357:
674:
541:
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3168:
3021:
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656:
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742:
3130:
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204:) where the clay is just moist enough to mould, to a maximum water content (called the liquid limit) where the moulded clay is just dry enough to hold its shape. The plastic limit of kaolinite clay ranges from about 36% to 40% and its liquid limit ranges from about 58% to 72%. High-quality clay is also tough, as measured by the amount of mechanical work required to roll a sample of clay flat. Its toughness reflects a high degree of internal cohesion.
29:
3103:
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188:
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44:
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566:, both utilitarian and decorative, and construction products, such as bricks, walls, and floor tiles. Different types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay. Some of the earliest pottery shards recovered are from central
1669:
229:
the plates together. The bonds are weak enough to allow the plates to slip past each other when the clay is being moulded, but strong enough to hold the plates in place and allow the moulded clay to retain its shape after it is moulded. When the clay is dried, most of the water molecules are removed,
463:
are sometimes also classified as clay minerals. There are approximately 30 different types of "pure" clays in these categories, but most "natural" clay deposits are mixtures of these different types, along with other weathered minerals. Clay minerals in clays are most easily identified using
281:
is formed largely from clay and is the most common of sedimentary rocks. However, most clay deposits are impure. Many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay. Clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy.
1271:
286:, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is, however, some overlap in particle size and other physical properties. The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline.
410:
There are two types of clay deposits: primary and secondary. Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the site of formation. Secondary clays are clays that have been transported from their original location by water erosion and
340:) are described as swelling clay minerals, because they have a great capacity to take up water, and they increase greatly in volume when they do so. When dried, they shrink back to their original volume. This produces distinctive textures, such as
614:, which effectively produced the wedge shaped markings of their writing. After being written on, clay tablets could be reworked into fresh tablets and reused if needed, or fired to make them permanent records. Purpose-made clay balls were used as
766:
Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population, in both traditional societies as well as developed countries, still live or work in buildings made with clay, often baked into brick, as an essential part of their load-bearing
199:
The defining mechanical property of clay is its plasticity when wet and its ability to harden when dried or fired. Clays show a broad range of water content within which they are highly plastic, from a minimum water content (called the
486:. When fine sediments are delivered into the calm waters of these glacial lake basins away from the shoreline, they settle to the lake bed. The resulting seasonal layering is preserved in an even distribution of clay sediment banding.
151:, formed largely from clay, is the most common sedimentary rock. Although many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay, clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy.
266:), such as sodium, potassium, or calcium. If the clay is mixed with a solution containing other cations, these can swap places with the cations in the layer around the clay particles, which gives clays a high capacity for
601:
adopted clay tablets as the first known writing medium. Clay was chosen due to the local material being easy to work with and widely available. Scribes wrote on the tablets by inscribing them with a script known as
1279:
261:
The tiny size and plate form of clay particles gives clay minerals a high surface area. In some clay minerals, the plates carry a negative electrical charge that is balanced by a surrounding layer of positive ions
2238:
1967:
Moreno-Maroto, José Manuel; Alonso-Azcárate, Jacinto (September 2018). "What is clay? A new definition of "clay" based on plasticity and its impact on the most widespread soil classification systems".
1767:
GarcĂa-Sanchez, A.; Alvarez-Ayuso, E.; Rodriguez-Martin, F. (1 March 2002). "Sorption of As(V) by some oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. Application to its immobilization in two polluted mining soils".
230:
and the plates hydrogen bond directly to each other, so that the dried clay is rigid but still fragile. If the clay is moistened again, it will once more become plastic. When the clay is fired to the
1738:
Forouzan, Firoozeh; Glover, Jeffrey B.; Williams, Frank; Deocampo, Daniel (1 December 2012). "Portable XRF analysis of zoomorphic figurines, "tokens," and sling bullets from Chogha
Gavaneh, Iran".
1592:
Dadu, Ramona; Hu, Mimi I.; Cleeland, Charles; Busaidy, Naifa L.; Habra, Mouhammed; Waguespack, Steven G.; Sherman, Steven I.; Ying, Anita; Fox, Patricia; Cabanillas, Maria E. (October 2015).
1561:
Churchman, G. J.; Gates, W. P.; Theng, B. K. G.; Yuan, G. (2006). FaĂŻza
Bergaya, Benny K. G. Theng and Gerhard Lagaly (ed.). "Chapter 11.1 Clays and Clay Minerals for Pollution Control".
1882:
144:. Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population live or work in buildings made with clay, often baked into brick, as an essential part of its load-bearing structure.
101:). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of
1594:"Efficacy of the Natural Clay, Calcium Aluminosilicate Anti-Diarrheal, in Reducing Medullary Thyroid Cancer–Related Diarrhea and Its Effects on Quality of Life: A Pilot Study"
2971:
3082:
221:
ions. These plates are tough but flexible, and in moist clay, they adhere to each other. The resulting aggregates give clay the cohesion that makes it plastic. In
2169:
3058:
1542:
1831:
Guggenheim, Stephen; Martin, R. T. (1995), "Definition of clay and clay mineral: Journal report of the AIPEA nomenclature and CMS nomenclature committees",
376:, dissolved in rainwater or released by plant roots. The acid breaks bonds between aluminium and oxygen, releasing other metal ions and silica (as a gel of
2005:
3106:
2892:
270:. The chemistry of clay minerals, including their capacity to retain nutrient cations such as potassium and ammonium, is important to soil fertility.
3159:
1653:
1875:
3046:
318:
3857:
2108:
1866:
Hillier S. (2003) "Clay
Mineralogy." pp 139–142 In Middleton G.V., Church M.J., Coniglio M., Hardie L.A. and Longstaffe F.J. (Editors)
348:) pose a considerable challenge for civil engineering, because swelling clay can break foundations of buildings and ruin road beds.
3902:
2292:
2039:
4058:
2885:
2569:
2229:
309:
use 1 ÎĽm. Clay-size particles and clay minerals are not the same, despite a degree of overlap in their respective definitions.
1921:
1644:
2248:
1815:
1472:
478:) is clay with visible annual layers that are formed by seasonal deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in
155:, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. Mixtures of
2201:
1957:
2275:
2553:
2157:
3312:
2910:
2878:
2558:
2076:
1685:
1663:
1582:
1927:
1531:
1501:
Boylu, Feridun (1 April 2011). "Optimization of foundry sand characteristics of soda-activated calcium bentonite".
725:, which is used to soothe an upset stomach. Some animals such as parrots and pigs ingest clay for similar reasons.
391:, in warm climates tends to produce kaolin. Weathering of the same kind of rock under alkaline conditions produces
2107:
Rankka, Karin; Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne; Hultén, Carina; Larsson, Rolf; Leroux, Virginie; Dahlin, Torleif (2004).
1349:
Kotal, M.; Bhowmick, A. K. (2015). "Polymer nanocomposites from modified clays: Recent advances and challenges".
2563:
2574:
2147:
2020:
1910:
1491:
465:
1730:
313:
distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils'
238:
removes additional water from the clay, causing clay plates to irreversibly adhere to each other via stronger
3560:
3441:
2983:
1922:"Preliminary evaluation of a compacted bentonite / sand mixture as a landfill liner material (Abstract)]"
764:, among other ancient, naturally occurring geologic materials such as stone and organic materials like wood.
4033:
813:
383:
The clay minerals formed depend on the composition of the source rock and the climate. Acid weathering of
175:), which are clay minerals that readily expand in volume when they absorb water, are a major challenge in
3873:
2594:
356:
1451:
4038:
3473:
2918:
2579:
942:
665:
321:
14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 ÎĽm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of
2086:
Olive, W.W.; Chleborad, A.F.; Frahme, C.W.; Shlocker, Julius; Schneider, R.R.; Schuster, R.L. (1989).
1810:
673:
242:, which strengthens the material. The clay mineral kaolinite is transformed into a non-clay material,
3776:
3171:
794:
217:, composed of aluminium and silicon ions bonded into tiny, thin plates by interconnecting oxygen and
214:
4053:
3852:
3842:
3714:
3704:
3534:
3272:
3070:
2901:
2589:
2047:
420:
310:
372:
activity. Chemical weathering takes place largely by acid hydrolysis due to low concentrations of
3692:
3667:
3607:
3287:
3228:
2584:
2547:
2268:
706:
2119:
4043:
4028:
3955:
3766:
3580:
3416:
3391:
3242:
3221:
3113:
2861:
1676:
Ehlers, Ernest G. and Blatt, Harvey (1982). 'Petrology, Igneous, Sedimentary, and
Metamorphic'
583:
132:
were the first known writing medium. Clay is used in many modern industrial processes, such as
3642:
3451:
2959:
2165:
855:
846:
120:
material. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making
17:
3995:
3847:
3804:
3697:
3622:
3005:
2715:
1976:
1840:
1776:
1747:
1701:
1510:
809:
697:. It can reduce the cost of the composite, as well as impart modified behavior: increased
412:
235:
109:
36:
1692:
Eisenhour, D. D.; Brown, R. K. (1 April 2009). "Bentonite and Its Impact on Modern Life".
