119:
110:. Stamp seals first appeared in 'administrative' contexts in central and northern Mesopotamia in the seventh millennium and were used exclusively until the fifth millennium. Cylinder seals appeared first around 3600 BC in southern Mesopotamia and south-western Iran (Middle Uruk Period). They gradually replaced stamp seals, becoming the tool of a rising class of bureaucrats in the early stages of state formation. Even though stamp seals were still produced in the third and second millennia, cylinder seals predominated. In the first millennium, stamp seals made a strong comeback and eventually replaced cylinder seals entirely.
22:
79:
1180:
Winter, I. 1991 (1977) "Legitimation of authority through image and legend: seals belonging to officials in the administrative bureaucracy of the Ur III state," in The
Organization of Power (ed. by McGuire Gibson and R. Biggs), pp. 1 â 33. Chicago: Oriental Institute. Studies in Ancient Oriental
1025:
Duistermaat, K. 2010. Administration in
Neolithic Societies? The First Use of Seals in Syria and Some Considerations on Seal Owners, Seal Use and Private Property. In MĂŒller (ed.) Die Bedeutung Der Minoischen Und Mykenischen Glyptik: VI. Internationales Siegel-Symposium, Marburg, 9-12 Oktober 2008.
352:
Soft, bright limestones, gypsum, steatite, rarely lapis lazuli, shell and ivory; designs cut and drilled; images rather plastic, naturalistic, deeply cut designs; sometimes axial perforation of the cylinders occurs; sometimes cylinder seals are provided with a loop, either cut in one piece with the
1245:
Blocher, Felix 2001. Sealing
Tablets in Early Second Millennium Babylonia - Wealth and Significance of the Yale Babylonian Collection, in: William W. Hallo (Hg.), Seals and Seal Impressions, Comptes rendus de la XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Boston/New Haven 5â10 July 1998), Vol. 3,
1187:
Mayr, R. H. 2002a. The depiction of ordinary men and women on the seals of the Ur III kingdom. In
Parpola, S. and Whiting, R. M., editors, Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2â6, 2001, pages 359â366. Neo-Assyrian
563:
Dark hard stones preferred, mainly haematite; also
Goethite, serpentine, jasper, agate, rock crystal, lapis lazuli (often reused seals and scrap material), soft limestones and chlorite, and terracotta. More seldom shell, gypsum, "greenstone", obsidian, carnelian, mudstone, and basalt. Drilling and
356:
Container sealings, door sealings, jar stoppers; sealings on tablets, hollow clay balls, bullae, labels, disks. Stamp seals sometimes impressed multiple times; Cylinder Seal rolled across the tablets and their edges first, then inscribed; when applied on hollow clay balls, sometimes the whole
344:
Cylinder seals: Geometric designs, files of animals, ladder-pattern, "master of the animals", monsters, intertwined snakes, pigtailed figures, architecture, heraldic scenes; activities, (captives & violence; hunting; herding; procession & cultic scenes; depictions of the 'priest king');
1035:
Rothman, Mitchell S. 1994. Sealings as a
Control Mechanism in Prehistory: Tepe Gawra XI, X and VIII. In: Gil Stein & Mitchell S. Rothman (eds), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational dynamics of complexity: 103â120. Madison: Prehistory
772:
Contest scenes, animal scenes (horse and winged bull appear), chariot scenes, hunting with archer, temples, antithetically arranged pairs of figures including the winged "griffin-demon", "sacred-tree"; sometimes inscription included; also schematic, linear
1064:
H. Pittman 2001, Mesopotamian
Intraregional Relations Reflected through Glyptic Evidence in the late Chalcolithic 1-5 Periods, in M. Rothman (Ed.), Uruk Mesopotamia & its Neighbors. Cross-cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation,
1222:
Laurito, R. in DâAgostino, Franco, Francesco
Pomponio & Romina Laurito 2004. Neo-Sumerian Texts from Ur in the British Museum: Epigraphical and archaeological catalogue of an unpublished corpus of texts and fragments. (Nisaba 5) Messina:
348:
Cylinder seals: tall and large (two groups; one with heights ranging from 4â6 cm, diameters between 3â5 cm; the other with average height and diameter c. 2 cm); stamp seals: circular, zoomorphic, kidney shaped; average diameter
581:
Contest scenes, presentation scenes, figure holding a mace, deity with scimitar, and nude female. Less introduction scenes. Commonly mixture of elements from different scenes. Two figures flanking the inscription on Late Old
Babylonian
1176:
Winter, I. 1986 "The king and the cup: iconography of the royal presentation scene on Ur III seals," inInsights through Images (ed. by M Kelly-Buccellati), pp. 253 â 268. Malibu: Undena
Publications. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica
360:
Uruk, Ur, Jemdet Nasr, Habuba Kabira-South, Tall Qannas, Jebel Aruda, Tall Sheikh Hassan, Tall Brak, Tall Hamoukar, Hacinebi, Hassek HöyĂŒk?, Arslantepe, Hassek HöyĂŒk, Susa, Choga Mish, Tepe Sharafabad, Godin Tepe, Tal-i Malyan
588:
Haematite mostly; magnetite around the 18th century; the rest same materials as Isin-Larsa. Introduction of bow-driven cutting wheels and drills during the mid-18th century BC; now unmasked drill holes, filing- and wheel
118:
556:
Contest scenes, procession scenes. Presentation scenes; libation or animal offerings. New motifs include male or deity holding a mace, deity with scimitar, and nude female. Commonly mixture of elements from different
1392:
Stein, D.L., Seal Impressions from Arrapha and Nuzi in the Yale Babylonian Collection, in: D.I. Owen - M.A. Morrison (Hrsg.), Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians Vol. 2. Winona Lake 1987,
1446:
KĂŒhne, H. / W. Röllig, Das Siegel des Königs Salmanasser I. von Assyrien, in: Emre, K. / M. Mellink / B. Hrouda / N. ĂzgĂŒĂ§ (Hrsg.), Anatolia and the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honor of Tahsin ĂzgĂŒĂ§. Ankara 1989,
1365:
Publications De L'institut Historique-Archéologique Néerlandais De Stamboul. Edited by M. J. Mellink, C. Nijland, J. J. Roodenberg, Roos de J. and K. R. Veenhof. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten,
612:
Haematite most common, also magnetite, lapis lazuli, limestone, jasper, and basalt. Execution individual, "flat, linear style"of carving similar to Isin-Larsa glyptic from the Diyala area. Figures with fork-like
1235:
Reichel, Clemens 2003. Appendix: Sealing practice. In: Markus Hilgert, Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar-Suena (Oriental Institute Publications 121): 603â24. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
1055:
B. Feller 2013, Die AnfĂ€nge der BĂŒrokratie. Funktion und Einsatz von Siegeln im 4. und 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr., in Uruk. 5000 Jahre Megacity. Begleitband zur Ausstellung "Uruk â 5000 Jahre Megacity", 159â165.
