371:
hours for a stationary load, which is also what Gold recommended. Others advise to use the freeboard of the ice as an indicator, which can be done by drilling a hole in it and monitoring the distance between the water in the hole and the ice surface. The vehicle should be removed before the water reaches the surface in that hole. Another reason why the amount of freeboard matters is that if the water makes its way onto the ice surface (through cracks and fissures), the ice cover's bearing capacity diminishes rapidly, which can accelerate breakthrough. For long-term loads, a professional engineer may have to be consulted.
380:
60:
75:
44:
425:
397:
Another issue that arises is the reflection of these waves from the shoreline back toward the vehicle. This can induce additional stresses on the ice – one way to mitigate this issue is to avoid approaching shorelines at 90 degrees. The critical speed is what determines the speed limit for vehicles traveling on ice roads. That limit can be as low as 10 km/h (6.2 mph) to 35 km/h (22 mph). Dynamic loading of the ice cover may also dictate a minimum distance between vehicles.
409:
105:, but they can also be simple stand-alone structures, connecting two shorelines. Ice roads may be planned, built and maintained so as to remain safe and effective, and a number of guidelines have been published with information in these regards. An ice road may be constructed year after year, for instance to service community needs during the winter. It could also be for a single year or two, so as to supply particular operations, such as a hydroelectric project or offshore drill sites.
593:
3277:
332:
555:
when traveling on a winter road with grades steeper than 8% on over-land segments. Signage may indicate speed limits, for instance a maximum of 25 km/h (16 mph), and spacing between vehicles, for instance 500 m (1,600 ft) for loads more than 12,500 kg (27,600 lb). These restrictions are to decrease the risks of damage to the ice cover, which would compromise its ability to support the weight it has been designed for.
433:
417:
114:
3299:
29:
3288:
129:, is the primary concern when designing, building and using that structure. Generally speaking, a vertically loaded ice cover will react in two ways: 1) it will sink, and 2) it will bend in flexure. In order to meet the ice bearing criteria, the top surface should not sink below the water line and the applied flexural stress should not exceed the ice's
319:
flaws (fractures, water and air pockets). Moreover, for a public road, which is relatively uncontrolled, such an approach introduces a high safety factor against breakthroughs and is therefore desirable. For industrial roads, the design may be less conservative so as to handle their functional requirements, i.e. higher
583:
An ice road will typically be closed as a result of deterioration of the running or operating surface, before there is any risk of ice cover failure. Surface deterioration can happen when the ice surface becomes too soft, or because of an excessive amount of meltwater on its surface. Mid-season road
554:
Vehicles traveling on an ice road include ordinary automobiles and trucks of various sizes and weights. Standard winter tires are sufficient, i.e. cleats and tire chains can damage the road surface. However, tire chains may be stored in the vehicle for emergency purposes; they can also come in handy
545:
may commence. At that point, the ice is able to safely support the heavier equipment required for that phase, which mostly consists of artificial thickening using a pump or a spraying system. The aim is to bring the thickness up to what is required for the heaviest vehicles that are anticipated when
396:
will form behind and in front of the vehicle. "If the celerity of these waves is the same as the vehicle speed, the deflection and the stresses in the ice sheet are amplified, similar to resonance in an oscillating system" (pp. 8–10). The critical speed depends on ice thickness and water depth.
318:
range from 3.5 to 10 kg/cm (~ 50–150 lbs/in), lower bound values are generally those that are used for safety purposes. This level of conservatism is justified because, unlike human-made materials such as steel or concrete, natural ice covers inherently contain a large amount of structural
533:
Snow cover removal is the first major operation in an ice road construction scheme. It may only begin once the ice thickness is safe to support the machinery used for that operation. There are two ways of doing it, depending on available equipment and state of practice for that particular road. One
370:
Thus, an ice cover may be able to safely support a vehicle, but if it remains on the ice for too long, deformation will continue via microcracking, leading to the collapse of the ice cover below the vehicle. Recommendations vary as to how this can be avoided. Some sources prescribe a maximum of two
600:
Ice crossings can be made to support higher loads if they are reinforced, and there are a number of ways this has been done in the past. Also, these structures are vulnerable to a warming climate. The main reason is that in order to achieve a safe ice thickness before construction begins, and with
480:: This refers to the road width required to accommodate the traffic. This may range from 30 m (98 ft) to 60 m (200 ft). Ideally, it has to be wide enough to leave room on both sides for the snow banks and snow drift, with extra space between that snow and the actual travel lane.
