:weapon by the
1264:
1261:
1236:
1233:
1209:Novichok agent
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1106:
1103:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1015:
1006:stoichiometric
1000:Both purified
991:countermeasure
961:first Gulf War
949:
946:
891:cholinesterase
870:
867:
824:
821:
731:cardiac arrest
702:nervous system
697:
694:
680:are odorless;
647:cardiac arrest
579:
578:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
539:
538:
535:
534:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
480:
478:
477:
472:
466:
465:
464:
459:
447:
446:
440:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
407:
402:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
387:
382:
376:
371:
365:
364:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
179:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
130:
125:
123:
114:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8330:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8263:
8260:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8203:Bungarotoxins
8201:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8173:inactivators:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8142:inactivators:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8106:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8018:
8007:
8005:
8004:ZINC-12613047
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7847:Lactucopicrin
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7679:Trichloronate
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7454:Monocrotophos
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7419:Methamidophos
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:Echothiophate
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7095:Irreversible:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Quilostigmine
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6949:Physostigmine
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:; Stigmines:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6817:Chloropropham
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6628:Acetylcholine
6622:
6617:
6615:
6610:
6608:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:its compounds
6555:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Tetanospasmin
6492:
6490:
6489:T-2 mycotoxin
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Batrachotoxin
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6363:Allyl alcohol
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:Chloroacetone
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6213:Benzyl iodide
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Xylyl bromide
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Butyrophenone
5953:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5924:o-Dianisidine
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Cadmium oxide
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Batrachotoxin
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5503:Tetanospasmin
5501:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4774:Nettle agents
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Cacodyl oxide
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4321:
4316:
4313:: 1081â1084.
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4154:
4147:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3627:9780812966534
3623:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:9780615136455
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:(5): 275â83.
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:(3): 165â72.
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2508:(5): 337â43.
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2239:IR absorption
2236:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Sulphur oxide
2201:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:to different
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2040:
2027:
2025:
2024:trawl fishing
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:a 2013 attack
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Aum Shinrikyo
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:IranâIraq War
1859:
1845:
1844:Joseph Borkin
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1736:resuscitation
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1687:Anorgana GmbH
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Munster-Lager
1621:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1441:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1407:This section
1405:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:uncontrolled
1358:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:Project Coast
1338:
1334:
1333:assassination
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
945:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
866:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
847:covalent bond
843:
841:
837:
836:acetylcholine
834:
830:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:sleeplessness
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
723:
720:(ACh) in the
719:
718:acetylcholine
715:
711:
707:
703:
693:
691:
688:has a slight
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:acetylcholine
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
552:
551:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Xylyl bromide
507:
506:
504:
503:
500:
497:
496:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
458:
457:Agent 15 (BZ)
455:
454:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
400:
399:
391:
388:
386:
383:
380:
379:Phosgene (CG)
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
357:
356:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
121:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
89:
84:
83:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
50:Lethal agents
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
8313:Nerve agents
8247:
8241:α-Latrotoxin
8229:
8199:
8164:
8133:
8091:
8065:
8050:
7994:Rivastigmine
7960:
7914:Reactivators
7887:Ungiminorine
7842:Kobophenol A
7807:Coronaridine
7797:Bulbocapnine
7792:Arisugacin A
7768:
7753:
7639:Tebupirimfos
7519:Phosphamidon
7424:Methidathion
7329:Fenitrothion
7154:Chlorpyrifos
7094:
6969:Terestigmine
6964:Rivastigmine
6926:Eptastigmine
6877:Phenmedipham
6847:Formparanate
6832:Ethiofencarb
6765:Carbamates:
6762:
6756:
6675:
6499:Tetrodotoxin
6449:Grayanotoxin
6233:Bromoacetone
6223:Thiophosgene
6178:Mace (spray)
6172:Pepper spray
6157:Lachrymatory
6142:Fluphenazine
6137:Procarbazine
6047:Sleeping gas
5895:Chloropicrin
5806:Nitric oxide
5708:Chloropicrin
5652:Cloflubicyne
5615:Oxotremorine
5564:Antillatoxin
5543:Tetrodotoxin
5492:Bungarotoxin
5388:Nitromethane
5350:Formaldoxime
5289:Cyclohexanol
5254:Acetonitrile
5001:GV (EA-5365)
4823:Nerve agents
4822:
4626:Lactonitrile
4536:Blood agents
4525:riot control
4409:
4382:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4287:
4277:
4250:
4225:
4179:
4175:
4146:
4135:the original
4126:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4103:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4076:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4052:The Guardian
4051:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4025:
4015:
4003:. Retrieved
3998:
3989:
3980:
3971:
3958:
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3931:
3921:
3912:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3879:the original
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3831:
3803:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3780:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3749:
3739:
3710:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3679:
3651:
3644:
3616:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3577:
3569:
3542:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3426:
3422:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3376:the original
3371:
3367:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:
3329:
3305:. Retrieved
3297:the Guardian
3296:
3286:
3270:
3254:
3238:
3232:
3213:
3186:
3169:
3128:(1): 24â35.
