Wilhelminism - Knowledge

590: 711: 734: 45: 396: 666: 101: 1071:. According to Count von Kessler, "William II's downright perverse bad taste, I said, was more responsible than anything else. Bad taste in the selection of his friends and advisors; bad taste in art, literature, politics and his style of living; bad taste revealed by every word he uttered... A crowned barbarian who gave the whole German nation a reputation for 312:. This is because a constitutional monarch has plenty of means at his or her disposal of quietly blocking a Chancellor's policy objectives and is one of the only people who can forcibly remove an overly ambitious Chancellor from power. For these reasons, the last Kaiser believed that he had every right to be informed 464:, grandson and heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II, further commented, "Bismarck was certainly our greatest statesman, but he had very bad manners and he became increasingly overbearing with age. Frankly, I don't think his dismissal by my grandfather was a great tragedy. Russia was already on the other side because of the 549:

While "Wilhelmism" is equally applied to the last Kaiser's favored styles in both the visual arts and architecture, such as the ornate Germania postage stamps, numerous government buildings and the Wilhelmine Ring housing areas of Berlin and many other German cities, the term is also used to describe

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According to Walter H. Sokel, "The lighting apparatus behaves like the mind. It drowns in darkness what it wishes to forget and bathes in light what it wishes to recall. Thus the entire stage becomes a universe of mind, and the individual scenes are not replicas of three-densional physical reality,

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In later years, Bismarck created the "Bismarck myth"; the view (which some historians have argued was confirmed by subsequent events) that Wilhelm II's successful demand for Bismarck's resignation destroyed any chance Imperial Germany ever had of stable government and international peace. According

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was written during the last three months of 1911. According to Michael Paterson, "The play opens with an ingenious inversion: the Poet and Friend converse in front of a closed curtain, behind which voices can be heard. It appears that we, the audience, are backstage and the voices are those of the

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overwhelmingly found the exploit both clever and hysterically funny. Eventually the last Kaiser, who also admired Voigt's cleverness and boldness, pardoned him and ordered his early release from incarceration. Voigt then spent many years giving public lectures about the exploit to paying audiences

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After a heated argument at Bismarck's estate over the latter's alleged disrespect for the Imperial Family, Wilhelm stormed out. Bismarck, forced for the first time in his career into a crisis that he could not twist to his own advantage, wrote a blistering letter of resignation, decrying the

919:, which regards both World War I flying aces as their founding fathers. Furthermore, to many people worldwide who both admire and revere the flying aces of the Great War, Richthofen, in particular, is seen as embodying the best traditions of the officer corps of the last Kaiser's Germany. 307:

is required to meet regularly with the monarch to explain his or her policies and intentions within the Government. A Chancellor in a constitutional monarchy also cannot afford to make an enemy of the monarch, who represents the only real check and balance against a Chancellor's otherwise

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According to Bismarck apologists, in foreign policy the Iron Chancellor had achieved a fragile balance of interests between Germany, France and Russia. Peace was allegedly at hand and Bismarck tried to keep it that way despite growing popular sentiment against Britain (regarding the

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Tragically and in an added parallel to the many other nations experiencing similar cultural ferment during the same era, many of Germany's most gifted and innovative poets, writers, artists, and intellectuals were soon to die prematurely upon the battlefields of the Great War.

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in Berlin. Hulme later wrote, "Very short sentences are used, sometimes so terse and elliptical as to produce a blunt and jerky effect ... It is clear that a definite attempt is being made to use the language in a new way, an attempt to cure it of certain vices."

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an essentially-Neo-Baroque and prestige-oriented style of architecture. Similarly to the architecture of other European Capitols of the era, the Neo-Baroque was calculated to express Germany's ambitions to become and remain a naval, imperial, and colonial power.

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imagined audience out front. It is a simple, but disorienting trick of stagecraft, whose imaginative spatial reversal is self-consciously theatrical. So the audience is alerted to the fact that they are about to see a play and not a 'slice of life.'"

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to be treasonous, routinely targeted political leaders involved with both for assassination. Even when they were caught and prosecuted, Organisation Consul members tended to receive lenient sentences from judges sympathetic to their views.