459:
when the field crew begins to work, is dependent on the ice thickness that is naturally achieved (typically under a snow cover). That thickness has to be sufficient to withstand the weight of light equipment that is then used to remove the snow cover. That snow acts as an insulator and removing it
501:
Avoid areas where there are strong water currents, or next to the mouth of small rivers and creeks. The temperature at the ice-water interface being 0 °C (32 °F), flow of water at a slightly higher temperature will thermally erode that interface, thereby reducing the ice
133:. Three loading regimes have to be considered: a) maximum weight for standard usage or for parking during a short duration; b) a load that remains stationary during an extensive time period; and c) dynamic loading of the ice cover, from a traveling vehicle.
877:
Goff, R.D. and
Masterson, D.M., 1986, Construction of a sprayed ice island for exploration, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Tokyo, pp.
383:
Ice waves caused by a traveling vehicle – the vertical displacement of the ice surface, vastly exaggerated for illustrative purposes (see vertical scale at right), is indicated as a function of distance to vehicle. Adapted from, and based on satellite
141:
For standard traffic activities, guidelines typically use a simple empirical formula to determine the maximum vehicle weight that should be allowed on an ice road. This formula, which was initially proposed in 1971, is often referred to as
1057:
Van Der Vinne, G., Lanteigne, M. and Snyder, J., 2017, Measurement of ice covers under moving loads, 19th
Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), Whitehorse,
584:
closures can also happen for similar reasons, and also because of inclement weather, such as a blizzard. If the ice road is part of a winter road, then closure can also be due to an over-land segment that has become unserviceable.
1201:
Hori, Y., and Gough, W. A., 2018, "The state of
Canadian winter roads south of the 60th parallel: historical climate analysis and projected future changes based on the climate model projections", Indigenous and Northern Affairs,
1029:
Babaei, H., van der Sanden, J., Short, N. and
Barrette, P., 2016, Lake ice cover deflection induced by moving vehicles: Comparing theoretical results with satellite observations, Transportation Association of Canada (TAC),
290:
534:
is to pack the snow layer with tracked vehicles into a thin layer, thereby increasing its density and reducing its insulating properties. The other is to remove it altogether, typically with vehicles fitted with a
840:
Masterson, D. and Løset, S., 2011, ISO 19906: Bearing capacity of ice and ice roads, Proceedings of the 21st
International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Montreal,
526:(GPR). This is important, since an ice cover can vary as much as 70% in thickness over a few hundred meters, and the minimum ice thickness is used to determine the bearing capacity of the entire ice cover.
392:, the ice cover beneath the vehicle will assume the shape of a bowl moving with the vehicle, pushing away the water around it, as the keel of a boat does. At (and above) the critical speed, a series of
1211:
Kuloglu, T. Z., 2020, "Climate change impacts on logging operations and winter roads: Costs and mitigation strategies", University of
Alberta, Edmonton," Indigenous and Northern Affairs, Toronto.
620:
tells the fictional story of two women who get involved with trafficking illegal immigrants from Canada into the United States by driving them across the frozen St. Lawrence River in their car.
1110:
P.D. Barrette, "Reinforcement of ice covers: A summary of previous full-scale scenarios and relevance to Canada’s winter road infrastructure", in
Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) ,
574:: The ice surface can deteriorate with usage. It can also get damaged by natural processes, such as ridging and fracturing, which are typically induced by sharp changes in air temperature.
486:: Licenses and permits vary from one jurisdiction to another. Examples can include time-limited land-use permits and access to water sources (for the protection of lakes and rivers).
339:
When using Gold's formula, a purely elastic response is assumed, which is, by definition, instantaneous and independent of loading time. Ice, however, naturally exists at a high
343:, i.e. near its melting point. As is the case for any other material under these conditions, response to loading is not only elastic, but incorporates other components, namely:
999:
Sinha, N.K. and Cai, B., 1996, Elasto-delayed-elastic simulation of short-term deflection of fresh-water ice covers. Cold
Regions Science and Technology, 24, pp. 221–235.
1067:
van der Sanden, J.J. and Short, N.H., 2016, – satellites measure ice cover displacements induced by moving vehicles. Cold
Regions Science and Technology, 133, pp. 56–62.
859:
Spencer, P. and Wang, R., 2018, The design width of floating ice roads and effect of longitudinal cracks, Proceedings of the Arctic
Technology Conference (ATC), Houston.