3125:
3121:
3111:
3100:the original
3095:
3082:
3049:
3043:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2977:(1): 37â41.
2974:
2970:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:
2811:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:the original
2664:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2605:
2595:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2543:
2540:Biochemistry
2539:
2532:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2339:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2306:
2275:
2269:
2254:
2243:Traditional
2242:
2231:
2187:Acetaldehyde
2182:Formaldehyde
2162:
2109:
2078:
2064:. Sensitive
2046:
2038:
2026:operations.
2016:
2005:
1989:
1958:agreement),
1949:
1926:
1900:
1885:
1870:
1855:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1777:intelligence
1774:
1762:World War II
1756:In 1940 the
1755:
1741:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1679:
1650:
1647:High factory
1646:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1590:Richard Kuhn
1584:
1579:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1539:World War II
1500:In 1935 the
1499:
1483:
1471:insecticides
1461:working for
1456:
1436:
1427:
1416:Please help
1411:verification
1408:
1385:
1354:
1309:farm workers
1271:, including
1269:insecticides
1266:
1263:Insecticides
1238:
1230:
1225:Soviet Union
1212:
1194:
1155:
1130:
1128:
1095:aerial bombs
1076:
1064:World War II
1058:
1056:
1022:
1020:
999:
988:prophylactic
982:
951:
940:
927:
922:
903:
895:autoinjector
872:
859:
844:
826:
801:palpitations
790:
735:
727:asphyxiation
699:
671:
667:
643:asphyxiation
620:
587:
584:Nerve agents
583:
582:
489:Sleeping gas
417:Chloropicrin
295:
234:
184:
175:
110:Lewisite (L)
32:
8092:Inhibitors:
8069:Coluracetam
8051:Inhibitors:
8021:Transporter
7961:Inhibitors:
7933:Pralidoxime
7827:Cyclanoline
7777:α-Viniferin
7674:Trichlorfon
7439:Metrifonate
7354:Fosthiazate
7339:Fluorotabun
7214:Dicrotophos
7169:Crotylsarin
7013:Huperzine A
7008:Galantamine
7003:Edrophonium
6936:Neostigmine
6931:Ganstigmine
6897:Propamocarb
6842:Formetanate
6827:Ethienocarb
6807:Carbosulfan
6797:Carbetamide
6792:Carbendazim
6763:Reversible:
6676:Inhibitors:
6509:Veratridine
6484:Shiga toxin
6439:Domoic acid
6302:Thioacetone
6268:Iodoacetone
6132:Pentazocine
6127:Sevoflurane
6092:CAR-302,668
6087:CAR-302,282
6082:CAR-302,196
6077:CAR-301,060
6072:CAR-226,086
6052:Carfentanil
5950:Apomorphine
5871:Green Cross
5662:Domoic acid
5473:Neurotoxins
5393:OPA mixture
5284:Chlorosoman
5279:Chlorosarin
5213:Phospholine
4912:Crotylsarin
4897:Fluorotabun
4869:Chlorosoman
4851:Chlorosarin
4475:Proteopedia
4109:5 September
3868:Sellström Ă
3397:cen.acs.org
2420:(1): 1â17.
