Seal (emblem) - Knowledge

218: 492: 480: 668: 969:, which would be used to impress a small emblem on the reverse of the impression. In some cases the seal and counter-seal would be kept by two different individuals, in order to provide an element of double-checking to the process of authentication. Sometimes, a large official seal, which might be in the custody of chancery officials, would need to be counter-sealed by the individual in whose name it had been applied (the monarch, or the mayor of a town): such a counter-seal might be carried on the person (perhaps secured by a chain or cord), or later, take the form of a signet ring, and so would be necessarily smaller. Other pendent seals were double-sided, with elaborate and equally-sized 1134: 725: 862: 38: 1263: 843:, but not detached. The object in all cases is to help ensure authenticity by maintaining the integrity of the relationship between document and seal, and to prevent the seal's reuse. If a forger tries to remove an applied seal from its document, it will almost certainly break. A pendent seal is easily detached by cutting the cords or strips of parchment, but the forger would then have great difficulty in attaching it to another document (not least because the cords or parchment are normally knotted inside the seal), and would again almost certainly break it. 253: 3976: 896: 780:) it is now unusual in most countries in the west for private citizens to use seals. In Central and Eastern Europe, however, as in East Asia, a signature alone is considered insufficient to authenticate a document of any kind in business, and all managers, as well as many book-keepers and other employees, have personal seals, normally just containing text, with their name and their position. These are applied to all letters, invoices issued, and similar documents. In Europe these are today plastic self-inking stamps. 4008: 912: 989: 4342: 54: 1252: 741:, Norfolk, and dated to the late 7th century; the next oldest is a mid-9th-century matrix of a Bishop Ethilwald (probably Æthelwold, Bishop of East Anglia). The practice of sealing in wax gradually moved down the social hierarchy from monarchs and bishops to great magnates, to petty knights by the end of the 12th century, and to ordinary freemen by the middle of the 13th century. They also came to be used by a variety of corporate bodies, including 2725: 1630: 328: 749: 531: 1398: 796: 2694: 119:(raised above the surface). The design on the impression will reverse (be a mirror-image of) that of the matrix, which is especially important when script is included in the design, as it very often is. This will not be the case if paper is embossed from behind, where the matrix and impression read the same way, and both matrix and impression are in relief. However 854:(i.e. open letters) conferring rights or privileges, which were intended to be available for all to view. In the case of important transactions or agreements, the seals of all parties to the arrangement as well as of witnesses might be attached to the document, and so once executed it would carry several seals. Most governments still attach pendent seals to 874:(letters intended only for the recipient) and parcels to indicate whether or not the item had been opened or tampered with since it had left the sender, as well as providing evidence that the item was actually from the sender and not a forgery. In the post-medieval period, seals came to be commonly used in this way for 85:, and is also the impression thus made. The original purpose was to authenticate a document, or to prevent interference with a package or envelope by applying a seal which had to be broken to open the container (hence the modern English verb "to seal", which implies secure closing without an actual wax seal). 878:. A letter writer would fold the completed letter, pour wax over the joint formed by the top of the page, and then impress a ring or other seal matrix. Governments sometimes sent letters to citizens under the governmental seal for their eyes only, known as letters secret. Wax seals might also be used with 627:

in East Asia. Like ink-brush calligraphy, there are several styles of engraving. Some engraving styles emulate calligraphy styles, but many styles are so highly stylized that the characters represented on the seal are difficult for untrained readers to identify. Seal engravers are considered artists,

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The practice is less widely attested in the case of medieval laypeople, but certainly occurred on occasion, particularly in the 13th and 14th centuries. Silver seal matrices have been found in the graves of some of the 12th-century queens of France. These were probably deliberately buried as a means

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The less noble classes began wearing and using signet rings as early as the 13th century. In the 17th century, signet rings fell out of favor in the upper levels of society, replaced by other means for mounting and carrying the signet. In the 18th century, though, signet rings again became popular,

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Because seals are commissioned by individuals and carved by artists, every seal is unique, and engravers often personalize the seals that they create. The materials of seals and the styles of the engraving are typically matched to the personalities of the owners. Seals can be traditional or modern,

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official documents or financial transactions. Both individuals and organizations have official seals, and they often have multiple seals in different sizes and styles for different situations. East Asian seals usually bear the names of the people or organizations represented, but they can also bear

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was naturally yellowish or pale brownish in tone, but could also be artificially colored red or green (with many intermediary variations). In some medieval royal chanceries, different colours of wax were customarily used for different functions or departments of state, or to distinguish grants and

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in stone or other materials were used. These could be rolled along to create an impression on clay (which could be repeated indefinitely), and used as labels on consignments of trade goods, or for other purposes. They are normally hollow and it is presumed that they were worn on a string or chain

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In some jurisdictions, especially in Canada, it is a legal requirement for a professional engineer to seal documents in accordance with the Engineering Profession Act and Regulations. Professional engineers may also be legally entitled to seal any document they prepare. The seal identifies work

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for the project, these seals may be embossed and signed, stamped and signed, or in certain situations a computer generated facsimile of the original seal validated by a digital certificate owned by the professional may be attached to a security protected computer file. The identities on the

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poems or personal mottoes. Sometimes both types of seals, or large seals that bear both names and mottoes, are used to authenticate official documents. Seals are so important in East Asia that foreigners who frequently conduct business there also commission the engraving of personal seals.

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labels are available which are destroyed if the protected container or equipment is opened, functionally equivalent to a wax seal. They are used to protect things which must not be tampered with such as pharmaceuticals, equipment whose opening voids a manufacturer's warranty, etc.

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also still use seals on a daily basis. At least in Britain, each registered notary has an individual personal seal, registered with the authorities, which includes his or her name and a pictorial emblem, often an animal—the same combination found in many seals from ancient Greece.

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East Asian seals are carved from a variety of hard materials, including wood, soapstone, sea glass and jade. East Asian seals are traditionally used with a red oil-based paste consisting of finely ground cinnabar, which contrasts with the black ink traditionally used for the

652:, and the rest of East Asia are watercolor paintings on silk, paper, or some other surface to which the red ink from seals can adhere. East Asian paintings often bear multiple seals, including one or two seals from the artist, and the seals from the owners of the paintings. 955:(pointed oval) shape. The central emblem was often a standing figure of the owner, or (in the case of ecclesiastical seals) of a saint. Medieval townspeople used a wide variety of different emblems but some had seals that included an image relating to their work. 1130:

performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed professional engineer, and assures the document's recipient that the work meets the standards expected of experienced professionals who take personal responsibility for their judgments and decisions.

