2142:
2089:
149:
3381:
2521:
408:
29:
570:, which is German for range or reach. Literature articles will refer to an R1 ordered illite-smectite, for example. This type would be ordered in an illite-smectite-illite-smectite (ISIS) fashion. R0 on the other hand describes random ordering, and other advanced ordering types are also found (R3, etc.). Mixed layer clay minerals which are perfect R1 types often get their own names. R1 ordered chlorite-smectite is known as
877:
area. These characteristics open possibilities for the manufacture of high-quality ceramics and heavy-metal sorbents from saponite-containing products. Furthermore, tail grinding occurs during the preparation of the raw material for ceramics; this waste reprocessing is of high importance for the use of clay pulp as a neutralizing agent, as fine particles are required for the reaction. Experiments on the
383:. Each silica tetrahedron shares three of its vertex oxygen ions with other tetrahedra, forming a hexagonal array in two dimensions. The fourth oxygen ion is not shared with another tetrahedron and all of the tetrahedra "point" in the same direction; i.e. all of the unshared oxygen ions are on the same side of the sheet. These unshared oxygen ions are called apical oxygen ions.
347:
890:
The results of glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and chemical tests all give data that may be used for quantitative estimations. After the quantities of organic matter, carbonates, free oxides, and nonclay minerals have been determined, the
881:
deacidification with the alkaline clay slurry demonstrated that neutralization with the average pH level of 7.1 is reached at 30% of the pulp added and an experimental site with perennial grasses proved the efficacy of the technique. Moreover, the reclamation of disturbed lands is an integral part of
876:
Clay minerals can be incorporated in lime-metakaolin mortars to improve mechanical properties. Electrochemical separation helps to obtain modified saponite-containing products with high smectite-group minerals concentrations, lower mineral particles size, more compact structure, and greater surface
867:
The structural and compositional versatility of clay minerals gives them interesting biological properties. Due to disc-shaped and charged surfaces, clay interacts with a range of drugs, protein, polymers, DNA, or other macromolecules. Some of the applications of clays include drug delivery, tissue
386:
In clays, the tetrahedral sheets are always bonded to octahedral sheets formed from small cations, such as aluminum or magnesium, and coordinated by six oxygen atoms. The unshared vertex from the tetrahedral sheet also forms part of one side of the octahedral sheet, but an additional oxygen atom is
398:
Depending on the composition of the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, the layer will have no charge or will have a net negative charge. If the layers are charged this charge is balanced by interlayer cations such as Na or K or by a lone octahedral sheet. The interlayer may also contain water. The
394:
Bonding between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets requires that the tetrahedral sheet becomes corrugated or twisted, causing ditrigonal distortion to the hexagonal array, and the octahedral sheet is flattened. This minimizes the overall bond-valence distortions of the crystallite.
391:. If there is only one tetrahedral and one octahedral group in each layer the clay is known as a 1:1 clay. The alternative, known as a 2:1 clay, has two tetrahedral sheets with the unshared vertex of each sheet pointing towards each other and forming each side of the octahedral sheet.
194:
Because the individual particles in clay are less than 4 micrometers (0.00016 in) in size, they cannot be characterized by ordinary optical or physical methods. The crystallographic structure of clay minerals became better understood in the 1930s with advancements in the
387:
located above the gap in the tetrahedral sheet at the center of the six tetrahedra. This oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom forming an OH group in the clay structure. Clays can be categorized depending on the way that tetrahedral and octahedral sheets are packaged into
891:
percentages of clay minerals are estimated using the appropriate glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, K20, and DTA data. The amount of illite is estimated from the K20 content since this is the only clay mineral containing potassium.
210:
Because clay minerals are usually (but not necessarily) ultrafine-grained, special analytical techniques are required for their identification and study. In addition to X-ray crystallography, these include
827:
in 1985. It postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on pre-existing, non-organic replication surfaces of silicate crystals in contact with an aqueous solution. The clay mineral
207:
group of minerals. Standardization in terminology arose during this period as well, with special attention given to similar words that resulted in confusion, such as sheet and plane.
839:
monomers, and the formation of membranes from lipids. In 1998, Hyman
Hartman proposed that "the first organisms were self-replicating iron-rich clays which fixed carbon dioxide into
2682:
2657:
2374:
2027:
Andrejkovičová, S.; Velosa, A.L.; Ferraz, E.; Rocha, F. (2014). "Influence of clay minerals addition on mechanical properties of air lime–metakaolin mortars".
