831:
783:
811:
477:
748:
489:
767:
29:
795:
505:
736:. The burial shroud had been colored with a dye containing goethite, which in its original unfaded state would have made the shroud look like it was woven from gold. Historians speculate that the legend of King Midas' golden touch might have originated from Phrygian royalty wearing clothes made from such golden-colored textiles.
470:, the analogous aluminium oxide-hydroxide mineral. Oxygen and hydroxide ions form a hexagonal close-packed structure, with iron ions filling octahedral sites between the anions. The sites filled by iron ions form paired chains running the length of the crystal, with the two chains in each pair joined by hydroxide ions.
269:
535:
iron oxyhydroxide in both marine and lake sediments. The formation of goethite is marked by the oxidation state change of Fe (ferrous) to Fe (ferric), which allows for goethite to exist at surface conditions. Because of this oxidation state change, goethite is commonly seen as a
580:(a form consisting of tiny round grains cemented together), reniform (kidney shapes) or botryoidal (globular, like bunches of grapes) accumulations. It is also a very common pseudomorph. It is frequently encountered in the swampy areas at the head of spring waters ('
1653:
Cavallo, G.; Fontana, F.; Gialanella, S.; Gonzato, F.; Riccardi, M. P.; Zorzin, R.; Peresani, M. (October 2018). "Heat
Treatment of Mineral Pigment During the Upper Palaeolithic in North-East Italy: Heat treatment of mineral pigment during the Upper Palaeolithic".
451:
of the iron oxyhydroxide FeO(OH) which are stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of the Earth's surface. Although they have the same chemical formula as goethite, their different crystalline structures make them distinct minerals.
1419:
Larese-Casanova, Philip; Haderlein, Stefan B.; Kappler, Andreas (2010). "Biomineralization of lepidocrocite and goethite by nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria: Effect of pH, bicarbonate, phosphate, and humic acids".
540:. As iron-bearing minerals are brought to the zone of oxidation within the soil, the iron turns from iron(II) to iron(III), while the original shape of the parent mineral is retained. Common goethite pseudomorphs include
782:
830:
476:
1485:
Klingelhöfer, G.; DeGrave, E.; Morris, R. V.; Van Alboom, A.; de
Resende, V. G.; De Souza, P. A.; Rodionov, D.; Schröder, C.; Ming, D. W.; Yen, A. (November 2005).
1136:
810:
1366:; Roberts, Darryl R.; Rancourt, Denis G.; Slomp, Caroline P. (2003). "Nanogoethite is the dominant reactive oxyhydroxide phase in lake and marine sediments".
366:. It is found in soil and other low-temperature environments such as sediment. Goethite has been well known since ancient times for its use as a
459:, which may be relevant to the conditions of the Earth's interior. These include ε-FeOOH, which has an orthorhombic crystal structure, a cubic
1789:
1832:
1618:
Hradil, David; Grygar, Tomáš; Hradilová, Janka; Bezdička, Petr (April 2003). "Clay and iron oxide pigments in the history of painting".
552:, though any iron(II)-bearing mineral could become a goethite pseudomorph if proper conditions are met. It may also be precipitated by
747:
1037:
717:
Fine goethite specimens are rare and therefore are valued collectibles. Banded or iridescent varieties are cut and polished into
1249:
Nishi, Masayuki; Kuwayama, Yasuhiro; Tsuchiya, Jun; Tsuchiya, Taku (2017). "The pyrite-type high-pressure form of ε-FeOOH".
154:
radial acicular, mammillary, botryoidal, stalactitic, massive, as encrustation, as pseudomorph; may be banded or iridescent
1890:
1875:
1865:
862:
1062:
788:
A sharp, disc-shaped calcite has here been completely replaced by goethite, which preserved the original form perfectly
656:
rover, providing strong evidence for the presence of liquid water on the planet in an earlier stage of its evolution.
1762:
951:
456:
448:
363:
87:
488:
1870:
1469:
426:
179:
794:
662:' teeth are composed of about 80% goethite fibres of only tens of nanometers in diameter, small enough to be
560:
deposits. Goethite has also been found to be produced by the excretion processes of certain bacteria types.
482:
The goethite crystal structure viewed along . Red ions are iron, white are oxygen, and yellow are hydroxide.
1855:
1194:
Hu, Qingyang; Kim, Duckyoung; Yang, Wenge; Liuxiang, Yang; Yue, Meng; Zhang, Li; Mao, Ho-kwang (2016). "FeO
1860:
1850:
1757:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. pp. 15, 165–169.