973:
Barrette, P.D., 2015, A review of guidelines on ice roads in Canada: Determination of bearing capacity, Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), Charlottetown, PEI.
183:
516:
Due caution needs to be exercised – this includes appropriate personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as a flotation device, adequate training and working in pairs.
601:
progressively warmer weather in the fall season, the road opens later, thereby shortening the structure's operational window. Moreover, if the ice road is part of a
1008:
Sinha, N.K., 2003, Viscous and delayed-elastic deformation during primary creep - Using strain relaxation and recovery test. Scripta Materialia, 48, pp. 1507–1512.
868:
Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974, Ice bridges of the James Bay Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11, pp. 599–619.
903:
Barrette, P.D., 2015, Overview of ice roads in Canada: Design, usage and climate change adaptation. OCRE-TR-2015-011. National Research Council of Canada,
947:
Finucane, R.G. and Scher, R.L., 1983, Floating ice road construction. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 105(1), pp. 26–29.
938:
Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974. Ice bridges in the James Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11: 599–619.
784:
Infrastructure Health and Safety Association, 2014, Best practices for building and working safely on ice covers in Ontario. Mississauga, Ontario, 44 pp.
1083:
508:
A review of historical ice conditions, using local knowledge and satellite imagery, can help decipher recurrent problematic areas, such as ice ridging.
1224:
400:
Field testing has been conducted to better understand this dynamics. Compelling evidence of such wave patterns was captured by satellite imagery.
210:
1229:
596:
An example of ice cover reinforcement, where four layers of stacked wooden logs were frozen into the ice (in, from a description provided in).
541:
Once the ice has reached the target thickness (via accelerated growth after removing the insulating effects of the snow), road construction
1039:
Beltaos, S., 1981, Field studies on the response of floating ice sheets to moving loads. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 8, pp. 1–8.
959:
Masterson, D.M., 2009, State of the art of ice bearing capacity and ice construction. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58, pp. 99–112.
101:
is a human-made structure that runs on a frozen water surface (a river, a lake or a sea water expanse). Ice roads are typically part of a
1048:
Takizawa, T., 1988, Response of a floating ice sheet to a steadily moving load. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(C5), pp. 5100–5112.
529:
Borehole drilling may be used to collect cores of the ice, so as to appreciate its internal structure, e.g. white ice versus clear ice.
519:
To further optimize safety, equipment and accessories should include: two-way radios, amphibious vehicles, winch on wheeled vehicles.
448:
in conjunction with the over-land segments. Either way, factors that need to be addressed before construction include the following:
1328:
388:
As a vehicle travels on the road, a dynamic loading regime is exerted onto the ice cover. Below a specific speed, referred to as
1436:
1381:
1126:"New technologies of ice roads construction to maintain the sustainable cold chain of supply in the northern regions of Russia"
904:
716:
CRREL, 2006, Ice Engineering Manual. EM 1110-2-1612. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. New Jersey, 475 pp.
824:
Government of the NWT, 2015, Guidelines for safe ice construction. Department of Transportation. Yellowknife, Canada, 44 pp.
1266:
436:
Snowmobile used to pull a sleigh on which there is a ground-penetrating radar, to obtain a continuous ice thickness profile
1111:
125:
The ability of an ice road to safely support the weight of a vehicle (or any other loads applied onto it), referred to as
642:
prominently features ice roads as truckers drive across northern Canada to deliver supplies after an explosion at a mine.
79:
302:
is the maximum tensile strength at the bottom of an infinite ice plate resting on an elastic foundation. The parameter
850:
Proskin, S.A. and Fitzgerald, A., 2019, Using a limit states approach for ice road design, GeoSt.John's, St. John's.
2646:
658:
1776:
1741:
2651:
1766:
1751:
1366:
121:, upon short-term vertical loading an ice cover (adapted from). Not to scale — for illustrative purposes only.
2684:
2628:
2618:
1855:
1746:
1391:
605:
network, ice reinforcement can be used to address problematic segments, such as creek crossings or landings.
1234:
2623:
2437:
1962:
1825:
1781:
1166:
351:– this causes the development of microcracks, which can lead to fracturing and, ultimately, a breakthrough;
2734:
1341:
2344:
2234:
1431:
929:
Government of Saskatchewan, 2010, Winter roads handbook. Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure, Regina.
494:
Deeper water is preferable, to avoid issues related with dynamic loading. Ice along shorelines and above
428:
Fracture planes in clear ice – boot for scale at lower left. Note the tire tread imprints at lower right.