2672:
2257:
1333:
Rajkumar, K.; Ramanathan, A. L.; Behera, P. N. (September 2012). "Characterization of clay minerals in the
Sundarban mangroves river sediments by SEM/EDS".
882:
the social and environmental responsibility of the mining company and this scenario addresses the community necessities at both local and regional levels.
974:
2884:
566:
Mixed layer clay variations exist for most of the above groups. Ordering is described as a random or regular order and is further described by the term
2817:
2662:
1855:
Huang, Wenhua; Ferris, James P. (12 July 2006). "One-Step, Regioselective
Synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA Oligomers by Montmorillonite Catalysis".
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1553:
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3121:
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2722:
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2617:
415:
Clay minerals can be classified as 1:1 or 2:1. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be
1123:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3063:
2792:
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3323:
3318:
3295:
3068:
3010:
2995:
2965:
2865:
2827:
2697:
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2602:
203:(phyllosilicate) minerals, now grouped together as clay minerals. Their structure is based on flat hexagonal sheets similar to those of the
3116:
3053:
3035:
2812:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2622:
571:
567:
3257:
3083:
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between layers, but 2:1 layers have a net negative charge and may be bonded together either by individual cations (such as potassium in
3093:
3073:
3000:
2832:
2762:
1611:
3058:
2687:
2557:
1892:
Subramaniam, Anand Bala; Wan, Jiandi; Gopinath, Arvind; Stone, Howard A. (2011). "Semi-permeable vesicles composed of natural clay".
1857:
1483:
2411:
1696:
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1831:
1760:
1510:
859:. Finally phosphate was incorporated into the evolving system which allowed the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids."
232:
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1793:
1732:
1317:
1237:
1195:
968:
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474:
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is the adsorption capacity for glycol, which occupies the interlayer sites when the clay is exposed to a vapor of
199:(XRD) technique indispensable to deciphering their crystal lattice. Clay particles were found to be predominantly
2056:"Advanced Techniques of Saponite Recovery from Diamond Processing Plant Water and Areas of Saponite Application"
2352:
2235:
992:
2159:
Mitchell, James
Kenneth, 1930–Fundamentals of soil behavior /James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.—3rd ed. p/85-100
2550:
2310:"Definition of Clay and Clay Mineral: Joint Report of the AIPEA Nomenclature and CMS Nomenclature Committees"
1253:
Murad, Enver (1998). "Clays and clay minerals: What can Mössbauer spectroscopy do to help understand them?".
808:
739:
2000:
Chrzanowski, Wojciech; Kim, Sally Yunsun; Abou Neel, Ensanya Ali (2013). "Biomedical
Applications of Clay".
3412:
228:
157:
2404:
423:. A 2:1 clay consists of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets, and examples are
1156:
1785:
1563:
1377:
987:
216:
2543:
1826:(Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–161.
785:
671:
2170:
1668:
118:
Clay minerals form in the presence of water and have been important to life, and many theories of
3407:
1411:
264:
240:
582:
Summary of Clay
Mineral Identification Criteria—Reference Data for Clay Mineral Identification
2397:
899:
Argillaceous rocks are those in which clay minerals are a significant component. For example,
2370:
2109:"Reutilization Prospects of Diamond Clay Tailings at the Lomonosov Mine, Northwestern Russia"
1894:
1216:Środoń, J. (2006). "Chapter 12.2 Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Clay Minerals".
1161:
220:
322:. Spectrography has confirmed their presence on celestial bodies including the dwarf planet
298:, though they occur extensively on Earth where water has interacted with other minerals and
243:, a traditional technique establishing fundamental occurrences or petrologic relationships.
2321:
2280:
2120:
2067:
1958:
1913:
1821:
1619:
1518:
1484:"NASA's recovered Bennu asteroid samples show evidence of carbon and water, scientists say"
1456:
1342:
1262:
1034:
323:
236:
212:
168:
104:
2146:
2141:
2093:
2088:
350:
View of tetrahedral sheet structure of a clay mineral. Apical oxygen ions are tinted pink.
8:
2942:
1777:
1642:
824:
315:
2325:
2124:
2071:
1962:
1917:
1522:
1508:
Napier WM, Wickramasinghe JT, Wickramasinghe NC (2007). "The origin of life in comets".
