38:
27:
266:
Rawlings, M., Bianchi, R. and
Douglas, R.A., 2009. Winter roads and ice bridges: Anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada,
256:
McGregor, R.V., Hassan, M. and Hayley, D., 2008. Climate change impacts and adaptation: Case studies of roads in
Northern Canada, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada,
168:
Spencer, P.A., Strandberg, A.G. and
Maddock, W.A., 2008. Ice and toundra road design for module transport, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions (ICETECH),
243:
Kuryk, D. and
Domaratzki, M., 1999. Construction and maintenance of winter roads in Manitoba, Proceedings of the 10th Workshop of the Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), Winnipeg, pp.
102:
Winter roads facilitate transportation during the winter to, from and within isolated areas in the North where there are no permanent (also called 'all-weather' or 'all-season') roads. They enable supplies
87:
of winter roads are often referred to as ice crossings, ice bridges or, simply, ice roads. The weight of the vehicle is supported by the buoyancy of the floating ice and by its resistance to
460:
56:
is a seasonal road only usable during the winter, i.e. it has to be re-built every year. This road typically runs over land and over frozen lakes, rivers, swamps, and
178:
Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974. Ice bridges in the James
Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11: 599-619.
306:
107:
food, fuel, construction material) to be brought into communities in these areas. The only other alternative, providing there is a small
439:
561:
669:
614:
334:
181:
499:
155:
Proskin et al, 2011. Guidelines for the
Construction and Operation of Winter Roads, Transportation Association of Canada.
196:"The Canadian winter road infrastructure in a warming climate: Toward resiliency assessment and resource prioritization"
119:
is observed to affect winter roads, notably by contributing to a significant reduction in their operational lifespan.
1905:
1879:
159:- NorthWest Territories Transportation, 2015. Guidelines for safe ice construction, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, 44 p.
96:
157:- IHSA, 2014. Best practices for building and working safely on ice covers in Ontario, Mississauga, Ontario, 43 p.
1009:
974:
1884:
999:
984:
599:
354:
375:
Michel, B.; Drouin, M.; Lefebvre, L.M.; Rosenberg, P.; Murray, R. (1974). "Ice bridges in the James
Project".
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Winter roads and ice bridges: anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them
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755:
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541:
195:
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91:. Where a winter road is built mostly on floating ice, the occasional land crossings are called "
1779:
1746:
1083:
1053:
994:
959:
634:
369:#167 Ice and Tundra Road Design for Module Transport, P. Spencer, A. Strandberg and W. Maddock
1741:
1462:
1078:
969:
569:
60:. Segments of a winter road that cross an expanse of floating ice are also referred to as an
1784:
1482:
1205:
1103:
989:
589:
115:. However, this can be prohibitively costly, especially for bulk material. In some areas,
79:. These surfaces may either be bare or are overlain, as is most commonly the case, with a
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342:. Department of Transportation of the Government of the Northwest Territories. 2015
207:
46:
31:
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211:
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A Review of
Guidelines on Ice Roads in Canada: Determination of Bearing Capacity
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1472:
1354:
896:
824:
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Climate Change
Impacts and Adaptation: Case Studies of Roads in Northern Canada
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Overview of ice roads in Canada: Design, usage and climate change adaptation
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The foundations underlying over-land segments is most often native soil or
42:
355:"ICETECH 2008 July 20-23, 2008 Banff, Canada Program and Conference Guide"
1769:
1414:
1404:
1379:
1304:
1215:
1168:
1163:
1113:
850:
819:
420:
Proceedings of the 10th
Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers
184:, OCRE-TR-2015-011. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 51 pp.
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1635:
1508:
1444:
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Best Practices for Building and Working Safely on Ice Covers in Ontario
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465:. Integrated Committee on Climate Change (Climate Change Task Force)
397:
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26:
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710:
547:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
477:
108:
92:
88:
76:
57:
30:
Example of an over-land segment along a winter road, in northern
1828:
1498:
908:
871:
447:. Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada
426:. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment: 265–275
72:
374:
322:. Infrastructure Health & Safety Association (IHSA). 2014
285:
Guidelines for the Construction and Operation of Winter Roads
508:
459:
Rawlings, Martin; Bianchi, Ron; Douglas, Ronald A. (2009).
194:
Barrette, Paul D.; Hori, Yukari; Kim, Amy M. (2022-07-14).
