56:
354:
566:
489:
2294:
786:
719:, or in other government positions. Most Jewish government workers, including teachers in public schools and universities, were fired, while doctors followed closely behind. However, the Jews who were war veterans were excluded from dismissal or discrimination (about 35,000 German Jews died in the First World War). In 1935, the Nazis passed the
685:, the legendary turn-of-the-century antisemitic mayor of Vienna, who inspired Hitler and had also campaigned for a boycott of Jewish businesses. Austrian campaigns tended to escalate around Christmas and became effective from 1932. As in Germany, Nazis picketed Jewish stores in an attempt to prevent shoppers from using them.
643:
The boycott was ignored by many individual
Germans who continued to shop in Jewish-owned stores during the day. Although it marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign against the Jews, the boycott was not actually a success for the Nazis and was called off after one day as a result of the negative
471:
thugs physically prevented customers from entering Jewish shops, windows were systematically smashed and Jewish shop owners threatened. During the
Christmas holiday season of 1932, the central office of the Nazi party organized a nationwide boycott. In addition, German businesses, particularly large
609:
stood menacingly in front of Jewish-owned department stores and retail establishments, and the offices of professionals such as doctors and lawyers. The
Propaganda Ministry wanted to catch violators of this boycott, looking to German citizens to shame other Germans who ignored the announcement and
595:, who established the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment, announced to the Nazi party newspaper on March 31 of 1933 that "world Jewry" had ruined the reputation of the German people, and wanted to make this boycott a publicly propelled antisemitic action.
733:
A person is to be considered non-Aryan if he is descended from non-Aryan, and especially from Jewish parents or grandparents. It is sufficient if one parent or grandparent is non-Aryan. This is to be assumed in particular where one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish
459:
barred Jews from membership. Since the bar was racial, it included Jews who had converted to
Christianity. The bar was challenged by the government, leading to a referendum in which 76% of the student members voted for the exclusion.
463:
At the same time, Nazi newspapers began agitating for a boycott of Jewish businesses, and anti-Jewish boycotts became a regular feature of 1920s regional German politics with right-wing German parties becoming closed to Jews.
688:
In
Hungary, the government passed laws limiting Jewish economic activity from 1938 onwards. Agitation for boycotts dated back to the mid-nineteenth century when Jews received equal rights.
670:
agitated for a boycott of Jewish businesses. Coughlin's radio show attracted tens of millions of listeners and his supporters organized "Buy
Christian" campaigns and attacked Jews. Also,
585:, there was widespread violence and hooliganism directed at Jewish businesses and individuals. Jewish lawyers and judges were physically prevented from reaching the courts. In some cases
138:
1753:
557:
and other places worldwide who opposed Hitler's policies developed the boycott and its accompanying protests to encourage Nazi
Germany to end the regime's anti-Jewish practices.
598:
On April 1, 1933, the Nazis carried out their first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a one-day boycott targeting Jewish businesses and professionals, in response to the
727:
of 1% was introduced for the number allowed to attend universities. In the amendment published on April 11 of Part 3 of the law, which stated that all non-Aryans were to be
1813:
700:
512:
391:, which had been initiated in March 1933. It was largely unsuccessful, as the German population continued to use Jewish businesses, but revealed the intent of the
131:
2020:
1413:
1948:
1801:
1892:
124:
1825:
1019:
1344:
26:
2226:
1699:
1693:
1493:
1996:
1912:
1880:
1687:
148:
46:
696:
The national boycott operation marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign by the Nazi party against the entire German Jewish population.
1960:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1285:"Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union," ed.by
2214:
1729:
2026:
1398:
2032:
1849:
353:
55:
1317:
182:
1759:
1807:
900:
2008:
1472:
1403:
1058:
910:
870:
476:, increasingly refused to employ Jews. Many hotels, restaurants and cafes banned Jews from entering and the resort island of
284:
2056:
480:
banned Jews anywhere on the island. Such behavior was common in pre-war Europe; however in
Germany, it reached new heights.
546:
172:
2152:
2014:
1337:
1239:
Bruce F. Pauley, "From
Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism," (North Carolina, 1992), page 201.
1172:
1023:
976:
944:
177:
992:
2327:
2322:
1917:
1086:
1990:
1140:
Cang, Joel (1939). "The
Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Question".