1522:
987:
Gold, L.W., 1971, Use of ice covers for transportation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 8, pp. 170–181.
444:, as is commonly the case, its design and construction is comprised within the overall road planning,
3081:
2633:
2452:
1308:
505:
Consider the effects of water level changes, for instance upstream of a water body regulated by dams.
2280:
2613:
2339:
2334:
2309:
1426:
1346:
1259:
523:
3328:
2836:
625:
Canada's and Alaska's ice roads were prominently featured in the History Channel reality series
2890:
2546:
2513:
1850:
1820:
1761:
1726:
1401:
1017:
CSST, 1996, Travaux sur les champs de glace. DC 200-640 (96-12). Gouvernement du Québec, 39 pp.
340:
152:
2508:
2229:
1845:
1736:
1336:
3291:
3172:
2724:
2551:
2249:
1972:
1870:
1756:
1356:
1084:"The thin white line: How Northern Ontario's winter roads are built and kept safe to drive"
905:
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=5984226f-bee8-48fe-a138-5a23c800f435
3298:
2729:
8:
3177:
2503:
2377:
2096:
2052:
1940:
1792:
1731:
1487:
1472:
1467:
1361:
1295:
1252:
522:
Ice thickness may be measured with ice augers, at required distance intervals or using a
379:
359:
1142:
59:
3323:
3280:
2815:
2407:
2221:
2206:
2017:
1952:
1875:
1860:
1805:
1709:
1643:
1633:
1604:
1541:
1411:
1376:
1225:
Government of NWT Department of Transportation - Ice Roads / Ice Bridges / Winter Roads
1112:
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=9cd7da4c-b1fc-4949-b0b2-2e68f378fbb8
466:: This is about determining the transportation requirements for the operating season (
460:
accelerates ice growth at the ice-water interface (along the bottom of the ice cover).
2677:
2467:
2270:
2201:
2151:
1890:
1771:
1609:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1238:
1184:
1167:"Use of reinforced ice as alternative building material in cold regions: an overview"
1147:
752:
Proskin, S., Groznic, E., Hayley, D., Mathison, F., McGregor, R. and Neth, V., 2011,
627:
314:
is representative of the ice cover tensile strength. Although recommended values for
130:
3056:
2324:
2299:
2086:
2002:
1997:
1912:
1715:
1670:
1512:
1318:
1313:
1174:
1137:
126:
1165:
Bosnjak, J.; Coko, N.B.; Jurcevic, M.; Klarin, B.; Nizetic, S. (4 December 2023).
366:(long term) and plays a negligible role in the response of an ice road to loading.
2706:
2561:
2521:
2432:
2422:
2392:
2382:
2367:
2329:
2285:
2111:
2101:
2032:
1648:
1351:
652:
323:
values can be used, but under the close supervision of a professional engineer.
74:
43:
3261:
3251:
3061:
2531:
2493:
2462:
2442:
2427:
2239:
2121:
1663:
1591:
1462:
1457:
1396:
1386:
1278:
1179:
1125:
569:
424:
3317:
3076:
3028:
3013:
2881:
2541:
2498:
2447:
2387:
2352:
2319:
2186:
2136:
2126:
2027:
1957:
1947:
1840:
1810:
1699:
1658:
1576:
1452:
1286:
1188:
1151:
512:
Before first access to the ice, the following factors need to be considered:
490:
Factors that need to be considered in route selection include the following:
408:
285:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\max }=CP/h^{2}{\text{ or }}CP=\sigma _{\max }h^{2}}
3086:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2886:
2856:
2670:
2566:
2556:
2457:
2412:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2314:
2196:
2191:
2116:
2042:
2012:
1904:
1885:
1815:
1653:
1561:
1303:
887:
Fransson, L., 2009, Ice Handbook for Engineers. Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
638:
616:
307:
201:
20:
420:
Clear ice overlain by constructed white ice (hand/foot for scale at right)
200:
is a constant with a unit of pressure. It may be linked with an idealized
3256:
3162:
3046:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2941:
2926:
2911:
2896:
2820:
2784:
2536:
2181:
2171:
2146:
2071:
1982:
1935:
1930:
1880:
1685:
1617:
1586:
663:
602:
592:
441:
102:
68:
3192:
3246:
3126:
3111:
3071:
3066:
2946:
2921:
2871:
2846:
2750:
2526:
2402:
2275:
2211:
2176:
2156:
2037:
2007:
1977:
1917:
1865:
1517:
678:
565:: This can be done using drill holes or using ground-penetrating radar.