1115:
Zettler, R. 2007, Clay Sealings from the Early Dynastic I levels of the Inanna Temple at Nippur: a preliminary analysis, in Roth, M. W. Farber, and M. Stolper (eds), Studies presented to R. Biggs: 343â362.
1437:
Near Eastern Archaeology in the Past, Present and Future. Vol. 1 Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient near East : 5â10 May 2009, "Sapienza", UniversitĂ Di
560:
Cylinder seals: straight. Average height: 2.5-3.0 cm; "burgul" seals with no iconography used alongside common cylinder seals at certain sites (Eshnunna, Kish, Marad, Nippur, Isin, Kisurra, and Ur).
1219:
Hattori, Atsuko 2002. Texts and Impressions: A Holistic approach to Ur III cuneiform tablets from the university of Pennsylvania expeditions to Nippur (Iraq). PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
567:
Container sealings and door sealings. Also tablet and envelope sealings (letters, legal and administrative documents) and occasionally bullae; multiple impressions of the same or different seals
1229:
Fischer, Claudia 1992. Siegelabrollungen im British Museum auf neusumerischen Tontafeln aus der Provinz Lagash â Untersuchungen zu den Tierkampfszenen. Zeitschrift fĂŒr Assyriologie 82: 60â91.
932:
Gibson, McG. and R.D. Biggs (eds.) 1987. The Organization of Power. Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 46. Chicago: Oriental Institute.
642:
Malikh, Hasanlu, Beth Shan, Byblos, Kamid el-Loz, Mohammed 'Arab, Nuzi, Hazor, Megiddo, Alalakh, Tell Kazel, Tell Al-hamidiya, Dhekelia, Tell Billa, Assur, Lchashen, Sapar-Kharaba, Tell Brak
616:
Container sealings, door- and window sealings. Also tablet and envelope sealings (letters and legal documents), bullae and triangular tags; multiple impressions of the same or different seals
992:
Heimpel, W., Gorelick, L., and Gwinnett, A. J., 1988, Philological and archaeological evidence for the use of emery in the Bronze Age Near East, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 40 (2): 195â210.
1309:, edited by Levent Atici, Fikri KulakoÄlu, Gojko Barjamovic and Andrew Fairbairn. Journal of Cuneiform Studies Supplements, 107-21. Boston, MA.: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2014.
1103:
H. P. Martin and R. J. Matthews 1993, "Seals and Sealings," in A. Green, ed., The 6G Ash-Tip and Its Contents: Cultic and Administrative Discard from the Temple? (London), pp. 23â81
1232:
Fischer, Claudia 1997. Siegelabrollungen im British Museum auf Ur-III-zeitlichen Texten aus der Provinz Lagash: Untersuchung zu den Verehrungsszenen. Baghdader Mitteilungen 28: 97â183.
779:
Agate, limestone, quartz, jasper, carnelian, lapis-lazuli, talc, frit; either cutting of high quality or - for the cut-style - cursory engraving with extensive use of the cutting wheel
278:
stamp seals: tabloid, lentoid and hemispheroid seals, seals with small marginal lug handles, amulet seals with a leaf or wedge, conoid or pyramid shaped, double axe or cloverleaf seals
1154:
Rakic, Yelena 2003. The Contest Scene in Akkadian Glyptic: A Study of its imagery and function within the Akkadian empire. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania. esp. Ch. 6;289-354
802:
Manufactured in 4 styles; linear (soft materials; steatite, serpentine and sintered quartz (frit)), modeled (chalcedony), cut (hard and soft materials), drilled (chalcedony, agate)
998:
Sax, M., D. Collon and M.N. Leese 1993. The availability of raw materials for Near Eastern cylinder seals during the Akkadian, post Akkadian and Ur III periods. Iraq 55: 77â90.
