Old Norse - Knowledge

17248: 346: 17280: 4570: 1517: 726: 17433: 17267: 17293: 17193: 17206: 17180: 17323: 17219: 17232: 8145: 15619: 17336: 1798:. Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, particularly if speaking slowly. The languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders. This could be because these languages have been mutually affected by each other, as well as having a similar development influenced by 6916:) were more influential in the East probably once again due to generalizations within the inflectional system. This difference was one of the greatest reasons behind the dialectalization that took place in the 9th and 10th centuries, shaping an Old West Norse dialect in Norway and the Atlantic settlements and an Old East Norse dialect in Denmark and Sweden. 9089:

So, by their own will, the Gotlanders became the subjects of the Swedish king, so that they could travel freely and without risk to any location in the Swedish kingdom without toll and other fees. Likewise, the Swedes had the right to go to Gotland without corn restrictions or other prohibitions. The

8938:

If someone slays a Swede or a Smålander, a man from the kingdom, but not a West Geat, he will pay eight örtugar and thirteen marks, but no weregild. If someone slays a Dane or a Norwegian, he will pay nine marks. If someone slays a foreigner, he shall not be banished and have to flee to his clan. If

8108:

sem óvinir hans brigzluðu honum eftir því, sem síðarr man sagt verða. þessi sveinn Alexander var í skóla settr, sem siðvenja er til ríkra manna útanlands at láta gera við bǫrn sín. meistari var honum fenginn sá, er Aristoteles hét. hann var harðla góðr klerkr ok inn mesti spekingr at viti. ok er hann

8062:

used by scribes to write Old Norse. Many of them were borrowed from Latin. Without familiarity with these abbreviations, the facsimile will be unreadable to many. In addition, reading the manuscript itself requires familiarity with the letterforms of the native script. The abbreviations are expanded

8118:

sem óvinir hans brigsluðu honum eftir því, sem síðar mun sagt verða. Þessi sveinn Alexander var í skóla settur, sem siðvenja er til ríkra manna utanlands að láta gera við börn sín. Meistari var honum fenginn sá, er Aristóteles hét. Hann var harla góður klerkur og hinn mesti spekingur að viti og er

12336:

Vowel length in the modern Scandinavian languages does not stem from Old Norse vowel length. In all of the modern languages, Old Norse vowel length was lost, and vowel length became allophonically determined by syllable structure, with long vowels occurring when followed by zero or one consonants

8175:

in Denmark, but for geographical rather than linguistic reasons. Any differences between the two were minute at best during the more ancient stages of this dialect group. Changes had a tendency to occur earlier in the Danish region. Even today many Old Danish changes have still not taken place in

1899:

Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places. These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If the nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it

9081:

So gingu gutar sielfs wiliandi vndir suia kunung þy at þair mattin frir Oc frelsir sykia suiariki j huerium staþ. vtan tull oc allar utgiftir. So aigu oc suiar sykia gutland firir vtan cornband ellar annur forbuþ. hegnan oc hielp sculdi kunungur gutum at waita. En þair wiþr þorftin. oc kallaþin.

8187:

Runic Old East Norse is characteristically conservative in form, especially Swedish (which is still true for modern Swedish compared to Danish). In essence it matches or surpasses the conservatism of post-runic Old West Norse, which in turn is generally more conservative than post-runic Old East

1904:, and otherwise might have remained unknown. The First Grammarian marked these with a dot above the letter. This notation did not catch on, and would soon be obsolete. Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around the 11th century in most of Old East Norse. However, the distinction still holds in 7212:

The OEN original text above is transliterated according to traditional scholarly methods, wherein u-umlaut is not regarded in runic Old East Norse. Modern studies have shown that the positions where it applies are the same as for runic Old West Norse. An alternative and probably more accurate

8930:

Dræpær maþar svænskan man eller smalenskæn, innan konongsrikis man, eigh væstgøskan, bøte firi atta ørtogher ok þrettan markær ok ænga ætar bot. Dræpar maþær danskan man allæ noræn man, bøte niv markum. Dræpær maþær vtlænskan man, eigh ma frid flyia or landi sinu oc j æth hans. Dræpær maþær

1778:

writing system. Contemporary Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the vowel phonemes, has changed at least as much in Icelandic as in the other North Germanic languages.

7868:

probably relied on newer or poorer quality sources, or both. Demonstrating either difficulty with or total lack of natural distinction, the manuscripts show separation of the two phonemes in some places, but they frequently confuse the letters chosen to distinguish them in others.

8274:-phoneme did also occur after consonants (kw-, tw-, sw- etc.) in Old East Norse and did so into modern times in said Swedish dialects and in a number of others. Generally, the initial w-sound developed into in dialects earlier than after consonants where it survived much longer. 6752:. The oldest preserved texts in Old Norse in the Latin alphabet date from the middle of the 12th century. Subsequently, Old Norse became the vehicle of a large and varied body of vernacular literature. Most of the surviving literature was written in Iceland. Best known are the 1728:

Among these, the grammar of Icelandic and Faroese have changed the least from Old Norse in the last thousand years, though their pronunciations both have changed considerably from Old Norse. With Danish rule of the Faroe Islands, Faroese has also been influenced by Danish.

6896:) were better preserved in the West due to later generalizations in the east where many instances of umlaut were removed (many archaic Eastern texts as well as eastern runic inscriptions however portray the same extent of umlauts as in later Western Old Norse). 14293:(Slide 26) §7.2 quote: "In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish." 1717:, although Norwegian was heavily influenced by the East dialect, and is today more similar to East Scandinavian (Danish and Swedish) than to Icelandic and Faroese. The descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of 8095:ſem oꝩın͛ h̅ſ brıgzloðo h̅o̅ epꞇ͛ þͥ ſe̅ ſıðaʀ mon ſagꞇ verða. Þeſſı ſveın̅ aͬ.* ꝩar ıſcola ſeꞇꞇr ſem ſıðꝩenıa e͛ ꞇıl rıkra man̅a vꞇan-lanꝺz aꞇ laꞇa g͛a vıð boꝛn̅ ſíıƞ́ Meıſꞇarı ꝩar h̅o̅ ꝼengın̅ ſa e͛ arıſꞇoꞇıleſ heꞇ. h̅ ꝩar harðla goðꝛ clercr ⁊ 7606:(although the poems are not preserved in contemporary sources, but only in much later manuscripts). The earliest manuscripts are from the period 1150–1200 and concern legal, religious and historical matters. During the 12th and 13th centuries, 5434:

This is still a major difference between Swedish and Faroese and Icelandic today. Plurals of neuters do not have u-umlaut at all in Swedish, but in Faroese and Icelandic they do, for example the Faroese and Icelandic plurals of the word

9082:

sendimen al oc kunungr oc ierl samulaiþ a gutnal þing senda. Oc latta þar taka scatt sinn. þair sendibuþar aighu friþ lysa gutum alla steþi til sykia yfir haf sum upsala kunungi til hoyrir. Oc so þair sum þan wegin aigu hinget sykia.

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Most of the innovations that appeared in Old Norse spread evenly through the Old Norse area. As a result, the dialects were very similar and considered to be the same language, a language that they sometimes called the Danish tongue

6883:

seem to have been very much the same over the whole Old Norse area. But in later dialects of the language a split occurred mainly between west and east as the use of umlauts began to vary. The typical umlauts (for example

8939:

someone slays a foreign priest, he will pay as much as for a fellow countryman. A priest counts as a freeman. If a Southerner is slain or an Englishman, he shall pay four marks to the plaintiff and two marks to the king.

8972:'s early isolation from the mainland, many features of Old Norse did not spread from or to the island, and Old Gutnish developed as an entirely separate branch from Old East and West Norse. For example, the diphthong 1508:. Icelandic remains the most conservative language, such that in present-day Iceland, schoolchildren are able to read the 12th-century Icelandic sagas in the original language (in editions with normalised spelling). 14091: 7614:

were the most important areas of the Norwegian kingdom and they shaped Old West Norse as an archaic language with a rich set of declensions. In the body of text that has survived into the modern day from until

8931:

vtlænskæn prest, bøte sva mykit firi sum hærlænskan man. Præstær skal i bondalaghum væræ. Varþær suþærman dræpin ællær ænskær maþær, ta skal bøta firi marchum fiurum þem sakinæ søkir, ok tvar marchar konongi.

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to receive the taxes. These emissaries shall declare free passage for the Gotlanders to all ports across the sea which belong to the king at Uppsala and likewise for everyone who want to travel to Gotland.

8918:, the Westrogothic law. It is the oldest text written as a manuscript found in Sweden and from the 13th century. It is contemporaneous with most of the Icelandic literature. The text marks the beginning of 4139:. Some accounts have it a voiced velar fricative in all cases, and others have that realisation only in the middle of words and between vowels (with it otherwise being realised ). The Old East Norse 13641: 6112:

vowel became popular by 1200 in Old Danish, 1250 in Old Swedish and Old Norwegian, and 1300 in Old Icelandic. An unstressed vowel was used which varied by dialect. Old Norwegian exhibited all three:

13726: 13829: 9073:. Appended to it is a short texting dealing with the history of the Gotlanders. This part relates to the agreement that the Gotlanders had with the Swedish king sometime before the 9th century: 6744:, from the 8th century. Runes continued to be commonly used until the 15th century and have been recorded to be in use in some form as late as the 19th century in some parts of Sweden. With the 15371: 8691:

Until the early 12th century, Old East Norse was very much a uniform dialect. It was in Denmark that the first innovations appeared that would differentiate Old Danish from Old Swedish (

12353:, all of which can occur allophonically short or long. In the mainland Scandinavian languages, double consonants were reduced to single consonants, making the new vowel length phonemic. 9032:, which it shares with the Old West Norse dialects (except Old East Norwegian), but which is otherwise abnormal. Breaking was also particularly active in Old Gutnish, leading to e.g. 6312: – in singular and plural numbers. Adjectives and pronouns were additionally declined in three grammatical genders. Some pronouns (first and second person) could have 1386:

in the mid- to late 14th century, ending the language phase known as Old Norse. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century.

5060:

U-umlaut is more common in Old West Norse in both phonemic and allophonic positions, while it only occurs sparsely in post-runic Old East Norse and even in runic Old East Norse.

10289:, their depth and everyday nature make them a substantial and very important part of everyday English speech as they are part of the very core of the modern English vocabulary. 4654:, which had only 16 letters. Because of the limited number of runes, several runes were used for different sounds, and long and short vowels were not distinguished in writing. 13590: 13464: 6186:

are retained in modern Icelandic, especially in regard to noun case declensions, whereas modern Norwegian in comparison has moved towards more analytical word structures.

5775:('winter'), the nominative and accusative singular and plural forms are identical. The nominative singular and nominative and accusative plural would otherwise have been 5511:

Vowel breaking, or fracture, caused a front vowel to be split into a semivowel-vowel sequence before a back vowel in the following syllable. While West Norse only broke

1433:

is sometimes included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations, it developed its own unique features and shared in changes to both other branches.

7999:

This dialect of Old West Norse was spoken by Icelandic colonies in Greenland. When the colonies died out around the 15th century, the dialect went with it. The phoneme

7675:

and following social upheavals seem to have accelerated language changes in Norway. From the late 14th century, the language used in Norway is generally referred to as

13677:, Ch.XIII §122 "Phonological developments from Old Nordic to Early Modern Nordic I: West Scandinavian." (M. Schulte). pp. 1081–1096; Monophthongization: p.1082; 8699:, pp. 1856, 1859) as these innovations spread north unevenly (unlike the earlier changes that spread more evenly over the East Norse area), creating a series of 4535:. Unlike the three other digraphs, it was retained much longer in all dialects. Without ever developing into a voiceless sonorant in Icelandic, it instead underwent 2245:. The nasal vowels, also noted in the First Grammatical Treatise, are assumed to have been lost in most dialects by this time (but notably they are retained in 8180:

of the two in both the ancient and the modern languages, sometimes by a profound margin. The language is called "runic" because the body of text appears in

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The numerous "weak" noun paradigms had a much higher degree of syncretism between the different cases; i.e. they had fewer forms than the "strong" nouns.

17385: 16729: 12345:. Often, pairs of short and long vowels became differentiated in quality before the loss of vowel length and thus did not end up merging; e.g. Old Norse 7325:

in Old West Norse around the 7th century, marking the first distinction between the Eastern and Western dialects. The following table illustrates this:

6220:". As in other languages, the grammatical gender of an impersonal noun is generally unrelated to an expected natural gender of that noun. While indeed 10263:

In a simple sentence like "They are both weak", the extent of the Old Norse loanwords becomes quite clear (Old East Norse with archaic pronunciation:

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Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Hakon; Karker, Allan; Naumann, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun, eds. (2002),

10275:). The words "they" and "weak" are both borrowed from Old Norse, and the word "both" might also be a borrowing, though this is disputed (cf. German 9090:

king was to provide protection and help, when they needed it and asked for it. The king and the jarl shall in return send emissaries to the Gutnish

19431: 15077: 14958: 1900:

would also lengthen the vowel. This nasalization also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long. They were noted in the

15376: 14164: 8285:-sound survived in the East Nordic tongues almost a millennium longer than in the West Norse counterparts, and does still subsist at the present. 5485: 1307: 668: 8067:

system. Compared to the spelling of the same text in Modern Icelandic, pronunciation has changed greatly, but spelling has changed little since

19436: 8048: 4689:

was created in the 19th century and is, for the most part, phonemic. The most notable deviation is that the nonphonemic difference between the

1331: 19421: 14216: 6732:). This definite article, however, was a separate word and did not become attached to the noun before later stages of the Old Norse period. 18393: 17471: 9140:

and Old Norse were related languages. It is therefore not surprising that many words in Old Norse look familiar to English speakers; e.g.,

2250: 14277: 6253:

All neuter words have identical nominative and accusative forms, and all feminine words have identical nominative and accusative plurals.

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Moberg, J.; Gooskens, C.; Nerbonne, J.; Vaillette, N. (2007), "4. Conditional Entropy Measures Intelligibility among Related Languages",

13204: 1892:

marks the long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through

692: 17154: 13944: 13096: 9132: 1753: 654: 15361: 15142: 6876:

However, some changes were geographically limited and so created a dialectal difference between Old West Norse and Old East Norse.

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Video: Old Norse text read with a reconstructed pronunciation and a Modern Icelandic pronunciation, for comparison. With subtitles

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meſꞇı ſpekıngr aꞇ ꝩıꞇı. ⁊ er h̅ ꝩͬ.xíí. veꞇᷓ gamall aꞇ allꝺrı nalıga alroſcın̅ aꞇ ꝩıꞇı. en ſꞇoꝛhvgaðꝛ u̅ ꝼᷓm alla ſına ıaꝼnallꝺꝛa.

5007: 17085: 16266: 15256: 14797: 13928: 13458: 13315: 8882:

was still preserved in the middle and northern parts of Sweden, and is sporadically still preserved in some northern dialects as

14238: 8516:("suns, havens, scales"); Danish has mainly lost the distinction between the two stems, with both endings now being rendered as 4996: 1810:

Various languages unrelated to Old Norse and others not closely related have been heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the

15810: 1664: 13845: 9184:

mother language. In addition, numerous common, everyday Old Norse words were adopted into the Old English language during the

6760:

and the mythological literature, but there also survives a large body of religious literature, translations into Old Norse of

5569:

When a noun, pronoun, adjective, or verb has a long vowel or diphthong in the accented syllable and its stem ends in a single

5459:

and numerous other examples. That also applies to almost all feminine nouns, for example the largest feminine noun group, the

15698: 15231: 15206: 14575: 13822: 13348: 17050: 17045: 16904: 16644: 16414: 18008: 17375: 15746: 6816:

Dyggvi's mother was Drott, the daughter of king Danp, Ríg's son, who was the first to be called king in the Danish tongue.

1795: 1505: 16221: 15703: 8280: 8269: 8217: 4472:

occurred word-initially. It is unclear whether they were sequences of two consonants (with the first element realised as

4427: 4407: 308: 18920: 14306: 13869: 7278:

is often used to refer to Old West Norse specifically, in which case the broader subject receives another name, such as

7223:

and other words underwent i-umlaut in Old West Norse but not in Old East Norse dialects. Examples of that are Icelandic

4805:

of unrounded vowels. Umlaut is phonemic and in many situations grammatically significant as a side effect of losing the

451: 17256: 14692: 14081: 13291: 13243: 1324: 8188:

Norse. While typically "Eastern" in structure, many later post-runic changes and trademarks of OEN had yet to happen.

1852:, a Norse tribe, probably from present-day east-central Sweden. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are 19446: 15830: 15403: 15286: 14267:"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology" 13198: 10292:

Tracing the origins of words like "bull" and "Thursday" is more difficult. "Bull" may derive from either Old English

9192:

in modern English are (English/Viking Age Old East Norse), in some cases even displacing their Old English cognates:

5769:. The effect of this shortening can result in the lack of distinction between some forms of the noun. In the case of 4453:

Reconstructed as when part of the stem of a word with a voiceless allophone word-finally when not part of the stem.