1885:
766:
398:
410:
359:
280:
1785:
1073:
663:
77:
1752:
647:
1821:
817:
169:
1826:
1751:
Ballard, Mary (2012). "King Midas' Textiles and His Golden Touch". In Rose, C. Brian (ed.).
1725:
1690:
1627:
1498:
1429:
1375:
1258:
1207:
1160:
1131:
895:
624:
1533:
8:
1486:
202:
192:
1729:
1694:
1631:
1502:
1433:
1379:
1262:
1211:
1164:
1026:
899:
1880:
1595:
1564:
1514:
1401:
1328:
1301:
1282:
1231:
1176:
913:
596:
of sulfide ore deposits is formed of goethite along with other iron oxides and quartz.
463:-type polymorph with or without losing hydrogen and an ultradense hexagonal structure.
159:
1639:
1091:
714:
rocks in tropical climates are mined for their iron content, as well as other metals.
1758:
1600:
1465:
1405:
1333:
1286:
1274:
1223:
947:
940:
917:
1518:
1235:
1180:
1025:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005).
1737:
1733:
1698:
1663:
1635:
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1506:
1437:
1391:
1383:
1323:
1313:
1266:
1215:
1168:
903:
857:
667:
430:
382:. It was first described in 1806 based on samples found in the Hollertszug Mine in
328:
322:
293:
222:
212:
52:
1198:
and FeOOH under deep lower-mantle conditions and Earth's oxygen–hydrogen cycles".
1096:
757:
671:
1716:
Gosse, Ralph (October 1968). "Notes on Rare and
Unusual New England Gemstones".
1487:"Mössbauer spectroscopy on Mars: goethite in the Columbia Hills at Gusev crater"
1702:
1363:
1306:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1116:
116:
97:
44:
1795:
1510:
1441:
1172:
642:
Deposits significant in location, if not in abundance, have been found in the
374:). Evidence has been found of its use in paint pigment samples taken from the
1844:
1576:
1111:
636:
444:
149:
109:
1318:
1077:
971:
1604:
1585:
1337:
1278:
1227:
773:
711:
557:
525:
102:
1151:
Suzuki, Akio (2010). "High-pressure X-ray diffraction study of ε-FeOOH".
1003:
703:
553:
537:
124:
1270:
1219:
908:
883:
1667:
1009:
753:
573:
569:
532:
528:
513:
440:
276:
242:
232:
1396:
455:
Additionally, goethite has several high-pressure and high-temperature
1387:
847:
718:
632:
608:
593:
584:'), on cave floors, and on the bottom of lakes and small creeks. The
549:
69:
556:
or in other sedimentary conditions, or form as a primary mineral in
1484:
821:
707:
702:
pigments, and has been heat-treated for use as a red pigment since
691:
628:
616:
612:
581:
545:
521:
467:
422:
394:
355:
1681:
Frasche, Dean F. (1 May 1941). "Origin of the
Surigao iron ores".
268:
28:
1302:"Discovery of a hexagonal ultradense hydrous phase in (Fe,Al)OOH"
729:
725:
620:
600:
434:
391:
387:
383:
375:
367:
433:
varies from 3.3 to 4.3. The mineral forms prismatic needle-like
1652:
1418:
1362:
1067:
801:
659:
589:
577:
541:
516:
of other iron-rich minerals, and thus is a common component of
460:
414:
379:
273:
65:
1825:
568:
Goethite is found all over the planet, usually in the form of
508:
A microscopic picture of
Goethite (name misspelled on picture)
1617:
1300:
Zhang, Li; Yuan, Hongsheng; Meng, Yue; Mao, Ho-kwang (2017).
1248:
852:
733:
699:
652:
371:
340:
302:
1344:
643:
604:
517:
504:
418:
343:
337:
308:
62:
16:
Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide named in honor to the poet Goethe
1024:
1541:
334:
299:
1754:
The archaeology of
Phrygian Gordion, royal city of Midas
1563:
Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (2015-04-06).
1137:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1796:"Great Myths and Legends: The Golden Age of King Midas"
425:
ore. Goethite's hardness ranges from 5.0 to 5.5 on the
437:("needle ironstone") but is more typically massive.
346:
311:
305:
1464:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 342–344.
331:
296:
939:
933:
931:
929:
927:
836:Goethite from Negaunee, Marquette County, Michigan
1193:
1842:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1299:
965:
963:
938:Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985).