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to show lower chargeable readings, they may be sealed with a lead or plastic seal with a government marking, typically fixed to a wire that passes through part of the meter housing. The meter cannot be opened without cutting the wire or damaging the seal.

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by about the end of the 10th century. In England, few wax seals have survived of earlier date than the Norman Conquest, although some earlier matrices are known, recovered from archaeological contexts: the earliest is a gold double-sided matrix found near

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There is a direct line of descent from the seals used in the ancient world, to those used in medieval and post-medieval Europe, and so to those used in legal contexts in the western world to the present day. Seals were historically most often impressed in

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On the death of a seal-holder, as a sign of continuity, a son and heir might commission a new seal employing the same symbols and design-elements as those used by his father. It is likely that this practice was a factor in the emergence of hereditary

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Applied seals, by contrast, were originally used to seal a document closed: that is to say, the document would be folded and the seal applied in such a way that the item could not be opened without the seal being broken. Applied seals were used on

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Rings have been used since antiquity as spy identification and in espionage. During World War II, US Air Force personnel would privately purchase signet rings with a hidden compartment that would hold a small compass or hidden message.

460:, who deposited it in a temple in Rome. Engraved gems continued to be produced and collected until the 19th century. Pliny also explained the significance of the signet ring, and how over time this ring was worn on the little finger. 923:

Historically, the majority of seals were circular in design, although ovals, triangles, shield-shapes and other patterns are also known. The design generally comprised a graphic emblem (sometimes, but not always, incorporating

1195:, the papal signet, and to see that it is broken up. A similar practice prevailed in the Middle Ages and it is often alluded to by historians, as it seems to have been a matter of some ceremony. For example, on the death of 1126:

professional seals determine legal responsibility for any errors or omissions, and in some cases financial responsibility for their correction as well as the territory of their responsibility, e.g.: "State of Minnesota".

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and, in the past, several famous calligraphers also became famous as engravers. Some seals, carved by famous engravers, or owned by famous artists or political leaders, have become valuable as historical works of art.

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before his flight to France in order to ensure that the machinery of government would cease to function. It is unclear how much truth there is to this story, but certainly the seal was recovered: James's successors,

142:, running through them. These "pendent" seal impressions dangled below the documents they authenticated, to which the attachment tag was sewn or otherwise attached (single-sided seals were treated in the same way). 1186:

The importance of the seal as a means of authentication necessitated that when authority passed into new hands the old seal should be destroyed and a new one made. When the pope dies it is the first duty of the

2755:- Harvard's Ben Edelman says "Suppose users have seen a seal on dozens of sites that turn out to be legitimate. Dubious sites can present that same seal to encourage more users to buy, register, or download." 882:

techniques to ensure that only the intended recipient would read the message. In general, seals are no longer used in these ways except for ceremonial purposes. However, applied seals also came to be used on

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Traditional wax seals continue to be used on certain high-status and ceremonial documents, but in the 20th century they were gradually superseded in many other contexts by inked or dry embossed seals and by

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Although it is a utilitarian instrument of daily business in East Asia, westerners and other non-Asians seldom see Asian seals except on Asian paintings and calligraphic art. All traditional paintings in

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Hand-folded letter sealed with wax and stamped with capital letter "A". If a letter is folded and sealed correctly, a wax seal can eliminate the need for an envelope as demonstrated in the above picture.

839:) to provide extra strength. Alternatively, the seal may be attached to a narrow strip of the material of the document (again, in this case, usually parchment), sliced and folded down, as a tail or 196:

may well feature in such contexts as well as on seals, the seal design in its entirety rarely appears as a graphical emblem and is used mainly as originally intended: as an impression on documents.

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Most seals have always given a single impression on an essentially flat surface, but in medieval Europe two-sided seals with two matrices were often used by institutions or rulers (such as towns,

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Since at least the 16th century there have also been pseudo-signet rings where the engraving is not reversed (mirror image), as it should be if the impression is to read correctly.

1028: 977:. Certain medieval seals were more complex still, involving two levels of impression on each side of the wax which would be used to create a scene of three-dimensional depth. 2708: 1428:

The expression "seal of approval" refers to a formal approval, regardless whether it involves a seal or other external marking, by an authoritative person or institute.

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During the early Byzantine period these rings were used for sealing personal documents and validating wills and testaments. 6th century, silver. The Walters Art Museum.

1941: 104:). If the impression is made purely as a relief resulting from the greater pressure on the paper where the high parts of the matrix touch, the seal is known as a 1830:

Markus Späth, "Memorialising the glorious past: thirteenth-century seals from English cathedral priories and their artistic contexts", in Schofield 2015, p. 166.

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From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC until the Middle Ages, seals of various kinds were in production in the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. In the

1082:" (contrary to custom), sent their letters to him unsealed. The custom of bishops possessing seals may from this date be assumed to have been pretty general. 1349:

or crest of the school). One may also have their initials engraved as a sign of their personal stature. Traditionally, signet rings were worn either on the

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and reverses. The impression would be formed by pressing a "sandwich" of matrices and wax firmly together by means of rollers or, later, a lever-press or a

2139: 349: 342: 1754: 1024:-shaped. The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era, but high functionaries of the Church adopted the habit. 701:, but in the post-medieval period the resin (and other ingredients) came to dominate. During the early Middle Ages seals of lead, or more properly " 1278:

A signet ring is a ring bearing on its flat top surface the equivalent of a seal. A typical signet ring has a design, often a family or personal

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was normally used. Even in modern times, seals, often known as "chops" in local colloquial English, are still commonly used instead of handwritten

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Because it is used to attest to the authority of its bearer, the ring has also been seen as a symbol of power, which is why it is included in the

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The wearing of signet rings (from Latin "signum" meaning "sign" or "mark") dates back to ancient Egypt: the seal of a pharaoh is mentioned in the

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Dąbrowska, Elżbieta (2011). "Les sceaux et les matrices de sceaux trouvés dans le tombes médiévales". In Gil, Marc; Chassel, Jean-Luc (eds.).