1875:, with over one hundred loanwords estimated to be in the language, many of which are related to fishing and sailing. 887: 17090: 14894: 14362:

A Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages: Being at the Same Time a Historical Grammar of the English Language

17464: 15269: 6962: 6250:, for "raven" and "crow", masculine and feminine respectively, even in reference to a female raven or a male crow. 4760: 15372:

Old Norse loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English

14754:

adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (

14581: 14043: 5474: 17357: 16363: 15846: 13703: 8735: 6745: 4747:'s nucleus to derive the past forms of the verb. This parallels English conjugation, where, e.g., the nucleus of 4712: 4686: 4293: 2025: 1889: 1372: 820: 685: 298: 17040: 17147: 16614: 16236: 14727: 2094: 1594: 14747: 14009: 13960: 13410: 9128: 4516:, which suggests that they had most likely already been pronounced as voiceless sonorants by Old Norse times. 493: 19287: 17121: 17075: 16960: 16834: 16251: 16226: 15805: 15337: 12322:

Norwegian – Standardised written Norwegian based on Norwegian dialects; No = same in both forms of Norwegian.

7682:

Old West Norse underwent a lengthening of initial vowels at some point, especially in Norwegian, so that OWN

2045: 1317: 16439: 14814: 7004:

Here is a comparison between the two dialects as well as Old Gutnish. It is a transcription from one of the

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The plural ending of ja-stems were mostly preserved while those of OWN often acquired that of the i-stems:

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hann var tólf vetra gamall að aldri, nálega alroskinn að viti, en stórhugaður umfram alla sína jafnaldra,

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translation: 'Veðr and Thegn and Gunnar raised this stone after Haursi, their father. God help his spirit'

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developed independently from Old Swedish and as such can be considered separate languages from Swedish.

7508:

An early difference between Old West Norse and the other dialects was that Old West Norse had the forms

4740: 17673: 17413: 16774: 16306: 16276: 16161: 15901: 14160: 13612: 7768: 6965:. Another difference was that Old West Norse lost certain combinations of consonants. The combinations 6809:

Móðir Dyggva var Drótt, dóttir Danps konungs, sonar Rígs er fyrstr var konungr kallaðr á danska tungu.

6765: 5602:

The nominative of the strong masculine declension and some i-stem feminine nouns uses one such -r (ʀ).

5384: 4782: 4694: 4396: 4309: 4196: 2238: 2127: 1901: 678: 551: 38: 17: 14100:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) : 13838:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) : 13735:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) : 13650:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) : 13634:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) : 4560: 19014: 17437: 17140: 17116: 16779: 16151: 15825: 14930: 14714: 13101: 8278: 8222:

was preserved in initial sounds in Old East Norse (w-), unlike in West Norse where it developed into

6852:...the Norse language was hard for him, and he often fumbled for words, which amused people greatly. 6845:...stirt var honum norrœnt mál, ok kylfdi mᴊǫk til orðanna, ok hǫfðu margir menn þat mᴊǫk at spotti. 6313: 5595: 5382: 5374: 1976: 1359:

before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of

1191: 123: 17000: 8109:

var tólv vetra gamall at aldri, náliga alroskinn at viti, en stórhugaðr umfram alla sína jafnaldra,

6347:

There were several classes of nouns within each gender. The following is an example of the "strong"

4665:, there was no standardized orthography in use in the Middle Ages. A modified version of the letter 19292: 19246: 19241: 19165: 18775: 18759: 18638: 18497: 18388: 18383: 16624: 16176: 16146: 16141: 15861: 15473: 8997: 7263:

as in Old Swedish. These differences can also be seen in comparison between Norwegian and Swedish.

6275: 4685:. Long vowels were sometimes marked with acutes but also sometimes left unmarked or geminated. The 4210: 2000: 1737: 1688: 1482: 1383: 1356: 1101: 909: 840: 182: 154: 16709: 15991: 19231: 19175: 19170: 19090: 18763: 18713: 18013: 17831: 17587: 17515: 17503: 16844: 16789: 16519: 16246: 16096: 16051: 16011: 14851: 14208: 8211: 8177: 8156:, Sweden, is the longest surviving source of early Old East Norse. It is inscribed on both sides. 6205: 5376: 4690: 4315: 4228: 4201: 4106: 1121: 576: 172: 19353: 19073: 18471: 16975: 16819: 16469: 13555:

Stewart, Thomas W. (Jr.) (2004), "Lexical imposition: Old Norse vocabulary in Scottish Gaelic",

10310:, which could have been influenced by the Old Norse cognate. The word "are" is from Old English 4581: 4556: 1413:, with no clear geographical boundary between them. Old East Norse traits were found in eastern 19236: 18718: 18684: 18302: 18118: 17978: 17818: 17713: 16925: 16494: 16231: 16036: 16026: 15921: 15756: 14954:

Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre)

14266: 8096: 6900: 4543:, which suggests that instead of being a voiceless sonorant, it retained a stronger frication. 4338: 1676: 768: 755: 31: 17015: 16814: 15896: 14876: 14862: 14646:

The Nordic Languages, An International Handbook on the History of the North Germanic Languages

14567:

The Menota handbook: Guidelines for the electronic encoding of Medieval Nordic primary sources

14073: 13283: 13235: 13188: 7676: 19394: 19358: 18626: 18619: 18571: 18341: 18312: 18281: 18244: 18169: 17926: 17839: 17700: 17662: 16970: 16869: 16654: 16474: 15856: 15815: 15776: 15708: 15678: 15396: 15183: 14934: 14606: 13338: 13113: 8068: 8064: 8032: 6348: 4637: 4368: 4251: 4215: 423: 18859: 17734: 17055: 16534: 16449: 16399: 15179: 14065: 13275: 13227: 5146: 1693:

The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of

1382:

developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, and Old Norse began to develop into the modern

1239: 19363: 19343: 19312: 19185: 19045: 18791: 18609: 18201: 18028: 17990: 17985: 17859: 17806: 17564: 17080: 16995: 16859: 16754: 16734: 16358: 16256: 16216: 16211: 16191: 16156: 16091: 16001: 15966: 15926: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15771: 15683: 13394: 13147: 13124: 13107: 8899: 8255: 8059: 7664:

From the late 13th century, Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian started to diverge more. After

7549: 7340: 7216:

Weðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr ræistu stæin þenna at Haursa, fǫður sinn. Guð hialpi ǫnd hans (OEN)

6757: 6672:

A definite article was realised as a suffix that retained an independent declension; e.g.,

6287: 4728: 4601: 4233: 1905: 1379: 1375:, and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 8th to the 15th centuries. 599: 581: 470: 19019: 17020: 16509: 15981: 13954: 13127: – The Scandinavian dialect of Proto-Germanic that developed into Old Norse 5106: 8: 19302: 18538: 18492: 18426: 18179: 17826: 17739: 17537: 17308: 17025: 16920: 16839: 16604: 16459: 16186: 16136: 16116: 16056: 16016: 15941: 15793: 15650: 14920: 13855: 13083: 9492: 8782: 6919:

Old West Norse and Old Gutnish did not take part in the monophthongization which changed

4797:, this entails a fronting of back vowels, with retention of lip rounding. In the case of 4260: 1831: 1827: 1771:

was also influenced by Norse. Through Norman, to a smaller extent, so was modern French.

508: 18849: 18694: 17941: 17035: 16629: 16006: 15558: 15365: 15136: 14866: 13938: 13901: 5599:) in an ending is assimilated. When the accented vowel is short, the ending is dropped. 5270: 5228: 19416: 19348: 19272: 19200: 19190: 19145: 18907: 18834: 18731: 18576: 18551: 18546: 18439: 18267: 18152: 17973: 17751: 17746: 17725: 17686: 17490: 17480: 17010: 17005: 16950: 16569: 16514: 16404: 16291: 16196: 16121: 16111: 16041: 15996: 15971: 15961: 15931: 15891: 15871: 15553: 15533: 15342: 15032: 14938: 14550: 14131: 13797: 10281:). While the number of loanwords adopted from the Norse was not as numerous as that of 8947: 8913: 8543:

tended to shift the plural ending to that of the ja-stems while OEN kept the original:

8247: 8084: 7592: 6256:

The gender of some words' plurals does not agree with that of their singulars, such as

6201: 6195: 6097: 5740: 5346: 5281: 5216: 5157: 4744: 4698: 4274: 2471: 1823: 1783: 1702: 1694: 1571: 1493: 1485: 1111: 833: 785: 640: 627: 329: 233: 177: 18502: 16699: 15253: 14794: 14765: 13307: 8203:

in most positions, even when being geminated, while in OWN it had already merged with

7199:

Veðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr reistu stein þenna at Haursa, fǫður sinn. Guð hjalpi ǫnd hans.

288: 19322: 19121: 19037: 19030: 18985: 18929: 18689: 18679: 18662: 18657: 18561: 18323: 18123: 18084: 18064: 17902: 17794: 17776: 17628: 17370: 17095: 17030: 16990: 16980: 16955: 16864: 16849: 16764: 16689: 16634: 16559: 16489: 16444: 16331: 16201: 16171: 16166: 16131: 16101: 16081: 16066: 15986: 15866: 15820: 15766: 15688: 15593: 15277: 15244: 15227: 15220: 15202: 14775: 14688: 14610: 14571: 14244: 14186: 14077: 14066: 13749:

Schalin, Johan (2018). "Preliterary Scandinavian Sound Change Viewed From the East".

13616: 13344: 13287: 13276: 13239: 13228: 13194: 13142: 13137: 8686: 8263: 8153: 8044: 7994: 7205:

Weðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr raistu stain þenna at Haursa, faður sinn. Guð hialpi and hans

7202:

Weðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr ræistu stæin þenna at Haursa, faður sinn. Guð hialpi and hans

5669: 5639: 5362: 5335: 5293: 5240: 1819: 1799: 1644: 1520:

The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:

1410: 1166: 872: 795: 780: 709: 614: 390: 377: 16454: 16076: 15175: 14981:

Altnordische grammatik II. Altschwedische grammatik mit einschluss des altgutnischen

14880: 14243:, The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Durham University, archived from 6025:. In inflections, this manifested as the dropping of the inflectional vowels. Thus, 1794:). Although Swedish, Danish and Norwegian have diverged the most, they still retain 304: 19277: 19068: 19002: 18958: 18953: 18902: 18894: 18699: 18667: 18614: 18603: 18516: 18225: 18164: 17954: 17936: 17771: 17532: 17524: 17247: 17163: 17060: 16985: 16965: 16945: 16879: 16824: 16809: 16794: 16739: 16579: 16564: 16106: 16086: 16071: 16061: 15976: 15956: 15946: 15936: 15876: 15741: 15673: 15389: 15115: 15053: 15015: 14633: 14561: 14542: 14123: 13789: 13564: 13490: 13119: 9177: 8227: 7767:, developed around the early 11th century. It was short-lived, being marked in the 7633:

Old Norwegian differentiated early from Old Icelandic by the loss of the consonant

7005: 6798: 6455: 6204:– masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives or pronouns referring to a noun must 5449: 5328: 5317: 5263: 5199: 5139: 4736: 4144: 1835: 1815: 1761: 1722: 1698: 1633: 1504:, and other North Germanic varieties of which Norwegian, Danish and Swedish retain 1501: 1489: 1364: 1216: 894: 800: 775: 645: 609: 487: 103: 19114: 16524: 16409: 14718: 8649: 8577: 8565: 8149: 7736: 5305: 1286: 19307: 19267: 19100: 19007: 18990: 18975: 18970: 18963: 18672: 18581: 18566: 18521: 18373: 18336: 18328: 18307: 18294: 18274: 18260: 18023: 18000: 17931: 17921: 17913: 17693: 17070: 16829: 16744: 16704: 16684: 16669: 16649: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16554: 16378: 16346: 16241: 16031: 15951: 15886: 15881: 15851: 15518: 15466: 15273: 15260: 14898: 14818: 14801: 14751: 14734: 14710: 11330: 11324: 7857: 7220: 6880: 6764:, classical mythology, and the Old Testament, as well as instructional material, 6761: 6301: 6297: 5401:

represents only a change in orthography rather than a change in sound. Similarly

5206: 5169: 5128: 4772: 4651: 1872: 1811: 1787: 1768: 1718: 1660: 1497: 1441: 1421:

is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western

1071: 949: 810: 604: 436: 164: 16884: 16804: 15186:. Viking Society for Northern Research. University College London. Available at 13104: – Names that speakers of Old Norse assigned to foreign places and peoples. 11726: 11720: 8722:

during the 9th century. From the 11th to 14th centuries, the unstressed vowels -

6595: 971: 19388: 19282: 19262: 19214: 19106: 18980: 18650: 18417: 18356: 18135: 18092: 18049: 17966: 17961: 17850: 17800: 17651: 17602: 17557: 17550: 17365: 17111: 16724: 16694: 16311: 15725: 14630:

Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands

14031: 11318: 9181: 8767: 7611: 6749: 6741: 6317: 5506: 5189: 4786: 4702: 4662: 4655: 1868: 1849: 1791: 1733: 1656: 1626: 1622: 1587: 1562: 1402: 1394: 991: 790: 731: 515: 441: 383: 359: 218: 15352: 15348: 8655: 6879:

As Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse, in the 8th century, the effects of the

6461: 6357: 6327: 6182:

language with high levels of nominal and verbal inflection. Most of the fused

5870: 5848: 5771: 5728: 5697: 5437: 4763:

do by consequence of being derived from the past tense forms of strong verbs.

1782:

Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, and

1091: 1016: 1006: 931: 19410: 19338: 19180: 18936: 18887: 18704: 18643: 18556: 18461: 18399: 18346: 18230: 18157: 17312: 17285: 17065: 16899: 16479: 16368: 15523: 15508: 15461: 15106: 14312: 13974: 13875: 13157: 12342: 11910: 11791: 11246: 10605: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10464: 10282: 8133: 7901: 7627: 7623: 6305: 5470: 5014:

OEN often preserves the original value of the vowel directly preceding runic

5001: 4802: 4670: 4643: 4492:

respectively. In Old Norwegian, Old Danish and later Old Swedish, the groups

1764:), inherited a significant proportion of its vocabulary directly from Norse. 1706: 1583: 1579: 1418: 1281: 1061: 1044: 936: 632: 371: 107: 88: 14676: 11426: 11070: 11064: 10304:, while "Thursday" may be a borrowing or simply derive from the Old English 8452:, while in OWN they more often merge with the feminine i-stems: (runic OEN) 7945:

Orthographic evidence suggests that in a confined dialect of Old Norwegian,

5820: 5492: 5455: 5443: 5252: 1871:, many associated with fishing and sailing. A similar influence is found in 1031: 19207: 18631: 18595: 18528: 18351: 18174: 18147: 18130: 18074: 18033: 17615: 17594: 16799: 16664: 16484: 16341: 15655: 15645: 15538: 15215: 14948: 14530: 14148: 14114:

Sturtevant, Albert Morey (1953), "Further Old Norse Secondary Formations",

13897: 13568: 13422: 12071: 11928: 11904: 11898: 11785: 11362: 11356: 11350: 11336: 11240: 10767: 10458: 8843: 8601: 7861: 6861: 6825: 6792: 4708: 1244: 1196: 229: 18854: 15292: 13583:"Old Norse Influence in Modern English: The Effect of the Viking Invasion" 12280: 12274: 12137: 11486: 11480: 11476: 10903: 8136:. Uncials not encoded separately in Unicode as of this section's writing. 7771:

and remaining until the end of the 12th century. It then merged back into

7607: 7252: 5995:. At the beginning of words, this manifested as a dropping of the initial 981: 272: 19024: 18997: 18815: 18723: 18405: 18366: 17949: 17644: 17608: 17543: 17418: 16854: 16784: 16639: 16373: 16336: 16321: 16181: 15512: 15446: 15431: 15240: 15194: 14891: 13537: 13162: 13152: 12292: 12286: 12059: 11980: 11922: 11916: 11863: 11857: 11258: 11200: 11168: 11150: 11144: 10859: 10853: 10827: 10773: 10761: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10496: 10470: 9137: 9070: 8963: 8919: 8861: 8595: 7865: 7672: 6309: 5075: 3668: 1909: 1745: 1652: 1614: 1553: 1544: 1430: 1406: 1360: 1271: 1206: 1106: 1086: 986: 750: 533: 405: 395: 207: 150: 127: 115: 80: 18869: 16679: 15329: 15138:

Gutarnas Krönika eller Gutasagan [The History of the Gotlanders]

14035: 12268: 12131: 12125: 11614: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11342: 11252: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10599: 10593: 10585: 10579: 10555: 10490: 10322:, which stems back to Proto-Germanic as well as the Old Norse cognates. 8251: 7431: 7240: 7236: 4569: 1248: 18864: 18844: 18209: 17879: 17580: 16429: 16394: 15588: 15583: 15323: 15266: 14637: 14533:(1950), "First Grammatical Treatise. The Earliest Germanic Phonology", 13780:

Benediktsson, H. (1963), "Some Aspects of Nordic Umlaut and Breaking",

13494: 12065: 11986: 11666: 11660: 11558: 11552: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11188: 11182: 11176: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10891: 10821: 10779: 9185: 8759: 6753: 6293: 6179: 6109: 4849: 4810: 4785:

process acting on vowels preceding a vowel or semivowel of a different

2242: 1893: 1840: 1454: 1450: 1368: 1276: 1021: 1011: 996: 805: 540: 15498: 15187: 15169: 14565: 14554: 14135: 13801: 12298: 12212: 12149: 12011: 12005: 11999: 11993: 11732: 11608: 10885: 10484: 10444: 8583: 8380: 8374: 8239: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7001:

in Old West Norse, but this phenomenon was limited in Old East Norse.