615:
8:
3771:
3761:
3317:
3302:
3262:
3235:
3010:
3000:
2284:
900:
344:
or "popcorn" texture, in clay deposits. Soils containing swelling clay minerals (such as
1980:
1844:
1780:
1751:
1705:
1514:
540:
207:
Clay has a high content of clay minerals that give it its plasticity. Clay minerals are
4048:
3722:
3431:
3214:
3133:
2835:
2468:
2261:
1992:
1856:
1792:
1618:
1593:
1417:
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627:
587:
579:
125:
2051:
1574:
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3565:
3456:
3426:
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2750:
2143:
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1996:
1953:
1906:
1860:
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1659:
1623:
1578:
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1468:
757:
513:
377:
176:
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3756:
3647:
3612:
3587:
3446:
3267:
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1984:
1940:
1848:
1784:
1755:
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1605:
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1518:
1358:
798:
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505:
314:
274:
239:
201:
3094:
2186:
1805:
927: – Notion for comparing dimensions of particles in different states of matter
3985:
3809:
3727:
3662:
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2820:
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1462:
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299:
32:
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stages further recrystallizes the metakaolin into yet stronger minerals such as
3932:
3824:
3741:
3545:
3307:
3297:
3183:
2795:
2740:
1988:
1522:
912:
870:
861:
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deposit. Secondary clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy
291:
225:
clay, the bonding between plates is provided by a film of water molecules that
172:
3862:
1852:
1759:
1713:
1240:
659:
536:, New Zealand. Dry clay is normally much more stable than sand in excavations.
528:
246:, which remains rigid and hard if moistened again. Further firing through the
4023:
4017:
3960:
3799:
3677:
3672:
3627:
3396:
2840:
2725:
1788:
1677:
924:
915: – Any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting
746:
722:
501:
373:
226:
3167:
3020:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3945:
3632:
3575:
3406:
3123:
3066:
2979:
2870:
2825:
2770:
1766:
1627:
1423:
1090:
1088:
858: – Modeling material which is mainly used by automotive design studios
833:
824:
against toxic seepage (lining the landfill, preferably in combination with
635:
607:
483:
460:
400:
369:
267:
67:
3032:
2967:
1609:
1294:
964:
962:
960:
873: – The chemical structures, properties and reactions of clay minerals
3990:
3687:
3570:
3509:
3078:
2830:
2810:
2730:
2710:
2690:
2680:
2675:
906:
730:
598:
493:
452:
416:
231:
129:
3129:
3054:
2955:
1950:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
1085:
945: – Various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water
113:
3814:
3794:
3682:
3494:
3489:
3411:
3401:
3282:
3027:
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2815:
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918:
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702:
489:
365:
295:
243:
141:
102:
48:
2253:
1655:
The New Media
Invasion: Digital Technologies and the World They Unmake
3970:
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94:
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28:
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829:
821:
802:
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533:
440:
404:
396:
384:
341:
337:
192:
3155:
3143:
2106:
1723:"Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits"
1246:
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998:
3940:
3912:
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3524:
3514:
3504:
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3207:
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2735:
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2428:
2423:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2363:
2348:
2313:
2308:
2303:
1920:
Koçkar, Mustafa K.; Akgün, Haluk; Aktürk, Özgür (November 2005).
1486:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1381:
591:
563:
479:
388:
306:
303:
294:
usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2
255:
208:
187:
121:
117:
81:
52:
3090:
582:
to around 14,000 BCE. Cooking pots, art objects, dishware,
3922:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3829:
3602:
3550:
3360:
3203:
3119:
3042:
2845:
2780:
2521:
2516:
2418:
1935:
1931:
1204:
1013:
790:
726:
623:
611:
567:
509:
497:
444:
432:
392:
263:
137:
87:
43:
2943:
2092:
1952:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
1737:
1300:
974:
864: – Stop-motion animation made using malleable clay models
828:). Studies in the early 21st century have investigated clay's
482:
and organic content. This type of deposit is common in former
3375:
2760:
1405:
774:
761:
682:
619:
571:
471:
278:
148:
133:
3191:
2991:
2085:
1966:
1094:
968:
360:
Italian and
African-American clay miners in mine shaft, 1910
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3330:
2790:
2625:
2615:
2610:
1881:. Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University.
1216:
891: – Open-pit mining for the extraction of clay minerals
832:
capacities in various applications, such as the removal of
753:
634:
clay is widely used as a mold binder in the manufacture of
456:
368:
of silicate-bearing rocks. They can also form locally from
330:
326:
322:
283:
164:
160:
156:
152:
63:
1330:
885: – Building material made of clay with some additives
2775:
1461:
Bergaya, FaĂŻza; Theng, B. K. G.; Lagaly, Gerhard (2006).
1424:
GarcĂa-Sanchez, Alvarez-Ayuso & Rodriguez-Martin 2002
817:
2243:
2038:
1258:
897: – Practice of eating earth or soil-like substrates
2239:
Information about clays used in the UK pottery industry
1560:
1435:
1168:
1045:
1043:
986:
866:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
851:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
789:, clay plaster, clay render case, clay floors and clay
364:
Clay minerals most commonly form by prolonged chemical
2088:"Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States"
1156:
1075:
1073:
1591:
1387:
1060:
1058:
618:. Clay is used in many industrial processes, such as
2227:
The Clay
Minerals Group of the Mineralogical Society
2156:
1306:
1228:
1192:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
407:
forms by intense weathering of other clay minerals.