416:"Construction and Maintenance of Winter Roads in Manitoba"
1339:
41:
Example of an over-ice segment, here crossing the frozen
458:
239:
237:
437:
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151:
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438:Mcgregor, R.; Hassan, M.; Hayley, D. (2008).
19:For the 2015 novel by Leonid Yuzefovich, see
402:. Transportation Association of Canada (TAC)
305:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
162:
146:
260:
247:
500:
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395:
200:Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure
36:
25:
281:
1898:
288:. Transportation Association of Canada
75:frozen to a given depth, and locally,
1596:Median / Central reservation
481:
360:. ICETECH 2016 Conference. p. 7
336:GUIDELINES FOR SAFE ICE CONSTRUCTION
13:
1514:Risk compensation (road transport)
507:
414:Kuryk, D.; Domaratzki, M. (1999).
14:
1917:
1880:Glossary of road transport terms
97:Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road
187:
172:
1:
1862:Pavement performance modeling
1852:International roughness index
377:Canadian Geotechnical Journal
212:10.1080/23789689.2022.2094124
139:
1857:Present serviceability index
1651:Sidewalk / Pavement
1196:Diamond grinding of pavement
111:nearby, would be to rely on
7:
1829:Underpass / Tunnel
1824:Overpass / Flyover
1578:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1468:Driving under the influence
542:Freeway / Motorway
122:
10:
1922:
756:Highway systems by country
282:Proskin, et al, . (2011).
274:
18:
1875:
1867:Granular base equivalency
1837:
1808:
1714:
1686:Traffic signal preemption
1531:
1491:
1453:
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1284:
1136:
1094:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1023:
1000:Single-point urban (SPUI)
940:
931:
859:
764:
678:
560:
527:
518:
1847:Pavement condition index
1573:High-occupancy toll lane
1568:Contraflow lane reversal
1543:Barrier transfer machine
180:- Barrette, P.D., 2015,
16:Temporary road in winter
1906:Roads in Canada by type
701:Express-collector setup
1885:Road types by features
1780:Raised pavement marker
1747:Constant-slope barrier
1671:Traffic directionality
1661:Street running railway
1084:Protected intersection
49:
34:
1742:Concrete step barrier
1079:Offset T-intersection
396:Barrette, PD (2015).
40:
29:
1785:Road surface marking
1483:Single-vehicle crash
1206:Full depth recycling
1104:Seagull intersection
1611:Pedestrian crossing
1174:Reinforced concrete
1010:Three-level diamond
721:Two-lane expressway
706:Farm-to-market road
1641:Runaway truck ramp
1463:Driver's education
1251:Rubberized asphalt
1186:Crocodile cracking
1109:Split intersection
877:Hierarchy of roads
838:Single carriageway
113:air transportation
50:
35:
1893:
1892:
1701:Wide outside lane
1527:
1526:
1504:Automotive safety
1385:Road slipperiness
1132:
1131:
980:Diverging diamond
927:
926:
843:Single-track road
785:Bicycle boulevard
85:Over-ice segments
1913:
1737:Cat's eye (road)
1558:Complete streets
1330:Dead Man's Curve
1293:
1292:
1231:Pavement milling
1146:Asphalt concrete
1089:Quadrant roadway
1030:
952:
938:
937:
904:Street hierarchy
552:Elevated highway
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99:is an example.
47:Northern Ontario
32:British Columbia
1921:
1920:
1916:
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1912:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1804:
1795:Traffic barrier
1755:F-Shape barrier
1710:
1666:Traffic calming
1626:Reversible lane
1616:Pedestrian zone
1601:Motorcycle lane
1563:Contraflow lane
1535:time allocation
1534:
1523:
1519:Underride guard
1487:
1449:
1335:Expansion joint
1297:
1287:
1280:
1266:Stamped asphalt
1128:
1059:Continuous flow
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
953:
949:grade-separated
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923:
882:Private highway
855:
760:
674:
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389:10.1139/t74-060
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21:The Winter Road
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1765:Jersey barrier
1762:
1757:
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1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
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1712:
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1703:
1698:
1696:Unused highway
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Traffic island
1673:
1668:
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1473:Drowsy driving
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1407:
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1355:Level crossing
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1081:
1076:
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1054:Channelization
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1039:3-way junction
1035:
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933:Road junctions
929:
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897:business route
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869:
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848:
845:
840:
835:
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827:
825:Primitive road
822:
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802:
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787:
782:
777:
772:
768:
766:
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748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:County highway
693:
691:Collector road
688:
682:
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673:
672:
667:
665:United Kingdom
662:
657:
652:
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637:
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617:
612:
607:
602:
600:Czech Republic
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582:
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539:
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531:
529:Limited-access
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411:
393:
372:
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278:
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259:
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233:
206:(6): 842–860.