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used the same Great Seal matrix, fairly crudely adapted – possibly quite deliberately, in order to demonstrate the continuity of government.

833:) of parchment, threaded through holes or slots cut in the lower edge of the document: the document is often folded double at this point (a 503:

Joseon-era Korean royal seal with knob in the form of a turtle, late 16th-17th century, cast bronze with gilding, 6.98 x 15.24 x 15.24 cm,

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import. There are two main ways in which a seal may be attached to a document. It may be applied directly to the face of the paper or

1406: 932:) running around the perimeter. The legend most often consisted merely of the words "The seal of ", either in Latin or in the local 675: 1332:

of certain monarchies. After the death of a Pope, the destruction of his signet ring is a prescribed act clearing the way for the

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seal; or a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. Hence, in

3032: 1055:'s letters (217 to Victorinus) indicates that he used a seal. The practice spread, and it seems to be taken for granted by King 3374: 392: 243:) and probably earlier. The oldest stamp seals were button-shaped objects with primitive ornamental forms chiseled onto them. 2634: 2591: 2534: 2511: 2492: 2281: 164:

of the seal design (in monochrome or color), which may be used in a variety of contexts including architectural settings, on

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in this context, giving a "counter-relief" or intaglio impression when used as seals. The process is essentially that of a

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Kansas State Board of Technical Professions. Typical sample of requirements for a professional seal in the United States.

1934: 1188: 623:. Red chemical inks are more commonly used in modern times for sealing documents. Seal engraving is considered a form of 1922: 1074:

when for some reason they lawfully quit their own proper diocese. Such a ruling was enacted at Chalon-sur-Saône in 813.

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and kings) to make two-sided or fully three-dimensional impressions in wax, with a "tag", a piece of ribbon or strip of

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John A. McEwan, "Does size matter? Seals in England and Wales, ca. 1200–1500", in Whatley 2019, pp. 103–26 (116–18).

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age a new set for seal forms, motifs and materials appear. Hard stone requires new rotary carving techniques. The

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In modern use, seals are used to tamper-proof equipment. For example, to prevent gas and electricity meters from

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Photographic reproductions of medieval seals in the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden searchable via the

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U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulations, Subpart 36.6 Architect-Engineer Services, Article 36.609 Contract Clauses.

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applied directly to the face of the document, so that there was no need to break them, and this use continues.

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round the neck. Many have only images, often very finely carved, with no writing, while others have both. From

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reports: "After his burial, his seal was publicly broken up in the presence of all by Master Robert Avenel."

1133: 1122: 177: 17: 2747: 1377: 705:" (from the Latin), were in common use both in East and West, but with the notable exception of documents (" 360: 3612: 3607: 1040: 710: 2774: 2293:

Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: case studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia

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Paul Brand, "Seals and the law in the thirteenth century", in Schofield 2015, pp. 111–19 (at p. 115).

1385: 108:; in other cases ink or another liquid or liquefied medium is used, in another color than the paper. 1368:

purchased a number of signet rings from Regent Street jewelers that were used to conceal compasses.

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on the tops of the seals. Seals are also sometimes carved with images or calligraphy on the sides.

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In the Middle Ages it became customary for the seals of women and of ecclesiastics to be given a

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is the time par excellence of the lens-shaped seal and the seal ring, which continued into the

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age these were formed of soft stone and ivory and show particular characteristic forms. By the

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signet ring bearing the arms of the Baronnet family; goldsmith: Jean-Pierre Gautheron, Paris

295:, including some with the names of kings, have been found; these tend to show only names in 4194: 2981: 2947: 2839: 2231: 1474: 1468: 1283: 1200: 1086: 112: 37: 2729: 1325:'s hand; he arrayed him in garments of fine linen, and put a gold chain around his neck." 8: 4052: 3850: 3832: 3622: 3205: 3157: 3132: 2834: 2663: 2232:"Publication of specifications related to physical sealing of electricity and gas meters" 1223: 1219: 1060: 970: 826: 806:

Seals are used primarily to authenticate documents, specifically those which carry some

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Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer, eds. (2018).

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Seals and Society: medieval Wales, the Welsh marches and their English border region

1958:"Rule and Regulation Change Allowing the Construction and use of Computerized Seals" 1270:: 'Perfect God, Lord of the Two Lands' ('Ntr-Nfr, Neb-taui'; right to left columns)— 1085:

In the British Museum collection the earliest bishop's seals preserved are those of

314:(Yitsḥaq bar Ḥanina) engraved in reverse so as to read correctly in the impression. 270:

Seals were used in the earliest civilizations and are of considerable importance in

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or specified signature-accompanying words such as "seal" or "L.S." (abbreviation of

115:(cut below the flat surface) and therefore the design on the impressions made is in 3975: 3931: 3919: 3840: 3642: 3447: 3394: 3389: 3323: 3308: 3250: 3215: 3065: 3060: 2993: 2959: 2887: 2703: 2471: 2087: 1639: 1492: 1322: 1279: 1207:

gives a similar description of the breaking of the seal of William of Trumpington,

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In the Middle Ages, the majority of seals were pendent. They were attached both to

807: 769: 641: 551: 535: 469: 457: 2113: 590:, seals have been used in East Asia as a form of written identification since the 4346: 4258: 3943: 3788: 3773: 3768: 3703: 3384: 3348: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3175: 3147: 2921: 2844: 2624: 2487:. London Record Society Extra Series. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. 2206: 1983: 1964: 1945: 1314: 1075: 1036: 745:, municipalities, monasteries etc., to validate the acts executed in their name. 671: 649: 453: 433: 124: 82: 58: 4007: 3462: 825:). A pendent seal may be attached to cords or ribbons (sometimes in the owner's 4270: 4236: 4229: 3783: 3748: 3540: 3467: 3452: 3432: 3170: 3015: 3010: 2904: 2892: 2752: 2741: 1840: 1411: 904: 855: 851: 777: 656: 633: 611: 437: 193: 46: 2764: 2386:. British Museum Research Publication. Vol. 213. London: British Museum. 2091: 235:

was a common seal die, frequently carved from stone, known at least since the

4368: 4318: 4224: 3884: 3808: 3740: 2829: 2698: 2648:. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. 1821:

John Cherry, "Medieval and post-medieval seals", in Collon 1997, pp. 130–131.

