80:
foundation soil are major design criterion for civil engineering structures. In nontechnical engineering, bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil. Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure; allowable bearing capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety. Sometimes, on soft soil sites, large settlements may occur under loaded foundations without actual shear failure occurring; in such cases, the allowable bearing capacity is based on the maximum allowable settlement.
2252:
2105:
89:
properties. The basic method was developed by
Terzaghi, with modifications and additional factors by Meyerhof and Vesić. . The general shear failure case is the one normally analyzed. Prevention against other failure modes is accounted for implicitly in settlement calculations. Stress distribution in elastic soils under foundations was found in a closed form by Ludwig Föppl (1941) and Gerhard Schubert (1942). There are many different methods for computing when this failure will occur.
2151:
2064:
2052:
2163:
2214:
2139:
2040:
2187:
2240:
2228:
2264:
2175:
2288:
2204:
2127:
2028:
2276:
2076:
66:
is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety. Sometimes, on soft soil sites, large settlements may occur under loaded foundations without actual shear failure occurring; in such cases, the allowable bearing capacity is based on the maximum allowable settlement. The allowable bearing
79:
A foundation is the part of a structure which transmits the weight of the structure to the ground. All structures constructed on land are supported on foundations. A foundation is a connecting link between the structure proper and the ground which supports it. The bearing strength characteristics of
88:
A general bearing failure occurs when the load on the footing causes large movement of the soil on a shear failure surface which extends away from the footing and up to the soil surface. Calculation of the capacity of the footing in general bearing is based on the size of the footing and the soil
100:
was the first to present a comprehensive theory for the evaluation of the ultimate bearing capacity of rough shallow foundations. This theory states that a foundation is shallow if its depth is less than or equal to its width. Later investigations, however, have suggested that foundations with a
1650:
In 1951, Meyerhof published a bearing capacity theory which could be applied to rough shallow and deep foundations. Meyerhof (1951, 1963) proposed a bearing-capacity equation similar to that of
Terzaghi's but included a shape factor s-q with the depth term Nq. He also included depth factors and
615:
1274:
833:
1405:
1136:
70:
There are three modes of failure that limit bearing capacity: general shear failure, local shear failure, and punching shear failure. It depends upon the shear strength of soil as well as shape, size, depth and type of foundation.
1002:
466:
225:
344:
104:
Terzaghi developed a method for determining bearing capacity for the general shear failure case in 1943. The equations, which take into account soil cohesion, soil friction, embedment, surcharge, and self-weight, are given below.
67:
pressure is the maximum pressure that can be applied to the soil without causing failure. The ultimate bearing capacity, on the other hand, is the maximum pressure that can be applied to the soil before it fails.
1641:
722:
1475:
1729:
477:
1537:
729:
1007:
For foundations that exhibit the local shear failure mode in soils, Terzaghi suggested the following modifications to the previous equations. The equations are given below.
1568:
652:
2055:
2166:
1147:
2142:
900:
1285:
1016:
2190:
1976:
2243:
355:
114:
236:
3112:
2130:
2941:
2986:
1969:
1573:
659:
1877:
2396:
1994:
1962:
1744:
610:{\displaystyle N_{q}={\frac {e^{2\pi \left(0.75-\phi '/360\right)\tan \phi '}}{2\cos ^{2}\left(45+\phi '/2\right)}}}
1670:
17:
101:
depth, measured from the ground surface, equal to 3 to 4 times their width may be defined as shallow foundations.
1934:
1794:
1477:, the modified bearing capacity factors, can be calculated by using the bearing capacity factors equations(for
2644:
2525:
2067:
1412:
1480:
828:{\displaystyle N_{\gamma }={\frac {\tan \phi '}{2}}\left({\frac {K_{p\gamma }}{\cos ^{2}\phi '}}-1\right)}
2957:
1824:
ZAMM - Journal of
Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
2557:
2002:
862:′ is the effective unit weight when saturated or the total unit weight when not fully saturated.