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for 'gutter speech'), which was also a very harsh criticism of the recent birth of German modernist art which the last Kaiser considered degenerate art, at the formal unveiling of the Siegesallee on 18 December 1901.

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among intellectuals, in response to recent medical and scientific advances and the enormous prosperity of the heavily-industrialized German Empire, but which was at polar odds with the last Kaiser's belief in both

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to impress them at an early age with the Navy's aura and prestige as the gentlemen's branch of the service. For this reason, the Imperial German Navy's most successful combat commanders of the Great War, such as

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The final break between the Iron Chancellor and the last Kaiser came when Bismarck initiated discussions with the opposition to form a new parliamentary majority without consulting with the monarch first. The

770:. Voigt then "confiscated" more that 4,000 marks from the city treasury, changed back into civilian clothing, and disappeared. Following a police and military investigation, Voigt was arrested, convicted of 1476:

style favored and used by the Dutch, Belgian, and Scandinavian royal families. Praising how vehicles carrying the King or Queen would stop and wait at traffic lights, Louis Ferdinand stated that if the

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poet in death the literary recognition that always eluded him in life. Norbert von Hellingrath is why Hölderlin is now widely considered one of the greatest poets ever to write in the German language.

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that Bismarck had been able to maintain since 1867, had finally lost its majority of seats in the Reichstag due to the Anti-Socialist Laws fiasco. The remaining powers in the Reichstag were the

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Adler has also written that August Stramm's "essential innovation (still too little recognized in Germany) was to create a new, non-representational kind of poetry," which is, "comparable," to

750:, it should not be pretended that the German people or their government were incapable of laughing at their own military or their own actions towards it. On 16 October 1906, former convict 1039:, who shot both real and suspected Ringverein members en masse and sent many others to concentration camps without requiring the niceties of evidence, broke the Sporting Clubs' power. 1052: 2159: 1161:

Among many other examples of the power and influence the George-Kreis wielded over Germany cultural and literary life, the scholarly and editorial skills of one member,

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of 1878. Had Bismarck stayed he would not have helped. He already wanted to abolish all the reforms that had been introduced. He was aspiring to establish a kind of

570:, 'The Boulevard of Dolls' and as an alley where, "even the bird-shit is made of marble", the neo-Baroque statues received Royal Assent in Kaiser Wilhelm's 299:, the head of government depends upon the confidence of the parliamentary majority and has the right to form coalitions to maintain a majority of supporters. In a 2219: 1944:

Goeschel, Christian. "The Criminal Underworld in Weimar and Nazi Berlin." In History Workshop Journal, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 58-80. Oxford University Press, 2013.

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Wilhelminism also characterizes the social, literary, artistic, and cultural climate of Wilhelm II's reign, which on the one hand was dominated by the rigidly-

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Hartmann, Arthur, and Klaus von Lampe. "The German underworld and the Ringvereine from the 1890s through the 1950s." Global Crime 9, no. 1-2 (2008): 108-135.

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of the Great War and which ends with the 1918 Revolution shown to be imminent, represents a more critical exploration of the German Empire. Similarly to

384:) and especially against Russia. With Bismarck's dismissal, the Russians allegedly expected a reversal of policy in Berlin, so they quickly negotiated a 969:-style gunfight on 30 November 1900 made him very popular, long after his capture, trial, and execution for their murders in 1902. According to German 1082:, the Wilhelmian era also seethed with radical innovation, literary, artistic, and cultural ferment inside the literary coffee houses, theatres, and 758:

Captain's uniform, the elements of which he had purchased from different second hand shops. In an Oscar-worthy performance, Voigt bluffed a group of

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were not renewed and the Iron Chancellor's efforts to renew them were the catalyst for his forced resignation at the last Kaiser's insistence.