2268:
2238:
1373:
294:
2256:
1954:
1330:
599:
396:
222:
1378:
2332:
2274:
2250:
2038:
1837:
202:
167:
30:
2164:
2062:
1886:
309:
64:
2088:
1513:
653:
578:
187:
2102:
2337:
1262:
1111:
456:
2068:
2196:
2172:
2140:
1984:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1723:
1420:
1388:
1311:
1249:
582:
520:
2317:
2002:
1586:
1561:
1503:
1383:
1357:
331:
681:
had campaigned against Jewish civil rights since 1919. The organization took its inspiration from
2279:
1783:
1705:
444:
2232:
2208:
1924:
1508:
1481:
1452:
1447:
1116:
844:
299:
237:
1160:
932:
860:
723:, stripping all Jews of their German citizenship, regardless of where they were born. Also, a
2202:
1861:
1646:
1611:
1581:
1430:
1353:
1040:
964:
748:
1188:
822:
116:
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2120:
1930:
1741:
1626:
1531:
1462:
1425:
1322:
439:
289:
8:
2096:
2076:
1831:
1717:
1661:
1631:
1596:
1486:
1227:
The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
614:
was painted in yellow and black across thousands of doors and windows, with accompanying
419:
207:
1050:
1044:
2190:
2114:
2108:
1666:
1636:
1621:
1498:
755:
740:
565:
192:
410:". It was a state-managed campaign of ever-increasing harassment, arrests, systematic
232:
2244:
1972:
1874:
1747:
1591:
1541:
1536:
1294:
1168:
1082:
1054:
972:
940:
906:
866:
388:
247:
2262:
2178:
2158:
1978:
1641:
1566:
1393:
1079:
Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany
667:
577:
In March 1933, the Nazis won a large number of seats in the German parliament, the
262:
257:
2298:
2220:
2126:
2050:
2044:
1777:
1711:
1576:
1571:
1457:
1008:
678:
663:
In Quebec, French-Canadian nationalists organized boycotts of Jews in the 1930s.
592:
403:
376:
902:
Final Sale – The Destruction of Jewish Owned Businesses in Nazi Berlin 1930–1945
1966:
1855:
1843:
1656:
1435:
1408:
791:
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720:
606:
586:
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554:
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407:
314:
279:
252:
60:
34:
759:
2311:
2146:
2132:
1942:
1671:
1651:
1546:
1290:
771:
657:
652:
The Nazi boycott inspired similar boycotts in other countries. In Poland the
615:
611:
550:
515:
the plate was painted black by the Nazis, who boycotted Jewish-owned offices.
341:
217:
67:
in Berlin. The signs read: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews."
42:
38:
504:
472:
organizations like banks, insurance companies, and industrial firms such as
1467:
1442:
1286:
763:
747:
defined who was or was not Jewish. Jewish-owned businesses were gradually "
724:
542:
538:
534:
435:
384:
304:
242:
227:
197:
88:
85:
1263:"Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, April 7, 1933"
488:
387:
began on April 1, 1933, and was claimed to be a defensive reaction to the
1735:
1551:
682:
448:
336:
212:
1212:
Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left
589:
created improvised concentration camps for prominent Jewish anti-Nazis.
1606:
1601:
856:
704:
671:
530:
452:
415:
109:
2082:
1795:
712:
492:
411:
2293:
1819:
1556:
1077:
Stoltzfus, Nathan (1996). "2: Stories of Jewish-German Courtship".
1038:
767:
637:
500:
406:
by the new National Socialist government, which culminated in the "
887:
From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism
708:
703:
was passed, which restricted employment in the civil service to "
526:
473:
274:
581:. Following this victory, and partly in response to the foreign
1616:
939:(2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 123–124.
674:
universities restricted the numbers of Jews allowed admission.
508:
496:
477:
423:
98:
660:) organized boycotts of Jewish businesses across the country.
503:. The plate was hung outside his office on Martin Luther Str,
357:
SA paramilitaries outside a Berlin store posting signs with: "
1868:
1196:
830:
799:
716:
392:
146:
1352:
16:
Nazis' attempted boycott of Jewish-owned businesses in 1933
618:
slogans. Signs were posted saying "Don't buy from Jews!" (
1034:
1032:
701:
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
513:
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
1167:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 751–753.
422:), and ultimately murder of Jewish business owners. In
2021:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1250:"The Christian Churches of Hungary and the Holocaust,"
1029:
969:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
640:
against individual Jews and Jewish property occurred.
25:
Part of Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish actions, including
1949:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
1802:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
1163:. In Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. (eds.).
937:
Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy
666:
In the United States, Nazi supporters such as Father
525:
The Anti-Nazi Boycott commencing in March 1933 was a
781:
862:
Philosophical Witnessing: The Holocaust as Presence
817:
815:
731:from the civil service, clarification was given: "
426:alone, there were 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses.