2860:
2255:
51:
2936:
2926:
2798:
2788:
2618:
2356:
2154:
1985:
31:
621:
3107:
2776:
2751:
2691:
2371:
2312:
3039:
2850:
2664:
2500:
2475:
2326:
2305:
2197:
1542:
2726:
2535:
2043:
1269:{\displaystyle q_{ult}={\frac {2}{3}}c'N'_{c}+\sigma '_{zD}N'_{q}+0.5\gamma 'BN'_{\gamma }\ }
55:
3079:
2931:
2888:
2781:
2706:
2089:
1831:
1659:
Calculating the gross allowable-load bearing capacity of shallow foundations requires the
8:
2855:
2845:
2401:
2386:
2346:
2319:
2094:
2084:
1901:
997:{\displaystyle N_{\gamma }={\frac {2\left(N_{q}+1\right)\tan \phi '}{1+0.4\sin 4\phi '}}}
1835:
2806:
2515:
2298:
2217:
841:
2903:
2649:
2540:
2510:
2361:
1940:
1930:
1883:
1873:
1800:
1790:
876:
97:
1400:{\displaystyle q_{ult}=0.867c'N'_{c}+\sigma '_{zD}N'_{q}+0.3\gamma 'BN'_{\gamma }\ }
1131:{\displaystyle q_{ult}=0.867c'N'_{c}+\sigma '_{zD}N'_{q}+0.4\gamma 'BN'_{\gamma }\ }
2840:
2731:
2696:
2671:
2530:
2351:
1839:
854:
46:
applied to the ground. The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum average contact
2178:
888:
is obtained graphically. Simplifications have been made to eliminate the need for
3069:
2893:
2811:
2746:
2741:
2639:
2505:
2376:
2231:
43:
3016:
2908:
2825:
2629:
2391:
2381:
2267:
1764:
1739:
461:{\displaystyle q_{ult}=1.3c'N_{c}+\sigma '_{zD}N_{q}+0.3\gamma 'BN_{\gamma }\ }
220:{\displaystyle q_{ult}=1.3c'N_{c}+\sigma '_{zD}N_{q}+0.4\gamma 'BN_{\gamma }\ }
2946:
3101:
3044:
2883:
2761:
2756:
2711:
2480:
1662:
application of a factor of safety (FS) to the gross ultimate bearing capacity
895:. One such was done by Coduto, given below, and it is accurate to within 10%.
2251:
2104:
1944:
1887:
1804:
339:{\displaystyle q_{ult}=c'N_{c}+\sigma '_{zD}N_{q}+0.5\gamma 'BN_{\gamma }\ }
62:
is the theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure;
3064:
3059:
3049:
3029:
2716:
2659:
2490:
2207:
2150:
2063:
1954:
1844:
1819:
2116:
2051:
1820:"Ludwig Föppl and Gerhard Schubert: Unknown classics of contact mechanics"
3074:
2771:
2654:
2593:
2162:
2213:
2138:
2039:
2898:
2878:
2766:
2578:
2573:
2495:
2485:
2366:
2111:
2031:
3054:
3034:
2920:
2736:
2721:
2337:
2279:
2079:
1539:, respectively) by replacing the effective internal angle of friction
3084:
2971:
2701:
2676:
2603:
2520:
2186:
47:
2239:
2227:
3024:
2996:
2681:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2291:
2263:
2174:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2913:
2686:
2634:
2444:
2287:
2203:
2126:
2027:
2459:
2275:
2075:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2414:
39:
1927:
Shallow foundations : bearing capacity and settlement
1789:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
1673:
1645:
1576:
1545:
1483:
1415:
1288:
1150:
1019:
903:
732:
662:
624:
480:
358:
239:
117:
92:
1636:{\displaystyle :tan^{-1}\,({\frac {2}{3}}tan\phi ')}
717:{\displaystyle N_{c}={\frac {N_{q}-1}{\tan \phi '}}}
1872:(6th ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Thomson.
1723:
1635:
1562:
1531:
1469:
1399:
1268:
1130:
996:
827:
716:
646:
609:
460:
338:
219:
1787:Foundation design : principles and practices
1784:
3099:
869:is the width or the diameter of the foundation.