1573:"Patriotic Union" organization. The Patriotic Union, whose members included doctors, police officers, at least one judge, and many active duty 1430: 1589:

upon the throne as the new Kaiser of a Fourth Reich. The Patriotic Union intended, however, the Fourth Reich to be a restoration of the

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was once similarly regarded, until his heroic image was first tarnished and then destroyed completely by his role in later chapters of

1385:, openly sought to restore the Monarchy but instead found itself manipulated, outmaneuvered, sidelined, and then banned outright by 1598: 961:. Policemen were assigned from other regions of Bavaria and often could not speak or understand the local dialect. What was worse, 213:. Rather, it relates to the image presented by Wilhelm II and his demeanour, as manifested by the public presentation of grandiose 1457:, the prince indicated that he might accept the presidency but would not relinquish his claim to the Imperial or Prussian crowns. 2275:

Wilhelminism and Its Legacies. German Modernities and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930. Essays for Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann.

345:, Bismarck decided to start coalition talks with the all-Catholic Centre Party. He invited that party's leader in the Reichstag, 935:

as law-abiding and subservient to the authority of the police and the courts, this stereotype does not fit the Wilhelmian era.

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plays the exiled Kaiser, is also an example of subtle nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era. Throughout the film, the values of the

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were ever restored to the German throne during his lifetime, this same informality was a quality he fully intended to emulate.

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still have the extended forefinger placed in front of the forehead, indicating the spiked helmet, as the sign for "German".)

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to its bare essentials." Citing Stramm's fondness for "fashioning new words out of old," Adler has also written that, "what

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in the 1880s with the highly successful and often repeated refrain, "The Reich is in danger." Therefore, in order to

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and the ideology of the German Empire. Both buildings, however, are now being rebuilt, almost exactly as they were.

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Even though the Siegesallee was widely ridiculed by the infamously irreverent and sarcastic Berliners of the era as

1763: 1609:'s diplomats and intelligence services, the Russian Government has repeatedly denied involvement in the coup plot. 1438: 149: 1027:, but their power and political influence only reached its height after the November Revolution of 1918. Only the 368:

Monarchy's involvement in both foreign and domestic policy. The letter was published only after Bismarck's death.

1681:, by always wearing period clothing with a white wig, and constantly lecturing a group of disciples, in a savage 2400: 1202:, who began publishing his poetry in early 1914, treated, "language like a physical material" and, "honed down 496: 1646:

of Governments at war chooses which warriors to exploit as national heroes. Other themes explored include the

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continued to implement legislation at the last Kaiser's insistence that favored industrial worker's rights to

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and self-aggrandisement on his part. The latter tendency had already been noticed by his grandfather, Emperor

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Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"

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Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"

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Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"

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in 1916, collected and published the collected works of Hölderlin in 1913 and succeeded in gaining for the

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The gravesites of Oswald Boelcke and Manfred von Richthofen, on the other hand, remain sites of secular

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In addition to witnessing the birth of modern art, the same era also witnessed the introduction of the

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had existed previously and not only in the German Empire, but it now symbolises Wilhelmian era and the

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in Great Britain, by an increasing loyalty of the party leadership towards both the Monarchy and the

511:. Despite the party's stronger influence, internal developments were characterised, similarly to the 504: 218: 255:. Ironically, Germany during the Wilhelmian era was, on the other hand, distinguished by escalating 1661: 775: 2504: 1564: 1023:

of Berlin. As early as 1895, the Ringvereine were having their first "business" dealings with the

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going dangerously off course, leading directly to the carnage of the First and Second World Wars.

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Despite Count von Kessler's later contempt for the cultural life during the final decades of the

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bombing raids has often involved the reconstruction of demolished historic buildings from the

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as it existed prior to the November Revolution of 1918, rather than as a continuation of the

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policy of agreeing to support the war effort during the patriotic euphoria later dubbed the

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pokes fun at nostalgia for the Wilhelmine era by depicting a narcissistic writer in 1970s

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would not protect the last Kaiser if he faced a similar death to that of his late cousin

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online review by Lothar Machtan, Institut für Geschichtswissenschaft, Bremen University

2092: 2056: 2043: 2030: 1953: 1606: 1468:, Prince Louis Ferdinand further expressed a deep sense of admiration for the informal 1267:

The same era also witnessed the iconoclastic invention of modern theatrical staging by

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for the German Empire and a desire for its restoration continued to exist. During the

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heard the kind of poetry that Stramm had created and inspired being read aloud at the

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figure and was, in reality, "just a man who went astray with no way of getting back."