1901:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
1369:
1070:
1460:
1180:
1127:
1121:
1055:
816:are needed, such as in pond linings, the cores of
1919:
1903:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
1411:
1318:
1139:
1100:
1025:
909: – Low-permeable marine geological formation
594:can all be shaped from clay before being fired.
4015:
2118:. Swedish Geotechnical Institute. Archived from
1830:
1393:
1007:
191:A 23,500 times magnified electron micrograph of
124:. Some of the earliest pottery shards have been
1868:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
785:, and structures and building elements such as
1691:
1336:
849: – Fine-grained aluminium phyllosilicates
2886:
2269:
1348:
2900:
2013:Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development
1900:
1484:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1222:
1210:
980:
805:and stone walls where protected from water.
733:have been used as anti-diarrheal medicines.
721:go back to prehistoric times. An example is
2187:"Atterberg plastic limits of clay minerals"
2893:
2879:
2276:
2262:
578:culture, and recovered deposits have been
516:, and has been involved in several deadly
512:. It is a highly sensitive clay, prone to
1617:
939: – Clay-rich soil, prone to cracking
70:(hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g.
1870:. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
1095:Moreno-Maroto & Alonso-Azcárate 2018
740:
693:Clay is a common filler used in polymer
672:
539:
527:
496:indigenous to the glaciated terrains of
468:rather than chemical or physical tests.
355:
186:
42:
27:
2283:
1634:
1375:
836:from waste water and air purification.
423:such as large lakes and marine basins.
4016:
2570:Canadian system of soil classification
2137:
2003:
1947:
1926:Department of Geological Engineering,
1873:
1672:from the original on 24 December 2017.
1529:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1133:
1049:
1034:
532:Clay layers in a construction site in
2874:
2257:
2184:
2071:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2066:
1733:from the original on 8 December 2008.
1720:
1651:
1500:
1481:
1324:
1312:
1234:
1198:
1150:
1106:
1079:
1064:
992:
112:when wet but can be hardened through
1818:from the original on 9 December 2015
1803:
1652:Ebert, John David (31 August 2011).
1399:
903: – Scottish chemist (1931-2016)
2207:from the original on 9 October 2022
2172:from the original on 3 January 2016
1888:from the original on 9 October 2022
1548:from the original on 9 October 2022
773:techniques, clay is used to create
752:Clay as the defining ingredient of
55:, laid down about 400,000 years ago
13:
2554:Unified Soil Classification System
1905:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley.
1363:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.10.001
769:Also a primary ingredient in many
558:is used in art and handicraft for
329:and less than 40% clay are called
163:and less than 40% clay are called
62:is a type of fine-grained natural
14:
4070:
2911:Offshore geotechnical engineering
2559:AASHTO Soil Classification System
2220:
1740:Journal of Archaeological Science
1721:Foley, Nora K. (September 1999).
1647:from the original on 28 May 2015.
921: – Clay with cellulose fiber
431:The main groups of clays include
403:under alkaline conditions, while
147:Clay is a very common substance.
3202:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3128:
3118:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3019:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2857:
2856:
1928:Middle East Technical University
1122:Bergaya, Theng & Lagaly 2006
654:
298:(clays being finer than silts),
39:consist almost entirely of clay.
1412:Koçkar, Akgün & Aktürk 2005
1342:
1264:
736:
574:. They are associated with the
128:to around 14,000 BCE, and
2575:Australian Soil Classification
2566:(French classification system)
2050:. 7 March 2005. Archived from
933: – Brand of modeling clay
273:Clay is a common component of
1:
4059:Soil-based building materials
3561:Mechanically stabilized earth
2142:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2006:"Industrial clays case study"
1680:: W.H. Freeman and Company.
1575:10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01020-2
1530:Breuer, Stephen (July 2012).
1445:
1259:Natural Resources Canada 2005
812:to water, is also used where
182:
3313:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1565:. Handbook of Clay Science.
1563:Developments in Clay Science
1008:Guggenheim & Martin 1995
879: – Type of tennis court
688:
562:. Clays are used for making
426:
351:
336:Some clay minerals (such as
116:. Clay is the longest-known
7:
3874:Stress distribution in soil
2595:List of vineyard soil types
1351:Progress in Polymer Science
839:
712:
644:Mass bathing in liquid clay
10:
4075:
3024:Pore pressure measurement
2580:Polish Soil Classification
2069:Introduction to mineralogy
2067:Nesse, William D. (2000).
1989:10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.011
1635:Diamond, Jared M. (1999).