979:
Frahm, Ellery, Agnete W. Lassen, and Klaus Wagensonner. "Gods and Demons, Anatolia and Egypt: Obsidian Sourcing of Mesopotamian Amulets and Cylinder Seals Using Portable Xrf."
1202:
Reichel 2001, Reichel, Clemens 2001. Seals and Sealings at Tell Asmar â A New look at an Ur III to Isin/Larsa Palace. In: William Hallo & Irene J. Winter (eds.): 101â131.
321:
Cylinder seals: "baggy style", animal rows, animal combat, daily life scenes, 'nude hero' mastering animals; stamp seals: animals antithetically arranged, geometric designs
1137:
Boehmer, Rainer Michael 1965. Die Entwicklung der Glyptik wÀhrend der Akkad-Zeit. (Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen ArchÀologie 4) Berlin: De Gruyter.
796:
Royal worship, king with bow and cup, devotional scenes, banquet scenes, contest scenes, ritual scenes, animal scenes, hunting scenes. Figures flanking a tree. The "siege"
372:
Cylinder seals: daily life, production processes (weaving), pig-tailed figures, schematic designs (files of animals, e.g. spiders and scorpions, eye pattern, fish pattern)
1383:
Salje, Beate 1990. Der "Common Style" der Mitanni-Glyptik und die Glyptik der Levante und Zyperns in der spÀten Bronzezeit. Baghdader Forschungen, Band 11. Mainz: Zabern.
699:
More linear than First Kassite. Inscriptions not length of whole seal and without real meaning (only for show). Double lines and hatched bands common. Monsters and birds.
592:
Container sealings and door sealings. Also tablet and envelope sealings (letters, legal and administrative documents); multiple impressions of the same or different seals
1087:
Karg, N. 1984, Untersuchungen zur Ă€lteren frĂŒhdynastischen Glyptik Babyloniens. Aspekte regionaler Entwicklungen in der ersten HĂ€lfte des 3. Jahrtausends. BaF 8. Mainz
941:
Pittman, H. 1994 The Glazed Steatite Glyptic Style. The Structure and Function of an Image System in the Administration of Protoliterate Mesopotamia, BBVO 16, Berlin.
330:
Container sealings, door sealings, jar stoppers, sealed hollow clay balls; sometimes counter-sealing with stamp seals, sometimes multiple impressions of stamp seals
1131:
Rakic, Yelena 2003. The Contest Scene in Akkadian Glyptic: A Study of its imagery and function within the Akkadian empire. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
1569:
De Chypre à La Bactriane, Les Sceaux Du Proche-Orient Ancien. Actes Du Colloque International Organisé Au Musée Du Louvre Par Le Service Culturel Le 18 Mars 1995
1084:
Pittmann, Holly 1994, The Glazed Steatite Glyptic Style: the Structure and Function of an Image System in the Administration of Protoliterate Mesopotamia. Berlin
401:
darker stones preferred; limestones, steatite, chlorite, schist, bituminous stone & figures heavily proportioned, internal surfaces cut with a pointed graver
935:
Gorelick, L. and A. J. Gwinnett 1990, The Ancient near Eastern Cylinder Seal as Social Emblem and Status Symbol, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 49 (1): 45â56.
995:
Sax, M., and Meeks, N. D., 1994. The introduction of wheel-cutting as a technique for engraving cylinder seals: its distinction from filing, Iraq, 56, 153â66.
1601:
1564:, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke. Untersuchungen Zur Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen ArchÀologie, 313-32. Boston/Berlin: de Gruyter, 2017.
1255:
Gailani-Werr, L. al-, Chronological Table of Old Babyblonian Seal Impressions. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 17, 1980, 33-84
1408:
Wittmann, B., Babylonische Rollsiegel des 11.-7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. BaM 23, 1992, 169 ff. (Nachtrag: Wittmann-von Pilgrim, B. in: BaM 25, 1994, 597 ff.)
1342:
KĂŒltepe-KaniĆĄ/NeĆĄa: Seal Impressions on the Clay Envelopes from the Archives of the Native Peruwa and Assyrian Trader UáčŁur-Ć a-IĆĄtar Son of AĆĄĆĄur-ImittÄ«.
938:
Keel, O. and Uehlinger, C. (eds) 1990. Altorientalische Miniaturkunst. Die Ă€ltesten visuellen Massenkommunikationsmittel. Mainz, Gabern, pp. 27â46.
973:
Moorey, R. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries, esp. pp. 74â77 (on materials for seals) and pp. 103â106 (on seal cutting)
1314:
Movement, Resources, Interaction: Proceedings of the 2nd KĂŒltepe International Meeting, KĂŒltepe, 26â30 July 2015: Studies Dedicated to Klaas Veenhof
1205:
Buccellati, G. / M. Kelly-Buccellati, The Royal Storehouse of Urkesh: The Glyptic Evidence from the Southwestern Wing. AfO 42/43, 1995/96, 1-32.
1090:
Pittman, Holly 2013. Seals and Sealings in the Sumerian World. In: Crawford, Harriet (ed), The Sumerian World. New York & London: Routledge.
1100:
Jans G. & Bretschneider J. 2011 (2012), Seals and Sealings of Tell Beydar/Nabada (Seasons 1995-2001). Subartu XXVII, Turnhout Brepols.
333:
Uruk, Tello, Nippur, Niniveh, Yorgan Tepe (Nuzi), Tell Brak, Tell Qraya, Tell Hamoukar, Tell Sheikh Hassan, Susa, Sharafabad, Choga Mish
1199:
Zettler 1987 "Sealings as artifacts of institutional administration in ancient Mesopotamia," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 39: 197 - 240.