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Pourquois les sceaux? La sigillographie, nouvel enjeu de l'histoire de l'art

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of the least dominant hand, with the most common usage being on the little.

448:. These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King 4331:

Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)

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or conservative or expressive. Seals are sometimes carved with the owners'

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Evasion and Escape Devices: Produced by MI9, MIS-X and SOE in World War II

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Jenkinson, Hilary (1943). "What happened to the Great Seal of James II?".

1923:"How Building Officials Interact With Registered Architects And Engineers" 1310:

were probably originally worn as signet rings, or as seals on a necklace.

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Wax seals were being used on a fairly regular basis by most western royal

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In most traditional forms of dry seal the design on the seal matrix is in

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Signet rings are also used as a souvenir or membership attribute, e.g.,

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in the same century complained that the bishops of Dôle and Reims had, "

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these leaden authentications fell out of favour in western Christendom.

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The matrices for pendent seals were sometimes accompanied by a smaller

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It is also part of the formal name of certain quality marks, such as:

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God's Regents on Earth: A Thousand Years of Byzantine Imperial Seals

2276:. British Museum Research Publications 168. London: British Museum. 327: 42: 4303: 3845: 3730: 3657: 3637: 3582: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3085: 2813: 2697: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2365:

Medieval Europe 1992: pre-printed papers: vol. 7: Art and Symbolism

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Cherry, "Medieval and post-medieval seals", in Collon 1997, p. 134.

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In the United States, the word "seal" is sometimes assigned to a

1847:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–15. 1728:"Before Envelopes, People Protected Messages With Letterlocking" 1290:) impression of the design when the ring is pressed onto liquid 513: 4291: 4265: 4040: 3872: 3662: 3552: 3535: 3505: 3285: 3240: 3230: 2971: 2854: 2382:

Cherry, John; Berenbeim, Jessica; Beer, Lloyd de, eds. (2018).

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Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige, von 751 bis 1913

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Sceaux et usages de sceaux: images de la Champagne médiévale

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which tend not to bind with the wax. Most smaller classical

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Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

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National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (US).

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Later ecclesiastical synods require that letters under the

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decrees made in perpetuity from more ephemeral documents.

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Adams, Noël; Cherry, John; Robinson, James, eds. (2007).

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Good Impressions: Image and Authority in Medieval Seals

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and by the 19th century, men of all classes wore them.

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The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal

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The History of Marks from Antiquity to the Middle Ages

153:, "place of the seal") to be the legal equivalent of, 27:

Device for making an impression in wax or other medium

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Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service

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Golden ring, with cartouche and hieroglyphic name of

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sometimes issued documents with gold seals, known as

2456:. London: British Library and Public Record Office. 2381: 2271: 2025:. Surtees Society. Vol. 9. London. p. 63. 1178:, which was perhaps stamped as though with a seal. 534:

A demonstration of the use of a standardized seal (

2311: 2170:Finger Rings From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day 176:, among other uses, appears on the reverse of the 2167: 1537:. Vermont Legislature. Retrieved January 4, 2020. 1121:who supervised the development. Depending on the 4366: 2485:Seals in Medieval London, 1050–1300: A Catalogue 2451: 1913:National Society of Professional Engineers (US). 1638: 1477:used to validate documents approved by the order 1101:Architects, surveyors and professional engineers 213:Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices 2525:. Archives and the User. Vol. 11. London: 2428: 2326:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art 2251:"Tamper evident labels market growth continues" 263:and the impression made by it—worship of 157:, an equally effective substitute for, a seal. 2712:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 2681:. Belgrade: The Institute for History: 23–29. 2367:. York: Medieval Europe 1992. pp. 23–27. 2363:Cherry, John (1992). "The breaking of seals". 2140:"The ultimate guide to signet rings / Journal" 1570: 944:. Occasionally, the legend took the form of a 2798: 2767:(database of Byzantine Seal impressions from 2452:Harvey, P. D. A.; McGuinness, Andrew (1996). 1857: 1585: 1226:of 1688/9, he is supposed to have thrown the 2769:Prosopography of the Byzantine World project 2600: 2323:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). 2322: 1546: 1199:, Bishop of Durham, in 1283, the chronicler 598:were impressed in a soft clay, but from the 2753:Not All Online Authority Seals are Credible 2429:Grisar, Josef; De Lasala, Fernando (1997). 2168:Taylor, Gerald; Scarisbrick, Diana (1978). 903:in Scotland, late 13th century, now in the 772:formerly required seals for validity (e.g. 2805: 2791: 2584:Seals and their Context in the Middle Ages 2567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2543: 2476:Guide to Seals in the Public Record Office 2443:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1998:, History of Science and Technology. p.243 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 317: 2646:Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology 2578: 2470: 2295:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2114:"What Is A Signet Ring And Why Wear One?" 2077: 2062: 1865:. London: Frederick Warne. pp. 6–7. 1371: 1117:drawings, to certify the identity of the 999:-shaped seal of the cathedral chapter of 655:East Asian seals are the predecessors to 542:) (red colour) for organizations in China 412:Learn how and when to remove this message 310:age. One example shows a name written in 2758:Signet ring article - Berganza, London: 2702: 2662: 2400: 2309: 2161: 2011:. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989. 1970: 1558: 1396: 1261: 1250: 1137:Professional engineer's seal (in fact a 1132: 1026: 987: 910: 894: 860: 794: 747: 723: 666: 529: 512: 251: 216: 69:is a device for making an impression in 52: 36: 2626:A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages 2622: 2343: 1939:. Appendix A: "Submission Requirements" 1845:Heralds and Heraldry in the Middle Ages 1603: 1338:and subsequent election of a new Pope. 985:in western Europe in the 12th century. 940:was frequently abbreviated to a simple 452:the first major collector according to 14: 4367: 2608:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 2501: 2482: 2409: 2362: 2248: 1839: 526:, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù 348:Please improve this section by adding 302:Recently, seals have come to light in 2786: 2552: 2504:Matrix: A Collection of British Seals 2020: 1951: 1948:U.S. General Services Administration. 1916: 1401:Representation of a seal of approval. 829:), or to the two ends of a strip (or 81:, or some other medium, including an 2643: 2023:Historia Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres 1904: 1725: 1652:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1095:St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 1012:Ecclesiastical seals are frequently 662: 321: 206: 123:were often carved in relief, called 2520: 1928: 818:); or it may hang loose from it (a 678:, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, 24: 2384:Seals and Status: power of objects 2318:. New York: New York, H.N. Abrams. 1588:The invention of printing in China 1573:"Pliny The Elder, Natural History" 1438:of the Good Housekeeping Institute 1436:Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval 1392: 1294:. The design is often made out of 1170:, there was an officer called the 1007: 456:. His collection fell as booty to 444:periods, in the form of pictorial 25: 4396: 2717: 2454:A Guide to British Medieval Seals 2249:Corbin, Tony (15 November 2018). 1646:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 1051:An incidental allusion in one of 4340: 4006: 3974: 2777:verteillte Bildarchiv prometheus 2723: 2692: 2688:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2414:. London: British Museum Press. 2172:. Ashmolean Museum. p. 71. 1726:Cain, Abigal (9 November 2018). 1628: 1442:Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval 1286:so that it will leave a raised ( 1174:. It may have given its name to 1149: 505:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 490: 478: 326: 221:A stamp seal and its impression. 96:; the imprint it creates as the 2410:Collon, Dominique, ed. (1997). 2265: 2242: 2224: 2199: 2186: 2132: 2106: 2071: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2014: 2001: 1989: 1891: 1879: 1851: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1747: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1656: 1246: 1016:-shaped, as in the shape of an 915:The Great Seal of the State of 199:The study of seals is known as 174:Great Seal of the United States 1594: 1579: 1564: 1535:Vermont Statutes Title 1 § 134 1528: 1514: 1505: 1181: 522: 13: 1: 2748:UK National Archives on seals 2668:"The Golden Seal of Stroimir" 1886:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 1498: 1123:authority having jurisdiction 1059:at the very beginning of the 1031:A series of crosses from the 928:), surrounded by a text (the 899:Two-sided pendent seals from 697:to one-third of some kind of 679: 350:secondary or tertiary sources 4097:(metal in the United States) 2812: 2623:Whatley, Laura, ed. (2019). 