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that had concluded by Bismarck in 1887, and Germany had to witness the forming of the

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that the former Kaiser still represents are repeatedly contrasted with those of both

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Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18

2160:"Prinz Reuß von den "Reichsbürgern" bedient antisemitische Verschwörungserzählungen" 1437:, the only one of twelve candidates who was not a politician, won with 39.8% before 939: 897: 822:

established as an instrument of national prestige, were still reflected in everyday

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to criticize what they saw as the excessive militarism of the Second Reich and the

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in 1990, nostalgia continues. For example, the rebuilding of cities in the former

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was considered so common in the region that Kneißl's slaying of two cops during a

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Foreign policy was founded on Kaiser Wilhelm's support for both his Government's

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to this view, what Wilhelm termed "The New Course" is characterised as Germany's

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A statue of Wilhelm Voigt as the Captain of Köpenick at Köpenick city hall (by

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and hoped to treat our family in the same way the Japanese shoguns treated the

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A less benign form of nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era was on display in the

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on the anniversary of the last Kaiser's death, which are organized by German

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on 29 March 1890, two weeks after Bismarck's forced resignation as Chancellor

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Muskel-Adolf & Co. Die Ringvereine und organisierte Verbrechen in Berlin

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witnessed the local Bavarian peasantry overwhelmingly cheering him on as a

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following a mental breakdown in 1806. Hellingrath, who later fell at the

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and was shared by a large number of German citizens and intellectuals.

172: 2220:"Germany foils far-right plot to install Prince Heinrich XIII in coup" 2187:"Heinrich XIII, Germany's 'Putsch Prince,' lamented monarchy's demise" 622:). The desire for a "place in the sun" as coined by Foreign Secretary 1690: 1655: 1526:

Moreover, the last Kaiser's home in exile and ultimate burial place,

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was one of two groups of iconoclastic German painters fundamental to

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This neo-Baroque style was particularly exemplified by the grandiose

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Until the mid-20th century, young German boys were still dressed in

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It represented an era of creative ferment in the society, politics,

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The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany.

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Warum der Wilhelminismus als politischer Kampfbegriff nichts taugt

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being a major turning point for both sides in both the decline of

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urban quarters of Berlin, Munich, and many other German cities.

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was asked for the reasons why, despite being a descendant of the

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While men in uniform were still treated with enormous respect in

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until the end of World War I and Wilhelm's abdication during the

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Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937)

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Murderous Methods: Using Forensic Science to Solve Lethal Crimes

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Murderous Methods: Using Forensic Science to Solve Lethal Crimes

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magazine about who would be the most honorable person to become

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and became the third largest colonial empire after those of the

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In 1891, the Imperial Capital of Berlin witnessed the birth of

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A very similar national iconization also took place within the

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even more divided in 1890 than they had ever been before 1871.

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Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age

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Meanwhile, relations with Britain were badly strained by the

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following the advent of aerial warfare. The most successful

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Period between 1890 and 1918 in the history of German Empire

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Kaiser, Hof und Staat. Wilhelm II. und die deutsche Politik

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Wilhelm II : The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900

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R. J. Evans (ed.) and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (ed.):

814:, which led him to give his full support to Grand Admiral 2134:"Germans Pay Honour at the Grave of Their Beloved Kaiser" 319:

In a deeply ironic moment, a mere decade after expelling

2388:(1961), Droste 2000 (reprint of special edition, 1967), 1805: 1403:, which considered both the November Revolution and the 739:

Uniform worn by Wilhelm Voigt as the Captain of Köpenick

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for both officers and enlisted men of the 21st century

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ambitions and their efforts to establish Germany as a

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inspired by Stramm's poetry, "the German variety of

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continued to expand its base and became the largest

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Bismarck began coalition talks with the Opposition.