186:
171:
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144:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
131:
124:
121:
117:climate change
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
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1801:
1798:
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1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Noise barrier
1773:
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1768:
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1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
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1735:
1733:
1732:Cable barrier
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Traffic lanes
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Refuge island
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Living street
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Climbing lane
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1455:Human factors
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Traffic light
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Oversize load
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Manhole cover
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Crushed stone
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Michigan left
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1026:Intersections
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Directional T
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
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1800:Traffic cone
1790:Rumble strip
1691:Truck bypass
1646:Shared space
1606:Passing lane
1591:Managed lane
1548:Bicycle lane
1430:Washboarding
1425:Traffic sign
1350:Hairpin turn
1119:Texas U-turn
1049:Box junction
943:Interchanges
918:
887:Route number
795:Country lane
537:Bike freeway
467:. Retrieved
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43:Albany River
1838:Performance
1770:Kassel kerb
1727:Botts' dots
1715:Demarcation
1415:Storm drain
1380:Road debris
1305:Aquaplaning
1298:environment
1286:Road safety
1164:Cobblestone
1114:Superstreet
919:Winter road
867:Concurrency
860:Other terms
851:Sunken lane
820:Main street
765:Local roads
383:: 599–619.
54:winter road
1840:indicators
1809:Structures
1760:Guard rail
1636:Road verge
1509:Seat belts
1445:Snowsquall
1410:Speed bump
1390:Road train
1211:Glassphalt
1151:Bioasphalt
1124:Turnaround
1099:Roundabout
1029:(at-grade)
995:Roundabout
960:Cloverleaf
815:Green lane
751:Trunk road
679:Main roads
562:By country
469:2020-12-01
451:2020-12-01
430:2020-12-01
406:2020-12-01
364:2020-12-01
346:2020-12-01
326:2020-12-01
292:2020-12-01
267:Vancouver.
140:References
81:snow cover
66:ice bridge
1631:Road diet
1533:Space and
1478:Road rage
1365:Oil spill
1325:Crosswind
1315:Black ice
1310:Avalanche
1236:Permeable
1069:Jughandle
1064:Hook turn
970:Free-flow
914:Toll road
833:Side road
790:Boulevard
746:Super two
741:Ring road
716:Link road
615:Hong Kong
570:Australia
512:hierarchy
301:cite book
228:250574906
220:2378-9689
134:Snow road
1900:Category
1819:Causeway
1656:Shoulder
1492:Vehicles
1440:Whiteout
1400:Rockfall
1395:Roadkill
1320:Bleeding
1296:Road and
1256:Sealcoat
1181:Corduroy
1169:Concrete
1159:Chipseal
1138:Surfaces
990:Raindrop
805:Driveway
800:Dead end
780:Backroad
731:2+2 road
726:2+1 road
650:Portugal
640:Pakistan
257:Toronto.
244:265-275.
129:Ice road
123:See also
109:airstrip
95:" - the
93:portages
62:ice road
1722:Bollard
1706:Woonerf
1435:Washout
1375:Pothole
1288:factors
1276:Texture
1246:Plastic
1226:Macadam
1015:Trumpet
965:Diamond
736:Parkway
711:Highway
625:Ireland
605:Germany
595:Croatia
575:Belgium
275:Sources
89:flexure
77:bedrock
58:sea ice
1815:Bridge
1499:Airbag
1271:Tarmac
1216:Gravel
1044:Bowtie
985:Parclo
909:Stroad
872:Detour
847:Street
775:Avenue
660:Taiwan
645:Poland
610:Greece
585:Canada
580:Brazil
226:
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169:Banff.
73:muskeg
64:or an
1241:Plank
1155:Brick
1005:Stack
771:Alley
655:Spain
635:Nepal
630:Italy
620:India
590:China
445:(PDF)
358:(PDF)
340:(PDF)
320:(PDF)
224:S2CID
1751:Curb
1582:Lane
1345:Ford
1261:Sett
1201:Dirt
829:Road
509:Road
307:link
216:ISSN
105:e.g.
1405:Rut
1340:Fog
1221:Ice
385:doi
208:doi
45:in
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299:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