2401:Di Palma, Salvatore (2015). 2146:. 2017-06-20. Archived from 1899:Regesta Pontificum Romanorum 1590:. Columbia University Press. 1191:to obtain possession of the 790: 594:(221 BC–). The seals of the 463: 145:Some jurisdictions consider 57:Present-day impression of a 7: 2760:Signets: Sealed with a Ring 2604:; New, E. A., eds. (2016). 2544:Pastoureau, Michel (1981). 2527:British Records Association 2523:Seals and Sealing Practices 2431:Aspetti della sigillografia 2314:Greek Gems and Finger Rings 1755:"British Museum Collection" 1447: 1417: 1113:construction documents, or 1070:'s seal should be given to 799:Pendent seals on the Swiss 184:appear on their respective 10: 4401: 2344:Chassel, Jean-Luc (2003). 2021:Raine, James, ed. (1839). 1716:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 18–19. 1698:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 14–18. 1421: 1345:(which typically bear the 1105:Seals are also affixed on 890: 467: 245: 224: 210: 29: 4327: 4279: 4207: 4180: 4104: 4073: 4027: 3965: 3894: 3859: 3831: 3739: 3676: 3491: 3425: 3362: 3301: 3156: 3123: 3046: 2930: 2875: 2820: 2092:10.1017/s0003581500042189 2009:Oxford English Dictionary 1803:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 8–10. 1575:. Loeb Classical Library. 1471:, the first seal in Japan 1351:little or the ring finger 936:language: the Latin word 555: 539: 517: 172:. Thus, for example, the 2706:, ed. (1728). "Cocket". 2574:Accessible on Wikisource 2405:. Société des écrivains. 1901:, nos. 2789, 2806, 2823. 1689:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 6-7. 1547:Brown & Feldman 2013 1407:Seal of the Confessional 450:Mithridates VI of Pontus 182:seals of the U.S. states 4335:List of oldest heraldry 2557:. Vol. 5. Dresden. 2521:New, Elizabeth (2010). 2310:Boardman, John (1972). 1571:Harris Rackham (1938). 1228:Great Seal of the Realm 801:Federal Charter of 1291 318:Ancient Greece and Rome 4375:Authentication methods 2580:Schofield, Phillipp R. 2502:Morris, David (2012). 2196:. 2015. Pages 296-297. 1776:Jenkinson 1968, p. 13. 1668:The Walters Art Museum 1600:Jenkinson 1968, p. 12. 1586:Thomas Carter (1925). 1522:Notary Public Handbook 1402: 1372:Modern tamper-proofing 1275: 1259: 1146: 1048: 1004: 920: 908: 866: 803: 757: 729: 685: 543: 527: 361:"seals" antiquity 337:relies excessively on 267: 222: 188:. In Europe, although 100:(or, more rarely, the 62: 50: 41:Town seal (matrix) of 2483:McEwan, John (2016). 2329:. Walter de Gruyter. 1649:Catholic Encyclopedia 1400: 1378:being interfered with 1265: 1254: 1222:was dethroned in the 1197:Robert of Holy Island 1193:Ring of the Fisherman 1141:) in the Province of 1136: 1119:licensed professional 1030: 991: 914: 898: 864: 798: 751: 727: 670: 533: 516: 291:seals in the form of 255: 220: 180:; and several of the 56: 40: 32:Seal (disambiguation) 2553:Posse, Otto (1913). 2548:. Turnhout: Brepols. 2207:"Gas meter stamping" 1767:McEwan 2016, no.764. 1707:New 2010, pp. 19–23. 1475:Knights Templar Seal 1469:King of Na gold seal 1215:of cancelling them. 1087:William de St-Calais 602:a red ink made from 30:For other uses, see 4347:Heraldry portal 3774:Hastings/Hungerford 3061:Crowns and coronets 3033:National traditions 2644:Yule, Paul (1981). 2412:7000 Years of Seals 2080:Antiquaries Journal 1859:Brooke-Little, John 1224:Glorious Revolution 1220:James II of England 1189:Cardinal Camerlengo 1172:clerk of the cocket 1061:Merovingian dynasty 282:carved or engraved 83:embossment on paper 3731:Waterlily/Seeblatt 2955:Ancient and modern 2348:. Paris: Somogny. 2236:Measurement Canada 2144:Rebus Signet Rings 1982:2010-12-01 at the 1963:2009-10-11 at the 1944:2009-09-29 at the 1863:Boutell's Heraldry 1459:Keeper of the seal 1424:Certification mark 1403: 1276: 1260: 1209:Abbot of St Albans 1147: 1049: 1005: 921: 909: 867: 804: 758: 743:cathedral chapters 730: 715:Byzantine Emperors 686: 544: 528: 268: 223: 63: 51: 4385:Rings (jewellery) 4362: 4361: 4203: 4202: 4141:(color in Canada) 3827: 3826: 2728:Works related to 2704:Chambers, Ephraim 2675:Historical Review 2636:978-90-04-38064-6 2629:. Leiden: Brill. 2593:978-1-78297-817-6 2586:. Oxford: Oxbow. 2536:978-0-900222-15-3 2513:978-0-9570102-0-8 2494:978-0-900952-56-2 2472:Jenkinson, Hilary 2283:978-0-86159-168-8 2238:. 18 August 2008. 1201:Robert Greystones 1093:(1081–96) and of 1037:Beatrice of Bar's 885:legal instruments 848:legal instruments 709:") issued by the 663:Western tradition 422: 421: 414: 396: 237:6th millennium BC 207:Ancient Near East 203:or sphragistics. 168:, or on official 16:(Redirected from 4392: 4380:Seals (insignia) 4345: 4344: 4343: 4183: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4136: 4126: 4118: 4115: 4107: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4010: 3978: 3954: 3951: 3942: 3939: 3930: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3906: 3903: 3883: 3880: 3871: 3868: 3857: 3856: 3841:Rule of tincture 3558:Griffin/Keythong 3154: 3153: 2845:Officers of arms 2807: 2800: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2727: 2713: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2659: 2640: 2619: 2602:Schofield, P. R. 2597: 2572: 2566: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2517: 2498: 2479: 2467: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2425: 2406: 2397: 2378: 2359: 2340: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2287: 2259: 2258: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1974: 1968: 1955: 1949: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1812:New 2010, p. 13. 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1785:New 2010, p. 41. 