4999:, and commonly in verbs with a velar consonant before the suffix like 4147:, with its precise position unknown; it is reconstructed as a palatal 2237:. This can be determined by their distinction within the 12th-century 976: 19050: 18444: 18361: 18142: 18097: 18069: 17895: 17449: 17298: 16874: 16749: 16719: 16504: 16286: 15608: 15483: 15451: 15356: 15333: 14672: 14308:

Altnordische Grammatik I: Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik

13871:

Altnordische Grammatik I: Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik

12338: 12337:(and some clusters, e.g. in Icelandic, most clusters of obstruent to 12230: 11438: 11432: 11420: 10331:

Development of Old Norse vowels to the modern Scandinavian languages

9055: 6335: 4618:. In compound words, secondary stress falls on the second stem (e.g. 4605: 4536: 4096: 2482:, whereas in West Norse and its descendants the diphthongs remained. 2443: 2246: 1888:

Old Norse vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The

1598: 1296: 1253: 1186: 1141: 1076: 961: 899: 281: 265: 247: 92: 18874: 14088:"Old Norse is by far the best attested variety of Old Scandinavian." 12315: 12143: 11968: 11797: 11744: 11738: 11620: 11270: 11264: 11212: 11206: 11162: 11156: 11024: 11018: 11012: 10879: 10871: 10865: 10847: 10841: 10833: 10815: 10809: 10685: 10502: 10476: 10438: 10430: 10424: 8386: 6961:, nor did certain peripheral dialects of Swedish, as seen in modern 6134: 5745: 4975: 1516: 877: 857: 725: 18839: 18187: 17401: 17328: 17132: 16659: 16619: 16351: 16326: 15798: 15720: 15640: 15578: 15573: 15503: 15493: 15488: 15436: 14546: 14127: 14017: 13793: 12224: 12218: 9189: 8708: 8700: 8254:

into the 18th, 19th and 20th century. It is still preserved in the

8235: 6183: 4148: 1757: 1714: 1672: 1618: 1610: 1591: 1481:("northern speech"). Today Old Norse has developed into the modern 1201: 1176: 1134: 1026: 1001: 924: 717: 316: 138: 119: 17341: 17272: 15332:

by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the

14667:, Blackwell Introductions to Literature, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 13540:; Greene, David (eds.), "The influence of Scandinavian on Irish", 12077: 11974: 11809: 11803: 11672: 11570: 11564: 11194: 11076: 10960: 10897: 10450: 8589: 8231: 2171:

Note: The open or open-mid vowels may be transcribed differently:

1161: 1081: 1056: 18880: 18476: 18378: 17211: 17198: 17185: 16674: 16599: 16574: 16544: 16539: 16424: 15751: 15713: 15618: 15603: 15568: 15456: 15412: 15110: 14811: 14521:

Haugan, Jens (1998), "Right Dislocated 'Subjects' in Old Norse",

14327: 12319: 8969: 8704: 8259: 8243: 8144: 6321: 4759:

in the past participle. Some verbs are derived by ablaut, as the

1775: 1749: 1741: 1648: 1637: 1630: 1606: 1437: 1426: 1390: 1181: 966: 867: 815: 622: 312: 111: 84: 15426: 15377:

Old Norse basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

15060:(3rd, revised printing of the 4th ed.), Gyldendal Akademisk 14830: 13990: 12206: 12200: 11750: 10691: 10325: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10293: 10270: 10238: 10232: 10226: 9882: 9800: 9688: 9536: 9486: 9454: 9320: 9314: 9308: 8848: 8071:

was intentionally modelled after Old Norse in the 19th century.

7213:

transliteration would therefore render the text in OEN as such:

5726:

The rule is not absolute, with certain counter-examples such as

4552: 1051: 845: 18183: 17237: 17224: 16889: 16609: 16419: 16316: 16296: 15788: 15781: 15761: 15563: 14627: 13428: 7544:. Old West Norse was also characterized by the preservation of 6341: 6117: 5748:'), where assimilation takes place even though the root vowel, 5460: 1908:. The dots in the following vowel table separate the oral from 1710: 1668: 1663:, probably lasting into the 13th century there. The age of the 1602: 1574:

with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

1446: 1422: 1414: 1221: 1156: 956: 904: 862: 742:

in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.

15441: 14615:, vol. 7 (Raleigh-Tananarivo), D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson 14570:(Version 2.0 ed.), Bergen: Medieval Nordic Text Archive, 8803:(guests) whereas (Standard) Swedish has retained older forms, 914: 18101: 16769: 16759: 16714: 15635: 15548: 15478: 14687:] (in Norwegian) (4th ed.), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 10286: 8531:

Vice versa, masculine i-stems with the root ending in either

8181: 7251:. This can also be seen in the Icelandic and Norwegian words 6278:

being declined in different genders within a given sentence.

4647: 1467:("Danish tongue"; speakers of Old East Norse would have said 1458: 1116: 1096: 919: 850: 429: 225: 15199:

Viking Language: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas

14940:

An Icelandic Prose Reader: with Notes, Grammar, and Glossary

14922:

An Elementary Grammar of the Old Norse or Icelandic Language

7649:; thus whereas Old Icelandic manuscripts might use the form 5561: 4711:. Most other letters are written with the same glyph as the 16894: 16464: 16301: 15543: 14871:(in Danish and Latin), Hafniæ, typis J. D. Qvist & comp 14643: 7274:

is by far the best attested variety of Old Norse. The term

5999:(which was general, independent of the following vowel) or 4666: 1291: 1171: 1151: 1146: 1066: 525: 500: 15381: 12436:

Pronunciation of vowels in various Scandinavian languages

6316:

in addition to singular and plural. The genitive was used

5392: 5368: 1643:

In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken

315:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

7864:

copy. However, the 13th-century Codex Regius copy of the

6865:, Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara, Eysteins ok Ólafs § 35(34). 882: 14744: 13621:, Glasgow : J. Maclehose and Sons, pp. 108–204 13340:

The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North

12411:

in some isolated words, but the tendency was to restore

8312:

started in mid-10th-century Denmark. Compare runic OEN:

5489:

in Icelandic) in comparison with Modern and Old Swedish

14632:, vol. 7 (LOT Occasional series), pp. 51–66, 14339: 8063:

in a version with normalized spelling like that of the

4969:

was obtained through a simultaneous u- and i-umlaut of

1429:

and Sweden, most speakers spoke Old East Norse. Though

15246:

An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

14780:, Reykjavík, Kostnaarmaur: Sigurdur Kristjánsson, 1922 13874:. pp. 200–202, 207 (§ 277, § 283). Archived from 13684: 13387: 13385: 8866:

At the end of the 10th and early 11th century initial

14451:, p. 389 col.1, "LIM"; p. 437, col.1 "MUND" 14439:– Remarks on the 1st Strong Masculine Declension, 3.a 14240:

The Anonymous Verse in the Third Grammatical Treatise

14064:

König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002).

13919: 13917: 13915: 13913: 13274:

König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002).

13226:

König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002).

13190:

Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses

15000:

Gammeldansk Grammatik i sproghistorisk Fremstilling

14997: 14665:

Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction

13903:

Abriss Der Altnordischen (Altisländischen) Grammatik

13252: 13187:

Josephson, Folke; Söhrman, Ingmar (29 August 2008).

7934:⟩ sequences represented a consonant cluster ( 7860:

manuscripts distinguish the vowels, and so does the

6768:

and a large body of letters and official documents.

6078: 6071: 4731:

patterns are groups of vowels which are swapped, or

4110: 4067: 4053: 4039: 3997: 3974: 3933: 3879: 3832: 3780: 3729: 3677: 3620: 3575: 3531: 3517: 3466: 3421: 3377: 3329: 3315: 3271: 3227: 3182: 3138: 3091: 3032: 2984: 2936: 2922: 2878: 2820: 2765: 2718: 2670: 2650: 2595: 2547: 1774:

Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse

15326:, an online collection of Old Norse source material 15284: 14835:(in Danish and English), University of Copenhagen, 14619: 14063: 13950: 13934: 13851: 13416: 13382: 13273: 13225: 13093: – A common textbook on the language 8195:, which evolved during the Proto-Norse period from 7622:, Old West Norse had little dialect variation, and 4884:respectively. Others were formed via ʀ-umlaut from 1636:in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in 15219: 13910: 9117: 8446:Feminine o-stems often preserve the plural ending 1848:, according to one theory, may be named after the 15263:via Germanic Lexicon Project (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz) 15188:the Viking Society for Northern Research homepage 14512:Harbert, Wayne (2007), "The Germanic Languages", 14408:, pp. 761–762 (Introduction to Letter Ö (Ø)) 12396: 12394: 6789:), as evidenced in the following two quotes from 5795:. These forms are impossible because the cluster 19408: 14709: 14489: 14477: 14460: 14448: 14432: 14420:, pp. xxix–xxx "Formation of Words" : 14417: 14411: 14405: 14393: 14161:"Introduction – History of Norwegian up to 1349" 13670: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13660: 13580: 13186: 12318:Norwegian – Norwegianization of written Danish; 9129:History of English § Scandinavian influence 7846:) 'green' became spelled as in modern Icelandic 5896:is expected to exist, such as in the male names 5701:('to cool down') had present tense third person 5453:respectively, in contrast to the Swedish plural 1867:A number of loanwords have been introduced into 15168:Barnes, Michael; Faulkes, Anthony (2007–2011), 14929: 14885:Lexicon poeticum antiquæ linguæ septentrionalis 14875: 14868:Lexicon poeticum antiquæ linguæ septentrionalis 14685:The main features of Norwegian language history 14560: 13966: 13767: 13343:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 63–64. 12382: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12332: 12330: 12328: 10299: 10264: 10254: 10220: 10210: 10200: 10184: 10174: 10158: 10146: 10136: 10120: 10104: 10094: 10084: 10074: 10064: 10058: 10048: 10038: 10028: 10018: 10008: 9998: 9988: 9978: 9962: 9952: 9942: 9932: 9922: 9912: 9902: 9892: 9876: 9870: 9860: 9850: 9840: 9830: 9820: 9810: 9794: 9788: 9778: 9768: 9758: 9748: 9738: 9728: 9718: 9708: 9698: 9682: 9666: 9656: 9646: 9636: 9626: 9616: 9606: 9596: 9586: 9572: 9562: 9552: 9546: 9530: 9520: 9510: 9500: 9480: 9470: 9464: 9448: 9438: 9428: 9418: 9412: 9402: 9392: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9360: 9350: 9340: 9330: 9302: 9292: 9282: 9272: 9262: 9256: 9246: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9214: 9204: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9053: 9039: 9033: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8911: 8893: 8887: 8846:shared with Norwegian and Swedish changed into 8834: 8828: 8822: 8785:. Resulting from these innovations, Danish has 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8570: 8557: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8447: 8437: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8397: 8391: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8230:in the provinces of Westro- and North Bothnia, 8116: 8106: 8093: 8038: 8018: 8012: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7906:Around the 11th century, Old Norwegian ⟨ 7883: 7873: 7847: 7837: 7827: 7813: 7747: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7656: 7650: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7552: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7490: 7483: 7463: 7456: 7436: 7411: 7404: 7384: 7377: 7357: 7350: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7230: 7224: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6910: 6904: 6891: 6885: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6723: 6713: 6703: 6693: 6683: 6673: 6659: 6652: 6640: 6633: 6621: 6582: 6575: 6563: 6556: 6541: 6529: 6514: 6507: 6495: 6488: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6398: 6386: 6379: 6333: 6325: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6165: 6159: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6121: 6091: 6085: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6026: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5916: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5883: 5876: 5861: 5854: 5839: 5832: 5826: 5812: 5789: 5779: 5749: 5733: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5661: 5654: 5652: 5645: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5478: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5020:while OWN receives ʀ-umlaut. Compare runic OEN 5015: 4989: 4981: 4642:Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the 4619: 4609: 4100: 4061: 4047: 4033: 3991: 3985: 3968: 3927: 3921: 3873: 3826: 3774: 3723: 3662: 3614: 3569: 3525: 3511: 3505: 3460: 3415: 3371: 3323: 3309: 3265: 3221: 3176: 3132: 3085: 3026: 2978: 2930: 2916: 2865: 2807: 2759: 2712: 2664: 2658: 2637: 2589: 2541: 2228: 1476: 1469: 1462: 153:in the 8th century, developed into the various 66: 59: 15161: 14662: 14599:Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion 14371: 14356: 14354: 14333: 13996: 13116: – The spelling of the language 13110: – The grammar of the language. 12391: 8176:modern Swedish. Swedish is therefore the more 7930:⟩. It is debatable whether the ⟨ 7655:, "fist", Old Norwegian manuscripts might use 4099:between vowels except in compound words (e.g. 2486:History of Old Norse and Old Icelandic vowels 1859: 17465: 17148: 15397: 14957:(4th ed.), Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer, 14612:Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition 14426: 14311:. p. 211 (§ 288, note 1). Archived from 14209:"(Manuscript AM 519 a 4to) "Alexanders saga"" 13821:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIversen1961 ( 13657: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13360: 10326:Relationship to modern Scandinavian languages 8816: 8810: 8804: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8612: 8606: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8410: 8403: 7497: 7470: 7443: 7418: 7391: 7364: 7008:in Sweden (U 990) from the eleventh century: 6096:respectively in Old Norse, a change known as 5490: 5464: 5303: 5238: 5178: 5116: 5064:Comparison demonstrating U-Umlaut in Swedish 4715:phoneme, except as shown in the table below. 4159:, as had already occurred in Old West Norse. 3671: 2871: 2813: 2643: 1853: 1805: 1409:. Old West Norse and Old East Norse formed a 1325: 686: 15309:Valfells, Sigrid; Caithey, James E. (1982), 15214: 14620:van der Auwera, J.; König, E., eds. (1994), 14473: 14471: 14469: 13779: 12356: 12325: 10276: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8523: 8517: 7741: 6274:, have multiple genders, evidenced by their 5673:('to shine') had present tense third person 5643:('to blow'), has third person present tense 5421:should be viewed as a change in orthography. 1511: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14351: 14213:Medieval Nordic Text Archive www.menota.org 14202: 14200: 13761: 12428:is still present elsewhere in the paradigm. 6740:The earliest inscriptions in Old Norse are 6296:in four grammatical cases – 1838:also have a few Norse loanwords. The words 17472: 17458: 17155: 17141: 15404: 15390: 14113: 13812: 13810: 13544:, Dundalgan Press, Dundalk, pp. 75–82 13542:Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress 13357: 13330: 9122: 7755:A specifically Icelandic sound, the long, 5934:. This is observable in the Runic corpus. 5738:, yet retains the unabsorbed version, and 4707:exclusively. Long vowels are denoted with 4650:Old Norse was originally written with the 1760:. Consequently, Modern English (including 1332: 1318: 693: 679: 15364:by Haukur Þorgeirsson (archived from the 15285:Þorgeirsson, Haukur; Guðlaugsson, Óskar, 14671: 14466: 14399: 14030: 13611: 13419:, "Faroese" (Barnes & Weyhe), p. 217. 13258: 13097:List of English words of Old Norse origin 9133:List of English words of Old Norse origin 8766:endings. At the same time, the voiceless 8077:Digital facsimile of the manuscript text 7775:; as a result, long A is not affected by 7752:. The change is shared with Old Gutnish. 5430:Represents the u-umlaut found in Swedish. 4718: 4580: with: Dating, etc.. You can help by 2470:respectively). In East Norse these would 19427:14th-century disestablishments in Europe 15031: 14861: 14850: 14483: 14378: 14197: 13702: 13131: 8143: 7822:, which had probably already lowered to 7809:⟩ to become merely etymological. 7548:-umlaut, which meant that, for example, 6899:All the while, the changes resulting in 5562:Assimilation or elision of inflectional 5531:preceding the potentially-broken vowel. 1640:and in various settlements in the East. 1515: 19432:Languages attested from the 8th century 15014: 14998:Brøndum-Nielsen, Johannes (1928–1974), 14918: 14856:Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 14601:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 14516:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 14511: 14258: 13816: 13807: 13748: 13681:: p. 1082; Reduced vowels: p. 1085 13554: 13487:Norse loanwords in Old and Middle Irish 13484: 13444: 13379:, "Scandinavian Languages", pp. 336–338 13336: 8080:The same text with normalized spelling 7797:and the written distinction of ⟨ 2504: 2496: 1397:(Old West Nordic, often referred to as 1367:and chronologically coincides with the 309:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 19409: 17479: 15311:Old Icelandic: An Introductory Course. 15069: 15052: 14977: 14947: 14652: 14529: 14520: 14206: 14097: 13923: 13835: 13732: 13690: 13674: 13647: 13631: 13618:The Norse influence on Celtic Scotland 13535: 13456: 13269: 13267: 8692: 7793:to become an independent phoneme from 7789:during the 12th century, which caused 5786: 5776: 4447: 2241:but not within the early 13th-century 1665:Swedish-speaking population of Finland 19437:Languages extinct in the 14th century 19143: 18757: 17501: 17453: 17136: 15385: 15239: 15193: 15145:from the original on 10 November 2011 15123:from the original on 12 November 2020 14839:from the original on 18 December 2019 14789:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic 14786: 14763: 14605: 14523:Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 14236: 14219:from the original on 5 September 2018 13980: 13720: 13714: 13708:Old English and Its Closest Relatives 13593:from the original on 29 November 2020 13518:from the original on 5 September 2018 13508:"Some Irish words with Norse Origins" 13376: 12771: 12530: 7872:Towards the end of the 13th century, 7591:The earliest body of text appears in 7570:as in post-runic Old East Norse; OWN 6292:Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns were 5942: 5345: 5327: 5280: 5262: 5215: 5198: 5156: 5138: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5068: 4807:Proto-Germanic morphological suffixes 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2306: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1682: 1308:WikiProject Norse history and culture 669:WikiProject Norse history and culture 19422:8th-century establishments in Europe 17376:Subdivisions of the Nordic countries 17162: 16267:Cnut the Great's invasion of England 15134: 15105: 15080:from the original on 24 October 2021 15076:(2nd ed.), Universität Bergen, 14961:from the original on 24 October 2021 14596: 14345: 14283:from the original on 6 February 2016 14191:Principles of Historical Linguistics 14185: 14167:from the original on 31 January 2023 13173: 9103: 9075: 8924: 7988: 7626:does not diverge much more than the 6839: 6803: 6116:was used in West Norwegian south of 5424: 5356: 5052:("glass", "hare", "pile of rocks"). 4564: 4527:(the Proto-Germanic pronunciation), 4123:phoneme was pronounced as after an 4083:Old Norse has six plosive phonemes, 18034:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 16222:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias 15039:, New York: Oxford University Press 14264: 14207:van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.), 13467:from the original on 16 August 2017 13460:Old Norse loanwords in modern Irish 13264: 12388:When followed by a nasal consonant. 10225:) (for which the Anglo-Saxons said 9069:is the longest text surviving from 8199:, was still clearly separated from 5922:), the result is apparently always 4480:) or as single voiceless sonorants 4151:. It descended from Proto-Germanic 3982: 1796:considerable mutual intelligibility 1679:in the 13th century at the latest. 1675:into the region by the time of the 1535: 1526: 1506:considerable mutual intelligibility 24: 19393:Languages between parentheses are 18913: 18758: 17362:Comparison of the Nordic countries 17086:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 17051:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 17046:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 16415:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) 15249:(2nd ed.), Univerzita Karlova 15098: 14832:ONP: Dictionary of Old Norse Prose 14737:via the Germanic Lexicon Project ( 14504: 14304: 13896: 13867: 13581:Medievalists.net (13 April 2014). 13318:from the original on 3 August 2020 13207:from the original on 17 April 2023 7526:, "faith", whereas Old East Norse 6238:, "house", is neuter, so also are 5892:Furthermore, wherever the cluster 5732:('friend'), which has the synonym 4956: 2254: 2203:Sometime around the 13th century, 366: 25: 19458: 15317: 14046:from the original on 8 March 2012 12379:When not followed by a consonant. 9176:(to stand). This is because both 9047: 9024:. Gutnish also shows dropping of 8905: 8139: 8058:. The facsimile demonstrates the 7266: 4523:is unclear, but it may have been 4426: 4406: 4395: 4367: 4349: 4337: 4323: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4292: 4273: 4259: 4250: 4232: 4227: 4214: 4209: 4200: 4195: 2157: 2146: 2126: 2113: 2093: 2068: 2044: 2024: 1999: 1975: 1955: 1389:Old Norse was divided into three 17432: 17431: 17334: 17321: 17291: 17278: 17265: 17246: 17230: 17217: 17204: 17191: 17178: 15617: 15353:13th century Norwegian Old Norse 15022:(7th ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug. 14804:via "Germanic Lexicon Project" ( 14584:from the original on 24 May 2020 8781:became voiced plosives and even 8528:alternatively for the o-stems). 7957:-umlaut was reversed unless the 7895: 7721: 7259:("strong"), which in Swedish is 5425: 5357: 4809:whose vowels created the umlaut 4697:is marked. The oldest texts and 4673:was used briefly for the sounds 4568: 4066:"younger" (acc. neut. wk.) < 1355:, was a stage of development of 724: 344: 17358:Climate of the Nordic countries 15171:A New Introduction to Old Norse 14720:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 14702: 14681:Hovuddrag i norsk språkhistorie 14454: 14442: 14435:, p. xvi "Strong Nouns" – 14298: 14230: 14179: 14153: 14141: 14107: 14057: 14024: 14002: 13890: 13861: 13773: 13742: 13696: 13605: 13574: 13548: 13529: 13500: 13478: 13450: 13434: 13417:van der Auwera & König 1994 12418: 12309: 9118:Relationship to other languages 8167:between 800 and 1100 is called 8026: 7949:may have been unrounded before 5937: 5463:nouns (except the Swedish noun 4931:were obtained by u-umlaut from 4687:standardized Old Norse spelling 4658:came into use some time later. 4095:pronounced as voiced fricative 2220: 1625:was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, 1373:Christianization of Scandinavia 19397:of the language on their left. 16237:Sack of Santiago de Compostela 15073:Norröne Grammatik im Überblick 14925:, London: Williams and Norgate 13489:(thesis), Utrecht University, 13300: 13219: 13180: 9188:. A few examples of Old Norse 8957: 8855: 8754:, represented with the letter 7805:from medial and final ⟨ 6206:mirror the gender of that noun 5519:. The change was blocked by a 5409:. And thus changes from Norse 4631: 4155:and eventually developed into 4087:being rare word-initially and 463: 13: 1: 19288:Germanic substrate hypothesis 19144: 17122:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde) 17076:Uppland Runic Inscription 158 16252:Siege of Constantinople (860) 15338:University of Texas at Austin 14525:, no. 62, pp. 37–60 14010:"The Old Norse dialect areas" 8680: 8052: 7779:-umlaut in Modern Icelandic. 7665: 7630:dialects do from each other. 7616: 7596: 6783:), sometimes Norse language ( 6748:in the 11th century came the 6281: 6103: 4078: 2294: 1917: 1756:and contained many Old Norse 1659:, it survived the longest in 19318:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 18009:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 17381:LGBT in the Nordic countries 17041:Småland Runic Inscription 48 16941:Danish Runic Inscription 380 16936:Danish Runic Inscription 154 15347:Old Norse sound samples for 15222:An Introduction to Old Norse 15141:(in Old Norse and English), 14739:germanic-lexicon-project.org 14663:O'Donoghue, Heather (2004), 14490:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14478:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14461:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14449:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14433:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14418:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14406:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 14394:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 13168: 13090:An Introduction to Old Norse 9313:which became Middle English 7734:was lost: compare Icelandic 6867:Frá veðjan Haralds ok Magnús 6232:, "woman", is feminine, and 5811:. The same shortening as in 1878: 1617:, northwest England, and in 458: 7: 19298:High German consonant shift 16931:Danish Runic Inscription 66 16435:Birka female Viking warrior 16127:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu 15411: 15334:Linguistics Research Center 15226:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 15162:Language learning resources 14911: 14648:, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 14593:, "The Menota handbook 2.0" 14372:Cleasby-Vigfússon citations 14364:. London: MacMillan and Co. 14360:Helfenstein, James (1870). 14042:(in Swedish), p. 862, 13768:Vigfússon & Powell 1879 13463:(thesis), Lund University, 13077: 11724:"to offer, command": Ic/Fa 8037:The following text is from 7637:in initial position before 6771: 6178:Old Norse was a moderately 6052:in Icelandic progressed to 5500: 5469:mentioned above), and even 5055: 4973:. It appears in words like 4119:> between vowels). The 1667:is strongly contested, but 1590:, which was also spoken in 1586:, and together they formed 95:and other Norse settlements 10: 19463: 17836:Westlauwers–Terschellings 17489:According to contemporary 17414:Nordic identity in Estonia 17386:Nordic diplomatic missions 16961:Gunnar's bridge runestones 16307:Viking Age arms and armour 16162:Battle of Strangford Lough 15902:Battle of Brentford (1016) 15070:Haugen, Odd Einar (2015), 15045:in the narrow sense, i.e. 15005:, København: J. H. Schultz 14514:Cambridge Language Surveys 14499: 14040:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 10272:híe syndon bégen (þá) wáce 9180:and Old Norse stem from a 9126: 8961: 8859: 8684: 8107: 8094: 8083:The same text with Modern 8030: 7992: 7899: 7836:). Thus, pre-13th-century 6746:conversion to Christianity 6355:The strong masculine noun 6285: 6193: 6173: 6154:; and East Norwegian used 5853:('bottom') (as opposed to 5831:('salmon') (as opposed to 5504: 4770: 4695:voiceless dental fricative 4635: 4604:in Old Norse falls on the 4550: 2239:First Grammatical Treatise 1902:First Grammatical Treatise 1806:Other influenced languages 1686: 1671:settlement had spread the 552:First Grammatical Treatise 36: 29: 19380: 19331: 19255: 19224: 19156: 19152: 19139: 19088: 19061: 19015:Southern Schleswig Danish 18946: 18827: 18783: 18774: 18770: 18753: 18594: 18537: 18425: 18416: 18321: 18293: 18252: 18243: 18218: 18200: 18111: 18083: 18057: 18048: 17999: 17912: 17887: 17878: 17817: 17712: 17661: 17636: 17627: 17523: 17514: 17510: 17497: 17487: 17427: 17394: 17350: 17307: 17255: 17244: 17170: 17117:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) 17104: 17091:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone 16913: 16780:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson 16615:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson 16387: 16275: 16152:Battle of Stamford Bridge 15839: 15734: 15664: 15626: 15615: 15419: 14892:First and Second editions 14723:, Oxford: Clarendon Press 13337:Sanders, Ruth H. (2021). 