3218:
3208:
3187:
3116:
2961:
2936:
2916:
2851:
2841:
2810:
2805:
2770:
2397:
2244:
2131:
2091:
2081:
2076:
1967:
1835:
1830:
1680:
1599:
1556:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1482:
668:
432:
416:
331:
48:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3182:
3141:
3131:
2983:
2931:
2906:
2765:
2760:
2590:
2585:
2417:
2166:
2161:
2022:
1925:
1571:
1546:
1371:
1124:
Goncharova, G. Yu.; Borzov, S. S.; Borschev, G. V. (13 July 2023).
673:
535:
470:
equipment, supplies, fuel), and means to get that material across (
118:
113:
52:
3302:
28:
3238:
3136:
3106:
3051:
3041:
2866:
2800:
2795:
2780:
2775:
2755:
2488:
2472:
2141:
1992:
1502:
1477:
1314:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
1244:
363:
37:
3167:
2790:
2595:
2265:
1675:
1638:
87:
83:
64:
33:
754:
Guidelines for the construction and operation of winter roads.
3121:
3036:
2951:
2876:
2710:
2703:
495:
2956:
2901:
2861:
1275:
1061:
2693:
2106:
1164:
1123:
362:, which is related with the mechanisms responsible for
2662:
844:
836:
834:
832:
830:
213:
155:
335:
Freeboard on an ice road at different time intervals
1051:
941:
827:
284:
177:
1025:
1023:
871:
748:
746:
744:
742:
3315:
995:
993:
969:
967:
965:
955:
953:
899:
897:
895:
893:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
412:A low head pump used for flooding an ice surface
267:
219:
1106:
1104:
853:
1195:
1020:
2678:
1260:
990:
962:
950:
890:
719:
117:The pressures of the water, related with ice
1101:
1042:
881:
862:
403:
16:Path made over frozen water rather than land
1230:Government of NWT Highway Condition Reports
1033:
983:
981:
979:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
2685:
2671:
1267:
1253:
1077:
1075:
1073:
932:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
310:. Hence, with this idealized formulation,
55:. This is the longest ice road in Finland.
1178:
1141:
1002:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
587:
484:Environmental and regulatory requirements
1011:
976:
910:
691:
591:
549:
431:
423:
415:
407:
378:
330:
112:
73:
63:Truck on the former winter road between
58:
42:
27:
1205:
1070:
759:
474:vehicle types, weight, traffic volume).
326:
108:
3316:
787:
558:Maintenance comprises two main tasks:
356:time-dependent irrecoverable component
2666:
2363:Median / Central reservation
1248:
756:Transportation Association of Canada.
3287:
349:time-dependent recoverable component
1143:10.21323/2618-9771-2023-6-2-245-254
1081:
608:
13:
2281:Risk compensation (road transport)
1274:
374:
358:– this is commonly referred to as
14:
3340:
1218:
136:
3297:
3286:
3276:
3275:
2647:Glossary of road transport terms
1082:Gee, Marcus (23 February 2020).
659:Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road
1235:Building Canada's Epic Ice Road
1158:
1117:
578:
455:: The start of the operation,
453:Schedule and operating windows
440:When an ice road is part of a
1:
2629:Pavement performance modeling
2619:International roughness index
684:
2624:Present serviceability index
2418:Sidewalk / Pavement
1963:Diamond grinding of pavement
7:
2596:Underpass / Tunnel
2591:Overpass / Flyover
2345:High-occupancy vehicle lane
2235:Driving under the influence
1309:Freeway / Motorway
646:
10:
3345:
1523:Highway systems by country
1180:10.24425/ather.2023.147547
1171:Archives of Thermodynamics
306:is based on the theory of
18:
3270:
3237:
3201:
3155:
3099:
3082:Short-track speed skating
3027:
2979:
2970:
2829:
2743:
2717:
2700:
2642:
2634:Granular base equivalency
2604:
2575:
2481:
2453:Traffic signal preemption
2298:
2258:
2220:
2062:
2051:
1903:
1861:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1790:
1767:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1707:
1698:
1626:
1531:
1445:
1327:
1294:
1285:
404:Planning and construction
2614:Pavement condition index
2340:High-occupancy toll lane
2335:Contraflow lane reversal
2310:Barrier transfer machine
563:Ice thickness monitoring
524:ground-penetrating radar
178:{\displaystyle P=Ah^{2}}
2692:
1468:Express-collector setup
636:The 2021 thriller film
498:is prone to fracturing.