1532:"The chemistry of pottery"
1523:10.1016/j.clay.2011.02.005
1337:Eisenhour & Brown 2009
15:
3931:
3886:
3785:
3777:Preconsolidation pressure
3749:
3740:
3713:
3533:
3482:
3469:
3384:
3338:
3329:
3252:
3172:Standard penetration test
2930:
2917:
2908:
2854:
2604:Non-systematic soil types
2603:
2540:
2467:
2291:
2244:The Clay Minerals Society
2232:26 September 2017 at the
1853:10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430213
1760:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.010
1714:10.2113/gselements.5.2.83
1452:Clay mineral nomenclature
1020:Science Learning Hub 2010
795:ceramic building material
653:
648:
643:
626:production, and chemical
421:depositional environments
140:production, and chemical
3273:California bearing ratio
3071:Rotary-pressure sounding
2902:Geotechnical engineering
2590:List of U.S. state soils
2048:Natural Resources Canada
2044:Geoscape Ottawa-Gatineau
1789:10.1180/0009855023710027
1464:Handbook of Clay Science
1223:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1211:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
981:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
950:
3693:Geosynthetic clay liner
3668:Expanded clay aggregate
3288:Proctor compaction test
3229:Crosshole sonic logging
3215:Nuclear densometer test
2972:Geo-electrical sounding
2585:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
2564:Référentiel pédologique
2548:FAO soil classification
2249:Organic Matter in Clays
1876:"Soil fertility basics"
1833:Clays and Clay Minerals
1811:Encyclopædia Britannica
707:electrical conductivity
649:as a type of relaxation
523:
399:forms by weathering of
215:phyllosilicate minerals
3956:Earthquake engineering
3767:Lateral earth pressure
3392:Hydraulic conductivity
3243:Wave equation analysis
3222:Exploration geophysics
3114:Deformation monitoring
3083:Rotary weight sounding
2109:"Quick clay in Sweden"
1948:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
1539:Education in Chemistry
943:Clay–water interaction
749:
685:
552:
537:
361:
311:Geotechnical engineers
302:often use 4–5 μm, and
196:
56:
40:
3134:Settlement recordings
3059:Rock control drilling
2960:Cone penetration test
2194:American Mineralogist
2166:University of Waikato
2019:: 1–9. Archived from
1874:Hodges, S.C. (2010).
1637:"Diamond on Geophagy"
1610:10.1089/thy.2015.0166
1569:. Elsevier: 625–675.
1455:American Mineralogist
1436:Churchman et al. 2006
856:Industrial plasticine
847:Argillaceous minerals
820:, or as a barrier in
797:. Clay was used as a
756:is one of the oldest
744:
676:
543:
531:
359:
190:
46:
31:
18:Clay (disambiguation)
3996:Agricultural science
3698:Cellular confinement
2716:Calcareous grassland
2293:World Reference Base
2185:White, W.A. (1949).
2162:Science Learning Hub
1969:Applied Clay Science
1804:Grim, Ralph (2016).
1503:Applied Clay Science
1301:Forouzan et al. 2012
1282:on 12 September 2022
717:Traditional uses of
492:is a unique type of
387:-rich rock, such as
236:dehydration reaction
66:material containing
16:For other uses, see
4034:Sculpture materials
3888:Numerical analysis
3772:Overburden pressure
3762:Pore water pressure
3542:Shoring structures
3417:Reynolds' dilatancy
3318:Water content tests
3303:Triaxial shear test
3263:Soil classification
3236:Pile integrity test
2285:Soil classification
2138:Scarre, C. (2005).
2004:Murray, H. (2002).
1981:2018ApCS..161...57M
1943:on 4 December 2008.
1845:1995CCM....43..255G
1781:2002ClMin..37..187G
1752:2012JArSc..39.3534F
1706:2009Eleme...5...83E
1515:2011ApCS...52..104B
1482:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1213:, pp. 514–515.
1010:, pp. 255–256.
995:, pp. 252–257.
983:, pp. 512–514.
901:Graham Cairns-Smith
745:A clay building in
597:Ancient peoples in
588:musical instruments
3863:Slab stabilisation
3843:Stability analysis
2469:USDA soil taxonomy
2295:for Soil Resources
2054:on 24 October 2005
1247:Rankka et al. 2004
758:building materials
750:
686:
661:Video (10 minutes)
553:
538:
362:
197:
57:
41:
4039:Natural materials
4011:
4010:
3882:
3881:
3858:Sliding criterion
3820:Response spectrum
3736:
3735:
3566:Pressure grouting
3465:
3464:
3325:
3324:
3278:Direct shear test
2984:Permeability test
2868:
2867:
1746:(12): 3534–3541.
1604:(10): 1085–1090.
1474:978-0-08-044183-2
1272:"British Library"
1177:, pp. 10–11.