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1640:Herbert Thurston 1632: 1631: 1626: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1493:Signet ring cell 1091:Bishop of Durham 1020:, also known as 926:heraldic devices 901:Inchaffray Abbey 752:The wax seal of 684: 683: 1218–1230 681: 676:Gilbert de Clare 557: 541: 524: 519: 494: 482: 470:Seal (East Asia) 458:Pompey the Great 440:, Classical and 417: 410: 406: 403: 397: 395: 354: 330: 322: 21: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4341: 4339: 4323: 4275: 4199: 4181: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4144: 4134: 4124: 4116: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4090: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4058: 4049: 4046: 4037: 4034: 4023: 3961: 3952: 3949: 3940: 3937: 3928: 3925: 3916: 3913: 3904: 3901: 3890: 3881: 3878: 3869: 3866: 3855: 3823: 3789:Hungerford knot 3759:Cavendish/Savoy 3735: 3672: 3487: 3421: 3358: 3297: 3152: 3119: 3042: 2926: 2871: 2816: 2811: 2720: 2693: 2685: 2670: 2664:Živković, Tibor 2656: 2637: 2616: 2594: 2560: 2559: 2537: 2514: 2495: 2464: 2436: 2435: 2422: 2394: 2375: 2356: 2337: 2303: 2284: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2247: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2076: 2072: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1984:Wayback Machine 1975: 1971: 1965:Wayback Machine 1956: 1952: 1946:Wayback Machine 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897:Philipp Jaffé, 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1856: 1852: 1841:Wagner, Anthony 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680:New 2010, p. 3. 1679: 1675: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1629: 1627: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1584: 1580: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1515: 1511:New 2010, p. 7. 1510: 1506: 1501: 1450: 1426: 1420: 1395: 1393:Figurative uses 1384:Specially-made 1374: 1315:Book of Genesis 1272:Musée du Louvre 1249: 1184: 1152: 1103: 1076:Pope Nicholas I 1033:sigillum cereum 1010: 1008:Ecclesiasticism 893: 876:private letters 793: 682: 672:Equestrian seal 665: 511: 510: 509: 508: 500: 499: 498: 495: 487: 486: 483: 472: 466: 454:Pliny the Elder 434:Late Bronze Age 418: 407: 401: 398: 355: 353: 347: 343:primary sources 331: 320: 306:datable to the 250: 229: 215: 209: 194:heraldic badges 178:one-dollar bill 98:seal impression 59:Late Bronze Age 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4398: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4271:Trophy of arms 4268: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4230:banner of arms 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4132: 4122: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4056: 4044: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 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(2015). 2576: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2518: 2512: 2499: 2493: 2480: 2468: 2462: 2449: 2426: 2420: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2379: 2373: 2360: 2354: 2341: 2335: 2320: 2307: 2301: 2288: 2282: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2255:Packaging News 2241: 2223: 2198: 2185: 2178: 2160: 2131: 2118:He Spoke Style 2105: 2070: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2013: 2000: 1988: 1969: 1950: 1927: 1915: 1911:"What is a PE" 1903: 1890: 1888:, Leg., II, 2. 1878: 1871: 1850: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1746: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1655: 1602: 1593: 1578: 1563: 1551: 1549:, p. 304. 1539: 1527: 1513: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1412:Record sealing 1409: 1394: 1391: 1386:tamper-evident 1373: 1370: 1248: 1245: 1183: 1180: 1151: 1148: 1102: 1099: 1009: 1006: 905:British Museum 892: 889: 856:letters patent 852:letters patent 792: 789: 711:Papal Chancery 664: 661: 657:block printing 634:zodiac animals 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In ancient 277: 273: 266: 262: 261:cylinder seal 258: 254: 249: 248:Cylinder seal 244: 242: 241:Halaf culture 238: 234: 228: 219: 214: 204: 202: 201:sigillography 197: 195: 191: 190:coats of arms 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 152: 151:locus sigilli 148: 147:rubber stamps 143: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 121:engraved gems 118: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 60: 55: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 18:Seal (device) 4309:Phaleristics 4253: 4242:Roll of arms 4208:Applications 4120:Bleu celeste 4106:Rare colours 3799:Ormonde/Wake 3684:Fleur-de-lis 3246:Inescutcheon 3211:Crozier head 3056:Coat of arms 2943:Augmentation 2850:King of Arms 2776: 2768: 2707: 2678: 2674: 2645: 2625: 2605: 2583: 2554: 2545: 2522: 2503: 2484: 2475: 2453: 2430: 2411: 2402: 2383: 2364: 2345: 2325: 2313: 2292: 2273: 2266:Bibliography 2254: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2214:. Retrieved 2210: 2201: 2188: 2169: 2163: 2152:. Retrieved 2148:the original 2143: 2134: 2122:. Retrieved 2117: 2108: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2035:Cherry 1992. 2031: 2022: 2016: 2008: 2003: 1991: 1972: 1953: 1936: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1749: 1737:. Retrieved 1731: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1658: 1647: 1596: 1587: 1581: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1521: 1516: 1507: 1482:Manu propria 1480: 1454:Company seal 1430: 1427: 1383: 1375: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1347:coat of arms 1340: 1335:sede vacante 1334: 1327: 1312: 1277: 1247:Signet rings 1232:River Thames 1217: 1213: 1185: 1176:cocket bread 1171: 1164:custom house 1159: 1153: 1143:Saskatchewan 1139:rubber stamp 1128: 1104: 1084: 1080:contra morem 1079: 1065: 1050: 1032: 1011: 979: 967:counter-seal 966: 964: 957: 950: 941: 937: 929: 922: 868: 845: 840: 834: 830: 819: 816:applied seal 815: 805: 782: 767: 759: 731: 719:Golden Bulls 687: 654: 638: 630: 617: 612:authenticate 600:Tang dynasty 583: 579: 571: 563: 547: 545: 521: 426:Early Minoan 423: 408: 399: 389: 382: 375: 368: 356: 336: 304:South Arabia 301: 293:signet rings 269: 257:Mesopotamian 230: 198: 159: 154: 150: 144: 133: 110: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 66: 64: 45:(now in the 4314:Vexillology 4075:Rare metals 4055:(blood red) 3653:Winged lion 3633:Sea-griffin 3568:Hippocampus 3501:Allocamelus 3143:Fimbriation 3071:Compartment 3048:Achievement 3016:Marshalling 2982:distinction 2840:Law of arms 2825:Authorities 2740:, from the 1343:class rings 1292:sealing wax 1268:Tutankhamun 1237:William III 1211:, in 1235. 