1960:. New York: Grove Press. Saturday 5 December 1931. 1892:Mark Benecke, translated by Karin Heusch, (2005), 942:, a peasant outlaw, copkiller, and poacher in the 826:long after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918. 634:expanded in Africa, China, New Guinea, and in the 421:has argued that Bismarck's dismissal was actually 976:, however, Mathias Kneißl never saw himself as a 2476: 2343:Der Aufbau der Persönlichen Monarchie, 1888–1900 1569:, 'Citizens of the Reich' and allegedly 1309:Cinema of Germany § 1895–1918 German Empire 1011:("Apache Bloods") and completely dominated both 491:and collective bargaining, while still opposing 2179: 1534:in 1956. It remains an annual site of secular 1423:reported that in a survey of their readers by 133:between 1890 and 1918, embracing the reign of 2450:Zeitreise – exhibition in Nordrhein-Westfalen 1577:personnel, sought to violently overthrow the 1067:and opposed the post-1918 restoration of the 678:The distinctive spiked helmet, the so-called 584: 2131: 1754: 1745: 1677:who tries to become the Wilhelmian-era poet 1562: 1547: 1446: 1431:President of the Federal Republic of Germany 1416: 1378: 1255:Shortly before the outbreak of war in 1914, 1115: 1094: 679: 670: 630:achieved a short-lived high point after the 617: 571: 565: 524: 204: 2125: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2082: 1530:in the Netherlands, opened its doors as a 127:Wilhelminische Zeit, Wilhelminische Epoche 43: 2456:Preußen – Chronik eines deutschen Staates 2399: 2277:Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2003 2250:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 2157: 1787: 1600: 2374:http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/ 1322:, which had very close parallels to the 1275:, under the influence of Stefan George, 799:and abandoned his former life of crime. 664: 588: 394: 2079: 2014:The German Poets of the First World War 1997:The German Poets of the First World War 1909:Anthony Read and David Fischer (1994), 1849: 1507:had ordered the demolition of both the 1433:, the last Kaiser's grandson and heir, 1242:The German Poets of the First World War 1042: 938:For example, the 1900-1902 manhunt for 766:and city treasurer of under arrest for 762:enlisted men into placing the Mayor of 339:, "traitors to the Empire") during the 2477: 2459:(ARD series during “Preußenjahr“ 2001) 2421: 2308:. C. H. Beck, Munich ³1988 (TB 2002), 2217: 1811: 1142:and the creation of the modern German 922: 2247: 2211: 2158:Thorwarth, Katja (10 December 2022). 1852:"Order makes Germans' world go round" 1799: 1612: 1445:. In a similar survey by the tabloid 754:secretly dressed himself in an elite 658:, which presenting a new threat of a 2422:Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1967). 1843: 1214:, Stramm achieved more modestly for 327:, and demonizing all members of the 2425:Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman 2301:. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 2218:Murray, Miranda (7 December 2022). 1850:Zudeick, Peter (19 November 2012). 1295:but visualizes stages of thought." 1114:, the other being the Munich-based 1047:In a December 1931 conversation in 221:, while Wilhelm II's father, later 144:from the resignation of Chancellor 13: 2282:The Coming of the First World War. 2254:University of North Carolina Press 2122:, Crown Publishers. Pages 384-393. 1911:Berlin Rising: Biography of a City 1302: 519:. This attitude was condemned as " 14: 2516: 2443: 2358:Der Weg in den Abgrund, 1900–1941 2328:Die Jugend des Kaisers, 1859–1888 2294:Cambridge University Press, 1966. 2273:(ed.) and James Retallack (ed.): 2091:Otto Köhler (November 18, 1968). 1769:Index of Germany-related articles 1730:, and depicted as far preferable. 