1460:
1346:
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1038:
123:
1982:
1929:
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1701:
1534:
1439:
1358:
1309:
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982:
319:
224:
2040:
1229:
911:, but including 10-40% of clay minerals: such limestones, when soft, are often called
2727:
2582:
2348:
2296:
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2231:
1974:
1874:
1837:
1827:
1799:
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1756:
1738:
1728:
1538:
1362:
1313:
1233:
1191:
908:
856:
844:
772:
is the spacing between layers in nanometers, as determined by X-ray crystallography.
541:
group which includes the clay-micas. Illite is the only common mineral in this group.
443:
or sodium or calcium in smectites) or by positively charged octahedral sheets (as in
399:
crystal structure is formed from a stack of layers interspaced with the interlayers.
196:
179:. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making
112:
1933:
1282:
2329:
2178:
2128:
2075:
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2009:
1966:
1921:
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1526:
1464:
1447:
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1305:
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1225:
1042:
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500:
268:
183:. The chemistry of clay, including its capacity to retain nutrient cations such as
37:
3385:
3346:
3126:
2525:
2471:
2285:(Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
2276:
1817:
1468:
828:
800:
777:
702:
547:
includes a wide variety of similar minerals with considerable chemical variation.
524:
512:
432:
57:
1986:
3171:
2802:
2787:
2566:
2436:
1440:"The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays"
950:
944:
832:
820:
544:
444:
299:
200:
2334:
2309:
1970:
1530:
1354:
1274:
1047:
1022:
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3361:
3333:
2822:
2183:
1755:
Fundamentals of Soil
Behavior, 3rd Edition James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.
1416:
1157:"Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals"
1000: – Any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting
997:
436:
354:
Like all phyllosilicates, clay minerals are characterised by two-dimensional
335:
311:
131:
20:
2300:
1841:
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148:
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2702:
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1978:
1878:
1803:
551:
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327:
307:
295:
100:
947: – The chemical structures, properties and reactions of clay minerals
3275:
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3151:
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2922:
840:
555:
428:
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294:
Given the requirement of water, clay minerals are relatively rare in the
127:
119:
3015:
2198:
2133:
2108:
885:
172:
3303:
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2481:
2446:
2080:
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516:
466:
256:
1870:
1725:
X-Ray
Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals
28:
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3043:
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2747:
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1673:
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920:
904:
848:
559:
458:
416:
280:
184:
153:
96:
84:
65:
54:
2013:
3313:
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3136:
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2501:
2491:
1885:
878:
520:
508:
331:
288:
276:
260:
188:
171:
when wet, but becomes hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or
33:
2535:
2199:"Argillaceous limestone: Mineral information, data and localities"
1908:
1643:"NASA Rover Finds Conditions Once Suited for Ancient Life on Mars"
1507:
1055:
977: – Event timeline of the NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission
267:
products. Clay minerals are very common in soils, in fine-grained
3224:
3020:
2950:
2932:
2912:
2612:
2607:
2476:
2441:
2230:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
852:
470:
462:
252:
180:
176:
143:
71:
51:
41:
2389:
1947:
Hartman, Hyman (1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life".
3214:
2707:
2592:
2456:
2026:
1409:
1296:
Kloprogge, J.T. (2017). "Raman
Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals".
1067:
928:
538:
454:
440:
108:
77:
61:
562:, clays with long water channels internal to their structure.
284:
272:
1669:"Mars Could Once Have Supported Life: What You Need to Know"
3374:
Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified
2860:
2847:
2574:
2506:
1891:
1646:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1558:
957:
912:
532:
424:
303:
302:. Clay minerals have been detected at several locations on
204:
164:
92:
435:. The layers in 1:1 clays are uncharged and are bonded by
2145: This article incorporates text available under the
2092: This article incorporates text available under the
1129:. Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University
372:
octahedra. The sheet units have the chemical composition
346:
2053:
1578:
1501:
1332:
175:. It is a very common material, and is the oldest known
126:, and have been useful to humans since ancient times in
2054:
Chanturiya, V.A.; Minenko, V.G.; Makarov, D.V. (2018).
1999:
1190:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–257.