13102:List of Old Norse exonyms 13065: 13040: 13030: 13022: 13012: 12957: 12930: 12905: 12848: 12756: 12691: 12664: 12644: 12548: 12520: 12192: 12184: 11844: 11836: 11712: 11704: 11595: 10985: 10716: 9881:, related to OE. cognate 9799:, related to OE. cognate 9535:, related to OE. cognate 9485:, related to OE. cognate 9453:, related to OE. cognate 9307:, related to OE. cognate 9079: 9006:as in e.g. Old Icelandic 8998:anticipatory assimilation 8928: 8750:) started to merge into - 8117: 8082: 8079: 8076: 7812:Around the 13th century, 7520:, "cow" (accusative) and 7282:. Another designation is 6843: 6807: 6620: 6549: 6540: 6528: 6522: 6479: 6469: 6404: 6189: 6084:of Proto-Germanic became 5477:, such as Old West Norse 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 4781:Umlaut or mutation is an 4777:Old Norse morphophonology 4766: 4723: 4546: 2507: 2499: 2497:Primitive Old West Norse 2493: 2490: 2406: 2367: 2328: 2304: 2089: 2020: 1951: 1927: 1883: 1738:northern English dialects 1512:Geographical distribution 1461:spoke the same language, 1425:. In what is present-day 1192:Medieval Scandinavian law 295: 279: 263: 245: 240: 215: 200: 161: 145: 134: 99: 76: 58: 53: 48: 19447:North Germanic languages 19293:West Germanic gemination 19247:Ancient Belgian language 19242:Germanic parent language 19186:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 18308:Austrian Standard German 17502: 16625:Ingvar the Far-Travelled 16530:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir 16364:Raid Warfare and Tactics 16207:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt 16177:Battle of Tara (Ireland) 16147:Battle of Stamford (918) 16142:Battle of Stamford (894) 16047:Battle of Lüneburg Heath 15862:Battle of Anglesey Sound 15313:Oxford University Press. 15259:24 February 2021 at the 15218:; Taylor, A. R. (1981), 15058:Grunnbok i norrønt språk 14943:, Oxford Clarendon Press 14919:Bayldon, George (1870), 14800:11 February 2021 at the 14215:, fol. 1v, lines 10–14, 13971:, Ch. 8 §3.2.1 "Gender". 8910:This is an extract from 8758:. This vowel came to be 8436:'maidendom; virginity', 7918:⟩ became ⟨ 6735: 5550:result from breaking of 5515:, East Norse also broke 5389:. The change from Norse 3137:"let (past tense)" < 2219:in most dialects except 1890:standardized orthography 1689:North Germanic languages 1483:North Germanic languages 1384:North Germanic languages 1102:Early Germanic calendars 910:Hel (mythological being) 155:North Germanic languages 37:Not to be confused with 16845:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson 16790:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 16520:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 16247:Siege of Chartres (911) 16097:Battle of Reading (871) 16052:Battle of Lyrskov Heath 16042:Battle of London Bridge 16012:Battle of Hingston Down 15288:Old Norse for Beginners 15272:26 October 2021 at the 15201:, Jules William Press, 15135:Tunstall, Peter (ed.), 15037:The Syntax of Old Norse 14903:www.septentrionalia.net 13951:Old Norse for Beginners 13935:Old Norse for Beginners 13906:(in German), p. 12 13852:Old Norse for Beginners 13485:Borkent, Aukje (2014), 13457:Farren, Robert (2014), 13312:Encyclopedia Britannica 11997:"to fill": Ic/Fa/NN/Sw 10428:"land": Ic/Fa/Sw/Da/No 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10271: 10265: 10255: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10211: 10201: 10185: 10175: 10159: 10147: 10137: 10121: 10105: 10095: 10085: 10075: 10065: 10059: 10049: 10039: 10029: 10019: 10009: 9999: 9989: 9979: 9963: 9953: 9943: 9933: 9923: 9913: 9903: 9893: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9861: 9851: 9841: 9831: 9821: 9811: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9779: 9769: 9759: 9749: 9739: 9729: 9719: 9709: 9699: 9689: 9683: 9667: 9657: 9647: 9637: 9627: 9617: 9607: 9597: 9587: 9577:vs. the native English 9573: 9563: 9553: 9547: 9537: 9531: 9521: 9511: 9501: 9487: 9481: 9471: 9465: 9455: 9449: 9439: 9429: 9419: 9413: 9403: 9393: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9361: 9351: 9341: 9331: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9293: 9283: 9273: 9263: 9257: 9247: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9215: 9205: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9123:Relationship to English 9054: 9040: 9034: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8922:as a distinct dialect. 8912: 8894: 8888: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8643: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8571: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8439: 8432: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8342:; with Post-runic OEN: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8226:. It survived in rural 8039: 8019: 8013: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7884: 7874: 7828: 7814: 7748: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7657: 7651: 7584: 7582:, while post-runic OEN 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7499: 7491: 7484: 7472: 7464: 7457: 7445: 7437: 7420: 7412: 7405: 7393: 7385: 7378: 7366: 7358: 7351: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7235:, which in Swedish are 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6912: 6905: 6892: 6886: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6694: 6684: 6674: 6660: 6653: 6641: 6634: 6622: 6594: 6583: 6576: 6564: 6557: 6542: 6530: 6515: 6508: 6496: 6489: 6465:(OEN) (English "hall") 6460: 6454: 6443: 6437: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6399: 6387: 6380: 6356: 6334: 6326: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6166: 6160: 6150: 6144: 6128: 6122: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5991: 5989:, their i-umlauts, and 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5965:, their u-umlauts, and 5961: 5955: 5949: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5856: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5791: 5781: 5770: 5750: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5667:). Similarly, the verb 5663: 5653: 5651:(' blows') rather than 5646: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5491: 5479: 5363:Old Swedish orthography 5304: 5292: 5239: 5227: 5179: 5168: 5117: 5105: 5047: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5016: 4995:), from Proto-Germanic 4990: 4982: 4620: 4610: 4531:or the similar phoneme 4460:The consonant digraphs 4112: 4107:Proto-Germanic language 4101: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3976: 3969: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3881: 3874: 3834: 3827: 3782: 3775: 3731: 3724: 3679: 3672: 3663: 3622: 3615: 3577: 3570: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3468: 3461: 3423: 3416: 3379: 3372: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3273: 3266: 3229: 3222: 3184: 3177: 3140: 3133: 3093: 3086: 3034: 3027: 2986: 2979: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2767: 2760: 2720: 2713: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2597: 2590: 2549: 2542: 2229: 1740:within the area of the 1629:, eastern England, and 1477: 1470: 1463: 1405:(Old East Nordic), and 1357:North Germanic dialects 1122:Death in Norse paganism 888:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar 67: 60: 27:North Germanic language 19354:Preterite-present verb 19237:Proto-Germanic grammar 19191:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 18303:German Standard German 17979:East Frisian Low Saxon 17001:Norra Härene Runestone 16926:Baltic area runestones 16440:Bjørn (floruit 856–58) 16227:Raids in the Rhineland 16037:Battle of Leuven (891) 16027:Battle of Islandbridge 16022:Battle of Hjörungavágr 15922:Battle of Cathair Cuan 15362:Old Norse sound sample 14978:Noreen, Adolf (1904), 14817:1 January 2022 at the 14622:The Germanic Languages 14607:Adams, Charles Kendall 14492:, pp. 113–114 "E" 14237:Wills, Tarrin (2006), 14104:, pp. 1856, 1859. 14068:The Germanic Languages 14016:, 2009, archived from 13569:10.1075/dia.21.2.06ste 13278:The Germanic Languages 13230:The Germanic Languages 11779:⟨(j)úgv⟩ 11701:⟨(j)ógv⟩ 10277: 9087: 8936: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8762:, particularly before 8736:standard normalization 8673: 8667: 8661: 8613: 8607: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8288:Monophthongization of 8157: 8065:standard normalization 8003:and some instances of 7914:⟩, and ⟨ 7848: 7838: 7742: 7595:and in poems composed 7231: 7225: 6983:were assimilated into 6963:Ostrobothnian dialects 6850: 6829:, Ynglinga saga § 20. 6814: 6618:Nominative-Accusative 6349:inflectional paradigms 6268:. Some words, such as 6226:, "man" is masculine, 5971:was not possible, nor 5799:cannot be realized as 5765:respectively, instead 5465: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5334: 5316: 5269: 5251: 5205: 5188: 5145: 5127: 4755:in the past tense and 4719:Phonological processes 4557:Norwegian tonal stress 4504:were reduced to plain 2249:and other dialects of 2223:, and Icelandic where 1860: 1854: 1814:; to a lesser extent, 1677:Second Swedish Crusade 1576: 1536:Old East Norse dialect 1527:Old West Norse dialect 1347:, also referred to as 297:This article contains 32:Norse (disambiguation) 19359:Grammatischer Wechsel 18342:Namibian Black German 18313:Swiss Standard German 18282:Early New High German 17840:Mainland West Frisian 17701:Harlingerland Frisian 16971:Hakon Jarl runestones 16870:Tryggvi the Pretender 16775:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 16710:Ohthere of Hålogaland 16655:Ketil Trout (Iceland) 16475:Eohric of East Anglia 16374:Svinfylking Formation 16182:Battle of Tarbat Ness 15992:Battle of Fýrisvellir 15857:First Battle of Alton 14984:, Halle: Max Niemeyer 14897:19 April 2021 at the 14787:Zoëga, G. T. (1910), 14764:Zoëga, G. T. (1896), 14750:17 April 2023 at the 14715:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur 14072:. Routledge. p. 13751:Nordica Helsingiensia 13282:. Routledge. p. 13259:Torp & Vikør 1993 13234:. Routledge. p. 13132:Dialectal information 13114:Old Norse orthography 12262:⟨eyggj⟩ 12181:⟨oyggj⟩ 12106:⟨eiggj⟩ 10733:"to speak": Ic/Fa/NN 10266:Þæiʀ eʀu báðiʀ wæikiʀ 10247:Prenominal adjectives 8860:Further information: 8842:Moreover, the Danish 8685:Further information: 8147: 8069:Icelandic orthography 8033:Old Norse orthography 8031:Further information: 8011:and so Old Icelandic 7993:Further information: 7961:had been eliminated: 7926:⟩ and ⟨ 7900:Further information: 7769:Grammatical Treatises 7759:-umlauted A, spelled 6766:grammatical treatises 6320:and in compounds and 6208:, so that one says, " 6194:Further information: 4761:present-in-past verbs 4638:Old Norse orthography 4519:The pronunciation of 3420:"to be content" < 2293:Generic vowel system 1916:Generic vowel system 1519: 141:and their descendants 130:and places in-between 19364:Indo-European ablaut 19344:Germanic strong verb 19313:Germanic spirant law 18450:Southeast Limburgish 17946:Gelders-Overijssels 17575:Irish Middle English 17565:Early Modern English 17257:Autonomous countries 17081:Varangian runestones 16996:Lingsberg Runestones 16976:Hällestad Runestones 16860:Thorolf Kveldulfsson 16820:Styrbjörn the Strong 16755:Rognvald Eysteinsson 16735:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 16500:Freydís Eiríksdóttir 16470:Egill Skallagrímsson 16217:Burning of Luimneach 16192:Battle of Tettenhall 16157:Battle of Stiklestad 16092:Battle of Rastarkalv 16002:Battle of Hafrsfjord 15967:Battle of Englefield 15927:Battle of Chippenham 15917:Battle of Buttington 15912:Battle of Brunanburh 15907:Battle of Brissarthe 15154:, facing translation 14877:Egilsson, Sveinbjorn 14863:Egilsson, Sveinbjorn 14777:Íslenzk-Ensk orðabók 14767:Íslenzk-Ensk orðabók 14733:20 July 2021 at the 14597:Lass, Roger (1993), 13514:, 21 November 2013, 13395:Nationalencyklopedin 13308:"Old Norse language" 13148:History of Icelandic 13125:Proto-Norse language 13108:Old Norse morphology 12040:⟨ýggj⟩ 11310:⟨(j)ö⟩ 11053:⟨íggj⟩ 10532:⟨(j)ä⟩ 8900:Dalecarlian dialects 8783:fricative consonants 8256:Dalecarlian dialects 7856:). The 12th-century 7726:In Iceland, initial 6332:, the well of Urðr; 6288:Old Norse morphology 6200:Old Norse had three 6138:); North of Bergen, 5405:is used in place of 5102:Guardian / Caretaker 4614:would be pronounced 4561:Swedish tonal stress 4418:Lateral approximant 2508:Example (Old Norse) 2505:Later Old Icelandic 2442:Old Norse had three 1906:Dalecarlian dialects 1475:). Another term was 1380:Proto-Norse language 1365:overseas settlements 30:For other uses, see 19332:Synchronic features 19303:Germanic a-mutation 19256:Diachronic features 18606:in the broad sense 18539:East Central German 18493:Lorraine Franconian 18467:Transylvanian Saxon 18427:West Central German 18202:East Low Franconian 18112:West Low Franconian 17026:Sigtrygg Runestones 17016:Runestones of Högby 16921:Ballstorp Runestone 16905:Unn the Deep-Minded 16840:Thorfinn the Mighty 16835:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva 16815:Steinunn Refsdóttir 16605:Hemming Halfdansson 16460:Bjorn the Easterner 16187:Battle of Tempsford 16137:Battle of Stainmore 16117:Battle of Rochester 16057:Battle of Mag Femen 16017:Battle of the Holme 15942:Battle of Corbridge 15897:Battle of Brávellir 15847:Tactics and warfare 15651:Viking ship replica 15184:Part III - Glossary 15033:Faarlund, Jan Terje 14931:Vigfússon, Gudbrand 14348:, pp. 187–188. 14336:, pp. 190–201. 14247:on 4 September 2018 13968:The Menota handbook 13536:Greene, D. (1973), 13512:irisharchaeology.ie 13084:Germanic a-mutation 12437: 11649:⟨úgv⟩ 11533:⟨ógv⟩ 10332: 9581:of the same root), 8996:was not subject to 8258:in the province of 7761:⟨Ǫ́ ⟩ 6604: 6466: 6362: 6202:grammatical genders 5065: 4959:for information on 2494:Northwest Germanic 2487: 2301: 2257:for the mergers of 1924: 1767:The development of 1754:influenced by Norse 1651:in the West to the 1545:Old Gutnish dialect 1045:Rituals and worship 570:Proto-Indo-European 157:by the 15th century 71:('Northern speech') 19442:Medieval languages 19349:Germanic weak verb 19158:Language subgroups 18508:Pennsylvania Dutch 18457:Moselle Franconian 18435:Central Franconian 18268:Middle High German 18019:Central Pomeranian 17974:Northern Low Saxon 17687:Wangerooge Frisian 17481:Germanic languages 17056:Sparlösa Runestone 17011:Runestones at Aspa 17006:Orkesta Runestones 16951:England runestones 16570:Halfdan Ragnarsson 16550:Hakon Rognvaldsson 16535:Gunnar Hámundarson 16515:Godfrid Haraldsson 16450:Bjarni Herjólfsson 16400:Amlaíb Cenncairech 16388:Historical figures 16292:Great Heathen Army 16280:and fortifications 16197:Battle of Thetford 16122:Battle of Sasireti 16112:Battle of Ringmere 15997:Battle of Glenmama 15972:Battle of Epiphany 15962:Battle of Edington 15932:Battle of Clontarf 15892:Battle of Benfleet 15872:Battle of Assandun 15709:L'Anse aux Meadows 15534:Old Norse religion 15295:on 23 January 2017 14806:lexicon.ff.cuni.cz 14187:Hock, Hans Henrich 13704:Robinson, Orrin W. 13429:Moberg et al. 2007 13392:"Nordiska språk", 13193:. John Benjamins. 13052:⟨au⟩ 13037:⟨øy⟩ 13019:⟨oy⟩ 12994:⟨ey⟩ 12964:⟨ei⟩ 12778:⟨ǫ́⟩ 12435: 12255:⟨ey⟩ 12242:⟨au⟩ 12174:⟨oy⟩ 12161:⟨ey⟩ 12089:⟨ei⟩ 11762:⟨jú⟩ 11709:⟨ju⟩ 11684:⟨jó⟩ 11374:⟨ǫ́⟩ 11302:⟨jø⟩ 11294:⟨jö⟩ 11282:⟨jǫ⟩ 11016:"cheek": Ic/Fa/No 10548:⟨je⟩ 10540:⟨jæ⟩ 10514:⟨ja⟩ 10330: 10269:while Old English 9747:(possibly from ON 9108:Inträdet i Sverige 8852:around this time. 8277:In summation, the 8264:Jutlandic dialects 8158: 8047:. The manuscript, 7922:⟩, ⟨ 7910:⟩, ⟨ 7604:Þjóðólfr of Hvinir 7593:runic inscriptions 7558:, "tooth", became 6592: 6453:The feminine noun 6452: 6354: 6196:Grammatical gender 5943:Blocking of ii, uu 5763:*/Clː,Csː,Cnː,Crː/ 5759:*/Clʀ,Csʀ,Cnʀ,Crʀ/ 5373:to represent both 5063: 4955:respectively. See 4699:runic inscriptions 4521:⟨hv⟩ 4502:⟨hn⟩ 4498:⟨hr⟩ 4494:⟨hl⟩ 4470:⟨hn⟩ 4466:⟨hr⟩ 4462:⟨hl⟩ 4105:), already in the 3980:"to come, arrive"; 3912:⟨jó⟩ 3904:⟨eo⟩ 3864:⟨jú⟩ 3856:⟨eu⟩ 3817:⟨ey⟩ 3809:⟨øy⟩ 3805:⟨ey⟩ 3765:⟨au⟩ 3757:⟨au⟩ 3714:⟨ey⟩ 3706:⟨øy⟩ 3702:⟨ey⟩ 3648:⟨ei⟩ 3105:⟨ē₂⟩ 3081:⟨jö⟩ 3073:⟨jǫ⟩ 3061:⟨io⟩ 3057:⟨eo⟩ 3017:⟨ja⟩ 3009:⟨ea⟩ 2961:⟨ø₁⟩ 2848:⟨ǫ́⟩ 2695:⟨ø₂⟩ 2485: 2468:⟨ey⟩ 2464:⟨au⟩ 2460:⟨ei⟩ 2292: 1915: 1705:, and the extinct 1683:Modern descendants 1582:was very close to 1577: 1572:Germanic languages 1112:Seeress (Germanic) 834:Old Norse religion 786:Pre-Roman Iron Age 615:Greenlandic Norse 494:alliterative verse 234:Old Norse alphabet 19404: 19403: 19389:extinct languages 19376: 19375: 19372: 19371: 19323:Great Vowel Shift 19135: 19134: 19131: 19130: 19084: 19083: 18930:Greenlandic Norse 18749: 18748: 18745: 18744: 18741: 18740: 18680:Southern Bavarian 18663:Northern Bavarian 18639:Highest Alemannic 18590: 18589: 18324:standard variants 18239: 18238: 18085:Standard variants 18044: 18043: 17903:Middle Low German 17874: 17873: 17870: 17869: 17674:Saterland Frisian 17447: 17446: 17371:Nordic Cross flag 17130: 17129: 17096:Viking runestones 17031:Simris Runestones 17021:Sædinge Runestone 16991:Karlevi Runestone 16981:Ingvar runestones 16956:Greece runestones 16865:Thorstein the Red 16850:Thorkell the Tall 16730:Ragnar Ragnarsson 16635:Ivar the Boneless 16560:Haakon Sigurdsson 16510:Garðar Svavarsson 16495:Eiríkr Hákonarson 16490:Eric I of Denmark 16445:Bjorn Asbrandsson 16332:Gjermundbu helmet 16202:Battle of Thimeon 16172:Battle of Sulcoit 16167:Battle of Svolder 16132:Battle of Skyhill 16102:Battle of Renfrew 16082:Battle of Norditi 16067:Battle of Meretun 15987:Battle of Fulford 15982:Battle of Florvåg 15867:Battle of Ashdown 15594:Viking runestones 15278:Project Gutenberg 15233:978-0-19-811184-9 15208:978-1-4802-1644-0 15054:Haugen, Odd Einar 15020:Norrøn grammatikk 15016:Iversen, Ragnvald 14770:, S. Kristjánsson 14577:978-82-8088-400-8 14562:Haugen, Odd Einar 14480:, p. 757 "Æ" 14463:, p. 481 "R" 13999:, p. 22–102. 13638:, pp. 1856, 1859. 13613:Henderson, George 13350:978-0-226-75975-3 13174:General citations 13143:History of Danish 13138:Greenlandic Norse 13075: 13074: 12939:⟨ý⟩ 12912:⟨y⟩ 12887:⟨ú⟩ 12855:⟨u⟩ 12840:⟨œ⟩ 12812:⟨ø⟩ 12790:⟨ö⟩ 12763:⟨ǫ⟩ 12738:⟨ó⟩ 12698:⟨o⟩ 12673:⟨í⟩ 12651:⟨i⟩ 12631:⟨é⟩ 12591:⟨e⟩ 12557:⟨æ⟩ 12545:⟨å⟩ 12527:⟨ä⟩ 12502:⟨á⟩ 12470:⟨a⟩ 12424:When un-umlauted 12413:⟨a⟩ 12409:⟨ø⟩ 12401:⟨o⟩ 12349:became Icelandic 12343:double consonants 12305: 12304: 12194:⟨ø⟩ 12189:⟨ö⟩ 12119:⟨e⟩ 12114:⟨e⟩ 12053:⟨y⟩ 12048:⟨y⟩ 12023:⟨ý⟩ 11960:⟨y⟩ 11955:⟨ö⟩ 11940:⟨y⟩ 11892:⟨ø⟩ 11887:⟨æ⟩ 11875:⟨œ⟩ 11861:"to prepare": Sw 11849:⟨ö⟩ 11841:⟨ø⟩ 11833:⟨ö⟩ 11821:⟨ø⟩ 11714:⟨y⟩ 11654:⟨u⟩ 11632:⟨ú⟩ 11600:⟨u⟩ 11582:⟨u⟩ 11546:⟨o⟩ 11541:⟨o⟩ 11516:⟨ó⟩ 11468:⟨o⟩ 11450:⟨o⟩ 11414:⟨å⟩ 11409:⟨å⟩ 11401:⟨ó⟩ 11394:⟨á⟩ 11386:⟨á⟩ 11135:⟨å⟩ 11130:⟨ø⟩ 11125:⟨o⟩ 11120:⟨a⟩ 11115:⟨o⟩ 11108:⟨ø⟩ 11100:⟨ö⟩ 11088:⟨ǫ⟩ 11058:⟨i⟩ 11036:⟨í⟩ 11006:⟨e⟩ 10998:⟨i⟩ 10990:⟨i⟩ 10972:⟨i⟩ 10928:⟨æ⟩ 10915:⟨é⟩ 10845:"to bear": Ic/Fa 10791:⟨e⟩ 10721:⟨ä⟩ 10703:⟨æ⟩ 10661:⟨å⟩ 10653:⟨å⟩ 10635:⟨á⟩ 10559:"to help": Ic/Fa 10417:⟨å⟩ 10409:⟨a⟩ 10403:⟨å⟩ 10395:⟨a⟩ 10386:⟨a⟩ 10368:⟨a⟩ 9878:rinn-/rann-/runn- 9115: 9114: 8955: 8954: 8892:(lukewarm), from 8756:⟨e⟩ 8687:History of Danish 8599:, modern Swedish 8443:'(wild) animal'. 8262:, Sweden, and in 8126: 8125: 8045:Alexander romance 7995:Greenlandic Norse 7989:Greenlandic Norse 7854:⟨æ⟩ 7844:⟨œ⟩ 7506: 7505: 7307:mostly merged to 7289:The combinations 6874: 6873: 6838: 6837: 6758:Icelanders' sagas 6667: 6666: 6590: 6589: 6450: 6449: 6034: 5419:⟨j⟩ 5415:⟨i⟩ 5411:⟨j⟩ 5407:⟨j⟩ 5403:⟨i⟩ 5399:⟨þ⟩ 5353: 5352: 5347:[mjoul̥k] 5158:[ˈvœrðʏr] 5024:glaʀ, haʀi, hrauʀ 4848:were obtained by 4789:. In the case of 4598: 4597: 4514:⟨n⟩ 4510:⟨r⟩ 4506:⟨l⟩ 4443: 4442: 4076: 4075: 4052:"our" (pl.) < 3831:"to loosen" < 3728:"to kindle" < 3600:⟨ý⟩ 3555:⟨ú⟩ 3491:⟨o⟩ 3446:⟨y⟩ 3401:⟨u⟩ 3367:⟨æ⟩ 3354:⟨œ⟩ 3295:⟨ó⟩ 3251:⟨í⟩ 3207:⟨y⟩ 3162:⟨i⟩ 3118:⟨é⟩ 3050:(broken +u/w-mut) 2974:⟨ö⟩ 2902:⟨e⟩ 2861:⟨á⟩ 2834:⟨ē⟩ 2793:⟨æ⟩ 2779:⟨ē⟩ 2745:⟨á⟩ 2732:⟨ē⟩ 2708:⟨ö⟩ 2633:⟨ö⟩ 2620:⟨ǫ⟩ 2580:⟨e⟩ 2572:⟨ę⟩ 2527:⟨a⟩ 2502:(1st Grammarian) 2440: 2439: 2287:⟨e⟩ 2279:⟨ę⟩ 2271:⟨æ⟩ 2263:⟨œ⟩ 2209:⟨ǫ⟩ 2169: 2168: 1800:Middle Low German 1645:European language 1436:The 12th-century 1411:dialect continuum 1342: 1341: 1167:Germanic kingship 873:Wayland the Smith 796:Germanic Iron Age 781:Nordic Bronze Age 703: 702: 378:Greenlandic Norse 323: 322: 305:rendering support 301:phonetic symbols. 