1313: 810:. Wilhelm's fascination with the 790:and subservience to authority in 462:Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia 2323:, C. H. Beck, Munich 1993–2008: 1764:National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument 1638:, the film critiques the deeply 1624:, which is set among the German 1599:German Federal Criminal Police ( 1367:German National People's Party ( 1318:The Wilhelmian era ended in the 1244:, Patrick Bridgwater dubbed the 1233:'s revolution in the writing of 860:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière 732: 709: 600:soldier holding the flag of the 99: 2151: 2112: 2062: 2049: 2036: 2023: 2006: 1989: 1976: 1963: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1916: 991:for former convicts called the 538: 445:, Bismarck ultimately left the 272:. Even so, Otto von Bismarck's 1984:The Lost Voices of World War I 1971:The Lost Voices of World War I 1903: 1886: 1866: 1830: 1817: 698:in general. (In fact, various 497:German Social Democratic Party 1: 1840:, Crown Publishers. Page 391. 1774: 1492:which remained devastated by 1063:, he embraced the concept of 90: 23:. For the feminine name, see 2093:"Unverzichtbare Kaiserkrone" 1559:2022 German coup d'état plot 867:Imperial German Flying Corps 808:Anglo-German naval arms race 292:and the Conservative Party. 239:, those associated with the 7: 2428:. New York: Vintage Books. 2407:. Oxford University Press. 2046:Press, 1989. Pages 144-145. 2012:Patrick Bridgwater (1985), 1995:Patrick Bridgwater (1985), 1913:, W.W. Norton. pp. 175-178. 1734: 1579:Federal Republic of Germany 1338:'s implied threat that the 1320:November Revolution of 1918 917:Federal Republic of Germany 198: 25:Wilhelmina (disambiguation) 10: 2521: 2241: 1306: 1007:("Northern Pirates"), and 987:in the form of oath bound 985:organized crime in Germany 806:and, even more so, by the 585:Colonialism and militarism 542: 329:Catholic Church in Germany 129:) comprises the period of 54:Wilhelm II, German Emperor 18: 2500:Historiography of Germany 1396:During the same era, the 1210:did on a grand scale for 933:traditionally stereotyped 495:ideas. Nevertheless, the 203:The term "Wilhelminism" ( 95: 93: 85: 75: 65: 42: 37: 32: 2118:C.L. Sulzberger (1977), 2068:Walter H. Sokel (1959), 1836:C.L. Sulzberger (1977), 1823:Modris Eksteins (1989), 1662:Rainer Werner Fassbinder 776:impersonating an officer 1720:constitutional monarchy 1542:organisations, such as 1330:from the throne of the 1163:Norbert von Hellingrath 818:'s ambition to see the 656:Franco-Russian Alliance 545:Architecture of Germany 509:1912 national elections 417:In contrast, historian 362:Charles Stewart Parnell 301:constitutional monarchy 2330:. Munich 1993, ²2001, 2284:Clarendon Press, 1990. 2070:The Writer in Extremis 2059:Press, 1989. Page 145. 2033:Press, 1989. Page 144. 1755: 1746: 1563: 1548: 1521:German Imperial Family 1509:Berlin Imperial Palace 1447: 1435:Prince Louis Ferdinand 1417: 1379: 1326:which had toppled the 1116: 1095: 1093:-based artist's group 886:Manfred von Richthofen 680: 675: 671: 632:German colonial empire 618: 605: 602:German colonial empire 572: 566: 525: 517:German colonial empire 483:Subsequent Chancellor 414: 382:German colonial empire 336: 259:and growing belief in 241:German Agrarian League 205: 126: 2248:Cecil, Lamar (1989), 2165:Frankfurter Rundschau 1922:Peter Feraru (1995), 1900:Press. Pages 217-218. 1532:historic house museum 1479:House of Hohenzollern 1069:House of Hohenzollern 668: 644:Third French Republic 592: 398: 390:Third French Republic 350:Ludwig von Windthorst 297:parliamentary systems 290:Catholic Centre Party 185:Third French Republic 1706:, set in and around 1635:Flags of Our Fathers 1561:, by members of the 1503:East German Premier 1486:German Reunification 1340:Imperial German Army 1043:Culture and the arts 1003:("Firm as a Rock"), 820:Imperial German Navy 768:political corruption 760:Imperial German Army 688:Imperial German Army 286:coalition government 247:during the parallel 225:, was Crown Prince. 