464:Traffic type and volume
19:For the 2021 film, see
2652:Road types by features
2547:Raised pavement marker
2514:Constant-slope barrier
2438:Traffic directionality
2428:Street running railway
1851:Protected intersection
597:
588:Ice road reinforcement
437:
429:
421:
413:
385:
341:homologous temperature
336:
286:
179:
122:
90:
71:
56:
40:
2509:Concrete step barrier
1846:Offset T-intersection
595:
550:Usage and maintenance
435:
427:
419:
411:
382:
334:
287:
196:is the thickness and
180:
116:
77:
62:
46:
31:
2552:Road surface marking
2250:Single-vehicle crash
1973:Full depth recycling
1871:Seagull intersection
546:the ice road opens.
327:Maximum loading time
211:
153:
109:Ice bearing capacity
3178:Iceman (occupation)
2378:Pedestrian crossing
1941:Reinforced concrete
1777:Three-level diamond
1488:Two-lane expressway
1473:Farm-to-market road
2730:Crystalline phases
2408:Runaway truck ramp
2230:Driver's education
2018:Rubberized asphalt
1953:Crocodile cracking
1876:Split intersection
1644:Hierarchy of roads
1605:Single carriageway
1088:The Globe and Mail
598:
438:
430:
422:
414:
386:
337:
282:
204:of the ice cover:
175:
123:
91:
72:
57:
41:
3311:
3310:
3292:Wikimedia Commons
3095:
3094:
2660:
2659:
2468:Wide outside lane
2294:
2293:
2271:Automotive safety
2152:Road slipperiness
1899:
1898:
1747:Diverging diamond
1694:
1693:
1610:Single-track road
1552:Bicycle boulevard
1239:Popular Mechanics
655:and its ice paths
628:Ice Road Truckers
478:Road right-of-way
251:
131:flexural strength
80:Sainte-Anne River
47:Ice road between
3336:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3278:
2977:
2976:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2504:Cat's eye (road)
2325:Complete streets
2097:Dead Man's Curve
2060:
2059:
1998:Pavement milling
1913:Asphalt concrete
1856:Quadrant roadway
1797:
1719:
1705:
1704:
1671:Street hierarchy
1319:Elevated highway
1292:
1291:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1199:
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985:
974:
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957:
948:
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927:
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907:. Ottawa, 51 pp.
901:
888:
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782:
757:
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609:Media references
291:
289:
288:
283:
281:
280:
271:
270:
252:
249:
247:
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237:
223:
222:
202:elastic response
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
173:
127:bearing capacity
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3266:
3233:
3197:
3151:
3091:
3023:
2972:
2966:
2837:Albedo feedback
2825:
2739:
2725:Amorphous solid
2713:
2696:
2691:
2661:
2656:
2638:
2606:
2600:
2571:
2562:Traffic barrier
2522:F-Shape barrier
2477:
2433:Traffic calming
2393:Reversible lane
2383:Pedestrian zone
2368:Motorcycle lane
2330:Contraflow lane
2302:time allocation
2301:
2290:
2286:Underride guard
2254:
2216:
2102:Expansion joint
2064:
2054:
2047:
2033:Stamped asphalt
1895:
1826:Continuous flow
1799:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1720:
1716:grade-separated
1713:
1712:
1690:
1649:Private highway
1622:
1527:
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1323:
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687:
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611:
590:
581:
552:
406:
377:
375:Dynamic loading
329:
301:
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248:
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218:
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169:
165:
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139:
111:
24:
17:
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11:
5:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3329:Types of roads
3326:
3309:
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3283:
3271:
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3265:
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3262:Snowball Earth
3259:
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3252:Little Ice Age
3249:
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3119:
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3097:
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3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Figure skating
3059:
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3033:
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2849:
2847:Circle or disc
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2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Jersey barrier
2529:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Unused highway
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Traffic island
2440:
2435:
2430:
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2415:
2410:
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2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Drowsy driving
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Level crossing
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
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2015:
2010:
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1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Channelization
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:3-way junction
1802:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1787:
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1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
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1759:
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1721:
1708:
1702:
1700:Road junctions
1696:
1695:
1692:
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1689:
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1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:business route
1661:
1651:
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1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1592:Primitive road
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1463:County highway
1460:
1458:Collector road
1455:
1449:
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1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1432:United Kingdom
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:Czech Republic
1364:
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1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1296:Limited-access
1289:
1283:
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1271:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1219:External links
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1136:(2): 245–254.