1004:
Sax, M., J. McNabb, N.D. Meeks 1998, Methods of Engraving Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals: Experimental Confirmation, Archaeometry 40: 1-21.
324:
Cylinder seals: tall, large diameter; stamp seals: circular, rectangular, zoomorphic, kidney shaped; average diameter c. 3-3.5 cm
1264:
Blocher, F., Siegelabrollungen auf frĂŒhaltbabylonischen Tontafeln in der Yale Babylonian Collection, ein Katalog. MVS 9. MĂŒnchen 1992
1140:
Amiet, P.1980. The Mythological Repertory in Cylinder Seals of the Agade Period (c. 2335-2155 B.C.). In Porada (ed.), pp. 35â60.
606:
Introduction- and presentation scenes, chariots drawn by equids, bulls on offering tables, procession- and contest scenes, water god.
926:
Collon, Dominique 2007. Babylonian Seals. In: Leick, Gwendolyn (ed), The Babylonian World: 95â123. New York & London: Routledge.
1307:
Current Research at KĂŒltepe/Kanesh. An Interdisciplinary and Integrative Approach to Trade Networks, Internationalism, and Identity
510:
Contest scenes, mythological scenes (Sun God and Water God), worship scenes, banquet scenes, introduction scenes, procession scenes
954:
Porada, E., Amiet, P., ĂzgĂŒĂ§, N., & Boardman, J. (eds.) 1980. Ancient art in seals: essays. Princeton, N.J.: University Press.
619:
Assur (Qalâat Sherqat), Ninveh, Nuzi (Yorghantepe), Shubat-Enlil (T. Leilan), Kanesh (KĂŒltepe), AcemhöyĂŒk, AliĆar, and BoÄazköy.
327:
Cylinder and stamp seals: soft bright limestones, gypsum. increasing use of the drill, deeply cut designs smoothened with a graver
1518:
Kopanias, Konstatinos. "The Late Bronze Age near Eastern Cylinder Seals from Thebes (Greece) and Their Historical Implications."
1305:
Lassen, Agnete Wisti. "The Old Assyrian Glyptic Style. An Investigation of a Seal Style, Its Owners and Place of Production." In
564:
filing with hand-held tools. Use of emery as abrasive. Tool traces are masked by further engraving, micro-chipping and polishing.
1349:
AcemhöyĂŒk-BuruĆĄhaddum I: Silindir MĂŒhĂŒrler ve MĂŒhĂŒR Baskılı Bullalar / Cylinder Seals and Bullae with Cylinder Seal Impressions.
1001:
Sax, M. N. D. Meeks and D. Collon 2000. The Early Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia. Iraq 62: 157â176.
986:
Gorelick, L., and Gwinnett. A. J., 1992, Minoan versus Mesopotamian seals: comparative methods of manufacture, Iraq, 54: 51â64.
989:
Gwinnett, A. J. and Gorelick, L. 1987. The Change from Stone Drills to Copper Drills in Mesopotamia. Expedition 29 (3): 15â24.
1596:
255:
Stamp seals mostly conoid or pyramid shaped, double axe or cloverleaf seal, grooved and oval disk seals commonly perforated
122:
Stamp seal and modern impression. Horned animal and bird, 6thâ5th millennium B.C. Northern Syria or Southeastern Anatolia.
232:
Stamp seals mostly conoid or pyramid shaped, tetrahedron form, looped, ridge handled, anthropomorphic, commonly perforated
676:
Two figure ritual scenes. Bordered crosses, rosettes, animals; gazelles, frogs, birds, dogs and fish. Long inscriptions.
1226:
Tsouparopoulou, Christina 2015. The Ur III seals impressed on documents from Puzrish-Dagan (Drehem), HSAO 16, Heidelberg
785:
Assur, Tell Sheikh Hamad (Dur-Katlimmu), Tell Mohammed Arab, Tell Fakhariya, Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Billa, Tell al-Rimah
1428:
Bretschneider, Joachim, and Greta Jans. "A Winged Horse at Tell Tweini: An Exceptional Middle Assyrian Cylinder Seal."
929:
Gibson, McG and R.D. Biggs (eds.) 1977. Seals and Sealing in the Ancient Near East. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 6, Malibu.
1267:
Blocher, F., Siegelabrollungen auf frĂŒhaltbabylonischen Tontafeln im British Museum, ein Katalog. MVS 10. MĂŒnchen 1992
1143:
Barrelet, M.T. 1970. Etude de glyptique akkadienne: l'imagination figurative et le cycle d'Ea. Orientalia 39: 213â251.
976:
Collon, D. 2005. First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. (2nd revised edition), pp. 100â104.
1498:
Postgate, Nicholas J. 2003. Documents in Government under the Middle Assyrian Kingdom. In: M. Brosius (ed.): 124â138.
1396:
Stein, D.L., The Seal Impressions, in: G. Wilhelm (Hrsg.), Das Archiv des Shilwa-Teshup, Heft 8 und 9. Wiesbaden 1993
1058:
M. Frangipane 2007 (Ed.), Arslantepe Cretulae. An Early Centralized Administrative System Before Writing. (Rome 2007)
65:
43:
1258:
Gailani-Werr, L. al-, Studies in the Chronology and Regional Style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals. BiMes. 23, 1988
36:
1134:
Collon, D. Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum: Cylinder Seals, vol 2 Akkadian and Ur III.
