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515:. Since popular works were immediately republished by competitors, publishers needed a constant stream of new material. Fees paid to authors for new works were high and significantly supplemented the incomes of many academics. The prices of reprints were low and so publications could be bought by poorer people. A widespread public obsession with reading led to the rapid
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The need for housing rose in consequence of industrialization. Complete housing developments in the so-called
Founding Epoch Architecture style arose in previously green fields, and even today, Central European cities have many buildings from the time together along a single road or even in complete
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In the rapidly-growing industrial cities, new workers' dwellings were erected, lacking in comfort by today's standards but criticised even then as unhealthy by physicians: "without light, air and sun", they were quite contrary to the prevailing ideas on town planning. The dark, cramped flats took
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The social effects of industrialisation were the same as in other
European nations. Increased agricultural efficiency and introduction of new agricultural machines led to a polarized distribution of income in the countryside. The landowners won out to the disadvantage of the agrarian
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were remedied, and the country competed internationally in the areas of science, technology, industry and commerce. Particularly, the German middle class rapidly increased its standard of living, buying modern furniture, kitchen fittings and household machines.
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In German-speaking areas, a huge number of publications were produced that was comparable, on a per-capita basis, to modern levels. Most were academic papers or scientific and technical publications, often practical instruction manuals on topics such as
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444:, were also built. In contrast to agricultural workers and urban labourers, an increasingly-wealthy upper-middle class installed monuments and mansions. That occurred on a smaller scale in other cities such as
428:, after the failed uprising of 1848 became the fourth-largest city in the world with the inclusion of suburbs and an influx of new residents from other regions of Austria. Where the city wall had once stood, a
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dissemination of new knowledge to a broader audience. After copyright law gradually became established in the 1840s, the low-price mass market vanished, and fewer but more expensive editions were published.
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districts. The buildings have four to six stories and were often built by private property developers. They often sported richly-decorated façades in the form of
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in steel production, which made possible the construction of steel façades. A classical example of the new form is the steel and glass construction of the
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The period was also important for the integration of new technologies in architecture and design. A determining factor was the development of the
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as a pejorative, because the cultural output of that movement is associated with materialism and nationalistic triumphalism. Cultural historian
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Der
Berliner Kapitalmarkt nach der Reichsgründung 1871: Gründerzeit, internationale Finanzmarktintegration und der Einfluss der Makroökonomie
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307:. Magnificent palaces for nouveau-riche citizens but also infamous rental housing for the expanding urban lower classes were built.
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lasted for just six years, from 1867 to 1873. The term refers to a short-lived economic boom and the economic rise of the
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Hermand, Jost (1977). "Grandeur, High Life und innerer Adel: 'Gründerzeit' im europäischen
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but on the periphery, which preserved the old city from destructive redevelopment.
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Many major public buildings in
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complained that fraud in the stock market had not been the only swindle of the
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in 1933. Even today, the model of social care developed by
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590:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 275.
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638:"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?"
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In the mindset of many
Germans, the epoch is intrinsically linked with
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that would remain the model for the
European sister parties until
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was built, and ambitious civic buildings, including the
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424:Vienna, the imperial capital and the residence of
16:Economic phase in 19th-century Germany and Austria
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536:, which spread also to wealthier neighbourhoods.
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409:began after 1840 with the industrialisation of
210:boom of late 19th-century Germany; machine and
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532:much of the blame for the marked increase in
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179:) was the economic phase in 19th-century
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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613:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918
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615:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 89.
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511:law in most countries except in the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
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774:in architecture and decorative arts
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636:Thadeusz, Frank (18 August 2010).
588:The Habsburg Empire: A New History
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655:Lasar, Matthew (23 August 2010).
336:Examples of Gründerzeit districts
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206:primarily refers to the
127:Historicist building by
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1125:Black-and-white Revival
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261:Design and architecture
152:[ˈɡʁʏndɐˌtsaɪt]
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1288:Neoclassical Revival
989:Louis Philippe style
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426:Emperor Franz Joseph
228:Karl Eduard Biermann
45:improve this article
1432:19th century in art
1411:Territorial Revival
994:Second Empire style
866:Renaissance Revival
297:Renaissance Revival
239:age of the founders
226:, 1847 painting by
1111:Romanesque Revival
1101:Queen Anne Revival
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301:German Renaissance
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1030:Nazi architecture
827:French Provincial
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496:Hamburg City Hall
480:Thirty Years' War
267:Historicism (art)
187:before the great
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1356:Colonial Revival
1267:Romanian Revival
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62: –
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60:"Gründerzeit"
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56:Find sources:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1376:Jeffersonian
1194:Dragon style
1035:Resort style
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999:Belle Époque
984:Empire style
871:Châteauesque
856:Neoclassical
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534:tuberculosis
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1330:Neo-Mudéjar
1230:Neo-Mudéjar
1171:Netherlands
1020:Gründerzeit
1015:Biedermeier
792:Art Nouveau
768:Historicism
699:Monatshefte
474:. It was a
434:Opera House
407:Gründerzeit
326: [
289:Historicism
255:Gründerzeit
247:Gründerzeit
235:Gründerzeit
204:Gründerzeit
142:Gründerzeit
1426:Categories
1371:Greco Deco
1091:Jacobethan
1025:Jugendstil
928:Vernacular
876:Italianate
807:Beaux-Arts
772:Revivalism
573:References
476:Golden Age
472:Wilhelm II
465:Chancellor
452:In Germany
442:Parliament
401:In Austria
212:locomotive
71:newspapers
1298:Stalinist
1056:Adamesque
509:copyright
461:Wilhelm I
438:Town Hall
430:ring road
277:Nordstadt
224:Feuerland
216:Borsig AG
1218:Portugal
906:European
841:Neo-Grec
787:Art Deco
711:30156817
482:and the
468:Bismarck
291:such as
1260:Romania
1106:Regency
419:Moravia
415:Bohemia
378:Hamburg
363:Dresden
348:Leipzig
281:Hanover
195:Economy
185:Austria
181:Germany
168:
133:Leipzig
85:scholar
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937:France
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458:Kaiser
440:, and
411:Vienna
393:Berlin
220:Berlin
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1323:Spain
1162:Milan
1150:Italy
707:JSTOR
661:Wired
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770:and
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547:and
505:dike
463:and
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