1182:Destruction 1156:English law 1115:land survey 1111:engineering 975:screw press 959:Sealing wax 770:instruments 768:While many 691:sealing wax 625:calligraphy 596:Han dynasty 592:Qin dynasty 497:Inscription 442:Hellenistic 280:Mesopotamia 276:art history 272:archaeology 186:state flags 170:letterheads 49:) from 1570 4369:Categories 4259:equestrian 4043:(mulberry) 3769:Harrington 3699:Quatrefoil 3628:Salamander 3573:Hippogriff 3531:Cockatrice 3511:Amphiptere 3483:Wolfsangel 3463:Portcullis 3375:Black swan 3329:Camelopard 3158:Ordinaries 3076:Escutcheon 3026:impalement 3021:quartering 3004:variations 2922:Attributed 2860:pursuivant 2744:Collection 2546:Les sceaux 2374:0952002361 2154:2018-09-16 2124:23 October 2007:"Cocket". 1977:FAR 36.609 1499:References 1488:Privy seal 1464:Great seal 1422:See also: 1321:put it on 1256:Armigerous 1218:When King 934:vernacular 734:chanceries 608:signatures 468:See also: 372:newspapers 339:references 259:limestone 233:stamp seal 227:Stamp seal 4352:resources 4297:socialist 4220:Hatchment 4215:Bookplate 4195:Carnation 4182:Realistic 3995:Erminites 3833:Tinctures 3784:Hinckaert 3749:Bourchier 3603:Ouroboros 3588:Manticore 3493:Legendary 3468:Reremouse 3405:Przepaska 3334:Hind/stag 3324:Dog/hound 3133:Attitudes 3110:Supporter 3038:Societies 2999:divisions 2948:abatement 2563:cite book 2439:cite book 2100:162188010 1935:GSA P100 1642:(1913). " 1300:carnelian 1230:into the 1039:grant to 812:parchment 791:Practices 778:covenants 756:from 1839 621:ink brush 584:ấn chương 546:Known as 464:East Asia 308:Himyarite 162:facsimile 140:parchment 4304:Logotype 4247:Illyrian 4129:Brunâtre 4053:Sanguine 3990:Erminois 3958:(purple) 3851:Hatching 3846:Tricking 3809:Stafford 3709:Shamrock 3658:Woodwose 3638:Sea-lion 3608:Pantheon 3583:Lindworm 3526:Chollima 3521:Biscione 3516:Basilisk 3438:Crapaudy 3339:Kangaroo 3201:Componée 3195:Łękawica 3091:pavilion 3086:Mantling 2965:courtesy 2960:Alliance 2888:dominion 2883:National 2814:Heraldry 2683:Archived 2666:(2007). 2474:(1968). 2216:7 August 1980:Archived 1961:Archived 1942:Archived 1861:(1973). 1843:(1956). 1739:12 March 1448:See also 1418:Approval 1304:sardonyx 1284:intaglio 1168:Scotland 1145:, Canada 1057:Clovis I 1041:San Zeno 1014:mandorla 1003:(France) 997:Mandorla 983:heraldry 971:obverses 938:Sigillum 784:Notaries 739:Postwick 604:cinnabar 580:ấn triện 548:yinzhang 113:intaglio 106:dry seal 4280:Related 4148:Cendrée 4131:(brown) 3985:Ermines 3956:Purpure 3946:(green) 3922:(black) 3895:Colours 3875:(white) 3779:Heneage 3721:Thistle 3714:Trefoil 3648:Unicorn 3623:Phoenix 3618:Pegasus 3613:Panther 3598:Musimon 3593:Mermaid 3578:Lampago 3548:Enfield 3541:Chinese 3478:Serpent 3473:Scallop 3443:Dolphin 3417:Pelican 3412:Martlet 3400:Szaszor 3370:Alerion 3344:Leopard 3319:Bull/ox 3293:Saltire 3281:Roundel 3256:Lozenge 3226:Flaunch 3191:Chevron 3181:Bordure 3166:Annulet 3138:Erasure 3125:Charges 2989:Canting 2977:Cadency 2938:Armiger 2912:Burgher 2865:private 2835:History 2701:: 2433:. Rome. 1637:: 1330:regalia 1319:Pharaoh 1154:In old 1072:priests 1001:Moulins 917:Montana 891:Designs 850:and to 821:pendent 754:Tampere 695:beeswax 588:Vietnam 552:Chinese 536:Chinese 438:Archaic 386:scholar 312:Aramaic 265:Shamash 136:bishops 102:sealing 4292:Emblem 4266:Tabard 4190:Proper 4169: 4164:Orange 4161: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4114: 4093: 4091: 4086:Copper 4083: 4062: 4059: 4050: 4047: 4041:Murrey 4038: 4035: 4028:Stains 4017:Potent 3980:Ermine 3953: 3950: 3941: 3938: 3934:(blue) 3929: 3926: 3917: 3914: 3905: 3902: 3887:(gold) 3882: 3879: 3873:Argent 3870: 3867: 3860:Metals 3726:Turnip 3677:Plants 3663:Wyvern 3553:Garuda 3536:Dragon 3506:Alphyn 3302:Beasts 3286:Bezant 3241:Hamade 3231:Goutte 3186:Canton 3103:slogan 3081:Helmet 2972:Blazon 2931:Topics 2855:herald 2652: 2633: 2612: 2590: 2533: 2510: 2491: 2460: 2418: 2390: 2371: 2352: 2333: 2299: 2280: 2176: 2098: 1996:Cocket 1869: 1323:Joseph 1288:relief 1162:was a 1160:cocket 1068:bishop 1047:(1073) 1045:Verona 1022:vesica 1018:almond 993:Vesica 953:vesica 930:legend 841:tongue 703:bullae 564:injang 554:: 538:: 388: 381: 374: 367: 359: 117:relief 90:matrix 43:Náchod 4237:Badge 4156:Ochre 4065:Tenné 3932:Azure 3920:Sable 3910:(red) 3908:Gules 3804:Savoy 3764:Dacre 3754:Bowen 3741:Knots 3643:Tyger 3563:Harpy 3448:Emmet 3426:Other 3395:Eagle 3363:Birds 3251:Label 3236:Gyron 3216:Chief 3206:Cross 3148:Lines 3115:Torse 3098:Motto 3066:Crest 3011:Fraud 2994:Field 2917:Women 2905:papal 2893:civic 2876:Types 2771:(PBW) 2730:Seals 2686:(PDF) 2671:(PDF) 2096:S2CID 1302:, or 1296:agate 1280:crest 946:motto 836:plica 808:legal 774:deeds 707:bulls 699:resin 650:Korea 646:Japan 642:China 586:) in 576:Japan 572:inshō 568:Korea 558:) in 485:Front 393:JSTOR 379:books 166:flags 129:mould 125:cameo 79:paper 4254:Seal 4225:Flag 4172:Rose 4139:Buff 4095:Buff 4012:Vair 4000:Pean 3967:Furs 3944:Vert 3819:Wake 3794:Lacy 3704:Rose 3668:Yale 3458:Lucy 3390:Dove 3385:Crow 3380:Cock 3354:Wolf 3349:Lion 3314:Boar 3309:Bear 3276:Pile 3271:Pall 3266:Pale 3261:Orle 3221:Fess 3176:Bend 2650:ISBN 2631:ISBN 2610:ISBN 2588:ISBN 2569:link 2531:ISBN 2508:ISBN 2489:ISBN 2458:ISBN 2445:link 2416:ISBN 2388:ISBN 2369:ISBN 2350:ISBN 2331:ISBN 2297:ISBN 2278:ISBN 2218:2021 2174:ISBN 2126:2017 1867:ISBN 1741:2019 1644:Seal 1241:Mary 1239:and 1158:, a 919:(US) 823:seal 814:(an 582:(or 518:徐永裕印 507:(US) 365:news 274:and 231:The 192:and 155:i.e. 75:clay 67:seal 61:seal 4287:Mon 3694:Oak 3453:Ged 3433:Bee 3171:Bar 2088:doi 1366:MI9 1109:or 1035:of 831:tag 776:or 674:of 610:to 574:in 566:in 341:to 94:die 92:or 71:wax 4371:: 3885:Or 2679:55 2677:. 2673:. 2565:}} 2561:{{ 2529:. 2441:}} 2437:{{ 2253:. 2234:. 2209:. 2142:. 2116:. 2094:. 2084:23 2082:. 1730:. 1666:. 1605:^ 1298:, 1089:, 1063:. 1043:, 948:. 942:S: 858:. 765:. 721:. 680:c. 659:. 648:, 644:, 578:, 570:, 562:, 556:印章 540:公章 520:; 352:. 299:. 131:. 77:, 73:, 65:A 3197:) 3193:( 2806:e 2799:t 2792:v 2658:. 2639:. 2618:. 2596:. 2571:) 2539:. 2516:. 2497:. 2466:. 2447:) 2424:. 2396:. 2377:. 2358:. 2339:. 2305:. 2286:. 2257:. 2220:. 2182:. 2157:. 2128:. 2102:. 2090:: 1875:. 1757:. 1743:. 1670:. 1274:. 995:/ 907:. 550:( 415:) 409:( 404:) 400:( 390:· 383:· 376:· 369:· 346:. 239:( 34:. 20:)

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