924:
1531:
816:Finely crystallized specimen of goethite from
599:Significant deposits of goethite are found in
1562:
1448:
1350:
960:
937:
494:The goethite crystal structure viewed along
1565:"Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth"
1130:
466:Goethite has the same crystal structure as
144:Yellowish to reddish to dark brown or black
724:In a royal tomb of the ancient kingdom of
27:
1594:
1584:
1525:
1459:
1395:
1327:
1317:
969:
907:
272:Unusual specimen of goethite replacing a
998:
996:
994:
992:
698:. Goethite is an important component of
503:
267:
1820:
1750:
1680:
728:, a body was found believed to be King
207:Brown, brownish yellow to orange yellow
1843:
1534:"Limpet teeth set new strength record"
1150:
1715:
1020:
1018:
989:
884:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
881:
1532:Webb, Jonathan (18 February 2015).
863:List of minerals named after people
666:, which accounts for their extreme
13:
1015:
800:Goethite coating/replacing rusted
417:iron. It is the main component of
390:. The mineral was named after the
14:
1902:
1814:
1538:BBC News: Science and Environment
1153:Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
512:Goethite often forms through the
1793:
829:
809:
793:
781:
765:
746:
487:
475:
327:
292:
1778:
1744:
1709:
1674:
1646:
1611:
1556:
1478:
1422:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1412:
1356:
1293:
1242:
1187:
1144:
1043:from the original on 2022-10-09
732:, father of the legendary King
710:soils that have developed over
563:
1738:10.1080/00357529.1968.11765131
1140:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
1124:
1104:
1097:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1084:
1055:
875:
404:
1:
1640:10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00076-0
868:
690:Its main modern use is as an
279:; the center is hollow. From
499:
7:
1036:. Mineral Data Publishing.
841:
10:
1907:
1891:Minerals described in 1806
1876:Minerals in space group 62
1866:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1703:10.2113/gsecongeo.36.3.280
756:goethite, Filón Sur Mine,
739:
399:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1511:10.1007/s10751-006-9329-y
1442:10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.037
1173:10.1007/s00269-009-0319-x
1117:Dictionary.com Unabridged
970:Barthelmy, David (2012).
360:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
259:
251:
241:
231:
227:Opaque to sub-translucent
221:
211:
201:
191:
178:
168:
158:
148:
140:
135:
123:
108:
96:
86:
76:
51:
40:
35:
26:
21:
1460:Sinkankas, John (1964).
1351:Hurlbut & Klein 1985
946:(20th ed.). Wiley.
685:
670:of 3.5–6.0 GPa and
281:Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua
1833:Encyclopædia Britannica
1462:Mineralogy for amateurs
1319:10.1073/pnas.1720510115
1074:Oxford University Press
972:"Goethite Mineral Data"
694:, being referred to as
1822:Spencer, Leonard James
1586:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326
1491:Hyperfine Interactions
1034:Handbook of Mineralogy
888:Mineralogical Magazine
509:
354:) is a mineral of the
284:
1871:Orthorhombic minerals
1070:UK English Dictionary
531:goethite is a common
507:
362:, specifically the α-
358:group, consisting of
271:
252:Other characteristics
88:Strunz classification
1718:Rocks & Minerals
1620:Applied Clay Science
1569:J. R. Soc. Interface
942:Manual of Mineralogy
721:for jewelry making.
1856:Iron oxide pigments
1730:1968RoMin..43..753G
1695:1941EcGeo..36..280F
1632:2003ApCS...22..223H
1503:2005HyInt.166..549K
1434:2010GeCoA..74.3721L
1380:2003Geo....31..993V
1271:10.1038/nature22823
1263:2017Natur.547..205N
1220:10.1038/nature18018
1212:2016Natur.534..241H
1165:2010PCM....37..153S
976:Mineralogy Database
909:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
900:2021MinM...85..291W
882:Warr, L.N. (2021).
592:resulting from the
174:Uneven to splintery
1861:Hydroxide minerals
1851:Iron(III) minerals
1668:10.1111/arcm.12360
1364:Van Der Zee, Claar
1100:. Merriam-Webster.
1080:on August 5, 2021.
520:, concentrated in
510:
285:
197:Adamantine to dull
114:Dipyramidal (mmm)
47:hydroxide subgroup
1886:Magnetic minerals
1257:(7662): 205–208.
1206:(7606): 241–244.
706:times. Iron-rich
411:iron oxyhydroxide
266:
265:
1898:
1837:
1836:(11th ed.).
1829:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1782:
1776:
1775:
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1748:
1742:
1741:
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1683:Economic Geology
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1662:(5): 1045–1061.
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1497:(1–4): 549–554.