570:
Eshnunna, Shaduppum, Sippar-Yahrurum, Sippar-Amnanum, Kish, Nippur, Larsa, Isin, Kisurra, and Ur, Mari (T. Hariri)
1173:
Collon, D. Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum: Cylinder Seals, vol 2 Akkadian and Ur III
722:
Chthonic god cycle including natural and cosmic elements. Sacred tree flanked by living creatures; human or animal
585:
Cylinder seals: straight, average height: 2.5-3.0 cm; "burgul" seals not attested after the 18th century BC.
1109:
CharvĂĄt, Petr 1988. Archaeology and Social History: The Susa sealings, ca. 4000â2340 BC, PalĂ©orient 14(1): 57â63
1557:
Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum, Cylinder Seals. London: The British Museum, 2016.
1501:
Postgate, Nicholas J. 2014. Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the practice of government in Assyria. NY: CUP.
1216:
Hattori, Atsuko 2001. Sealing Practices of Ur III Nippur. In: William Hallo & Irene J. Winter (eds): 71â99.
923:
2005 (2nd revised edition). First impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum.
1515:
53 (2018): 96-113. https://doi.org/10.1086/701742. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/701742.
1402:
Matthews, D. M. Principles of Composition in Near Eastern Glyptic of the Later Second Millennium B.C. (1990)
1328:
Seals and Seal Impressions of Level Ib from Karum Kanish. KaniĆ Karumu Ib Katı MĂŒhĂŒrleri Ve MĂŒhĂŒr Baskıları.
951:
Porada, E. 1947. Mesopotamian art in cylinder seals of the Pierpont Morgan Library. Pierpont Morgan Library.
378:
Colored limestones and dark, hard stones preferred; steatite, serpentine, schist; extensive use of the drill
1014:
von Wickede 1990, PrÀhistorische Stempelsiegel in Vorderasien. MVAS 6: p. 10-21 (form), 21-28 (design)
1492:
Röllig, W. 1980. Notizen zur Praxis der Siegelung in mittelassyrischer Zeit. Welt des Orients 11: 111â116.
776:
Straight cylinder seals; average diameter c. 1.6 cm, average height ranging between 3.2-4.7 cm
1302:, edited by M. Gibson and R. Biggs. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, 89-105. Malibu: Udena Publications, 1977.
1249:
Collon, D. 2007. Babylonian Seals in Leick, G. (ed) The Babylonian World: 95-123 (esp. pp. 95â107)
127:
1440:, edited by P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock, L. Nigro and N. Marchetti, 913-23. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.
1261:
Klengel-Brandt, E., Siegelabrollungen auf altbabylonischen Tontafeln aus Babylon. AoF 10, 1983, 65-106
1591:
1312:
Lassen, Agnete W. "The 'Bull-Altar' in Old Assyrian Glyptic: A Representation of the God Assur?". In
1291:
Eppihimer, Melissa. "Representing Ashur: The Old Assyrian Rulers' Seals and Their Ur Iii Prototype."
1435:
Feller, Barbara. "Seal Images an Social Status: Sealings on Middle Assyrian Tablets from Ashur." In
659:
Hematite, chalcedony, carnelian, agate, chert, limestone; colourful. Use of the drill on hard stones
301:
Circular and rectangular stamp seals; average diameter c. 2.5-3.5 cm, sometimes up to 4 cm
1495:
Postgate, Nicholas J. 1986. Middle Assyrian Tablets: The Instruments of bureaucracy. AoF 13: 10â39.
395:
Cylinder seals: 'animals acting as humans', Rearing animals, animal files, floral designs, monsters
30:
533:
Predominantly presentation scenes in many variations; some contest, procession and ritual scenes
281:
Baked clay, steatite, jadeite, chlorite, serpentine, diorite, limestone, rock crystal, sandstone
258:
Baked clay, steatite, jadeite, chlorite, serpentine, diorite, limestone, rock crystal, sandstone
1536:
Orbis Biblicus Et Orientalis. Series Archaeologica. Freiburg: UniversitÀtsverlag Friburg, 1990.
1369:
Tosun, M. "Styles in KĂŒltepe Seal Engraving as Expressions of Various Cultural Influences." In
963:
Teissier, B. 1984. Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals from the Marcopoli Collection, Berkeley.
47:
404:
Container sealings, jar stoppers, door sealings; sealing of tablets, hollow clay balls, bullae
1525:
Lassen, Agnete W., and Enrique Jiménez. "Nbc 3171: A Recarved Old Babylonian/Kassite Seal."
264:
Tell Halaf, Chagar Bazar, Tell al-Kowm, Tell Sabi Abyad, Arpaciya, Tell Cudeyde, Tepe Gawra
1252:
Goddeeris, A. 2012. Sealing in Old Babylonian Nippur, in Fs Van Lerberghe pp. 215â234.
275:
first scenes appear, cultic, erotic, captives, animal and human figures, geometric patterns
8:
1567:
Stein, Diana. "Common Mitannian and Pseudo-Kassite: A Question of Quality and Class." In
755:
Soft stones and quartz. Gold caps flourish. Drill used less than in Second Kassite seals.