1002:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
855:
rich region of the hot spring acquiring the ability to
847:. This system of replicating clays and their metabolic
167:
is a very fine-grained geologic material that develops
1437:
965: – One of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars
886:
The tests which verify that clay minerals are present
519:
and beidellite, and trioctahedral smectites, such as
511:
group which includes dioctahedral smectites, such as
2361:
2106:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1103:
1073:
751:
Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5
748:
Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5
1091:
862:
754:End. 500–650° Broad. End. 800–900° Broad Exo. 950°
1727:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1597:
1554:"Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa"
1079:
953: – Clay soil prone to swelling and shrinking
122:involve them. They are important constituents of
3399:
2307:
1782:Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life
1722:
1697:"Mars Could Once Have Supported Life, NASA Says"
1640:
1061:
1410:Georgia Institute of Technology (20 Dec 2012).
814:
215:methods, various spectroscopic methods such as
1660:
527:found results consistent with the presence of
2551:
2405:
1634:
1412:"Clays on Mars: More plentiful than expected"
780:at 60 °C (140 °F) for eight hours.
239:processes. These methods can be augmented by
2228:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1776:
1688:
1475:
1438:Rivkin AS, Volquardsen EL, Clark BE (2006).
450:Clay minerals include the following groups:
2308:Guggenheim, Stephen; Martin, R. T. (1995).
2107:Pashkevich, M.A.; Alekseenko, A.V. (2020).
1950:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
1854:
1023:"Formation and Occurrence of Clay Minerals"
2558:
2544:
2412:
2398:
2100:
1551:
1378:"Rediscovering polarized light microscopy"
1335:Journal of the Geological Society of India
745:End. 500–660° + Sharp* Exo. 900–975° Sharp
2333:
2182:
2132:
2079:
1907:
1295:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1046:
1858:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
406:
345:
147:
27:
2275:
1946:
1816:
1694:
1481:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
3400:
2342:
2244:
2168:
1666:
1375:
1215:
1204:
1154:
1121:
1109:
1085:
871:
91:), sometimes with variable amounts of
16:Fine-grained aluminium phyllosilicates
2539:
2393:
2225:
1591:
1482:Harwood, William (October 11, 2023).
1252:
1185:
1141:
1097:
971: – Branch of the geology of Mars
894:
152:Hexagonal sheets of the clay mineral
1172:
1020:
550:Other 2:1 clay types exist such as
2565:
2377:from the original on 3 January 2016
2029:Construction and Building Materials
975:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory
523:. In 2013, analytical tests by the
13:
1641:Agle DC, Brown D (12 March 2013).
1310:10.1016/B978-0-08-100355-8.00006-0
760:End. 600–750° End. 900°. Exo. 950°
457:group which includes the minerals
259:products (including weathering of
191:, is important to soil fertility.
14:
3424:
2419:
2041:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.118
1723:Moore DM, Reynolds Jr RC (1997).
402:
3379:
2519:
2140:
2087:
863:Biomedical applications of clays
835:of RNA in aqueous solution from
411:Structure of clay mineral groups
283:and in fine-grained metamorphic
2263:from the original on 2022-10-09
2191:
2162:
2153:
2047:
2020:
2002:Australian Journal of Chemistry
1993:
1940:
1848:
1810:
1770:
1749:
1716:
1545:
1431:
1403:
1369:
1326:
1289:
1246:
831:has been shown to catalyze the
503:due to structural similarities.
2219:
1115:
1014:
993:Clay mineral X-ray diffraction
868:engineering, and bioprinting.
19:For the academic journal, see
1:
2347:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2245:Breuer, Stephen (July 2012).
1230:10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01028-7
1007:
809:differential thermal analysis
246:
137:
1469:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022
1298:Developments in Clay Science
1218:Developments in Clay Science
1062:Guggenheim & Martin 1995
907:consisting predominantly of
819:The clay hypothesis for the
815:Clay and the origins of life
763:End. 610 ± 10° or 720 ± 20°
341:
334:, as well as Jupiter's moon
160:image, 1,340Ă— magnification)
7:
938:
935:filled with clay minerals.
10:
3429:
2683:Fluorotetraferriphlogopite
2247:"The chemistry of pottery"
1786:Cambridge University Press
1552:Greicius T (26 May 2015).
1188:Introduction to mineralogy
1186:Nesse, William D. (2000).