2400:Sidell 1997
2332:Sidell 1997
2154:isopropanol
2093:wavelengths
2070:sound waves
2066:microphones
1985:Theresa May
1937:Kim Jong-un
1912:during the
1826:mustard gas
1813:Otto Ambros
1713:respirators
1690: [
1655:Brzeg Dolny
1635: [
1572: [
1535:Ruhr valley
1377:humidifiers
1162:Porton Down
973:Mark I NAAK
957:US military
887:active site
851:active site
829:motor nerve
817:erythrocyte
793:psychiatric
750:lacrimation
712:the enzyme
655:aerosolized
651:respiratory
631:convulsions
598:(AChE), an
588:nerve gases
116:Mustard gas
75:Arsine (SA)
8307:Categories
8256:versutoxin
8252:robustoxin
8126:Inhibitors
8115:modulators
8066:Enhancers:
8027:modulators
7984:Ladostigil
7974:Conodurine
7969:Affinisine
7882:Ungeremine
7857:Phosacetim
7817:Corynoline
7812:Corydaline
7802:Conodurine
7787:Affinisine
7723:Demecarium
7721:; Others:
7634:Tabun (GA)
7624:Soman (GD)
7614:Sarin (GB)
7534:Profenofos
7394:Isoxathion
7379:Guanitoxin
7349:Formothion
7324:Fenamiphos
7254:Disulfoton
7249:Dioxathion
7239:Dimethoate
7209:Dichlorvos
7043:Ladostigil
7033:Ipidacrine
6978:Ambenonium
6973:Acotiamide
6971:; Others:
6944:Phenserine
6921:Distigmine
6912:Thiodicarb
6887:Pirimicarb
6852:Methiocarb
6837:Fenobucarb
6812:Chlorbufam
6802:Carbofuran
6777:Bendiocarb
6758:Inhibitors
6652:modulators
6638:modulators
6631:metabolism
6459:Maitotoxin
6454:Guanitoxin
6434:Ciguatoxin
6429:Brevetoxin
6414:Anatoxin-a
6409:Aflatoxins
6322:Putrescine
6317:Cadaverine
6293:Malodorant
6117:Isoflurane
6102:Desflurane
6097:Benperidol
6042:Psilocybin
6037:PAVA spray
5719:Diphosgene
5672:Pulmonary/
5600:Picrotoxin
5559:Strychnine
5553:Brevetoxin
5537:Maitotoxin
5520:Guanitoxin
5514:Ciguatoxin
5481:Anatoxin-a
5414:Pinacolone
5247:Precursors
5208:Selenophos
5064:Carbamates
4980:Chinese VX
4886:Cyclosarin
4875:Ethylsarin
4846:Sarin (GB)
4697:Lewisite 3
4691:Lewisite 2
4660:Arsenicals
3599:13 January
3429:: 153322.
3423:Toxicology
3277:, p.
3275:Mager 1984
3261:, p.
3259:Mager 1984
3241:(Report).
2262:References
2081:technology
1892:Khamisiyah
1747:Dzerzhinsk
1683:Krapkowice
1663:Oder River
1661:), on the
1632:Raubkammer
1604:Cyclosarin
1467:Leverkusen
1430:March 2009
1303:and other
1281:dichlorvos
1273:carbamates
1235:Carbamates
1091:Cyclosarin
855:hydrolysis
809:eye strain
758:defecation
746:salivation
663:respirator
639:defecation
627:salivation
625:, profuse
484:PAVA spray
210:Soman (GD)
200:Sarin (GB)
195:Tabun (GA)
28:Neural gas
8238:agonists:
8222:Enhancers
8095:Vesamicol
7979:Cymserine
7928:Obidoxime
7923:Methoxime
7837:Harmaline
7832:Cymserine
7822:Crimidine
7769:Unsorted:
7664:Triazofos
7604:Ro 3-0433
7599:Ro 3-0422
7594:Ro 3-0419
7589:Ro 3-0417
7584:Ro 3-0412
7579:Ro 3-0411
7574:Ro 3-0397
7569:Ro 3-0352
7564:Ro 3-0351
7559:Ro 3-0347
7554:Ro 3-0346
7549:Ro 3-0340
7539:Prothoate
7509:Phosfolan
7504:Phosalone
7489:Parathion
7474:Omethoate
7444:Mevinphos
7409:Malathion
7399:Leptophos
7304:Endothion
7184:Demephion
7174:Cyanophos
7164:Coumaphos
7134:Cadusafos
7129:Bensulide
7124:BAY-29952
7088:Zanapezil
7048:Minaprine
7028:Huprine Y
7023:Huprine X
7018:Huprine W
6988:Donepezil
6917:Thiofanox
6892:Promecarb
6882:Pinmicarb
6862:Metolcarb
6822:Dimetilan
6782:Bufencarb
6772:Aminocarb
6724:CM-54,903
6635:transport
6554:Plutonium
6504:Volkensin
6479:Saxitoxin
6469:Palytoxin
6394:Aconitine
6122:Halothane
6112:Bufotenin
6107:Enflurane
6027:Kolokol-1
6007:Pethidine
5981:Etoxadrol
5966:Etorphine
5962:(CS-4640)
5946:(CS-4030)
5904:glycerine
5851:Salcomine
5610:Tremorine
5548:Aconitine
5531:Palytoxin
5509:Ryanodine
5486:Saxitoxin
5223:Ro 3-0422
4994:GV agents
4857:Thiosarin
4586:Phosphine
4288:U.S. Army
4156:ADA462443
3671:772235331
3561:171111408
3246:AD0314520
2942:: 34â46.