627:
Iraq, Syria, Cyprus, Levant, Greece, Iran, Anatolia, Georgia, Armenia, the Persian Gulf
1576:
Tablettes Et Images Aux Pays De Sumer Et D'akkad: MĂ©Langes Offerts Ă Monsieur H. Limet
1511:
Konstantopoulos, Gina. "Inscribed Kassite Cylinder Seals in the Metropolitan Museum."
1534:
Principles of Composition in near Eastern Glyptic of the Later Second Millennium B.C.
1046:
Brandes, M. A. 1979, Siegelabrollungen aus den archaischen Bauschichten in Uruk-Warka
595:
Sippar-Yahrurum, Sippar-Amnanum, Babylon, Kish, Nippur, Larsa, Isin, Kisurra, and Ur
99:
1457:
Matthews, Donald M. "The Random Pegasus: Loss of Meaning in Middle Assyrian Seals."
516:
Majority serpentine; also diorite, greenstone, jasper, lapis lazuli and rock crystal
1578:, edited by Ănhan Tunca and D. Deheselle, 207-13. Liege: Universite de Liege, 1996.
945:
920:
1389:
Stein, D.L., A Reapraisal of the "Saushtatar Letter" from Nuzi. ZA 79, 1989, 36-60
1316:, edited by Fikri KulakoÄlu and Gojko Barjamovic, 179-95. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
1277:
Alexander, R. L. "Native Group Cylinder Seal Engravers of Karum Kanish Level Ii."
539:
Majority chlorite; also serpentine, steatite, limestone, hematite and lapis lazuli
78:
1477:
Porada, Edith. "Remarks on Mitannian (Hurrian) and Middle Assyrian Glyptic Art."
728:
Hard stones (colourful); chalcedony, agate, lapis lazuli. Glass. With golden caps
1112:
CharvĂĄt, Petr 2005. The Backs of Some Sealings from Nineveh 5. Iraq 67: 391â397.
1405:
Matthews, D.M., The Kassite Glyptic of Nippur. OBO 116. Freiburg (Schweiz) 1992
636:
Compositional, sintered quartz (frit) and faience. A few of chert and hematite
1585:
1574:
Trokay, Madeleine. "Glyptique Pseudo-Kassite: Glyptique Kassite Commune." In
1373:. Assyriological Studies, 183-88. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
1337:, edited by Edith Porada, 61-80. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
107:
1467:
Moortgat, A., Assyrische Glyptik des 13. Jahrhunderts. ZA NF 13, 1942, 50-88
1464:
Moortgat, A., Assyrische Glyptik des 12. Jahrhunderts. ZA NF 14, 1944, 24-44
630:
Simple ritual scenes where figures flank a tree, rows of animals and humans.
90:(ruler) of Lagash. Early Dynastic III, c. 2400 BC. Found in Telloh (ancient
1418:
Beran, T., Assyrische Glyptik des 14. Jahrhunderts. ZA NF 18, 1957, 141-215
1399:
Beran, T., Die babylonische Glyptik der Kassitenzeit. AfO, 1957â58, 255-278
1052:
R. M. Boehmer 1999, Uruk. FrĂŒheste Siegelabrollungen. AUWE 24. (Mainz 1999)
123:
542:
Majority tablet sealings; door sealings and container sealings still occur
1371:
Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on His 75. Birthday, April 21, 1965
1068:
M. T. Rigillo 1991, Sealing Systems on Uruk Doors, BaM 22 (1991), 175-222
513:
Cylinder seals with concave sides (flared ends). Large (3â4 cm tall)
1470:
Parker, Barbara. "Middle Assyrian Seal Impressions from Tell Al Rimah."
1443:
KĂŒhne, Hartmut 1995. Der mittelassyrische, Cut Style', in ZA 85: 277-301
1106:
R. J. Matthews 1991, "Fragments of Officialdom from Fara," Iraq 53: 1â16
805:
Container sealings. Jar stoppers. Door sealings. Bullae. Tablet sealings
653:
Ritual scenes, drinking and offering scenes, animal rows. Some inscribed
1571:, edited by A. Caubet, 71-115. Paris: La Documentation française, 1997.
1520:
Mitteilungen des Deutchen ArchÀologischen Instituts Atenische Abteilung
1049:
Amiet, P. 1980 P. Amiet, Glyptique mesoptaminne archaique. (Paris 1980)
545:
Tello (Girsu), Nippur, Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), Ur, Lagash, Umma, Drehem
519:
Container sealings, (new package sealings), door sealings, bulla-labels
103:
1358:
TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara: TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 2001.
1330:
TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara: TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1968.
1323:
TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara: TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1965.
522:
Tell Brak, Nippur, Tell Asmar, Ur, Khafaje, Tello (Girsu), Tell Mozan
252:
Geometric patterns, Saint Andrews Cross appears, seldom animal figures
1029:
von Wickede 1990, PrÀhistorische Stempelsiegel in Vorderasien. MVAS 6
960:
Otto, Adelheid 2009. Siegelpraxis, B. ArchĂ€ologisch. In RlA: 469â474.
407:
Susa, Tal-i Malyan, Tepe Giyan, Tepe Sialk, Godin Tepe, Tal-i Ghazir
83:
261:
Container sealings (clay), sealings on gypsum slabs, used as amulets
241:
Tell es-Sawwan, Tell Hassuna, Tell Cudeyde, Yarimtepe I, Ras Shamra
1333:ĂzgĂŒĂ§, Nimet. "Seal Impressions from the Palaces at AcemhöyĂŒk." In
1026:(CMS Beiheft 8) Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern: 167â182.