799:is the percent content of
501:kaolinite-serpentine group
241:polarized light microscopy
141:
18:
3370:
3332:
3294:
3266:
3233:
3170:
3102:
3034:
2941:
2898:
2874:
2846:
2573:
2515:
2427:
2335:10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430213
1695:Chang K (12 March 2013).
1531:10.1017/S1473550407003941
1355:10.1007/s12594-012-0161-5
1074:Science Learning Hub 2010
1048:10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010104
988:The Clay Minerals Society
956:Mudstone/clays on planet
499:Some sources include the
2184:10.1036/1097-8542.049900
2169:Siever, Raymond (2019).
1667:Wall M (12 March 2013).
1612:"The Clay Mineral Group"
927:consisting primarily of
786:cation exchange capacity
574:, R1 illite-smectite is
2314:Clays and Clay Minerals
1971:10.1023/A:1006548904157
1275:10.1023/A:1012635124874
1124:"Soil fertility basics"
1027:Clays and Clay Minerals
917:argillaceous sandstones
901:argillaceous limestones
265:hydrothermal alteration
2658:Ferroaluminoceladonite
2254:Education in Chemistry
1618:. 1996. Archived from
1255:Hyperfine Interactions
851:then evolved into the
529:smectite clay minerals
412:
351:
263:) and low-temperature
217:Mössbauer spectroscopy
161:
111:found on or near some
44:
2371:University of Waikato
1122:Hodges, S.C. (2010).
593:Dehydrated halloysite
410:
349:
221:infrared spectroscopy
151:
31:
2367:Science Learning Hub
2282:The Blind Watchmaker
2171:"Argillaceous rocks"
1823:The Blind Watchmaker
1780:(2 September 1982).
1778:Cairns-Smith, Graham
1566:on 24 September 2016
237:automated mineralogy
213:electron diffraction
3413:Clay minerals group
3386:Minerals portal
2673:Fluorokinoshitalite
2526:Minerals portal
2343:Scarre, C. (2005).
2326:1995CCM....43..255G
2226:Boggs, Sam (2006).
2134:10.3390/min10060517
2125:2020Mine...10..517P
2072:2018Mine....8..549C
1963:1998OLEB...28..515H
1918:2011SMat....7.2600S
1622:on 27 December 2005
1594:, pp. 235–237.
1523:2007IJAsB...6..321N
1461:2006Icar..185..563R
1385:American Laboratory
1376:Weaver, R. (2003).
1347:2012JGSI...80..429R
1267:1998HyInt.117...39M
1064:, pp. 255–256.
1039:1952CCM.....1...19K
969:Composition of Mars
933:interstitial spaces
872:Mortar applications
825:Graham Cairns-Smith
811:curve of the clay.
616:rf(001)(nanometers)
596:Hydrated halloysite
583:
316:Memnonia quadrangle
2081:10.3390/min8120549
1926:10.1039/c0sm01354d
1702:The New York Times
1616:Amethyst Galleries
1511:Int. J. Astrobiol.
1155:Bailey SW (1980).
983:Reverse weathering
895:Argillaceous rocks
845:dicarboxylic acids
581:
413:
358:of corner-sharing
352:
320:Elysium quadrangle
225:Raman spectroscopy
162:
113:planetary surfaces
45:
3395:
3394:
2885:Ferripyrophyllite
2728:Manganiceladonite
2583:Aluminoceladonite
2533:
2532:
2292:978-0-393-31570-7
1871:10.1021/ja061782k
1865:(27): 8914–8919.
1833:978-0-393-31570-7
1761:978-0-471-46302-3
963:Aeolis quadrangle
931:grains, with the
909:calcium carbonate
767:
766:
269:sedimentary rocks
197:x-ray diffraction
3420:
3384:
3383:
3382:
2818:Tetraferriannite
2678:Fluorophlogopite
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2358:
2339:
2337:
2304:
2277:Dawkins, Richard
2272:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2251:
2241:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1957:(4–6): 515–521.
1944:
1938:
1937:
1911:
1902:(6): 2600–2612.
1889:
1883:
1882:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1818:Dawkins, Richard
1814:
1808:
1807:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1562:. Archived from
1549:
1543:
1542:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1021:Kerr PF (1952).