1970:
1724:{\displaystyle q_{all}={\frac {q_{ult}}{FS}}}
1984:
1817:
1977:
1963:
1818:Popova, Elena; Popov, Valentin L. (2020).
83:
1843:
1599:
14:
3113:Foundations (buildings and structures)
3100:
1470:{\displaystyle N'_{c},N'_{q}andN'_{y}}
54:and the soil which should not produce
1958:
1870:Principles of foundation engineering
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1780:
1778:
1532:{\displaystyle N_{c},N_{q},andN_{y}}
857:at the depth the foundation is laid.
1924:
1867:
1654:
24:
1646:Meyerhof's Bearing Capacity theory
875:′ is the effective internal
93:Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
25:
3124:
1995:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1852:
1775:
27:Capacity of soil to support loads
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2212:
2202:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2103:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
74:
1918:
1902:"Civils.ai | Bearing Capacity"
1894:
1811:
1757:
1630:
1600:
1557:
1546:
13:
1:
2645:Mechanically stabilized earth
1929:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
1750:
2397:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1141:For continuous foundations:
647:{\displaystyle N_{c}=5.14\ }
230:For continuous foundations:
7:
2958:Stress distribution in soil
1733:
10:
3129:
2108:Pore pressure measurement
1785:Coduto, Donald P. (2001).
1279:For circular foundations:
349:For circular foundations:
64:allowable bearing capacity
3015:
2970:
2869:
2861:Preconsolidation pressure
2833:
2824:
2797:
2617:
2566:
2553:
2468:
2422:
2413:
2336:
2256:Standard penetration test
2014:
2001:
1992:
840:′ is the effective
60:Ultimate bearing capacity
2357:California bearing ratio
2155:Rotary-pressure sounding
1986:Geotechnical engineering
1745:Bearing capacity of Soil
1563:{\displaystyle (\phi ')}
1010:For square foundations:
853:′ is the vertical
108:For square foundations:
32:geotechnical engineering
2777:Geosynthetic clay liner
2752:Expanded clay aggregate
2372:Proctor compaction test
2313:Crosshole sonic logging
2299:Nuclear densometer test
2056:Geo-electrical sounding
1651:inclination factors.
84:General bearing failure
3040:Earthquake engineering
2851:Lateral earth pressure
2476:Hydraulic conductivity
2327:Wave equation analysis
2306:Exploration geophysics
2198:Deformation monitoring
2167:Rotary weight sounding
1845:10.1002/zamm.202000203
1725:
1637:
1564:
1533:
1471:
1401:
1270:
1132:
998:
829:
718:
648:
611:
462:
340:
221:
2218:Settlement recordings
2143:Rock control drilling
2044:Cone penetration test
1925:Das, Braja M (1999).
1868:Das, Braja M (2007).
1726:
1638:
1565:
1534:
1472:
1402:
1271:
1133:
999:
830:
719:
649:
612:
463:
341:
222:
58:failure in the soil.
3080:Agricultural science
2782:Cellular confinement
1671:
1574:
1570:by a value equal to
1543:
1481:
1413:
1286:
1148:
1017:
901:
730:
660:
622:
478:
356:
237:
115:
2972:Numerical analysis
2856:Overburden pressure
2846:Pore water pressure
2626:Shoring structures
2501:Reynolds' dilatancy
2402:Water content tests
2387:Triaxial shear test
2347:Soil classification
2320:Pile integrity test
1836:2020ZaMM..100E0203P
1466:
1444:
1428:
1393:
1363:
1350:
1331:
1262:
1232:
1219:
1200:
1124:
1094:
1081:
1062:
417:
295:
176:
38:is the capacity of
2947:Slab stabilisation
2927:Stability analysis
1765:"BHM Geotechnical"
1721:
1633:
1560:
1529:
1467:
1454:
1432:
1416:
1397:
1381:
1351:
1335:
1319:
1266:
1250:
1220:
1204:
1188:
1128:
1112:
1082:
1066:
1050:
994:
825:
714:
644:
607:
458:
402:
336:
280:
217:
161:
3095:
3094:
2966:
2965:
2942:Sliding criterion
2904:Response spectrum
2820:
2819:
2650:Pressure grouting
2549:
2548:
2409:
2408:
2362:Direct shear test
2068:Permeability test
1830:(9): e202000203.