2903:0027-8424
2754:ADA385192
2089:frequency
2085:modulated
2030:Detection
1968:Salisbury
1786:artillery
1738:measures.
1698:IG Farben
1531:Elberfeld
1527:Wuppertal
1490:leaf lice
1475:IG Farben
1463:IG Farben
1453:Discovery
1373:atomizers
1363:munitions
1337:apartheid
1289:parathion
1285:malathion
1245:carbamate
1190:landmines
1166:Wiltshire
1072:IG Farben
1066:, led by
1062:prior to
913:biperiden
875:poisoning
869:Treatment
849:with its
797:tiredness
786:diaphragm
764:pain and
754:urination
635:urination
524:CN (mace)
475:Kolokol-1
8278:See also
8262:Crotoxin
7964:Affinine
7897:BW284C51
7852:Lycorine
7782:Affinine
7772:α-Pinene
7750:Onchidal
7669:Tribufos
7649:Terbufos
7619:Schradan
7484:Paraoxon
7404:Malaoxon
7334:Fenthion
7319:Ethoprop
7204:Diazinon
7199:Dialifor
7104:Acephate
7038:Itopride
6983:Caffeine
6907:Propoxur
6857:Methomyl
6787:Carbaryl
6767:Aldicarb
6563:Polonium
6464:Modeccin
6373:Acrolein
6338:Lewisite
6243:Acrolein
6067:CS-27349
6017:Ibogaine
5900:Litharge
5889:Adamsite
5866:Diborane
5856:Fluomine
5836:Ethenone
5731:Acrolein
5698:Fluorine
5692:Phosgene
5682:Chlorine
5082:EA-3887A
5054:C01-A042
5049:C01-A039
5044:C01-A035
4922:V-agents
4832:G-agents
4717:(EA-229)
4685:Lewisite
4544:Cyanogen
4365:18806847
4253:. SPIE.
4204:23381295
4077:BBC News
4026:ITV News
4005:13 March
3999:BBC News
3963:Archived
3914:airport.
3888:27 April
3852:29 March
3823:52602822
3786:24 March
3754:Archived
3636:49356080
3525:15550429
3451:36115648
3307:19 March
3301:Archived
3221:Archived
3205:82473582
3154:29228398
3074:10421478
2956:25448037
2921:18332428
2803:11978898
2747:10877003
2712:13749842
2704:10877003
2560:10353814
2524:10616267
2483:11713003
2379:Archived
2311:Archived
2062:pressure
1956:spy swap
1945:Malaysia
1888:Gulf War
1841:â
1835:patented
1822:ethylene
1717:clothing
1643:Hochwerk
1565:Gerhard
1549:Gerhard
1329:paraoxon
1279:such as
1257:Cold War
1216:ĐĐŸĐČĐžŃĐŸÌĐș
1131:V-series
1105:V-series
1059:G-series
1033:G-series
993:against
905:Atropine
770:Blisters
766:vomiting
722:synapses
614:used as
412:Adamsite
404:Vomiting
369:Chlorine
343:C01-A042
338:C01-A039
333:C01-A035
235:V-agents
185:G-agents
163:C01-A039
158:C01-A035
8248:Others:
8200:Others:
8136:SNAP-25
8109:Release
7999:Tacrine
7907:3152 CT
7872:Taspine
7644:Temefos
7544:R-16661
7514:Phosmet
7499:Phorate
7449:Mipafox
7414:Mazidox
7344:Fonofos
7289:EA-4352
7284:EA-3148
7279:EA-2613
7274:EA-2192
7269:EA-2098
7264:EA-2054
7259:EA-2012
7234:Dimefox
7189:Demeton
7083:Tacrine
7078:TL-1238
6998:EA-4056
6993:EA-3990