1252:Yad Vashem (Shoah Resource Center), pp. 1–2.
1242:
1181:
926:
924:
922:
889:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 200–203
2309:
1152:
1072:
1070:
958:
956:
892:
762:and completely banned them from public life. As
751:" and forced to sell out to non-Jewish Germans.
610:continued using Jewish stores and services. The
402:It was an early governmental action against the
365:Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!
1279:
1158:
845:“Triumph of Hitler: Nazis Boycott Jewish Shops”
812:
27:Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany
1700:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
1694:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1297:(Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1987), pp. 39–42.
1039:Michael Burleigh; Wolfgang Wippermann (1991).
971:(1st ed.). USA: Oxford University Press.
931:Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (2003).
930:
919:
1881:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
1688:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1338:
1316:Fritz Wolff Dismissal from Karstadt (1933) –
1203:
1067:
953:
132:
2003:Violence against Hindus in independent India
1218:
1159:Abella, Irving; Bialystok, Franklin (1996).
898:
631:
625:
619:
483:
360:Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden!
358:
2215:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
1730:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
1310:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum –
1233:
1104:
707:". This meant that Jews could not serve as
529:of Nazi products by foreign critics of the
1345:
1331:
855:
758:in 1939, the German Nazi occupiers forced
139:
125:
1850:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1133:
1076:
962:
150:Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
47:Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
1209:
1081:. Rutgers University Press. p. 89.
965:"1: Antisemitism in the Weimar Republic"
564:
487:
352:
1814:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
1224:
849:
677:In Austria, an organization called the
647:
2310:
1760:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1049:. Cambridge University Press. p.
741:publicly burnt in elaborate ceremonies
2009:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1326:
644:impact it was having on the economy.
545:, commencing with his appointment as
285:Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck
120:
1139:
1046:The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945
770:, resulting in what is now known as
699:A week later, on April 7, 1933, the
691:
455:. By 1921, the German student union
173:Collapse of the Imperial German Army
2153:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
2103:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
2015:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
1808:Christianization of the Sámi people
624:), "The Jews are our misfortune!" (
560:
429:
183:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
13:
1024:American Jewish Historical Society
549:on January 30, 1933. Those in the
447:grew increasingly pervasive after
414:, forced transfer of ownership to
14:
2349:
1997:Violence against Muslims in India
1991:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
1937:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
1304:
1165:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
1007:Encyclopedia.com (28 Sept 2008),
843:The History Place (2 July 2016),
373:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
320:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
20:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
2292:
1041:"4: The Persecution of the Jews"
899:Kreutzmüller, Christoph (2012).
784:
54:
2269:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2239:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1255:
1124:
1095:
1013:
605:On the day of the boycott, the
2257:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
2227:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
1961:Communist Romanian persecution
1161:"Canada: Before the Holocaust"
1112:"Boycott of Jewish Businesses"
1001:
985:
879:
837:
823:"Boycott of Jewish Businesses"
766:continued the Nazis turned to
636:). Throughout Germany acts of
600:Jewish boycott of German goods
573:boycotting Jews, April 1, 1933
451:and was most prevalent in the
395:to undermine the viability of
223:French occupation of Frankfurt
178:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2275:2024 Istanbul church shooting
2251:Christchurch mosque shootings
2039:Religious violence in Nigeria
2033:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1020:The Anti-Nazi Boycott of 1933
805:
627:Die Juden sind unser Unglück!
203:1920 East Prussian plebiscite
168:German strike of January 1918
31:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
2165:War crimes in the Kosovo War
1955:Communist Polish persecution
1826:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
1754:Crusades against schismatics
1312:Boycott of Jewish Businesses
1026:. Accessed January 22, 2009.
310:1932 Berlin transport strike
101:businesses and professionals
7:
991:Karpf, Anne (8 June 2002),
777:
188:Occupation of the Rhineland
10:
2354:
933:"5. Rational Antisemitism"
630:) and "Go to Palestine!" (
518:
495:of Dr. Werner Liebenthal,
433:
418:activists (managed by the
45:, and of the Aftermath of
2289:
2197:South Thailand insurgency
2173:Walisongo school massacre
2141:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1790:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1766:European wars of religion
1680:
1524:
1364:
1210:Horowitz, Daniel (1998).
963:Longerich, Peter (2010).
583:Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933
521:Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933
511:. In 1933, following the
484:Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933
295:1932 Prussian coup d'état
158:
105:
94:
80:
72:
65:Israel's Department Store
53:
24:
2328:Boycotts of Nazi Germany
2323:The Holocaust in Germany
1587:Extrajudicial punishment
1225:Karabel, Jerome (2005).