944:
Pittman, Holly 2013. Seals and Sealings in the Sumerian World. In:
1543:
Orbis Biblicus Et Orientalis. Freiburg: UniversitÀtsverlag, 1992.
1298:
Larsen, Mogens Trolle. "Seal Use in the Old Assyrian Period." In
1061:
R. J. Matthews 2002, Secrets of the Dark Mound. (Warminster 2002)
1546:
Porada, Edith. "The Cylinder Seals Found at Thebes in Boeotia."
1386:
Porada, E., Seal Impressions from Nuzi. AASOR 24. New Haven 1947
957:
Radner, Karen 2009. Siegelpraxis, A. Philologisch, RlA: 466â469.
209:
Stamp seals mostly conoid or pyramid shaped, commonly perforated
1450:
Matthews, Donald M. "Middle Assyrian Glyptic from Tell Billa."
304:
Soft limestones preferred; designs gouged and sometimes drilled
1321:
The Anatolian Group of Cylinder Seal Impressions from KĂŒltepe.
1344:
TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara: TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu, 2006.
91:
1425:
Tell Fekheriye Excavation Reports. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021.
917:
Amiet, P. 1980 La Glyptique mésopotamienne archaique, Paris.
948:(ed), The Sumerian World. New York & London: Routledge.
705:
Soft composite materials; sintered quartz (frit) and glass.
82:
Clay bulla impressed with the seal of Barnamtarra, wife of
609:
Cylinder seals: straight. Average height: 1.8-2.8 cm.
238:
Impressed, multiple times on gypsum slabs, used as amulets
1560:
Seidl, Ursula. "Babylonische Kunst Zur Kassitenzeit." In
782:
Tablet and envelope sealings; container and door sealings
215:
Impressed multiple times on gypsum slabs; used as amulets
808:
Nimrud, Nineve, Assur, Tell Sheikh Hamad (Dur-Katlimmu)
1423:
Middle Assyrian Seal Motifs from Tell Fekheriye, Syria.
1363:
Sealing and Seals on Texts from KĂŒltepe KÄrum Level 2.
536:
Small cylinder seals rarely more than 2.8 cm tall
1286:
Zylinder- Und Stempelsiegel Aus KarahöyĂŒk Bei Konya.
745:Animals or monster scenes, a few involving humans.
1157:Matthews, D. Early Glyptic of Tell Brak, 176â183.
1583:
1356:KĂŒltepe-KaniĆĄ. Sealed and Inscribed Clay Bullae.
381:Container sealings; sealings on tablets, bullae
734:Thebes, Nippur, Ur, Subeidi, Assur, Aqar Quf
711:Nippur, Choza Zanbil, Susa, Subeidi, Failaka
1602:Cylinder and impression seals in archaeology
1527:Ash-Sharq: Bulletin of the Ancient Near East
284:Container and door sealings; used as amulets
1300:Seals and Sealings in the Ancient near East
981:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
357:surface is covered with different sealings
1562:Kardunias. Babylonia under the Kassites 2
1555:The Second Millennium Bc. Beyond Babylon.
1288:TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları Ankara, 1968.
98:Two main types of seals were used in the
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:Cylinder seals: straight; height varies.
229:Geometric patterns, seldom human figures
117:
113:
77:
29:This article includes a list of general
1184:Suter 2010 (representation of the king)
345:stamp seals: geometric designs, animals
1584:
761:Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Abu Hatab, Luristan
1553:Porada, Edith, and Dominique Collon.
287:Tepe Gawra, Oueili, Eridu, Arpaciya
15:
13:
310:Uruk, Tepe Gawra, Tell Brak, Susa
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1613:
739:Third Kassite Style/Isin II Style
298:Geometric patterns, animal motifs
1459:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1281:43, no. 171-172 (1979): 573-618.
143:Sippar-Yahrurum (T. Abu Habbah),
20:
1354:ĂzgĂŒĂ§, Nimet, and Ănhan Tunca.
1293:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
662:Tablet and envelope impressions
1541:The Kassite Glyptic of Nippur.
1188:Text Corpus Project, Helsinki.
682:Hard stones; chalcedony, agate
1:
906:
639:Most seals stem from burials.
235:Baked clay, steatite, jadeite
212:Baked clay, steatite, jadeite
1597:Archaeology of the Near East
1240:Isin-Larsa / Old Babylonian
758:Tablet and envelope sealings
696:Iraq, Iran, The Persian Gulf
7:
1513:Metropolitan Museum Journal
650:Iraq, Syria, Greece, Levant
353:cylinder or attached to it
146:Sippar-Amnanum (T. ed-Der),
10:
1618:
1548:Archiv fĂŒr Orientforschung
1246:New Haven/Boston, 133â148.
128:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1506:Kassite/Middle Babylonian
968:Manufacture and materials
665:Nuzi, Alalakh, Tell Brak
341:Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey
307:Container sealings (clay)
249:Syria, Iraq, Amuq, Turkey
189:Materials and Manufacture
149:Babylon (near al-Hillah),
1295:72, no. 1 (2013): 35-49.
799:Cylinder and stamp seals
218:Tell Buqras, Ras Shamra
647:Mittani Elaborate Style
384:Jemdet Nasr, Uruk, Ur,
50:more precise citations.
679:Small and uniform size
164:Kisurra (T. Abu Hatab)
161:Isin (Ishan Bahriyat),
137:Shaduppum (T. Harmal),
130:
95:
1550:28 (1981/1982): 1-70.