6902:Propham
6867:Miotine
6312:Skatole
6307:Allicin
6022:EA-3834
6012:EA-3580
6002:EA-3443
5997:EA-3167
5992:EA-2148
5976:CS-4297
5971:EA-2092
5960:EA-4941
5687:Bromine
5325:EA-1224
5305:EA-1250
5218:R-16661
5193:EA-2613
5188:EA-2098
5183:EA-2054
5178:EA-2012
5147:3152 CT
5137:TL-1317
5132:TL-1299
5127:TL-1238
5097:EA-4056
5092:EA-3990
5087:EA-3966
5077:EA-3887
4975:EA-1763
4935:EA-3148
4930:EA-2192
4907:EA-4352
4902:EA-1356
4636:Stibine
4375:Sources
4345:Bibcode
4184:Bibcode
4083:25 July
4057:25 July
4031:25 July
3760:20 July
3731:3845685
3431:Bibcode
3145:6693380
3054:Bibcode
3035:8343986
3015:Bibcode
2991:1986743
2912:2393741
2881:Bibcode
2852:27 July
2826:27 July
2794:1475922
2665:fas.org
2636:27 July
2474:1240479
2434:4838227
2385:8 March
2355:8 March
2317:8 March
2192:Ammonia
2177:Benzene
2148:acetone
2068:convey
2055:gaseous
1886:In the
1866:Halabja
1811:, flew
1675:Silesia
1671:WrocĆaw
1667:Breslau
1553:chrader
1533:in the
1390:History
1381:foggers
1361:aerosol
1325:dimefox
1321:demeton
1313:animals
1305:mammals
1297:mammals
1293:insects
1253:EA-4056
1249:EA-3990
1197:halides
1180:, with
1017:Classes
959:in the
928:2-PAMCl
889:of the
784:of the
710:inhibit
708:: they
690:camphor
672:Agents
470:EA-3167
250:V-sub x
245:EA-3148
88:Blister
7609:Ronnel
7524:Phoxim
7314:Ethion
7109:Armine
7073:TL-599
7068:T-1194
7063:T-1152
7058:T-1123
6872:Oxamyl
6646:Enzyme
6530:Napalm
6295:agents
6159:agents
6062:JB-336
6057:JB-318
6032:LSD-25
5988:(DMHP)
5936:agents
5595:A-8564
5555:(PbTX)
5505:(TeNT)
5122:TL-599
5112:T-1194
5107:T-1152
5102:T-1123
4871:(ClGD)
4853:(ClGB)
4764:TL-301
4566:Arsine
4416:
4397:
4363:
4265:
4202:
3981:Gov.UK
3937:18 May
3821:
3811:
3729:
3719:
3669:
3659:
3634:
3624:
3590:
3559:
3549:
3523:
3516:529372
3513:
3474:9 July
3449:
3402:9 July
3344:9 July
3203:
3193:
3152:
3142:
3072:
3033:
2989:
2954:
2919:
2909:
2901:
2801:
2791:
2745:
2710:
2702:
2558:
2522:
2481:
2471:
2432:
2282:
2129:(DIMP)
2123:(DEMP)
2117:(DMMP)
2058:matter
1954:via a
1910:Ghouta
1817:I.G.'s
1781:Allies
1768:to 10
1659:Poland
1522:patent
1495:miosis
1301:humans
1174:Amiton
1149:, and
1097:, and
897:(e.g.
692:odor.
623:pupils
616:poison
600:enzyme
252:/GD-7,
8080:VAChT
7902:TMTFA
7464:Naled
7369:GT-45
7359:GD-42
6709:AF64A
6518:Other
6474:Ricin
6389:Abrin
6348:KB-16
5635:IPTBO
5566:(ATX)
5539:(MTX)
5533:(PTX)
5522:(GTX)
5516:(CTX)
5499:(BTX)
5355:Nital
5161:Other
5039:A-262
5034:A-242
5029:A-234
5024:A-232
5019:A-208
4863:Soman
4859:(SGB)
4840:Tabun
4799:KB-16
4792:Other
4436:U.S.