993:"We've been here before"
885:Pauley, Bruce F (1998),
2280:Crocus City Hall attack
2027:Persecution of Tibetans
1784:French Wars of Religion
1706:Yellow Turban Rebellion
865:. UPNE. pp. 131–.
457:Deutscher Hochschulring
445:Antisemitism in Germany
2233:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
2209:Maspero demonstrations
2057:Huế Phật Đản shootings
1193:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1117:Jewish Virtual Library
827:Holocaust Encyclopedia
632:
626:
620:
574:
541:following the rise of
516:
467:From 1931 to 1932, SA
380:
368:
359:
300:Potempa murder of 1932
238:Occupation of the Ruhr
61:Nazi SA paramilitaries
2203:Boko Haram insurgency
1862:Pontic Greek genocide
1772:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1582:Extrajudicial killing
1354:Religious persecution
1189:"Charles E. Coughlin"
1142:Jewish Social Studies
621:Kauf nicht bei Juden!
568:
547:Chancellor of Germany
491:
356:
2333:Antisemitic boycotts
2185:September 11 attacks
2121:1984 anti-Sikh riots
1985:Rawalpindi massacres
1931:White Terror (Spain)
1742:Massacre at Ayyadieh
1627:Population cleansing
1248:Randolph L. Braham,
739:"Jewish" books were
648:International impact
440:Antisemitic boycotts
290:Altona Bloody Sunday
2097:Bangladesh genocide
2077:Cultural Revolution
2069:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
1832:Circassian genocide
1718:Rhineland massacres
1632:Population transfer
1597:Forced displacement
1404:Jehovah's Witnesses
1229:. Houghton Mifflin.
905:. Metropol-Verlag.
633:Geh nach Palästina!
449:the First World War
420:Chamber of Commerce
208:Reichstag Bloodbath
21:
2191:2002 Gujarat riots
2115:Cambodian genocide
2109:Lebanese Civil War
1887:Soviet persecution
1724:Jerusalem massacre
1637:Sectarian violence
1622:Political violence
1295:Margaliot, Abraham
1267:www1.yadvashem.org
756:Invasion of Poland
575:
517:
369:
193:Silesian Uprisings
19:
2338:April 1933 events
2305:
2304:
2245:Rohingya genocide
1973:Direct Action Day
1925:Šahovići massacre
1875:Armenian genocide
1869:Assyrian genocide
1756:(13th–15th cent.)
1750:(12th–16th cent.)
1748:Northern Crusades
1592:Forced conversion
1542:Cultural genocide
1537:Communal violence
1414:post–Cold War era
1399:Eastern Orthodoxy
1318:1933 Judenboykott
1060:978-0-521-39802-2
912:978-3-86331-080-6
872:978-1-58465-741-5
760:Jews into ghettos
692:Subsequent events
389:anti-Nazi boycott
350:
349:
115:
114:
2345:
2297:
2296:
2263:2020 Delhi riots
2179:Kosheh massacres
2159:Bosnian genocide
1979:1946 Bihar riots
1642:Social cleansing
1567:Ethnic cleansing
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668:Charles Coughlin
635:
629:
623:
561:National boycott
430:Earlier boycotts
362:
263:Beer Hall Putsch
258:Hamburg Uprising
153:
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58:
22:
18:
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2318:1933 in Germany
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2301:
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2285:
2221:Yazidi genocide
2127:Revival Process
2063:Thích Quảng Đức
2051:Buddhist crisis
2045:Istanbul pogrom
1913:1970–1987
1908:1958–1964
1903:1928–1941
1898:1921–1928
1893:1917–1921
1778:Goa Inquisition
1712:Battle of Tours
1702:(c.550–c. 1200)
1696:(c. 324–c. 491)
1676:
1577:Ethnic violence
1572:Ethnic conflict
1520:
1519:
1518:
1473:minority Muslim
1360:
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1307:
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1291:Gutman, Yisrael
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694:
679:Antisemitenbund
650:
593:Joseph Goebbels
569:Members of the
563:
533:in response to
523:
486:
442:
432:
404:Jews of Germany
397:Jews in Germany
351:
346:
233:Klaipėda Revolt
154:
149:
147:
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68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2247:(2016–ongoing)
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2241:(2014–ongoing)
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2229:(2014–ongoing)
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2205:(2009–ongoing)
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2105:(1971–ongoing)
2100:
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2041:(1953–ongoing)
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2029:(1950–ongoing)
2024:
2023:(1949–ongoing)
2018:
2012:
2006:
2005:(1947–ongoing)
2000:
1999:(1947–ongoing)
1994:
1993:(1947–ongoing)
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1967:Noakhali riots
1964:
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40:
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2129:(1984–1989)
2089:Famen Temple
2079:(1966–1976)
1936:
1889:(1922–1991)
1858:(1913–1922)
1389:Christianity
1379:Baháʼí Faith
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
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381:Judenboykott
372:
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305:Kwami Affair
243:Cuno strikes
228:March Action
198:Feme murders
106:Participants
89:Nazi Germany
2235:(2014–2017)
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2217:(2013–2016)
2155:(1992–1996)
2117:(1975–1979)
2111:(1975–1990)
2017:(1948–1980)
1963:(1945–1989)
1957:(1945–1989)
1951:(1941–1945)
1945:(1939–1945)
1933:(1936–1975)
1918:legislation
1883:(1917–1990)
1877:(1915–1923)
1871:(1914–1924)
1852:(1912–1913)
1840:(1862–1877)
1822:(1857–1858)
1816:(1789–1801)
1804:(1683–1922)
1798:(1673–1829)
1792:(1609–1614)
1786:(1562–1598)
1780:(1561–1812)
1774:(1526–1791)
1768:(1522–1712)
1762:(1500–1526)
1738:(1184–1908)
1736:Inquisition
1647:Segregation
1612:Intolerance
1552:Desecration
1494:Neopaganism
1487:Persecution
1448:Persecution
1431:Persecution
1394:Catholicism
683:Karl Lueger
616:antisemitic
337:July Putsch
213:Kapp Putsch
2312:Categories
1732:(643–1526)
1607:Iconoclasm
1602:Hate crime
1532:Censorship
1421:Falun Gong
1272:2015-10-27
857:Berel Lang
806:References
754:After the
743:, and the
713:professors
672:Ivy League
531:Nazi Party
505:Schöneberg
469:Brownshirt
434:See also:
416:Nazi Party
332:Röhm purge
110:Nazi Party
2083:Four Olds
1796:Test Acts
1662:Terrorism
1504:Rastafari
1453:Ahmadiyya
1009:“Pogroms”
749:Aryanized
579:Reichstag
493:Nameplate
412:pillaging
269:1929-1933
162:1918-1923
2299:Religion
1820:Utah War
1690:(64–313)
1667:Violence
1557:Domicide
1509:Yazidism
1426:Hinduism
1384:Buddhism
1365:By group
859:(2009).
778:See also
768:genocide
734:religion
709:teachers
638:violence
501:advocate
81:Location
63:outside
2053:(1963)
1810:(1700s)
1525:Methods
1482:Judaism
1468:Sunnism
1458:Shi'ism
1374:Atheism
1130:source?
1101:source?
729:retired
527:boycott
474:Siemens
385:Germany
326:Related
275:Blutmai
2282:(2024)
2271:(2023)
2265:(2020)
2259:(2019)
2253:(2019)
2211:(2011)
2193:(2002)
2187:(2001)
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2167:(1999)
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2143:(1990)
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2123:(1984)
2099:(1971)
2091:(1966)
2085:(1966)
2071:(1963)
2065:(1963)
2059:(1963)
2047:(1955)
2035:(1950)
2011:(1948)
1987:(1947)
1981:(1946)
1975:(1946)
1969:(1946)
1939:(1933)
1927:(1924)
1846:(1909)
1834:(1864)
1828:(1860)
1744:(1191)
1726:(1099)
1720:(1096)
1681:Events
1617:Pogrom
1463:Sufism
1171:
1085:
1057:
975:
943:
909:
869:
717:judges
705:Aryans
654:Endeks
587:the SA
553:, the
509:Berlin
497:notary
478:Borkum
424:Berlin
377:German
99:Jewish
95:Target
41:, and
1714:(732)
1443:Islam
1197:USHMM
831:USHMM
800:Adefa
393:Nazis
383:) in
1356:and
1169:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1055:ISBN
973:ISBN
941:ISBN
907:ISBN
867:ISBN
499:and
438:and
371:The
363:" ("
84:Pre-
73:Date
1672:War
736:".
537:in
367:").
86:war
2314::
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1195:.
1191:.
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1114:.
1069:^
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995:,
967:.
955:^
935:.
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814:^
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715:,
711:,
607:SA
602:.
571:SA
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399:.
379::
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875:.
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375:(
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126:v
49:.
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