1769:www.bhmgeo.com.au
1719:
1611:
1396:
1265:
1178:
1127:
992:
877:angle of friction
812:
767:
712:
643:
605:
457:
335:
216:
98:Karl von Terzaghi
16:(Redirected from
3120:
2954:Bearing capacity
2841:Effective stress
2831:
2830:
2732:Land reclamation
2672:Land development
2567:Natural features
2564:
2563:
2531:Specific storage
2420:
2419:
2352:Atterberg limits
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2216:
2206:
2191:Screw plate test
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2107:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2012:
2011:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1865:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1655:Factor of safety
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1440:
1424:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1377:
1359:
1346:
1327:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1228:
1215:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1090:
1077:
1058:
1049:
1035:
1034:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
991:
990:
963:
962:
948:
944:
937:
936:
918:
913:
912:
855:effective stress
834:
832:
831:
826:
824:
820:
813:
811:
810:
799:
798:
788:
787:
775:
768:
763:
762:
747:
742:
741:
723:
721:
720:
715:
713:
711:
710:
695:
688:
687:
677:
672:
671:
653:
651:
650:
645:
641:
634:
633:
616:
614:
613:
608:
606:
604:
603:
599:
595:
590:
568:
567:
554:
553:
552:
538:
534:
530:
525:
495:
490:
489:
467:
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
453:
441:
427:
426:
413:
398:
397:
388:
374:
373:
345:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
331:
319:
305:
304:
291:
276:
275:
266:
255:
254:
226:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
212:
200:
186:
185:
172:
157:
156:
147:
133:
132:
36:bearing capacity
21:
18:Bearing Capacity
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3070:Earth materials
3011:
2973:
2962:
2871:
2865:
2816:
2793:
2747:Earth structure
2742:Erosion control
2640:Ground freezing
2630:Retaining walls
2613:
2555:
2545:
2506:Angle of repose
2464:
2405:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2292:Visible bedrock
2244:Simple sounding
2232:Shear vane test
2008:instrumentation
2007:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1880:
1866:
1853:
1816:
1812:
1797:
1783:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1736:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1648:
1622:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1385:
1370:
1355:
1339:
1323:
1311:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1208:
1192:
1180:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1116:
1101:
1086:
1070:
1054:
1042:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
983:
964:
955:
932:
928:
927:
923:
919:
917:
908:
904:
902:
899:
898:
893:
886:
851:
803:
794:
790:
789:
780:
776:
774:
773:
769:
755:
748:
746:
737:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:for φ' > 0
703:
696:
683:
679:
678:
676:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
629:
625:
623:
620:
619:
591:
583:
576:
572:
563:
559:
555:
545:
526:
518:
511:
507:
500:
496:
494:
485:
481:
479:
476:
475:
449:
445:
434:
422:
418:
406:
393:
389:
381:
363:
359:
357:
354:
353:
327:
323:
312:
300:
296:
284:
271:
267:
259:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
208:
204:
193:
181:
177:
165:
152:
148:
140:
122:
118:
116:
113:
112:
95:
86:
77:
42:to support the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:Soil mechanics
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3017:Related fields
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Classification
2934:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:Seismic hazard
2906:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2536:Shear strength
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Friction angle