64:('Danish tongue') 16:(Redirected from 19454: 19181:Elbe (Irminonic) 19154: 19153: 19141: 19140: 19069:Mainland Gutnish 18959:Swedish dialects 18921:Middle Icelandic 18895:Middle Norwegian 18784:Historical forms 18781: 18780: 18772: 18771: 18755: 18754: 18714:South Franconian 18700:Hutterite German 18668:Central Bavarian 18488:Rhine Franconian 18423: 18422: 18253:Historical forms 18250: 18249: 18165:Surinamese Dutch 18058:Historical forms 18055: 18054: 17888:Historical forms 17885: 17884: 17637:Historical forms 17634: 17633: 17521: 17520: 17512: 17511: 17499: 17498: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17451: 17450: 17435: 17434: 17340: 17338: 17337: 17327: 17325: 17324: 17297: 17295: 17294: 17284: 17282: 17281: 17271: 17269: 17268: 17250: 17236: 17234: 17233: 17223: 17221: 17220: 17210: 17208: 17207: 17197: 17195: 17194: 17184: 17182: 17181: 17164:Nordic countries 17157: 17150: 17143: 17134: 17133: 17061:Stangeland stone 17036:Sjörup Runestone 16986:Italy runestones 16966:Hagby Runestones 16946:Egtved Runestone 16880:Valtoke Gormsson 16825:Sweyn Asleifsson 16810:Snorri Sturluson 16795:Sigurd the Stout 16740:Ragnall ua Imair 16630:Ingólfr Arnarson 16580:Harald Bluetooth 16565:Halfdan Long-Leg 16107:Battle of Remich 16087:Battle of Pinhoe 16072:Battle of Nesjar 16062:Battle of Maldon 16007:Battle of Helgeå 15977:Battle of Fitjar 15957:Battle of Dollar 15947:Battle of Cynwit 15937:Battle of Confey 15877:Battle of Basing 15742:Viking expansion 15674:North Sea Empire 15621: 15599:Viking Age trade 15474:Germanic deities 15406: 15399: 15392: 15383: 15382: 15330:Old Norse Online 15303: 15302: 15300: 15291:, archived from 15250: 15236: 15225: 15211: 15180:Part II - Reader 15176:Part I - Grammar 15153: 15152: 15150: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15119:(in Old Norse), 15116:Project Runeberg 15088: 15087: 15085: 15061: 15040: 15023: 15006: 14985: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14944: 14926: 14888: 14883:, eds. (1931) , 14872: 14858: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14795:scanned document 14791: 14781: 14771: 14724: 14711:Cleasby, Richard 14697: 14668: 14657: 14649: 14640: 14624: 14616: 14602: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14557: 14526: 14517: 14493: 14487: 14481: 14475: 14464: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14440: 14430: 14424: 14415: 14409: 14403: 14397: 14391: 14365: 14358: 14349: 14343: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14302: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14288: 14282: 14276:(Presentation), 14271: 14262: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14234: 14228: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14204: 14195: 14194: 14183: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14157: 14151: 14145: 14139: 14138: 14111: 14105: 14095: 14089: 14087: 14071: 14061: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14028: 14022: 14021: 14006: 14000: 13994: 13988: 13978: 13972: 13964: 13958: 13948: 13942: 13932: 13926: 13921: 13908: 13907: 13894: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13883: 13865: 13859: 13849: 13843: 13833: 13827: 13826: 13814: 13805: 13804: 13777: 13771: 13765: 13759: 13758: 13746: 13740: 13730: 13724: 13718: 13712: 13711: 13700: 13694: 13693:, pp. 4–64. 13688: 13682: 13680: 13672: 13655: 13645: 13639: 13629: 13623: 13622: 13609: 13603: 13602: 13600: 13598: 13587:Medievalists.net 13578: 13572: 13571: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13533: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13504: 13498: 13497: 13482: 13476: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13454: 13448: 13438: 13432: 13426: 13420: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13404:Omkring 800–1100 13398:(in Swedish), § 13389: 13380: 13374: 13355: 13354: 13334: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13323: 13304: 13298: 13297: 13281: 13271: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13233: 13223: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13184: 13120:Old Norse poetry 13071: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13046: 13038: 13028: 13020: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12988: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12846: 12841: 12834: 12826: 12818: 12813: 12791: 12784: 12779: 12769: 12764: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12732: 12728: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12585: 12581: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12551: 12546: 12536: 12528: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12438: 12434: 12429: 12427: 12422: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12389: 12386: 12380: 12377: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12334: 12323: 12313: 12263: 12260: 12256: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12240: 12195: 12190: 12187: 12182: 12179: 12175: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12159: 12120: 12115: 12112: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12087: 12054: 12049: 12046: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12021: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11938: 11893: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11876: 11873: 11850: 11847: 11842: 11839: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11822: 11819: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11760: 11715: 11710: 11707: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11682: 11655: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11630: 11601: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11580: 11547: 11542: 11539: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11514: 11469: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11448: 11415: 11410: 11407: 11402: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11375: 11372: 11311: 11308: 11303: 11300: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11283: 11280: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11089: 11086: 11059: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11034: 11007: 11004: 10999: 10996: 10991: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10970: 10929: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10913: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10789: 10722: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10701: 10671:"to let": Ic/Fa 10662: 10659: 10654: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10633: 10549: 10546: 10541: 10538: 10533: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10512: 10418: 10415: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10396: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10366: 10333: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10258: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10214: 10204: 10193:Personal pronoun 10188: 10178: 10162: 10150: 10140: 10124: 10108: 10098: 10088: 10078: 10068: 10062: 10052: 10042: 10032: 10022: 10012: 10002: 9992: 9982: 9966: 9956: 9946: 9936: 9926: 9916: 9906: 9896: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9864: 9854: 9844: 9834: 9824: 9814: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9782: 9772: 9762: 9752: 9742: 9732: 9722: 9712: 9702: 9692: 9687:, displacing OE 9686: 9670: 9660: 9650: 9640: 9630: 9620: 9610: 9600: 9590: 9576: 9566: 9556: 9550: 9540: 9534: 9524: 9514: 9504: 9490: 9484: 9474: 9468: 9458: 9452: 9442: 9432: 9422: 9416: 9406: 9396: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9364: 9354: 9344: 9334: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9296: 9286: 9276: 9266: 9260: 9250: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9218: 9208: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9076: 9068: 9065: 9064:law of the Gutes 9062: 9059: 9043: 9038:versus mainland 9037: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9005: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8925: 8917: 8897: 8891: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8757: 8721: 8717: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8659:(modern Swedish 8646: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8616: 8610: 8574: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8498:(modern Swedish 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8442: 8435: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8395: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8284: 8273: 8266:in Denmark. The 8228:Swedish dialects 8225: 8221: 8121: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8101: 8100: 8074: 8073: 8057: 8054: 8042: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7938:) or devoicing ( 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7751: 7745: 7733: 7729: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7677:Middle Norwegian 7670: 7667: 7660: 7654: 7621: 7618: 7601: 7598: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7502: 7494: 7487: 7475: 7467: 7460: 7448: 7440: 7423: 7415: 7408: 7396: 7388: 7381: 7369: 7361: 7354: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7280:Old Scandinavian 7234: 7228: 7221:past participles 7192:(Old East Norse) 7189:(Old West Norse) 7006:Funbo Runestones 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6915: 6908: 6895: 6889: 6840: 6804: 6799:Snorri Sturluson 6796: 6788: 6782: 6762:courtly romances 6727: 6717: 6707: 6697: 6687: 6677: 6663: 6656: 6644: 6637: 6625: 6605: 6593:The neuter noun 6591: 6586: 6579: 6567: 6560: 6545: 6533: 6518: 6511: 6499: 6492: 6467: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6402: 6390: 6383: 6363: 6361:(English "arm") 6353: 6339: 6331: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6131: 6125: 6115: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6023:word, wolf, year 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5866: 5859: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5737: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5666: 5659: 5656: 5649: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5496: 5482: 5468: 5429: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5380: 5372: 5361: 5349: 5331: 5313: 5284: 5266: 5248: 5219: 5202: 5185: 5160: 5142: 5124: 5066: 5062: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5019: 4993: 4985: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4627: 4626:/ˈlɛːɾ.iˌswɛinː/ 4623: 4617: 4613: 4593: 4590: 4572: 4565: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4451: 4431: 4430: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4399: 4372: 4371: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4318: 4312: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4279: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4145:apical consonant 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4104: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3932:"to offer" < 3931: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3574:"to droop" < 3573: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3226:"to sling" < 3225: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3031:"to repay" < 3030: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2935:"to burst" < 2934: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2812:"to speak" < 2811: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2431: 2426: 2417: 2412: 2402: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2302: 2300:–14th centuries 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1925: 1923:–12th centuries 1922: 1919: 1914: 1864:, respectively. 1863: 1857: 1762:Scottish English 1752:) were strongly 1655:in the East. In 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1353:Old Scandinavian 1334: 1327: 1320: 895:Dwarf (folklore) 821:Christianization 801:Migration Period 776:Nordic Stone Age 728: 705: 704: 695: 688: 681: 657:Old Norse origin 655:English words of 636: 618: 497: 348: 347: 325: 324: 291: 275: 268: 259: 258: 250: 221: 167: 104:Nordic countries 70: 63: 46: 45: 21: 19462: 19461: 19457: 19456: 19455: 19453: 19452: 19451: 19407: 19406: 19405: 19400: 19368: 19327: 19308:Germanic umlaut 19273:Holtzmann's law 19251: 19220: 19148: 19127: 19080: 19057: 18991:South Jutlandic 18976:Danish dialects 18942: 18823: 18766: 18737: 18719:East Franconian 18673:Viennese German 18586: 18567:Silesian German 18533: 18522:Central Hessian 18412: 18337:Namibian German 18326: 18317: 18295:Standard German 18289: 18275:New High German 18261:Old High German 18235: 18214: 18196: 18107: 18079: 18040: 18024:East Pomeranian 18014:Brandenburgisch 18001:East Low German 17995: 17922:Dutch Low Saxon 17914:West Low German 17908: 17866: 17832:Schiermonnikoog 17813: 17708: 17694:Wursten Frisian 17657: 17623: 17506: 17493: 17483: 17478: 17448: 17443: 17423: 17390: 17346: 17335: 17333: 17322: 17320: 17303: 17292: 17290: 17279: 17277: 17266: 17264: 17251: 17242: 17231: 17229: 17218: 17216: 17205: 17203: 17192: 17190: 17179: 17177: 17166: 17161: 17131: 17126: 17100: 17071:Runestone U 582 16909: 16830:Sweyn Forkbeard 16745:Raud the Strong 16705:Orm Storolfsson 16700:Olof Skötkonung 16690:Olav Haraldsson 16685:Olaf Tryggvason 16670:Magnus Barefoot 16650:Ketill Flatnose 16595:Harald Wartooth 16590:Harald Hardrada 16585:Harald Fairhair 16555:Haakon the Good 16383: 16379:Varangian Guard 16279: 16271: 16242:Siege of Asselt 16232:Raid on Seville 16032:Battle of Largs 15952:Battle of Derby 15887:Battle of Bauds 15882:Battle of Barry 15852:Battle of Aclea 15835: 15730: 15666: 15660: 15628: 15622: 15613: 15519:Norse mythology 15467:Younger Futhark 15415: 15410: 15349:early Old Norse 15324:Heimskringla.no 15320: 15306: 15298: 15296: 15274:Wayback Machine 15261:Wayback Machine 15234: 15216:Gordon, Eric V. 15209: 15164: 15159: 15148: 15146: 15126: 15124: 15101: 15099:Old Norse texts 15096: 15083: 15081: 14964: 14962: 14935:Powell, F. York 14914: 14909: 14899:Wayback Machine 14881:Jónsson, Finnur 14842: 14840: 14829: 14819:Wayback Machine 14802:Wayback Machine 14774: 14752:Wayback Machine 14735:Wayback Machine 14705: 14700: 14695: 14609:, ed. (1899) , 14587: 14585: 14578: 14564:, ed. (2008) , 14507: 14505:General sources 14502: 14497: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14476: 14467: 14459: 14455: 14447: 14443: 14431: 14427: 14416: 14412: 14404: 14400: 14392: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14368: 14359: 14352: 14344: 14340: 14334:O'Donoghue 2004 14332: 14328: 14318: 14316: 14305:Noreen, Adolf. 14303: 14299: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14269: 14265:Kroonen, Guus, 14263: 14259: 14250: 14248: 14235: 14231: 14222: 14220: 14205: 14198: 14184: 14180: 14170: 14168: 14159: 14158: 14154: 14146: 14142: 14112: 14108: 14102:Old East Nordic 14096: 14092: 14084: 14062: 14058: 14049: 14047: 14032:Hellquist, Elof 14029: 14025: 14008: 14007: 14003: 13997:O'Donoghue 2004 13995: 13991: 13979: 13975: 13965: 13961: 13949: 13945: 13933: 13929: 13922: 13911: 13895: 13891: 13881: 13879: 13868:Noreen, Adolf. 13866: 13862: 13850: 13846: 13834: 13830: 13820: 13815: 13808: 13778: 13774: 13766: 13762: 13747: 13743: 13731: 13727: 13719: 13715: 13701: 13697: 13689: 13685: 13673: 13658: 13652:Old West Nordic 13646: 13642: 13636:Old East Nordic 13630: 13626: 13610: 13606: 13596: 13594: 13579: 13575: 13553: 13549: 13534: 13530: 13521: 13519: 13506: 13505: 13501: 13483: 13479: 13470: 13468: 13455: 13451: 13447:, pp. 7–10 13439: 13435: 13427: 13423: 13415: 13411: 13391: 13390: 13383: 13375: 13358: 13351: 13335: 13331: 13321: 13319: 13306: 13305: 13301: 13294: 13272: 13265: 13257: 13253: 13246: 13224: 13220: 13210: 13208: 13201: 13185: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13134: 13080: 13051: 13036: 13018: 12993: 12963: 12938: 12911: 12886: 12854: 12839: 12811: 12789: 12777: 12762: 12737: 12697: 12672: 12650: 12630: 12590: 12556: 12544: 12526: 12501: 12469: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12433: 12432: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12408: 12400: 12399: 12392: 12387: 12383: 12378: 12357: 12335: 12326: 12314: 12310: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12241: 12193: 12188: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12160: 12118: 12113: 12105: 12101: 12088: 12052: 12047: 12039: 12035: 12022: 11990: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11939: 11891: 11886: 11874: 11848: 11840: 11832: 11820: 11778: 11774: 11761: 11713: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11683: 11664:"house": Ic/Fa 11653: 11648: 11644: 11631: 11599: 11581: 11545: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11515: 11467: 11449: 11430:) "toe": Ic/Fa 11413: 11408: 11400: 11393: 11385: 11373: 11347: 11309: 11301: 11293: 11281: 11237: 11224:"eagle": Ic/Sw 11217: 11173: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11099: 11087: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11035: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10989: 10971: 10927: 10914: 10876: 10838: 10790: 10752: 10720: 10702: 10660: 10652: 10634: 10597:"heart": Ic/Fa 10590: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10531: 10513: 10481: 10455: 10435: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10385: 10381: 10367: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10328: 9135: 9125: 9120: 9097: 9084: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9050: 8966: 8960: 8941: 8933: 8908: 8864: 8858: 8768:stop consonants 8755: 8714:In Old Danish, 8697:Old East Nordic 8689: 8683: 8581:(modern Danish 8165:Old East Nordic 8142: 8055: 8040:Alexanders saga 8035: 8029: 7997: 7991: 7904: 7898: 7858:Gray Goose Laws 7853: 7843: 7763:and pronounced 7760: 7724: 7668: 7619: 7599: 7284:Old West Nordic 7269: 7217: 7210: 7197: 7186: 7175: 7164: 7153: 7142: 7131: 7120: 7109: 7098: 7087: 7076: 7065: 7054: 7043: 7032: 7021: 6854: 6847: 6818: 6811: 6774: 6738: 6481: 6475:Old East Norse 6472:Old West Norse 6290: 6284: 6198: 6192: 6176: 6106: 6098:Holtzmann's law 5945: 5940: 5875:(as opposed to 5817:also occurs in 5567: 5509: 5503: 5418: 5414: 5413:to Old Swedish 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5397:to Old Swedish 5390: 5366: 5329:[mjœlk] 5080:Modern Swedish 5072:West Old Norse 5058: 4801:, this entails 4779: 4773:Germanic umlaut 4769: 4726: 4721: 4652:Younger Futhark 4640: 4634: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4578:needs expansion 4563: 4549: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4131:and as before 4081: 4060: 4046: 3981: 3911: 3903: 3863: 3855: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3764: 3756: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3647: 3599: 3554: 3530:"morning" < 3524: 3490: 3445: 3400: 3376:"mothers" < 3366: 3353: 3328:"meeting" < 3322: 3294: 3270:"to look" < 3250: 3206: 3161: 3117: 3104: 3080: 3072: 3060: 3056: 3016: 3008: 2973: 2960: 2929: 2901: 2860: 2847: 2833: 2792: 2778: 2744: 2731: 2717:"to make" < 2707: 2694: 2688:(+i-mut +w-mut) 2657: 2632: 2619: 2579: 2571: 2526: 2501: 2491:Proto-Germanic 2474:and merge with 2467: 2463: 2459: 2297: 2286: 2278: 2270: 2262: 2208: 2090:Open, open-mid 1920: 1886: 1881: 1873:Scottish Gaelic 1812:Norman language 1808: 1691: 1685: 1661:Veliky Novgorod 1647:, ranging from 1575: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1442:Gray Goose Laws 1338: 1302: 1301: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1072:Walpurgis Night 1047: 1037: 1036: 952: 942: 941: 836: 826: 825: 771: 743: 699: 663: 662: 659: 656: 650: 634: 616: 595: 587: 586: 565: 557: 556: 548: 547: 523: 522: 498: 491: 490: 484: 476: 475: 448: 447: 437:Younger Futhark 419: 411: 410: 402: 401: 381: 376: 356: 345: 303:Without proper 287: 271: 264: 254: 253: 246: 222: 217: 211: 203: 196: 168: 165:Language family 163: 72: 65: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19460: 19450: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19402: 19401: 19399: 19398: 19391: 19381: 19378: 19377: 19374: 19373: 19370: 19369: 19367: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19335: 19333: 19329: 19328: 