1474:39, 2 (1977): 257-68.
1032:Duistermaat, K. 2013.
912:General bibliography:
688:Nuzi, Nippur, Nimrud
603:Iraq, Syria, Anatolia
398:Tall, large cylinders
192:Sealing practices/use
121:
114:Place names and sites
81:
1539:Matthews, Donald M.
1532:Matthews, Donald M.
1361:Teissier, Beatrice.
1335:Ancient Art in Seals
1073:Early Dynastic seals
716:Second Kassite Style
693:Pseudo-Kassite Style
624:Mittani Common Style
158:Larsa (T. Senkereh),
134:Eshnunna (T. Asmar),
1529:6, 1 (2022): 58-63.
1432:140 (2019): 149â60.
1378:Mitanni and Kassite
670:First Kassite Style
481:Early Dynastic IIIb
458:Early Dynastic IIIa
170:Urkesh (Tell Mozan)
167:Ur (T. el-Muqayyar)
155:Nippur (T. Nuffar),
140:Mari (Tell Hariri),
1522:123 (2008): 39-96.
1461:2 (1992): 191-210.
983:24 (2019): 978-92.
206:Geometric patterns
152:Kish (T. Uhaimir),
131:
96:
1486:Sealing practices
1454:53 (1991): 17-42.
1421:Bonatz, Dominik.
1210:Sealing documents
1095:Sealing practice:
1009:Prehistoric seals
946:Crawford, Harriet
921:Collon, Dominique
904:
903:
749:. Linear tendency
435:Early Dynastic II
369:Iraq, Iran, Syria
318:Iraq, Iran, Syria
226:Syria, Iraq, Amuq
100:Ancient Near East
76:
75:
68:
1609:
1592:Seals (insignia)
1481:13 (1979): 2-15.
1181:Civilization 46.
1148:Sealing practice
1019:Sealing practice
412:Early Dynastic I
186:Shapes and sizes
174:
173:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
46:this article by
37:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1582:
1581:
1413:Middle Assyrian
909:
766:Middle Assyrian
731:Tablet sealings
223:Hassuna/Samarra
116:
72:
61:
55:
52:
42:Please help to
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1347:ĂzgĂŒĂ§, Nimet.
1345:
1340:ĂzgĂŒĂ§, Nimet.
1338:
1331:
1326:ĂzgĂŒĂ§, Nimet.
1324:
1319:ĂzgĂŒĂ§, Nimet.
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1193:Sealing Ur III
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
977:
974:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
918:
908:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
813:Neo-Babylonian
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:Cylinder seals
750:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:Cylinder seals
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:Cylinder seals
654:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
575:Old Babylonian
572:
571:
568:
565:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
115:
112:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1351:Ankara, 2015.
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
410:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
389:Proto-Elamite
388:
387:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
125:
120:
111:
109:
108:cylinder seal
105:
101:
93:
89:
85:
80:
70:
67:
59:
56:February 2024
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1272:Old Assyrian
1271:
1270:
1239:
1238:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1191:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1094:
1093:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1040:
1039:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1007:
980:
967:
966:
911:
910:
790:Neo-Assyrian
746:
600:Old Assyrian
177:Period/Style
124:Ubaid period
97:
87:
62:
53:
34:
1167:Glyptic art
1125:Glyptic art
1078:Iconography
793:Iraq, Syria
769:Iraq, Syria
553:Iraq, Syria
507:Iraq, Syria
366:Jemdet Nasr
349:2.5 cm
315:Middle Uruk
295:Iraq, Syria
272:Syria, Iraq
183:Iconography
48:introducing
1586:Categories
1223:Di.Sc.A.M.
1041:Uruk seals
907:References
773:depictions
673:Iraq, Iran
550:Isin-Larsa
292:Early Uruk
104:stamp seal
31:references
338:Late Uruk
84:Lugalanda
1479:Akkadica
1430:Akkadica
1284:Alp, S.
1279:Belleten
1120:Akkadian
1065:403â443.
900:Example
877:Example
854:Example
831:Example
504:Akkadian
499:Example
476:Example
453:Example
430:Example
106:and the
1447:295-299
1393:225-320
897:Example
894:Example
891:Example
888:Example
885:Example
882:Example
874:Example
871:Example
868:Example
865:Example
862:Example
859:Example
851:Example
848:Example
845:Example
842:Example
839:Example
836:Example
828:Example
825:Example
822:Example
819:Example
816:Example
708:Example
702:Example
685:Example
557:scenes.
496:Example
493:Example
490:Example
487:Example
484:Example
473:Example
470:Example
467:Example
464:Example
461:Example
450:Example
447:Example
444:Example
441:Example
438:Example
427:Example
424:Example
421:Example
418:Example
415:Example
375:Example
44:improve
1162:Ur III
1036:Press.
589:marks.
582:seals.
527:Ur III
195:Sites
102:, the
33:, but
1366:1994.
747:marru
613:hands
269:Ubaid
246:Halaf
203:Syria
200:PPN B
92:Girsu
1472:Iraq
1452:Iraq
1438:Roma
742:Iraq
719:Iraq
578:Iraq
530:Iraq
392:Iran
180:Area
88:ensi
1177:21.
1588::
1488::
1212::
1195::
1169::
1150::
1127::
1080::
1021::
126:.
86:,
94:)
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