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Oedometer test
2389:
2384:
2382:Sieve analysis
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2268:Total sounding
2259:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1917:
1893:
1879:978-0495082460
1878:
1851:
1810:
1795:
1774:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1740:Soil mechanics
1735:
1732:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1005:
1004:
989:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
961:
958:
954:
951:
947:
943:
940:
935:
931:
926:
922:
916:
911:
907:
896:
891:
884:
880:
870:
864:
858:
849:
845:
835:
823:
819:
816:
809:
806:
802:
797:
793:
786:
783:
779:
772:
766:
761:
758:
754:
751:
745:
740:
736:
725:
709:
706:
702:
699:
694:
691:
686:
682:
675:
670:
666:
655:
640:
637:
632:
628:
617:
602:
598:
594:
589:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
493:
488:
484:
469:
468:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
425:
421:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
387:
384:
380:
377:
372:
369:
366:
362:
347:
346:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
303:
299:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
265:
262:
258:
253:
250:
247:
243:
228:
227:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
184:
180:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
146:
143:
139:
136:
131:
128:
125:
121:
94:
91:
85:
82:
76:
73:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3125:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Geomorphology
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Consolidation
2887:
2885:
2884:Frost heaving
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:Geosynthetics
2760:
2758:
2757:Crushed stone
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Cut-and-cover
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Water content
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:Sample series
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:Investigation
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1907:
1906:www.civils.ai
1903:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1643:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1553:
1550:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
987:
984:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
938:
933:
929:
924:
920:
914:
909:
905:
897:
894:
887:
881:
878:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
859:
856:
852:
846:
843:
839:
836:
821:
817:
814:
807:
804:
800:
795:
791:
784:
781:
777:
770:
764:
759:
756:
752:
749:
743:
738:
734:
726:
707:
704:
700:
697:
692:
689:
684:
680:
673:
668:
664:
656:
638:
635:
630:
626:
618:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
556:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
491:
486:
482:
474:
473:
472:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
423:
419:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
375:
370:
367:
364:
360:
352:
351:
350:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
301:
297:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
263:
260:
256:
251:
248:
245:
241:
233:
232:
231:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
123:
119:
111:
110:
109:
106:
102:
99:
90:
81:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3065:Biogeography
3060:Hydrogeology
3050:Soil science
3030:Geochemistry
2953:
2789:Infiltration
2717:Cut and fill
2660:Soil nailing
2526:Permeability
2491:Bulk density
2208:Inclinometer
2131:Ram sounding
2016:
1926:
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1869:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1409:
1278:
1140:
1009:
1006:
889:
882:
872:
866:
861:
847:
837:
654:for φ' = 0
470:
348:
229:
107:
103:
96:
87:
78:
75:Introduction
69:
63:
59:
50:between the