4138:(PDF)
4131:(PDF)
3882:(PDF)
3875:(PDF)
3379:(PDF)
3368:AARMS
3364:(PDF)
3103:(PDF)
3092:(PDF)
2708:S2CID
2626:(PDF)
2158:Sarin
2150:(ACE)
2141:(TBP)
2101:gases
2079:This
2048:Laser
1981:Zizzi
1939:, at
1902:Sarin
1877:Sarin
1858:Kurds
1809:Tabun
1805:Speer
1694:]
1673:) in
1669:(now
1653:(now
1639:]
1626:, on
1620:plant
1598:Latin
1594:Greek
1586:Soman
1576:]
1569:itter
1561:mbros
1557:Otto
1545:Sarin
1479:Tabun
1317:acute
1267:Some
1087:Soman
1083:Sarin
1079:Tabun
1043:Tabun
1023:Sarin
965:Soman
899:ATNAA
883:oxime
813:serum
738:Sarin
686:Soman
682:Tabun
674:Sarin
328:A-262
323:A-242
318:A-234
313:A-232
308:A-230
176:Nerve
58:Blood
8232:LPHN
8167:VAMP
7949:BChE
7459:MSPI
6745:AChE
6719:BETA
6714:B115
6664:ChAT
6633:and
6556:and
6174:(OC)
5891:(DM)
5721:(DP)
5710:(PS)
5694:(CG)
5645:TBPS
5640:TBPO
5488:(TZ)
5410:(TH)
5379:(DF)
5373:(SW)
5367:(TB)
5340:DMHP
5320:DEHP
5310:DIHP
5301:(KB)
5238:MSPI
4888:(GF)
4877:(GE)
4865:(GD)
4842:(GA)
4784:(CX)
4731:CEES
4699:(L3)
4693:(L2)
4681:(PD)
4675:(MD)
4669:(ED)
4562:(AC)
4556:(CK)
4471:1som
4467:2wg1
4463:2wg0
4459:2wfz
4414:ISBN
4395:ISBN
4361:PMID
4263:ISBN
4200:PMID
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4111:2018
4085:2018
4059:2018
4033:2018
4007:2018
3939:2018
3890:2015
3854:2015
3819:OCLC
3809:ISBN
3788:2018
3762:2011
3727:OCLC
3717:ISBN
3667:OCLC
3657:ISBN
3632:OCLC
3622:ISBN
3601:2013
3588:ISBN
3557:OCLC
3547:ISBN
3521:PMID
3476:2023
3469:OPCW
3447:PMID
3404:2023
3346:2023
3309:2018
3243:DTIC
3201:OCLC
3191:ISBN
3150:PMID
3070:PMID
3031:PMID
2987:PMID
2952:PMID
2917:PMID
2899:ISSN
2854:2020
2828:2020
2799:PMID
2751:DTIC
2743:PMID
2700:PMID
2638:2020
2556:PMID
2520:PMID
2479:PMID
2430:PMID
2387:2018
2357:2018
2319:2018
2280:ISBN
2217:TATP
2196:NOx
2008:tons
1833:had
1831:I.G.
1770:tons
1751:USSR
1715:and
1502:Nazi
1473:for
1379:and
1327:and
1311:and
1287:and
1275:and
1251:and
1129:The
1057:The
1027:NATO
815:and
676:and
637:and
606:, a
8039:CHT
7309:EPN
6198:CNS
5727:(Z)
5269:AlP
5264:ATO
4759:HN3
4754:HN2
4749:HN1
4687:(L)
4473:in
4387:doi
4353:doi
4315:doi
4255:doi
4192:doi
3584:669
3511:PMC
3503:doi
3499:329
3495:BMJ
3439:doi
3427:480
3140:PMC
3130:doi
3126:162
3062:doi
3023:doi
2979:doi
2944:doi
2940:148
2907:PMC
2889:doi
2877:105
2789:PMC
2781:doi
2773:QJM
2735:doi
2692:doi
2630:FDA
2606:CNN
2583:doi
2579:121
2548:doi
2510:doi
2469:PMC
2461:doi
2457:109
2422:doi
2222:TNT
2103:in
1943:in
1908:on
1657:in
1645:" (
1516:in
1486:ppm
1420:by
1164:in
1074:).
760:,
729:or
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144:HN3
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7734:,
7719:VX
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7709:VS
7704:VP
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7694:VG
7689:VE
7374:GV
7364:GH
6343:CX
6193:CR
6188:CS
6183:CN
5944:BZ
5459:TG
5454:TC
5429:QL
5315:ZS
5259:AT
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