1018:
1003:
823:was proposed by
796:
709:
584:
580:
495:
382:
371:
364:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3380:
3378:
3366:
3347:Franklinphilite
3328:
3290:
3262:
3229:
3166:
3127:Montmorillonite
3098:
3030:
2937:
2894:
2870:
2842:
2663:Ferroceladonite
2569:
2567:Phyllosilicates
2564:
2534:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2472:Montmorillonite
2423:
2418:
2380:
2378:
2355:
2293:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2105:
2101:
2052:
2048:
2025:
2021:
2014:10.1071/CH13361
1998:
1994:
1945:
1941:
1890:
1886:
1853:
1849:
1834:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1775:
1771:
1754:
1750:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1590:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1480:
1476:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1294:
1290:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1173:
1153:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1001:
941:
897:
888:
874:
865:
829:montmorillonite
817:
801:potassium oxide
794:
790:
778:ethylene glycol
707:
703:
554:(also known as
525:Curiosity rover
513:montmorillonite
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
433:montmorillonite
405:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
344:
249:
146:
140:
105:alkaline earths
90:
82:
76:
70:
58:phyllosilicates
36:) exposed near
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:Soil chemistry
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Lennilenapeite
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3334:Stilpnomelanes
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3281:Ferrisepiolite
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Brinrobertsite
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:Bismutoferrite
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2838:Yangzhumingite
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Siderophyllite
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Polylithionite
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2363:"What is clay"
2359:
2353:
2345:The Human Past
2340:
2320:(2): 255–256.
2305:
2291:
2273:
2242:
2236:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2203:www.mindat.org
2190:
2175:Access Science
2161:
2152:
2099:
2046:
2019:
1992:
1939:
1884:
1847:
1832:
1809:
1794:
1769:
1748:
1733:
1715:
1687:
1659:
1633:
1596:
1577:
1544:
1517:(4): 321–323.
1500:
1474:
1455:(2): 563–567.
1430:
1402:
1368:
1341:(3): 429–434.
1325:
1318:
1288:
1261:(1/4): 39–70.
1245:
1238:
1203:
1196:
1171:
1140:
1114:
1112:, p. 238.
1102:
1100:, p. 140.
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
972:
966:
954:
951:Expansive clay
948:
945:Clay chemistry
940:
937:
915:. Similarly,
896:
893:
887:
884:
873:
870:
864:
861:
833:polymerization
821:origin of life
816:
813:
807:describes the
792:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
705:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
564:
563:
548:
545:Chlorite group
542:
536:
531:on the planet
506:
505:
504:
492:
488:
484:
480:
437:hydrogen bonds
404:
403:Classification
401:
379:
375:
368:
365:tetrahedra or
361:
343:
340:
300:organic matter
248:
245:
201:sheet silicate
139:
136:
88:
80:
74:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3425:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3362:Stilpnomelane
3360:
3358:
3357:Parsettensite
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Ferrosaponite
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Lunijianlaite
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Trilithionite
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Oxyphlogopite
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Luanshiweiite
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Kinoshitalite
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Chromphyllite
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Boromuscovite
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:Clay minerals
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1795:0-521-23312-7
1791:
1787:
1784:. Cambridge:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:9780195087130
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1417:Science Daily
1413:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1319:9780081003558
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1239:9780080441832
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1197:9780195106916
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
999:
998:Modeling clay
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
883:
880:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
812:
810:
806:
803:in the clay.
802:
798:
788:of the clay.
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:Glycol (mg/g)
771:
770:X-ray rf(001)
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
742:
741:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
712:
710:
700:
699:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
675:
673:
669:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
644:
643:Glycol (mg/g)
641:
640:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
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518:
514:
510:
507:
502:
498:
497:
476:
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468:
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442:
438:
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430:
426:
422:
418:
409:
400:
396:
392:
390:
384:
357:
348:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Mawrth Vallis
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
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238:
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230:
226:
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218:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
159:
155:
150:
145:
135:
133:
132:manufacturing
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:alkali metals
98:
94:
86:
79:
73:
67:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
48:Clay minerals
43:
39:
35:
32:Oxford Clay (
30:
26:
22:
21:Clay Minerals
3377:
3342:Bannisterite
3296:Pyrosmalites
3185:Borocookeite
3180:Baileychlore
3162:Yakhontovite
3157:Volkonskoite
3147:Swinefordite
3064:Hydrobiotite
2981:Cronstedtite
2890:Pyrophyllite
2876:Pyrophyllite
2856:Minnesotaite
2793:Preiswerkite
2738:Masutomilite
2703:Hendricksite
2517:
2487:Palygorskite
2420:
2379:. Retrieved
2366:
2344:
2317:
2313:
2281:
2265:. Retrieved
2253:
2227:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2139:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2086:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2008:(11): 1315.