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614:The 2008 film
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570:Trafficability
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144:Gold's formula
138:
137:Maximum weight
135:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3341:
3330:
3327:
3325:
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3125:
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3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:Constructions
3098:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Speed skating
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
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3017:
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2812:
2809:
2807:
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2802:
2799:
2797:
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2733:
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2728:
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2720:
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2708:
2705:
2699:
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2681:
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2641:
2635:
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2627:
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2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Noise barrier
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Cable barrier
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
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2449:
2448:Traffic lanes
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Refuge island
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Living street
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Climbing lane
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
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2305:
2303:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
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2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2222:Human factors
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Traffic light
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Oversize load
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Manhole cover
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2034:
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Crushed stone
1956:
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1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
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1932:
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1924:
1921:
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1911:
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1841:Michigan left
1839:
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1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
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1798:
1793:Intersections
1789:
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1745:
1743:
1742:Directional T
1740:
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1735:
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1725:
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1717:
1711:
1706:
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1697:
1687:
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1679:
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1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:special route
1657:
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1577:Frontage road
1575:
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1453:Arterial road
1451:
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1437:United States
1435:
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1288:
1287:Types of road
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192:is the load,
191:
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54:
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39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3146:
3087:Tour skating
2887:Frost flower
2718:Major phases
2567:Traffic cone
2557:Rumble strip
2458:Truck bypass
2413:Shared space
2373:Passing lane
2358:Managed lane
2315:Bicycle lane
2197:Washboarding
2192:Traffic sign
2117:Hairpin turn
1987:
1886:Texas U-turn
1816:Box junction
1710:Interchanges
1654:Route number
1562:Country lane
1304:Bike freeway
1207:
1197:
1170:
1160:
1133:
1130:Food systems
1129:
1119:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1013:
1004:
943:
934:
883:
873:
864:
855:
846:
753:
639:The Ice Road
637:
626:
617:Frozen River
615:
599:
582:
579:Road closure
568:
562:
557:
553:
542:
540:
532:
511:
489:
483:
477:
471:
467:
463:
456:
452:
445:
439:
399:
393:
389:
387:
369:
364:glacier flow
355:
348:
338:
320:
315:
311:
308:thick plates
303:
296:
294:
197:
193:
189:
187:
143:
140:
124:
98:
94:
92:
32:Ice road on
25:
21:The Ice Road
3257:Pleistocene
2971:Ice-related
2882:Frost heave
2816:Stalactites
2605:Performance
2537:Kassel kerb
2494:Botts' dots
2482:Demarcation
2182:Storm drain
2147:Road debris
2072:Aquaplaning
2065:environment
2053:Road safety
1931:Cobblestone
1881:Superstreet
1686:Winter road
1634:Concurrency
1627:Other terms
1618:Sunken lane
1587:Main street
1532:Local roads
664:Winter road
653:Ice fishing
603:winter road
442:winter road
103:winter road
69:Tuktoyaktuk
34:Lake Saimaa
3318:Categories
3303:Wiktionary
3247:Glaciology
3202:Other uses
3072:Ice racing
3067:Ice hockey
3042:Iceboating
2973:activities
2744:Formations
2735:Superionic
2607:indicators
2576:Structures
2527:Guard rail
2403:Road verge
2276:Seat belts
2212:Snowsquall
2177:Speed bump
2157:Road train
1978:Glassphalt
1918:Bioasphalt
1891:Turnaround
1866:Roundabout
1796:(at-grade)
1762:Roundabout
1727:Cloverleaf
1582:Green lane
1518:Trunk road
1446:Main roads
1329:By country
685:References
679:Ice racing
572:monitoring
502:thickness.