19326: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19259: 19257: 19253: 19252: 19250: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19234: 19232:Proto-Germanic 19228: 19226: 19222: 19221: 19219: 19218: 19211: 19204: 19196: 19195: 19194: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19173: 19168: 19162: 19160: 19150: 19149: 19137: 19136: 19133: 19132: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19118: 19111: 19107:Crimean Gothic 19096: 19094: 19086: 19085: 19082: 19081: 19079: 19078: 19077: 19076: 19071: 19062: 19059: 19058: 19056: 19055: 19054: 19053: 19043: 19042: 19041: 19034: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19011: 19010: 19005: 18995: 18994: 18993: 18983: 18981:Insular Danish 18978: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18964:Rinkebysvenska 18961: 18950: 18948: 18944: 18943: 18941: 18940: 18933: 18926: 18925: 18924: 18917: 18905: 18900: 18899: 18898: 18891: 18884: 18878: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18842: 18831: 18829: 18825: 18824: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18812: 18810:Old East Norse 18807: 18805:Old West Norse 18795: 18787: 18785: 18778: 18768: 18767: 18751: 18750: 18747: 18746: 18743: 18742: 18739: 18738: 18736: 18735: 18728: 18727: 18726: 18716: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18708: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18685:South Tyrolean 18677: 18676: 18675: 18665: 18655: 18654: 18653: 18648: 18647: 18646: 18636: 18635: 18634: 18627:High Alemannic 18624: 18623: 18622: 18617: 18600: 18598: 18592: 18591: 18588: 18587: 18585: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18543: 18541: 18535: 18534: 18532: 18531: 18526: 18525: 18524: 18514: 18513: 18512: 18511: 18510: 18505: 18495: 18485: 18484: 18483: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18479: 18469: 18464: 18454: 18453: 18452: 18447: 18431: 18429: 18420: 18418:Central German 18414: 18413: 18411: 18410: 18409: 18408: 18403: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18376: 18371: 18370: 18369: 18359: 18357:Barossa German 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18333: 18331: 18319: 18318: 18316: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18299: 18297: 18291: 18290: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18285: 18271: 18264: 18256: 18254: 18247: 18241: 18240: 18237: 18236: 18234: 18233: 18228: 18222: 18220: 18216: 18215: 18213: 18212: 18206: 18204: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18194: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18161: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18139: 18138: 18136:French Flemish 18128: 18127: 18126: 18115: 18113: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18105: 18095: 18089: 18087: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18061: 18059: 18052: 18050:Low Franconian 18046: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18038: 18037: 18036: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18005: 18003: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17982: 17981: 17971: 17970: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17958: 17957: 17952: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17918: 17916: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17906: 17899: 17891: 17889: 17882: 17876: 17875: 17872: 17871: 17868: 17867: 17865: 17864: 17863: 17862: 17857: 17856: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17851:Westereendersk 17845: 17834: 17829: 17823: 17821: 17815: 17814: 17812: 17811: 17810: 17809: 17804: 17797: 17792: 17791: 17790: 17785: 17782: 17774: 17769: 17768: 17767: 17756: 17755: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17743: 17742: 17737: 17729: 17718: 17716: 17710: 17709: 17707: 17706: 17705: 17704: 17697: 17690: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17667: 17665: 17659: 17658: 17656: 17655: 17652:Middle Frisian 17648: 17640: 17638: 17631: 17625: 17624: 17622: 17621: 17620: 17619: 17612: 17600: 17599: 17598: 17591: 17584: 17572: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17568: 17558:Modern English 17554: 17551:Middle English 17547: 17540: 17529: 17527: 17518: 17508: 17507: 17495: 17494: 17488: 17485: 17484: 17477: 17476: 17469: 17462: 17454: 17445: 17444: 17442: 17441: 17428: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17410: 17409: 17398: 17396: 17392: 17391: 17389: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17366:Nordic Council 17363: 17360: 17354: 17352: 17348: 17347: 17345: 17344: 17331: 17317: 17315: 17309:Special status 17305: 17304: 17302: 17301: 17288: 17275: 17261: 17259: 17253: 17252: 17245: 17243: 17241: 17240: 17227: 17214: 17201: 17188: 17174: 17172: 17168: 17167: 17160: 17159: 17152: 17145: 17137: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17112:Viking revival 17108: 17106: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16725:Ragnar Lodbrok 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16695:Olaf the White 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16455:Björn Ironside 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16355: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16283: 16281: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16269: 16264: 16262:Siege of Paris 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16212:Battle of York 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16077:Battle of Niså 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15843: 15841: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15802: 15801: 15796: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15744: 15738: 15736: 15732: 15731: 15729: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15711: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15689:Orkney Islands 15686: 15681: 15676: 15670: 15668: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15632: 15630: 15629:and navigation 15624: 15623: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15464: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15409: 15408: 15401: 15394: 15386: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15359: 15345: 15340: 15327: 15319: 15318:External links 15316: 15315: 15314: 15305: 15304: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15264: 15237: 15232: 15212: 15207: 15191: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15155: 15109:, ed. (1997), 15107:Aronsson, Lars 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15091:Old West Norse 15067: 15064:Old West Norse 15050: 15047:Old West Norse 15029: 15026:Old West Norse 15012: 14995: 14975: 14972:Old West Norse 14945: 14927: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14887:(2nd ed.) 14873: 14865:, ed. (1854), 14859: 14848: 14827: 14826: 14825: 14809: 14784: 14783: 14782: 14761: 14760: 14759: 14742: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14698: 14694:978-8205464025 14693: 14669: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14641: 14625: 14617: 14603: 14594: 14576: 14558: 14547:10.2307/522272 14527: 14518: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14482: 14465: 14453: 14441: 14425: 14410: 14398: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14350: 14338: 14326: 14315:on 2 June 2017 14297: 14257: 14229: 14196: 14178: 14152: 14140: 14128:10.2307/409955 14122:(4): 457–462, 14106: 14090: 14083:978-0415280792 14082: 14056: 14034:, ed. (1922), 14023: 14020:on 7 July 2011 14001: 13989: 13973: 13959: 13955:Feminine nouns 13943: 13927: 13909: 13889: 13878:on 2 June 2017 13860: 13844: 13828: 13819:, pp. 24- 13806: 13794:10.2307/411124 13788:(3): 409–431, 13772: 13760: 13741: 13725: 13713: 13695: 13683: 13656: 13640: 13624: 13604: 13573: 13563:(2): 393–420, 13547: 13528: 13499: 13477: 13449: 13433: 13421: 13409: 13381: 13356: 13349: 13329: 13299: 13293:978-0415280792 13292: 13263: 13251: 13245:978-0415280792 13244: 13218: 13199: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13122: 13117: 13111: 13105: 13099: 13094: 13086: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13067: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13048: 13047: 13042: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13024: 13021: 13015: 13014: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12827: 12822: 12819: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12724: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12577: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12532: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12442: 12431: 12430: 12417: 12390: 12381: 12355: 12324: 12307: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12264: 12249: 12244: 12235: 12234: 12196: 12191: 12183: 12168: 12163: 12154: 12153: 12121: 12116: 12108: 12096: 12091: 12082: 12081: 12055: 12050: 12042: 12030: 12025: 12016: 12015: 11972:"door": Ic/Fa 11964: 11962: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11933: 11932: 11894: 11889: 11877: 11868: 11867: 11853: 11851: 11843: 11835: 11823: 11814: 11813: 11789:"deep": Ic/Fa 11781: 11769: 11764: 11755: 11754: 11716: 11711: 11703: 11691: 11686: 11677: 11676: 11656: 11651: 11639: 11634: 11625: 11624: 11612:"full": Ic/Fa 11604: 11602: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11575: 11574: 11556:"book": Ic/Fa 11548: 11543: 11535: 11523: 11518: 11509: 11508: 11484:"morning": Ic 11472: 11470: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11443: 11442: 11416: 11411: 11403: 11388: 11376: 11367: 11366: 11354:"bear": Ic/Sw 11314: 11312: 11304: 11296: 11284: 11275: 11274: 11140: 11138: 11117: 11102: 11090: 11081: 11080: 11068:"time": Ic/Fa 11060: 11055: 11043: 11038: 11029: 11028: 11008: 10992: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10965: 10964: 10932: 10930: 10922: 10917: 10908: 10907: 10805: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10784: 10783: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10696: 10695: 10663: 10655: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10628: 10627: 10551: 10534: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10488:"long": Ic/Fa 10462:"hard": Ic/Fa 10420: 10406: 10389: 10375: 10370: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10327: 10324: 10261: 10260: 10244: 10190: 10164: 10157:– though/tho ( 10152: 10126: 10117:thwart/athwart 10110: 9968: 9672: 9182:Proto-Germanic 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9099: 9098: 9085: 9049: 9046: 8962:Main article: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8943: 8942: 8934: 8907: 8904: 8857: 8854: 8797:(tongues) and 8682: 8679: 8212:Proto-Germanic 8171:in Sweden and 8161:Old East Norse 8141: 8140:Old East Norse 8138: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8103: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8078: 8028: 8025: 7990: 7987: 7897: 7894: 7723: 7720: 7612:Western Norway 7576:and runic OEN 7514:, "dwelling", 7504: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7337:Old East Norse 7335: 7334:Old West Norse 7332: 7272:Old West Norse 7268: 7267:Old West Norse 7265: 7226:slegið/sleginn 7215: 7187: 7176: 7165: 7154: 7143: 7132: 7121: 7110: 7099: 7088: 7077: 7066: 7055: 7044: 7033: 7022: 7011: 7010: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6856: 6855: 6848: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6773: 6770: 6750:Latin alphabet 6737: 6734: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6448: 6447: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6286:Main article: 6283: 6280: 6191: 6188: 6175: 6172: 6105: 6102: 5947:In Old Norse, 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5585:(or the elder 5566: 5560: 5558:respectively. 5507:Vowel breaking 5502: 5499: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5332: 5325: 5314: 5301: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5282:[jœrð] 5278: 5267: 5264:[juːɖ] 5260: 5249: 5236: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5217:[œrtn] 5213: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5176: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5143: 5140:[voːɖ] 5136: 5125: 5114: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5057: 5054: 4787:vowel backness 4768: 4765: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4663:Latin alphabet 4656:Medieval runes 4636:Main article: 4633: 4630: 4596: 4595: 4575: 4573: 4548: 4545: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4206: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3919: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3871: 3866: 3858: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3824: 3819: 3811: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3772: 3767: 3759: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3721: 3716: 3708: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3369: 3361: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3090:"shield" < 3083: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2870:"meals" < ' 2863: 2855: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2764:"to let" < 2757: 2752: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2472:monophthongize 2438: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2233:) merged with 2211:) merged with 2201: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2167: 2166: 2155: 2144: 2135: 2124: 2122: 2111: 2102: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2042: 2033: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2008: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1984: 1973: 1964: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1807: 1804: 1734:Middle English 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1623:Old East Norse 1588:Old West Norse 1566: 1563:Crimean Gothic 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1513: 1510: 1403:Old East Norse 1395:Old West Norse 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1242: 1240:Æsir–Vanir War 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 992:Hel (location) 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 953: 948: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 922: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 891: 890: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 854: 853: 848: 837: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 791:Roman Iron Age 788: 783: 778: 772: 767: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 759: 758: 745: 744: 732:Norse language 729: 721: 720: 714: 713: 701: 700: 698: 697: 690: 683: 675: 672: 671: 665: 664: 661: 660: 653: 649: 648: 643: 638: 630: 625: 620: 612: 607: 602: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 579: 577:Proto-Germanic 573: 572: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 546: 545: 537: 528: 524: 521: 520: 512: 503: 499: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 467: 466: 461: 455: 454: 452:Latin alphabet 446: 445: 439: 432: 430:Runic alphabet 428: 427: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 400: 399: 393: 386: 384:Old East Norse 382: 375: 374: 369: 362: 360:Old West Norse 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 341: 340: 334: 333: 321: 320: 307:, you may see 293: 292: 285: 277: 276: 269: 261: 260: 251: 243: 242: 241:Language codes 238: 237: 223: 219:Writing system 216: 213: 212: 206: 204: 201: 198: 197: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 183:North Germanic 171: 169: 162: 159: 158: 147: 143: 142: 136: 132: 131: 101: 97: 96: 78: 77:Native to 74: 73: 56: 55: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19459: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19396: 19392: 19390: 19386: 19383: 19382: 19379: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19339:Germanic verb 19337: 19336: 19334: 19330: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19278:Sievers's law 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19260: 19258: 19254: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19225:Reconstructed 19223: 19217: 19216: 19212: 19210: 19209: 19205: 19203: 19202: 19198: 19197: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19178: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19163: 19161: 19159: 19155: 19151: 19147: 19142: 19138: 19124: 19123: 19119: 19117: 19116: 19112: 19109: 19108: 19103: 19102: 19098: 19097: 19095: 19093: 19092: 19087: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19066: 19064: 19063: 19060: 19052: 19049: 19048: 19047: 19044: 19040: 19039: 19038:Middle Danish 19035: 19033: 19032: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18999: 18996: 18992: 18989: 18988: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18973: 18972: 18969: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18952: 18951: 18949: 18945: 18939: 18938: 18934: 18932: 18931: 18927: 18923: 18922: 18918: 18916: 18915: 18914:Old Icelandic 18911: 18910: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18897: 18896: 18892: 18890: 18889: 18888:Old Norwegian 18885: 18882: 18879: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18837: 18836: 18833: 18832: 18830: 18826: 18818: 18817: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18802: 18801: 18800: 18796: 18794: 18793: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18773: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18756: 18752: 18734: 18733: 18729: 18725: 18722: 18721: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18706: 18705:Gottscheerish 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18682: 18681: 18678: 18674: 18671: 18670: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18660: 18659: 18656: 18652: 18649: 18645: 18644:Walser German 18642: 18641: 18640: 18637: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18628: 18625: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18610:Low Alemannic 18608: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18597: 18593: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18572:High Prussian 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18557:Erzgebirgisch 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18544: 18542: 18540: 18536: 18530: 18527: 18523: 18520: 18519: 18518: 18515: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18500: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18486: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18462:Luxembourgish 18460: 18459: 18458: 18455: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18442: 18441: 18438: 18437: 18436: 18433: 18432: 18430: 18428: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18415: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18401: 18400:Klezmer-loshn 18397: 18395: 18394:Scots Yiddish 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18381: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18368: 18365: 18364: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18334: 18332: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18300: 18298: 18296: 18292: 18284: 18283: 18279: 18278: 18277: 18276: 18272: 18270: 18269: 18265: 18263: 18262: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18242: 18232: 18231:Meuse-Rhenish 18229: 18227: 18224: 18223: 18221: 18217: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18203: 18199: 18193: 18189: 18185: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18159: 18158:Kleverlandish 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18137: 18134: 18133: 18132: 18129: 18125: 18122: 18121: 18120: 18119:Central Dutch 18117: 18116: 18114: 18110: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18090: 18088: 18086: 18082: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18047: 18035: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18002: 17998: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17976: 17975: 17972: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17927:Stellingwarfs 17925: 17924: 17923: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17915: 17911: 17905: 17904: 17900: 17898: 17897: 17893: 17892: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17877: 17861: 17858: 17852: 17849: 17848: 17847:Wood Frisian 17846: 17843: 17842: 17841: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17824: 17822: 17820: 17816: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17802: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17789: 17786: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17765: 17764: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17727: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17715: 