2005:
2001:
1995:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1822:
1812:
1781:
1772:
1764:
1751:
1724:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1615:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1557:
1547:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1477:
1452:
1446:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1395:20 September
1393:. Retrieved
1388:
1384:
1371:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1221:
1217:
1187:
1165:
1162:Am. Mineral.
1160:
1131:. Retrieved
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1033:(1): 19–32.
1030:
1026:
1016:
916:
900:
898:
889:
875:
866:
857:fix nitrogen
818:
804:
789:
781:
773:
769:
768:
738:
701:
670:
642:
613:
565:
552:palygorskite
528:
449:
421:serpentinite
414:
397:
393:
388:
385:
355:
353:
330:, and comet
328:101955 Bennu
308:Echus Chasma
306:, including
296:Solar System
293:
250:
209:
193:
163:
117:
107:, and other
47:
46:
25:
3324:Schallerite
3319:Pyrosmalite
3276:Falcondoite
3248:Chrysocolla
3195:Clinochlore
3152:Vermiculite
3108:vermiculite
3069:Karpinskite
3036:Corrensites
3011:Manandonite
2996:Guidottiite
2986:Fraipontite
2971:Caryopilite
2966:Brindleyite
2961:Berthierine
2943:Serpentines
2923:Hisingerite
2866:Willemseite
2828:Voloshinite
2698:Gorbunovite
2668:Fluorannite
2633:Chernykhite
2603:Balestraite
2220:Works cited
2066:(12): 549.
2035:: 132–139.
1895:Soft Matter
1626:22 February
1570:21 December
1493:October 16,
1391:(20): 55–61
1304:: 150–199.
1224:: 765–787.
1110:Scarre 2005
1086:Breuer 2012
841:oxalic acid
674:(meq/100 g)
602:Vermiculite
556:attapulgite
429:vermiculite
326:, asteroid
255:are common
128:agriculture
120:abiogenesis
3402:Categories
3304:Friedelite
3268:Sepiolites
3235:Allophanes
3220:Pennantite
3205:Donbassite
3132:Nontronite
3117:Beidellite
3054:Corrensite
2991:Greenalite
2976:Chrysotile
2956:Antigorite
2918:Halloysite
2900:Kaolinites
2813:Tainiolite
2798:Roscoelite
2783:Phlogopite
2773:Paragonite
2758:Norrishite
2753:Nanpingite
2743:Montdorite
2718:Lepidolite
2693:Glauconite
2643:Clintonite
2628:Celadonite
2623:Bramallite
2598:Aspidolite
2482:Nontronite
2447:Halloysite
2381:10 January
2354:0500290636
2267:8 December
2237:0131547283
2208:2019-12-27
2119:(6): 517.
1592:Nesse 2000
1133:8 December
1098:Boggs 2006
1008:References
925:sandstones
905:limestones
843:and other
837:nucleotide
572:corrensite
568:reichweite
517:nontronite
475:polymorphs
467:halloysite
257:weathering
247:Occurrence
169:plasticity
142:See also:
138:Properties
3309:Mcgillite
3286:Sepiolite
3258:Neotocite
3253:Imogolite
3243:Allophane
3210:Gonyerite
3190:Chamosite
3172:Chlorites
3142:Sauconite
3104:Smectites
3089:Saliotite
3084:Rectorite
3044:Aliettite
3026:Pecoraite
3006:Lizardite
2928:Kaolinite
2808:Suhailite
2748:Muscovite
2733:Margarite
2648:Eastonite
2497:Sepiolite
2467:Kaolinite
2462:Imogolite
2452:Hectorite
2432:Allophane
2256:: 17–20.
2147:CC BY 4.0
2094:CC BY 4.0
1909:1011.4711
1765:Table 3.9
1674:Space.com
1539:121008660
1363:128633253
921:greywacke
849:phenotype
608:Chlorite
590:Kaolinite
576:rectorite
560:sepiolite
459:kaolinite
445:chlorites
417:kaolinite
342:Structure
281:siltstone
185:potassium
154:kaolinite
97:magnesium
55:aluminium
3314:Nelenite
3200:Cookeite
3137:Saponite
3094:Tosudite
3074:Kulkeite
3016:NĂ©pouite
3001:Kellyite
2833:Wonesite
2778:Phengite
2763:Orlovite
2653:Ephesite
2588:Anandite
2502:Smectite
2492:Saponite
2437:Chlorite
2375:Archived
2301:35648431
2279:(1996).