969:Olive et al. 1989
808:Clay, relatively
671:
670:
466:X-ray diffraction
378:orthosilicic acid
177:civil engineering
37:Martha's Vineyard
23:Fine grained soil
4066:
3870:Bearing capacity
3757:Effective stress
3747:
3746:
3648:Land reclamation
3588:Land development
3483:Natural features
3480:
3479:
3447:Specific storage
3336:
3335:
3268:Atterberg limits
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3132:
3122:
3107:Screw plate test
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3023:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2928:
2927:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2859:
2756:Hydrophobic soil
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2200:(7–8): 508–512.
2191:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2153:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2082:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2026:on 20 April 2021
2025:
2010:
2000:
1963:
1959:978-1-40517783-2
1944:
1939:. Archived from
1916:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1863:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1800:
1763:
1734:
1717:
1673:
1648:
1631:
1621:
1588:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1497:
1478:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1388:Dadu et al. 2015
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:. Archived from
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:, pp. 5–11.
1160:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:, pp. 1–18.
1119:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
867:
852:
771:natural building
768:
719:clay as medicine
662:
658:
657:
641:
640:
616:sling ammunition
606:, using a blunt
506:Northern Ireland
315:Atterberg limits
300:sedimentologists
275:sedimentary rock
240:covalent bonding
167:. Soils high in
51:clay deposit in
4074:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4054:Phyllosilicates
4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
3986:Earth materials
3927:
3889:
3878:
3787:
3781:
3732:
3709:
3663:Earth structure
3658:Erosion control
3556:Ground freezing
3546:Retaining walls
3529:
3471:
3461:
3422:Angle of repose
3380:
3321:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3208:Visible bedrock
3160:Simple sounding
3148:Shear vane test
2924:instrumentation
2923:
2921:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2869:
2864:
2850:
2821:Subaqueous soil
2806:Serpentine soil
2666:Parent material
2599:
2536:
2463:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2234:Wayback Machine
2223:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2189:
2175:
2173:
2150:
2128:
2126:
2125:on 4 April 2005
2122:
2111:
2097:
2095:
2079:
2057:
2055:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2008:
1960:
1913:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1821:
1819:
1666:
1585:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1494:
1475:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
958:
953:
948:
865:
850:
842:
787:wattle and daub
765:
739:
715:
691:
677:Clay bath near
660:
655:
544:A 14th-century
526:
437:montmorillonite
429:
354:
292:soil scientists
185:
100:
92:
86:
80:
33:Gay Head Cliffs
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3933:Related fields
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:Classification
3850:
3845:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:Seismic hazard
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3452:Shear strength
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:Friction angle
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Oedometer test
3305:
3300:
3298:Sieve analysis
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3184:Total sounding
3175:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Prime farmland
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Fuller's earth
2748:
2743:
2741:Expansive clay
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2222:
2221:External links
2219:
2218:
2217:
2182:
2158:"What is clay"
2154:
2148:
2140:The Human Past
2135:
2104:
2083:
2077:
2064:
2036:
2001:
1964:
1958:
1945:
1917:
1911:
1898:
1871:
1864:
1839:(2): 255–256,
1828:
1806:"Clay mineral"
1801:
1775:(1): 187–194.
1764:
1735:
1718:
1689:
1674:
1664:
1649:
1632:
1589:
1583:
1558:
1527:
1509:(1): 104–108.
1498:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1315:, p. 257.
1305:
1293:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 256.
1227:
1225:, p. 512.
1215:
1203:
1201:, p. 253.
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1138:
1126:
1111:
1099:
1084:
1082:, p. 140.
1069:
1054:
1052:, p. 238.
1039:
1024:
1012:
997:
985:
973:
955:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
913:Modelling clay
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
871:Clay chemistry
868:
862:Clay animation
859:
853:
843:
841:
838:
738:
735:
714:
711:
695:nanocomposites
690:
687:
669:
668:
651:
650:
646:
645:
556:Modelling clay
546:bottle stopper
525:
522:
428:
425:
353:
350:
184:
181:
173:expansive clay
169:swelling clays
108:Clays develop
98:
90:
84:
78:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Sedimentology
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Types of soil
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Geomorphology
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Consolidation
3803:
3801:
3800:Frost heaving
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:Geosynthetics
3676:
3674:
3673:Crushed stone
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Cut-and-cover
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3468:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Water content
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:Sample series
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2919:Investigation
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2863:
2862:Types of soil
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Tropical peat
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Dry quicksand
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:Other systems
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2116:Report No. 65
2110:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:9780195106916
2074:
2070:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:Clay Minerals
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1686:0-7167-1279-2
1683:
1679:
1678:San Francisco
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:9780786488186
1661:
1658:. McFarland.
1657:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1584:9780080441832
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1067:, p. 64.