99:ice bridge
78:Ice road,
3324:Ice roads
3014:Sculpture
2830:Phenomena
2398:Road diet
2300:Space and
2245:Road rage
2132:Oil spill
2092:Crosswind
2082:Black ice
2077:Avalanche
2003:Permeable
1836:Jughandle
1831:Hook turn
1737:Free-flow
1681:Toll road
1600:Side road
1557:Boulevard
1513:Super two
1508:Ring road
1483:Link road
1382:Hong Kong
1337:Australia
1279:hierarchy
1189:1231-0956
1152:2618-7272
669:Snow road
264:σ
216:σ
49:Oulunsalo
3281:Category
3239:Ice ages
3193:Yakhchāl
3173:Icehouse
2999:Climbing
2994:Blocking
2989:Blasting
2907:Hair ice
2857:Crystals
2586:Causeway
2423:Shoulder
2259:Vehicles
2207:Whiteout
2167:Rockfall
2162:Roadkill
2087:Bleeding
2063:Road and
2023:Sealcoat
1948:Corduroy
1936:Concrete
1926:Chipseal
1905:Surfaces
1757:Raindrop
1572:Driveway
1567:Dead end
1547:Backroad
1498:2+2 road
1493:2+1 road
1417:Portugal
1407:Pakistan
1241:article.
1202:Toronto.
1093:11 April
1030:Toronto.
878:105–112.
674:Ice pier
647:See also
536:snowplow
390:critical
384:imagery.
119:buoyancy
95:ice road
53:Hailuoto
3163:Cutting
3137:Pykrete
3057:Cycling
3052:Curling
3047:Cricket
3019:Skating
3009:Rafting
3004:Fishing
2984:Bathing
2927:Nucleus
2912:Jacking
2891:sea ice
2889: (
2821:Volcano
2785:calving
2783: (
2781:Iceberg
2776:Glacier
2489:Bollard
2473:Woonerf
2202:Washout
2142:Pothole
2055:factors
2043:Texture
2013:Plastic
1993:Macadam
1782:Trumpet
1732:Diamond
1503:Parkway
1478:Highway
1392:Ireland
1372:Germany
1362:Croatia
1342:Belgium
1114:(2021).
1058:Canada.
841:Canada.
38:Finland
3296:
3285:
3274:
3168:Icebox
3127:Palace
3112:Bridge
3029:Sports
2947:Slurry
2922:Needle
2872:Frazil
2791:Icicle
2751:Anchor
2582:Bridge
2266:Airbag
2038:Tarmac
1983:Gravel
1811:Bowtie
1752:Parclo
1676:Stroad
1639:Detour
1614:Street
1542:Avenue
1427:Taiwan
1412:Poland
1377:Greece
1352:Canada
1347:Brazil
1187:
1150:
543:per se
496:shoals
295:where
188:where
88:Canada
84:Quebec
65:Inuvik
3219:Cream
3209:Chips
3188:Trade
3122:Igloo
3117:Hotel
3037:Bandy
2962:Storm
2952:Slush
2942:Shuga
2937:Shove
2897:Glaze
2877:Frost
2852:Clear
2842:Black
2811:Spike
2806:Sheet
2771:Field
2711:water
2707:state
2704:solid
2008:Plank
1922:Brick
1772:Stack
1538:Alley
1422:Spain
1402:Nepal
1397:Italy
1387:India
1357:China
394:waves
360:creep
3229:Pack
3224:Cube
3214:Core
3183:Pick
3156:Work
3147:Road
3142:Rink
3132:Pier
2957:Snow
2932:Rime
2917:Névé
2902:Hail
2862:Firn
2766:Dune
2761:Cave
2702:The
2518:Curb
2349:Lane
2112:Ford
2028:Sett
1968:Dirt
1596:Road
1276:Road
1185:ISSN
1148:ISSN
1095:2022
472:e.g.
468:e.g.
457:i.e.
446:i.e.
67:and
51:and
3107:Bar
2867:Fog
2801:Sea
2796:Jam
2756:Cap
2709:of
2694:Ice
2172:Rut
2107:Fog
1988:Ice
1175:doi
1138:doi
300:max
268:max
220:max
97:or
93:An
36:in
3320::
1237:,
1183:.
1173:.
1169:.
1146:.
1132:.
1128:.
1103:^
1086:.
1072:^
1022:^
992:^
978:^
964:^
952:^
912:^
892:^
829:^
789:^
761:^
721:^
693:^
538:.
354:A
347:A
146::
86:,
82:,
2893:)
2787:)
2686:e
2679:t
2672:v
1718:)
1714:(
1268:e
1261:t
1254:v
1191:.
1177::
1154:.
1140::
1134:6
1097:.
631:.
321:A
316:A
312:A
304:C
297:σ
278:2
274:h
260:=
257:P
254:C
244:2
240:h
235:/
231:P
228:C
225:=
198:A
194:h
190:P
171:2
167:h
163:A
160:=
157:P
23:.
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