2258:Archived
2149:license.
2113:Minerals
2096:license.
2060:Minerals
1979:11536891
1934:52253528
1879:16819887
1842:35648431
1820:(1996).
1743:34731820
1708:12 March
1680:12 March
1652:12 March
1488:CBS News
1423:22 March
1283:93607974
939:See also
919:such as
879:histosol
605:Smectite
521:saponite
509:Smectite
374:(Al, Si)
332:Tempel 1
318:and the
289:phyllite
277:mudstone
271:such as
261:feldspar
253:minerals
189:ammonium
38:Weymouth
34:Jurassic
3225:Sudoite
3059:Dozyite
3021:Odinite
2951:Amesite
2933:Nacrite
2913:Dickite
2688:Garmite
2613:Biotite
2608:Bityite
2477:Nacrite
2442:Dickite
2322:Bibcode
2121:Bibcode
2068:Bibcode
1959:Bibcode
1914:Bibcode
1804:7875600
1519:Bibcode
1457:Bibcode
1343:Bibcode
1263:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
853:sulfide
784:is the
471:nacrite
463:dickite
181:pottery
177:ceramic
144:Pottery
109:cations
52:hydrous
42:England
3215:Nimite
3110:family
2878:series
2708:Illite
2593:Annite
2457:Illite
2351:
2299:
2289:
2234:
1985:
1977:
1932:
1877:
1840:
1830:
1802:
1792:
1759:
1741:
1731:
1537:
1448:Icarus
1361:
1316:
1281:
1236:
1194:
1168:: 1–7.
929:quartz
923:, are
599:Illite
558:) and
539:Illite
469:, and
455:Kaolin
441:illite
431:, and
389:layers
356:sheets
336:Europa
314:, the
279:, and
227:, and
173:firing
62:kaolin
60:(e.g.
2848:Talcs
2575:Micas
2261:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
1983:S2CID
1930:S2CID
1904:arXiv
1535:S2CID
1443:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1359:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1127:(PDF)
913:marls
634:10–18
631:10–14
614:X-ray
324:Ceres
285:slate
273:shale
251:Clay
124:soils
3106:and
2861:Talc
2507:Talc
2383:2016
2349:ISBN
2297:OCLC
2287:ISBN
2269:2020
2232:ISBN
1987:2464
1975:PMID
1875:PMID
1838:OCLC
1828:ISBN
1800:OCLC
1790:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1739:OCLC
1729:ISBN
1710:2013
1682:2013
1654:2013
1647:NASA
1628:2007
1572:2013
1559:NASA
1495:2023
1425:2019
1397:2021
1314:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1135:2020
958:Mars
903:are
724:8–10
587:Clay
533:Mars
491:(OH)
425:talc
419:and
304:Mars
287:and
205:mica
187:and
165:Clay
130:and
93:iron
50:are
2330:doi
2179:doi
2129:doi
2076:doi
2037:doi
2010:doi
1967:doi
1922:doi
1867:doi
1863:128
1527:doi
1465:doi
1453:185
1351:doi
1306:doi
1271:doi
1259:117
1226:doi
1043:doi
805:DTA
797:(%)
782:CEC
740:DTA
711:(%)
696:40
690:150
672:CEC
665:30
662:300
659:200
637:14
496:).
477:of
447:).
367:AlO
360:SiO
235:or
233:EDS
229:SEM
158:SEM
3404::
2373:.
2369:.
2365:.
2328:.
2318:43
2316:.
2312:.
2295:.
2252:.
2201:.
2177:.
2173:.
2127:.
2117:10
2115:.
2111:.
2074:.
2062:.
2058:.
2033:65
2031:.
2006:66
2004:.
1981:.
1973:.
1965:.
1955:28
1953:.
1928:.
1920:.
1912:.
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1873:.
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647:16
628:10
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479:Al
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427:,
338:.
310:,
291:.
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115:.
103:,
99:,
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85:OH
72:Si
66:Al
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2332::
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1961::
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718:0
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704:K
678:3
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