2401:Steinberg, Jonathan 2074:Stanford University 1954:Kessler, Harry Graf 1898:Columbia University 1881:Columbia University 1814:, pp. 238–239. 1802:, pp. 147–170. 1790:, pp. 445–447. 1716:Christopher Plummer 1714:and in which actor 1583:Prince Henrich XIII 1575:German armed forces 1550:Tradition und Leben 1460:In interviews with 1401:Organisation Consul 1336:Paul von Hindenburg 1324:February Revolution 1277:Friedrich Nietzsche 1171:Friedrich Hölderlin 923:Criminal underworld 836:Maximilian von Spee 804:Scramble for Africa 794:. In contrast, the 452:In interviews with 274:Anti-Socialist Laws 270:social conservatism 245:British upper class 150:November Revolution 2132:Piet den Blanken. 2120:The Fall of Eagles 2057:University of Iowa 2044:University of Iowa 2031:University of Iowa 1982:Tim Cross (1988), 1969:Tim Cross (1988), 1926:, Argon. pp. 9-75. 1838:The Fall of Eagles 1700:The 2016 spy film 1654:and the advent of 1613:In popular culture 1607:Russian Federation 1466:The Fall of Eagles 1240:In his 1985 book, 1136:Symbolist movement 1057:Harry Graf Kessler 1019:, and the illegal 999:("Forever True"), 971:forensic scientist 948:Kingdom of Bavaria 848:Hellmuth von Mücke 816:Alfred von Tirpitz 780:false imprisonment 676: 648:Reinsurance Treaty 624:Bernhard von Bülow 606: 485:Bernhard von Bülow 458:The Fall of Eagles 437:in the 1870s, and 431:Classical Liberals 415: 401:Dropping the Pilot 2435:978-0-394-70387-9 2366:978-3-406-57779-6 2319:John C. G. Röhl: 2314:978-3-406-49405-5 2304:John C. G. Röhl: 2297:John C. 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Röhl: 2263:978-0-8078-1828-2 1757:Königliche Hoheit 1500:or even earlier. 1405:Versailles Treaty 1246:literary movement 1231:Arnold Schoenberg 1191:has written that 1144:literary language 1140:German literature 963:police corruption 840:Felix von Luckner 474:Japanese emperors 386:military alliance 354:Irish nationalist 146:Otto von Bismarck 115:Wilhelmine period 111: 110: 107: 106: 2512: 2439: 2418: 2405:Bismarck: A Life 2266: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2088: 2077: 2066: 2060: 2053: 2047: 2040: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2010: 2004: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1967: 1961: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1890: 1884: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1760: 1751: 1693:ideology of the 1642:reasons why the 1602: 1568: 1553: 1474:crowned republic 1470:bicycle monarchy 1452: 1422: 1413:Second World War 1384: 1370: 1348:political asylum 1344:Tsar Nicholas II 1328:House of Romanov 1179:Battle of Verdun 1146:by passionately 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118:Der Blaue Reiter 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1051:with journalist 989:secret societies 927:Even though the 894:Karl Allmenröder 736: 726: 713: 685: 674: 621: 575: 569: 530: 429:, had demonized 358:Daniel O'Connell 325:Catholic schools 321:religious orders 232:opinions of the 215:military parades 208: 103: 91: 47: 30: 29: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2475: 2474: 2471:, February 1999 2446: 2436: 2415: 2360:. 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Sulzberger 443:divide and rule 435:Roman Catholics 419:Modris Eksteins 407:, published in 303:, however, the 284:, the shifting 234:Prussian Junker 201: 89: 61: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2518: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2473: 2472: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2444:External links 2442: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2419: 2414:978-0199975396 2413: 2397: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2354: 2339: 2317: 2302: 2295: 2285: 2278: 2268: 2262: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2210: 2178: 2150: 2124: 2111: 2078: 2061: 2048: 2035: 2022: 2018:Croom Helm Ltd 2005: 2001:Croom Helm Ltd 1988: 1975: 1962: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1915: 1902: 1885: 1883:. pp. 217-224. 