1066:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
994:
989:
982:
977:
970:
965:
963:
961:
956:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:Particle size
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
863:
860:
857:
854:
848:
845:
844:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:natural seals
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
763:
759:
755:
748:
747:South Estonia
743:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:Armenian bole
720:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
684:
680:
675:
667:
663:
652:
647:
642:
639:
637:
636:sand castings
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
584:smoking pipes
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
547:
542:
535:
530:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:North America
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
484:glacial lakes
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
374:carbonic acid
371:
367:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
227:hydrogen bond
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
205:
203:
202:plastic limit
194:
189:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
96:
89:
83:
77:
73:
69:
68:clay minerals
65:
61:
54:
50:
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
19:
3981:Biogeography
3976:Hydrogeology
3966:Soil science
3946:Geochemistry
3705:Infiltration
3633:Cut and fill
3576:Soil nailing
3442:Permeability
3407:Bulk density
3345:
3124:Inclinometer
3047:Ram sounding
2932:
2771:Martian soil
2620:
2209:. Retrieved
2197:
2193:
2174:. Retrieved
2161:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2115:
2096:. Retrieved
2091:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2043:
2040:"Landslides"
2028:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2016:
2012:
1972:
1968:
1949:
1941:the original
1925:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1867:
1836:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1809:
1772:
1768:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1700:(2): 83–88.
1697:
1693:
1654:
1640:
1601:
1597:
1566:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1538:
1506:
1502:
1483:
1467:. Elsevier.
1463:
1454:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1376:Diamond 1999
1371:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1275:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1129:
1102:
1015:
988:
976:
834:heavy metals
807:
751:
737:Construction
716:
705:, decreased
703:permeability
701:, decreased
692:
596:
590:such as the
554:
514:liquefaction
488:
475:
470:
461:pyrophyllite
430:
409:
401:igneous rock
382:
370:hydrothermal
363:
335:
272:
268:ion exchange
260:
206:
198:
168:
146:
130:clay tablets
107:
59:
58:
25:
3991:Archaeology
3715:Foundations
3688:Geomembrane
3571:Slurry wall
3510:Water table
3474:Interaction
3470:Structures
3457:Sensitivity
3254:Laboratory
2836:Terra rossa
2831:Terra preta
2811:Spodic soil
2731:Duplex soil
2711:Brown earth
2691:Alkali soil
2681:Rhizosphere
2676:Laimosphere
2550:(1974–1998)
2507:Inceptisols
2414:Plinthosols
2379:Kastanozems
1357:: 127–187.
1187:Murray 2002
1175:Leeder 2011
1163:Leeder 2011
1134:Hodges 2010
1050:Scarre 2005
1035:Breuer 2012
907:London Clay
826:geotextiles
810:impermeable
731:attapulgite
727:Kaolin clay
599:Mesopotamia
586:, and even
494:marine clay
476:varved clay
453:vermiculite
417:sedimentary
232:earthenware
4018:Categories
3848:Mitigation
3830:Shear wave
3815:Earthquake
3810:Compaction
3795:Permafrost
3786:Phenomena/
3683:Geotextile
3608:Embankment
3598:Excavation
3535:Earthworks
3495:Vegetation
3490:Topography
3412:Thixotropy
3402:Void ratio
3385:Properties
3283:Hydrometer
3028:Piezometer
2948:Core drill
2816:Stagnogley
2766:Lunar soil
2721:Dark earth
2706:Brickearth
2671:Pedosphere
2641:Soil crust
2449:Technosols
2434:Solonchaks
2354:Ferralsols
2319:Anthrosols
2211:7 December
2176:10 January
2149:0500290636
2098:8 December
2030:8 December
1912:047157452X
1892:8 December
1822:10 January
1552:8 December
1493:0131547283
1446:References
1325:Boylu 2011
1313:Nesse 2000
1235:Nesse 2000
1199:Nesse 2000
1151:Foley 1999
1107:White 1949
1080:Boggs 2006
1065:Ebert 2011
993:Nesse 2000
931:Plasticine
919:Paper clay
883:Clay panel
877:Clay court
830:absorption
767:structure.
679:lake Ahémé
550:fired clay
518:landslides
490:Quick clay
366:weathering
288:Geologists
244:metakaolin
183:Properties
110:plasticity
103:iron oxide
49:Quaternary
4049:Sediments
3971:Hydrology
3951:Petrology
3839:analysis
3837:Landslide
3742:Mechanics
3653:Track bed
3638:Fill dirt
3623:Terracing
3196:Trial pit
3011:Statnamic
2996:Load test
2801:Quicksand
2746:Fill dirt
2686:Bulk soil
2532:Vertisols
2522:Spodosols
2512:Mollisols
2502:Histosols
2487:Aridisols
2459:Vertisols
2454:Umbrisols
2444:Stagnosol
2409:Planosols
2404:Phaeozems
2384:Leptosols
2369:Gypsisols
2359:Fluvisols
2339:Chernozem
2334:Cambisols
2329:Calcisols
2324:Arenosols
1997:102760108
1975:: 57–63.