35:
29:
3075:Archaeology
2799:Foundations
2772:Geomembrane
2655:Slurry wall
2594:Water table
2558:Interaction
2554:Structures
2541:Sensitivity
2338:Laboratory
3102:Categories
2932:Mitigation
2914:Shear wave
2899:Earthquake
2894:Compaction
2879:Permafrost
2870:Phenomena/
2767:Geotextile
2692:Embankment
2682:Excavation
2619:Earthworks
2579:Vegetation
2574:Topography
2496:Thixotropy
2486:Void ratio
2469:Properties
2367:Hydrometer
2112:Piezometer
2032:Core drill
1936:0849311357
1911:2022-02-04
1796:0135897068
1751:References
52:foundation
3055:Hydrology
3035:Petrology
2923:analysis
2921:Landslide
2826:Mechanics
2737:Track bed
2722:Fill dirt
2707:Terracing
2280:Trial pit
2095:Statnamic
2080:Load test
1624:ϕ
1592:−
1551:ϕ
1387:γ
1372:γ
1337:σ
1256:γ
1241:γ
1206:σ
1118:γ
1103:γ
1068:σ
985:ϕ
978:
957:ϕ
953:
910:γ
815:−
805:ϕ
801:
785:γ
757:ϕ
753:
739:γ
705:ϕ
701:
690:−
585:ϕ
570:
547:ϕ
543:
520:ϕ
516:−
505:π
451:γ
436:γ
404:σ
329:γ
314:γ
282:σ
210:γ
195:γ
163:σ
3085:Agrology
2974:software
2872:problems
2702:Causeway
2677:Landfill
2604:Subgrade
2521:Porosity
2516:Cohesion
1945:41137730
1888:71226518
1805:43864336
1734:See also
1627:′
1554:′
1464:′
1442:′
1426:′
1391:′
1375:′
1361:′
1348:′
1329:′
1316:′
1260:′
1244:′
1230:′
1217:′
1198:′
1185:′
1122:′
1106:′
1092:′
1079:′
1060:′
1047:′
988:′
960:′
842:cohesion
808:′
760:′
708:′
588:′
550:′
523:′
439:′
415:′
386:′
317:′
293:′
264:′
198:′
174:′
145:′
48:pressure
3025:Geology
2997:SVSlope
2807:Shallow
2727:Grading
2665:Tieback
2609:Subsoil
2599:Bedrock
2589:Topsoil
2584:Terrain
2377:R-value
2340:testing
2090:Dynamic
2017:in situ
2015:Field (
1832:Bibcode
3007:Plaxis
3002:UTEXAS
2992:SVFlux
2982:SEEP2D
2834:Forces
2687:Trench
2635:Gabion
2445:Gravel
2085:Static
1943:
1933:
1886:
1876:
1803:
1793:
1665:, or;
1395:
1264:
1126:
642:
471:where
456:
334:
215:
2987:STABL
2460:Loess
2423:Types
1309:0.867
1040:0.867
56:shear
44:loads
2812:Deep
2455:Loam
2450:Peat
2440:Sand
2435:Silt
2430:Clay
2415:Soil
2117:Well
1941:OCLC
1931:ISBN
1884:OCLC
1874:ISBN
1801:OCLC
1791:ISBN
639:5.14
513:0.75
40:soil
2697:Cut
2006:and
1840:doi
1828:100
1368:0.3
1237:0.5
1099:0.4
975:sin
972:0.4
950:tan
792:cos
750:tan
698:tan
561:cos
540:tan
532:360
432:0.3
379:1.3
310:0.5
191:0.4
138:1.3
30:In
3104::
2956:*
1939:.
1904:.
1882:.
1854:^
1838:.
1826:.
1822:.
1799:.
1777:^
1767:.
892:pγ
885:pγ
850:zD
578:45
34:,
2560:)
2556:(
2019:)
1978:e
1971:t
1964:v
1947:.
1914:.
1890:.
1848:.
1842::
1834::
1807:.
1771:.
1716:S
1713:F
1707:t
1704:l
1701:u
1697:q
1691:=
1686:l
1683:l
1680:a
1676:q
1631:)
1620:n
1617:a
1614:t
1609:3
1606:2
1601:(
1595:1
1588:n
1584:a
1581:t
1578::
1558:)
1547:(
1525:y
1521:N
1517:d
1514:n
1511:a
1508:,
1503:q
1499:N
1495:,
1490:c
1486:N
1460:y
1456:N
1452:d
1449:n
1446:a
1438:q
1434:N
1430:,
1422:c
1418:N
1383:N
1379:B
1365:+
1357:q
1353:N
1344:D
1341:z
1333:+
1325:c
1321:N
1313:c
1306:=
1301:t
1298:l
1295:u
1291:q
1252:N
1248:B
1234:+
1226:q
1222:N
1213:D
1210:z
1202:+
1194:c
1190:N
1182:c
1176:3
1173:2
1168:=
1163:t
1160:l
1157:u
1153:q
1114:N
1110:B
1096:+
1088:q
1084:N
1075:D
1072:z
1064:+
1056:c
1052:N
1044:c
1037:=
1032:t
1029:l
1026:u
1022:q
981:4
969:+
966:1
946:)
942:1
939:+
934:q
930:N
925:(
921:2
915:=
906:N
890:K
883:K
879:.
873:φ
867:B
860:γ
848:σ
844:.
838:c
822:)
818:1
796:2
782:p
778:K
771:(
765:2
744:=
735:N
693:1
685:q
681:N
674:=
669:c
665:N
636:=
631:c
627:N
601:)
597:2
593:/
581:+
574:(
565:2
557:2
536:)
528:/
509:(
502:2
498:e
492:=
487:q
483:N
447:N
443:B
429:+
424:q
420:N
411:D
408:z
400:+
395:c
391:N
383:c
376:=
371:t
368:l
365:u
361:q
325:N
321:B
307:+
302:q
298:N
289:D
286:z
278:+
273:c
269:N
261:c
257:=
252:t
249:l
246:u
242:q
206:N
202:B
188:+
183:q
179:N
170:D
167:z
159:+
154:c
150:N
142:c
135:=
130:t
127:l
124:u
120:q
20:)
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