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1399:
1388:10.1130/G19924.1
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1142:
1141:
1128:
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1088:
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1081:
1076:. Archived from
1059:
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1022:
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987:
986:
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922:
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911:
879:
858:List of minerals
833:
813:
797:
785:
769:
750:
681:
679:
668:tensile strength
664:flaw-insensitive
491:
479:
431:specific gravity
376:caves of Lascaux
353:
352:
349:
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326:
318:
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237:Fusible at 5–5.5
223:Refractive index
213:Specific gravity
184:
58:
57:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
18:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1841:
1840:
1827:"Göthite"
1817:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:Wayback Machine
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1724:(10): 753–756.
1714:
1710:
1679:
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1545:
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1526:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1458:
1449:
1428:(13): 3721–34.
1417:
1413:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1312:(12): 205–208.
1298:
1294:
1247:
1243:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1110:
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880:
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844:
837:
834:
825:
820:, Park County,
814:
805:
798:
789:
786:
777:
770:
761:
758:Tharsis, Huelva
751:
742:
688:
677:
675:
672:elastic modulus
566:
526:nanoparticulate
502:
495:
492:
483:
480:
409:Goethite is an
407:
330:
321:
320:
295:
291:
255:weakly magnetic
182:
119:: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
115:
56:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1904:
1894:
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1815:External links
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1743:
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1689:(3): 280–305.
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1626:(5): 223–236.
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1353:, p. 392.
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1120:(Online). n.d.
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1656:Archaeometry
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774:Minas Gerais
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576:formations,
567:
564:Distribution
558:hydrothermal
511:
465:
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287:
286:
129:
103:Orthorhombic
1548:23 December
1374:(11): 993.
818:Lake George
704:Paleolithic
680:30 GPa
574:stalactitic
570:concretions
554:groundwater
538:pseudomorph
413:containing
405:Composition
247:HCl soluble
125:Space group
1845:Categories
1471:0442276249
1397:1874/31393
1132:"goethite"
1112:"goethite"
1092:"goethite"
1063:"goethite"
1027:"Goethite"
1010:Mindat.org
869:References
754:Iridescent
650:by NASA's
533:diagenetic
529:authigenic
514:weathering
457:polymorphs
449:polymorphs
441:Feroxyhyte
429:, and its
427:Mohs Scale
277:stalactite
260:References
243:Solubility
233:Fusibility
180:Mohs scale
117:H–M symbol
78:IMA symbol
1881:Iron ores
1802:27 August
1406:130357956
1287:205257075
918:235729616
719:cabochons
708:lateritic
635:, in the
633:Tennessee
609:Minnesota
594:oxidation
550:marcasite
500:Formation
447:are both
397:and poet
364:polymorph
283:, Mexico.
1824:(1911).
1788:and the
1605:25694539
1519:95186141
1338:29507221
1279:28678774
1236:10702618
1228:27279220
1181:92941002
1047:14 March
1038:Archived
1005:Goethite
842:See also
822:Colorado
776:, Brazil
692:iron ore
629:Virginia
617:Colorado
613:Missouri
586:boxworks
582:bog iron
546:siderite
522:laterite
468:diaspore
435:crystals
423:bog iron
395:polymath
356:diaspore
288:Goethite
183:hardness
170:Fracture
160:Cleavage
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1770:8 April
1726:Bibcode
1691:Bibcode
1628:Bibcode
1596:4387522
1575:(105).
1499:Bibcode
1430:Bibcode
1376:Bibcode
1368:Geology
1329:5866593
1259:Bibcode
1208:Bibcode
1161:Bibcode
981:8 April
896:Bibcode
760:, Spain
740:Gallery
730:Gordias
726:Phrygia
660:Limpets
646:crater
644:Martian
625:Georgia
621:Alabama
601:England
578:oolites
524:soils.
388:Germany
384:Herdorf
370:(brown
368:pigment
217:3.3–4.3
187:5.0–5.5
92:4.FD.10
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590:gossan
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542:pyrite
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392:German
380:France
274:gypsum
203:Streak
193:Luster
1515:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1283:S2CID
1232:S2CID
1177:S2CID
1041:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
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853:Ochre
804:cubes
734:Midas
700:ochre
686:Usage
648:Gusev
518:soils
372:ochre
325:also
141:Color
1804:2016
1772:2022
1759:ISBN
1601:PMID
1550:2016
1544:News
1466:ISBN
1334:PMID
1275:PMID
1224:PMID
1049:2022
983:2022
948:ISBN
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1581:doi
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