1861:129312753
1797:101864343
1541:: 17–20.
1400:Grim 2016
1276:www.bl.uk
895:Geophagia
822:landfills
801:in brick
699:stiffness
689:Materials
632:Bentonite
628:filtering
610:called a
604:cuneiform
560:sculpting
433:kaolinite
427:Varieties
415:in a new
413:deposited
352:Formation
346:bentonite
342:mudcracks
252:porcelain
248:stoneware
234:stage, a
223:kaolinite
219:hydroxide
212:aluminium
142:filtering
72:kaolinite
4001:Agrology
3890:software
3788:problems
3618:Causeway
3593:Landfill
3520:Subgrade
3437:Porosity
3432:Cohesion
2786:Paleosol
2701:Blue goo
2656:Gypcrust
2527:Ultisols
2497:Gelisols
2492:Entisols
2482:Andisols
2477:Alfisols
2439:Solonetz
2429:Retisols
2424:Regosols
2399:Nitisols
2394:Luvisols
2389:Lixisols
2374:Histosol
2364:Gleysols
2349:Durisols
2344:Cryosols
2314:Andosols
2304:Acrisols
2230:Archived
2202:Archived
2170:Archived
2129:20 April
2094:. I-1940
1883:Archived
1816:Archived
1731:Archived
1727:usgs.gov
1694:Elements
1670:Archived
1645:Archived
1641:ucla.edu
1628:26200040
1543:Archived
937:Vertisol
889:Clay pit
840:See also
803:chimneys
783:cordwood
713:Medicine
622:making,
548:made of
534:Auckland
449:Chlorite
441:smectite
405:gibbsite
397:Smectite
385:feldspar
338:smectite
307:chemists
193:smectite
136:making,
3941:Geology
3913:SVSlope
3723:Shallow
3643:Grading
3581:Tieback
3525:Subsoil
3515:Bedrock
3505:Topsoil
3500:Terrain
3293:R-value
3256:testing
3006:Dynamic
2933:in situ
2931:Field (
2736:Eluvium
2696:Bay mud
2661:Caliche
2651:Hardpan
2646:Claypan
2636:Subsoil
2631:Topsoil
2517:Oxisols
2419:Podzols
2309:Alisols
2297:(1998–)
2058:21 July
1977:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1777:Bibcode
1748:Bibcode
1702:Bibcode
1619:4589264
1598:Thyroid
1511:Bibcode
709:, etc.
666:YouTube
592:ocarina
564:pottery
480:erosion
389:granite
304:colloid
264:cations
256:mullite
209:hydrous
122:pottery
118:ceramic
53:Estonia
3923:Plaxis
3918:UTEXAS
3908:SVFlux
3898:SEEP2D
3750:Forces
3603:Trench
3551:Gabion
3361:Gravel
3001:Static
2846:Yedoma
2781:Muskeg
2146:
2075:
1995:
1956:
1936:Turkey
1932:Ankara
1909:
1859:
1795:
1684:
1662:
1626:
1616:
1581:
1490:
1471:
799:mortar
791:paints
624:cement
612:stylus
568:Honshu
510:Sweden
508:, and
498:Norway
459:, and
445:illite
443:, and
393:illite
138:cement
114:firing
3903:STABL
3376:Loess
3339:Types
2826:Takir
2761:Loess
2205:(PDF)
2190:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2112:(PDF)
2024:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1993:S2CID
1886:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1857:S2CID
1793:S2CID
1546:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1286:9 May
951:Notes
775:adobe
762:Earth
683:Benin
620:paper
580:dated
576:JĹŤmon
572:Japan
472:Varve
284:Silts
279:Shale
153:Silts
149:Shale
134:paper
126:dated
4024:Clay
3728:Deep
3371:Loam
3366:Peat
3356:Sand
3351:Silt
3346:Clay
3331:Soil
3033:Well
2791:Peat
2626:Loam
2621:Clay
2616:Silt
2611:Sand
2213:2020
2178:2016
2144:ISBN
2131:2005
2100:2020
2073:ISBN
2060:2016
2032:2020
1954:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1894:2020
1824:2016
1682:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1624:PMID
1579:ISBN
1554:2020
1488:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1288:2023
818:dams
793:and
754:loam
729:and
608:reed
524:Uses
474:(or
457:talc
380:).)
331:loam
327:silt
323:sand
290:and
250:and
195:clay
165:loam
161:silt
157:sand
64:soil
60:Clay
3613:Cut
2922:and
2776:Mud
1985:doi
1973:161
1849:doi
1785:doi
1756:doi
1710:doi
1614:PMC
1606:doi
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