1865: 1842: 1829: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1788:Steinberg 2011 1779: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1698: 1659: 1630:Clint Eastwood 1618:The 1966 film 1614: 1611: 1357:Nevertheless, 1332:Russian Empire 1315: 1314:End and legacy 1312: 1307:Main article: 1304: 1301: 1281:Richard Dehmel 1269:Reinhard Sorge 1126:The Blue Rider 1053:Heinrich Simon 1044: 1041: 1025:American Mafia 952:John Dillinger 940:Mathias Kneißl 924: 921: 902:German history 898:Hermann Göring 882:Oswald Boelcke 824:German culture 792:German culture 748:German culture 738: 731: 730: 715: 708: 707: 706: 705: 704: 700:sign languages 652:Russian Empire 640:United Kingdom 586: 583: 543:Main article: 540: 537: 533:Spirit of 1914 433:in the 1860s, 310:absolute power 257:secularization 253:British Empire 211:German Emperor 206:Wilhelminismus 200: 197: 193:Russian Empire 169:British Empire 165:Edwardian eras 131:German history 119:Wilhelmian era 109: 108: 105: 104: 97:Weimar culture 94: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2517: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495:Periodization 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2485:German Empire 2483: 2482: 2480: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2394:3-7700-0902-9 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:Fritz Fischer 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 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Hulme 1197:playwright 1105:The Bridge 1097:Die Brücke 1031:forces of 1021:drug trade 1001:Felsenfest 978:Robin Hood 909:pilgrimage 812:Royal Navy 696:militarism 694:-inspired 636:South Seas 559:Tiergarten 439:Socialists 356:statesmen 323:, banning 305:Chancellor 189:Silver Age 187:, and the 173:Gilded Age 138:Wilhelm II 87:Chronology 80:Wilhelm II 76:Monarch(s) 2199:0190-8286 2143:9 January 2138:Great War 1656:total war 1373:and it's 1359:nostalgia 1073:barbarity 1049:Frankfurt 1037:Stalinism 997:Immertreu 967:Wild West 959:anti-hero 913:Air Force 669:Prussian 650:with the 619:Weltmacht 505:Reichstag 470:Shogunate 427:scapegoat 388:with the 219:Wilhelm I 161:Victorian 66:Including 58:Max Koner 38:1890–1918 2468:Die Zeit 2403:(2011). 2104:July 15, 1956:(1990). 1875:(2005), 1854:. dw.com 1735:See also 1695:superman 1664:'s 1976 1652:chivalry 1511:and the 1389:and the 1286:Sorge's 1193:war poet 1175:Tübingen 1154:and the 1131:group. 1084:bohemian 876:such as 764:Köpenick 642:and the 295:In most 261:progress 199:Overview 2242:Sources 2224:Reuters 1710:during 1685:of the 1585:of the 1546:-based 1544:Cologne 1517:Potsdam 1250:Imagism 1229:and to 1212:English 1183:Swabian 1091:Dresden 954:-style 915:of the 772:forgery 493:Marxist 282:Kartell 251:in the 191:in the 183:in the 175:in the 167:in the 157:culture 140:in the 2432: 2411: 2392: 2364: 2349: 2334: 2312: 2260: 2197: 2076:Press. 1683:parody 1675:Munich 1365:, the 1279:, and 1216:German 1204:syntax 1033:Nazism 892:, and 858:, and 778:, and 598:Askari 578:German 333:German 314:before 179:, the 171:, the 135:Kaiser 123:German 60:, 1891 1455:Quick 1426:Quick 1377:wing 1169:poet 1150:poet 1138:into 725:] 478:Kyoto 410:Punch 403:" by 347:Baron 2430:ISBN 2409:ISBN 2390:ISBN 2362:ISBN 2347:ISBN 2332:ISBN 2310:ISBN 2258:ISBN 2231:2022 2195:ISSN 2145:2022 2106:2020 1860:2016 1726:and 1472:and 1449:Bild 1441:and 1369:DNVP 1271:and 1195:and 1075:." 956:folk 931:are 690:and 360:and 331:as ( 268:and 163:and 113:The 2372:on 2368:. 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