17714:North Frisian 17711: 17703: 17702: 17698: 17696: 17695: 17691: 17689: 17688: 17684: 17683: 17682: 17679: 17675: 17672: 17671: 17669: 17668: 17666: 17664: 17660: 17654: 17653: 17649: 17647: 17646: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17626: 17618: 17617: 17613: 17611: 17610: 17606: 17605: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17596: 17592: 17590: 17589: 17585: 17583: 17582: 17578: 17577: 17576: 17573: 17567: 17566: 17562: 17561: 17560: 17559: 17555: 17553: 17552: 17548: 17546: 17545: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17535: 17534: 17531: 17530: 17528: 17526: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17516:Anglo-Frisian 17513: 17509: 17505: 17500: 17496: 17492: 17486: 17482: 17475: 17470: 17468: 17463: 17461: 17456: 17455: 17452: 17440: 17439: 17430: 17429: 17426: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17408: 17405: 17404: 17403: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17393: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17355: 17353: 17349: 17343: 17332: 17330: 17319: 17318: 17316: 17314: 17313:cultural area 17310: 17306: 17300: 17289: 17287: 17286:Faroe Islands 17276: 17274: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17258: 17254: 17249: 17239: 17228: 17226: 17215: 17213: 17202: 17200: 17189: 17187: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17158: 17153: 17151: 17146: 17144: 17139: 17138: 17135: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17103: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17066:Stone of Eric 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16525:Grímur Kamban 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16480:Eric Bloodaxe 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16410:Amlaíb Conung 16408: 16406: 16405:Amlaíb Cuarán 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16390: 16386: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16369:Shield-maiden 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16359:Ring Fortress 16357: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16309: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16257:Sack of Paris 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15838: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15748: 15747:British Isles 15745: 15743: 15740: 15739: 15737: 15733: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15706: 15705: 15704:North America 15702: 15700: 15699:Faroe Islands 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15663: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15625: 15620: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15524:Norse rituals 15522: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15509:Norse funeral 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15462:Elder Futhark 15460: 15459: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15407: 15402: 15400: 15395: 15393: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15367: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15312: 15308: 15307: 15294: 15290: 15289: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15265: 15262: 15258: 15255: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15242: 15238: 15235: 15229: 15224: 15223: 15217: 15213: 15210: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15166: 15144: 15140: 15139: 15133: 15132: 15122: 15118: 15117: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15103: 15092: 15079: 15075: 15074: 15068: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15021: 15017: 15013: 15010: 15004: 15001: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14983: 14982: 14976: 14973: 14960: 14956: 14955: 14950: 14949:Noreen, Adolf 14946: 14942: 14941: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14923: 14917: 14916: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14870: 14869: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14853: 14852:de Vries, Jan 14849: 14838: 14834: 14833: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14785: 14779: 14778: 14773: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14762: 14757: 14756:old-norse.net 14753: 14749: 14746: 14743: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14707: 14696: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14677:Vikør, Lars S 14674: 14670: 14666: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14642: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14626: 14623: 14618: 14614: 14613: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14595: 14583: 14579: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14531:Haugen, Einar 14528: 14524: 14519: 14515: 14510: 14509: 14491: 14486: 14479: 14474: 14472: 14470: 14462: 14457: 14450: 14445: 14438: 14434: 14429: 14423: 14422:Vowel Changes 14419: 14414: 14407: 14402: 14395: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14384: 14382: 14377: 14363: 14357: 14355: 14347: 14342: 14335: 14330: 14314: 14310: 14309: 14301: 14294: 14279: 14275: 14268: 14261: 14246: 14242: 14241: 14233: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14203: 14201: 14193:, p. 149 14192: 14188: 14182: 14166: 14162: 14156: 14150: 14144: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14110: 14103: 14099: 14094: 14085: 14079: 14075: 14070: 14069: 14060: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14005: 13998: 13993: 13986: 13982: 13977: 13970: 13969: 13963: 13956: 13952: 13947: 13940: 13936: 13931: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13898:Noreen, A. G. 13893: 13877: 13873: 13872: 13864: 13857: 13853: 13848: 13841: 13837: 13832: 13824: 13818: 13813: 13811: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13776: 13769: 13764: 13756: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13737:Common Nordic 13734: 13729: 13722: 13717: 13709: 13705: 13699: 13692: 13687: 13676: 13671: 13669: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13653: 13649: 13644: 13637: 13633: 13628: 13620: 13619: 13614: 13608: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13577: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13551: 13543: 13539: 13532: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13481: 13466: 13462: 13461: 13453: 13446: 13442: 13437: 13430: 13425: 13418: 13413: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13396: 13388: 13386: 13378: 13373: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13352: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13333: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13295: 13289: 13285: 13280: 13279: 13270: 13268: 13260: 13255: 13247: 13241: 13237: 13232: 13231: 13222: 13206: 13202: 13200:9789027290359 13196: 13192: 13191: 13183: 13179: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13158:Old Norwegian 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13068: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13049: 13043: 13035: 13034: 13025: 13017: 13016: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12991: 12985: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12961: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12936: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12909: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12884: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12852: 12843: 12838: 12837: 12831: 12828: 12823: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12793: 12788: 12787: 12781: 12776: 12775: 12766: 12761: 12760: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12735: 12725: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12695: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12670: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12648: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12628: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12588: 12578: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12554: 12543: 12542: 12538: 12533: 12525: 12524: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12499: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12467: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12421: 12397: 12395: 12385: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12344: 12340: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12321: 12317: 12312: 12308: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12276: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12250: 12245: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12208: 12204:"island": Ic 12203: 12202: 12197: 12169: 12164: 12156: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12109: 12097: 12092: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12043: 12031: 12026: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12007: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11963: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11878: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11852: 11824: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11805: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11770: 11765: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11722: 11717: 11692: 11687: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11640: 11635: 11627: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11603: 11590: 11585: 11577: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11560: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11536: 11524: 11519: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11471: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11404: 11389: 11377: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11352: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11338: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11326: 11322:"shield": Ic 11321: 11320: 11315: 11313: 11305: 11297: 11285: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11254: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11222: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11139: 11118: 11103: 11091: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11072: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11044: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11014: 11009: 10993: 10980: 10975: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10923: 10918: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10883:"way": Ic/Fa 10882: 10881: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10855: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10813:"men": Ic/Fa 10812: 10811: 10806: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10757: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10724: 10711: 10706: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10656: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10535: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10486: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10460: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10446: 10442:"day": Ic/Fa 10441: 10440: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10407: 10390: 10376: 10371: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10323: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10298:or Old Norse 10296: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10283:Norman French 10279: 10273: 10267: 10257: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9467: 9462: 9459:, cf. lend), 9457: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9130: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9086: 9083: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9058: 9057: 9045: 9042: 9036: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8951: 8949: 8948:Västgötalagen 8945: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8914:Västgötalagen 8903: 8901: 8896: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8678: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8615: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8575:("elks") and 8573: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8250:and south of 8249: 8248:Västergötland 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8219: 8213: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8169:Runic Swedish 8166: 8162: 8155: 8151: 8150:Rök runestone 8146: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8122: 8114: 8112: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8024: 8021: 8015: 7996: 7986: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7943: 7903: 7902:Old Norwegian 7896:Old Norwegian 7893: 7886: 7876: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7850: 7840: 7830: 7816: 7810: 7801:⟩ for 7780: 7778: 7770: 7758: 7753: 7750: 7744: 7739: 7738: 7722:Old Icelandic 7719: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7662: 7659: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7629: 7628:Old Norwegian 7625: 7624:Old Icelandic 7613: 7609: 7605: 7594: 7589: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7501: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7222: 7214: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7195:(Old Gutnish) 7193: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6907: 6903:(for example 6902: 6897: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6168: 6162: 6152: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6119: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6024: 6021:with English 6019: 6013: 6007: 6003:. Compare ON 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5935: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5890: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5793: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5767:/Cl,Cs,Cn,Cr/ 5761:cannot yield 5757:The clusters 5755: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5714: 5709:(rather than 5708: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5681:(rather than 5680: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5532: 5508: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5200:[œːɳ] 5197: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5094:Transcription 5088:Transcription 5086: 5077: 5067: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5048:hrøyrr/hreyrr 5043: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4964: 4958: 4957:Old Icelandic 4905: 4851: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4803:labialization 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4644:Elder Futhark 4639: 4629: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4583: 4579: 4576:This section 4574: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4539:to a plosive 4538: 4517: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4150: 4146: 4114: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4038:"shark" < 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3800: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3779:"loose" < 3777: 3773: 3768: 3760: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3709: 3697: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3181:"great" < 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2642:"lands" < 2640: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2500:Old Icelandic 2489: 2483: 2473: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2313: 2307:Front vowels 2303: 2290: 2256: 2255:Old Icelandic 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2054: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1936: 1930:Front vowels 1926: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1769:Norman French 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750:Lowland Scots 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:Norn language 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:Old Norwegian 1581: 1580:Old Icelandic 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Old Norwegian 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287:Völsung Cycle 1285: 1283: 1282:Tyrfing Cycle 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1062:Norse funeral 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 951: 946: 945: 938: 937:Ask and Embla 935: 933: 930: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 889: 886: 885: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 830: 829: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 770: 765: 764: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 741: 740:Eastern Norse 737: 736:Western Norse 733: 727: 723: 722: 719: 716: 715: 711: 707: 706: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 676: 674: 673: 670: 667: 666: 658: 652: 651: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 591: 590: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 568: 567: 561: 560: 553: 550: 549: 543: 542: 538: 536: 535: 530: 529: 527: 518: 517: 513: 511: 510: 509:of Icelanders 505: 504: 502: 495: 489: 480: 479: 472: 469: 468: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 453: 450: 449: 443: 440: 438: 434: 433: 431: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 407: 404: 403: 397: 394: 392: 388: 387: 385: 379: 373: 372:Old Norwegian 370: 368: 367:Old Icelandic 364: 363: 361: 352: 351: 343: 342: 339: 336: 335: 331: 327: 326: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 300: 294: 290: 286: 284: 283: 278: 274: 270: 267: 262: 257: 252: 249: 244: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 214: 209: 205: 199: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173:Indo-European 170: 166: 160: 156: 152: 149:Evolved from 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 108:Great Britain 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:Faroe Islands 86: 82: 79: 75: 69: 62: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 19384: 19268:Verner's law 19213: 19208:Gotho-Nordic 19206: 19199: 19120: 19113: 19105: 19099: 19089: 19074:Fårö Gutnish 19036: 19029: 18935: 18928: 18919: 18912: 18893: 18886: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18798: 18797: 18790: 18730: 18632:Swiss German 18596:Upper German 18529:Amana German 18503:Volga German 18472:Hunsrückisch 18398: 18352:Unserdeutsch 18347:Berlinerisch 18280: 18273: 18266: 18259: 18219:Cover groups 18175:Mohawk Dutch 18170:Jersey Dutch 18148:East Flemish 18131:West Flemish 18075:Middle Dutch 18029:Low Prussian 17901: 17894: 17860:Terschelling 17844:Clay Frisian 17819:West Frisian 17807:Wiedingharde 17799: 17787: 17747:Heligolandic 17724: 17699: 17692: 17685: 17680: 17663:East Frisian 17650: 17643: 17616:Middle Scots 17614: 17607: 17593: 17586: 17579: 17574: 17563: 17556: 17549: 17542: 17436: 17406: 16885:Vagn Åkesson 16805:Skalla-Grímr 16800:Sitric Caech 16665:Leif Erikson 16645:Ketilsdóttir 16485:Erik the Red 16277:Arms, armour 15667:and colonies 15656:Visby lenses 15646:Viking ships 15539:Raven banner 15528: 15310: 15297:, retrieved 15293:the original 15287: 15245: 15241:Sweet, Henry 15221: 15198: 15195:Byock, Jesse 15170: 15147:, retrieved 15137: 15125:, retrieved 15114: 15090: 15082:, retrieved 15072: 15063: 15057: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15025: 15019: 15008: 15003: 14999: 14991: 14987: 14980: 14971: 14963:, retrieved 14953: 14939: 14921: 14902: 14884: 14867: 14855: 14841:, retrieved 14831: 14823:norroen.info 14822: 14805: 14788: 14776: 14766: 14755: 14738: 14719: 14703:Dictionaries 14684: 14680: 14664: 14653: 14645: 14629: 14621: 14611: 14598: 14586:, retrieved 14566: 14538: 14534: 14522: 14513: 14485: 14456: 14444: 14436: 14428: 14421: 14413: 14401: 14361: 14341: 14329: 14319:17 September 14317:. Retrieved 14313:the original 14307: 14300: 14292: 14285:, retrieved 14273: 14260: 14249:, retrieved 14245:the original 14239: 14232: 14221:, retrieved 14212: 14190: 14181: 14169:. Retrieved 14155: 14149:Codex Regius 14143: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14101: 14093: 14067: 14059: 14048:, retrieved 14039: 14026: 14018:the original 14013: 14004: 13992: 13984: 13976: 13967: 13962: 13946: 13939:Neuter nouns 13930: 13902: 13892: 13882:17 September 13880:. Retrieved 13876:the original 13870: 13863: 13847: 13840:Proto-Nordic 13839: 13831: 13817:Iversen 1961 13785: 13781: 13775: 13763: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13736: 13728: 13716: 13710:, p. 83 13707: 13698: 13686: 13651: 13643: 13635: 13627: 13617: 13607: 13595:. Retrieved 13586: 13576: 13560: 13556: 13550: 13541: 13538:Almqvist, Bo 13531: 13520:, retrieved 13511: 13502: 13486: 13480: 13469:, retrieved 13459: 13452: 13445:Harbert 2007 13440: 13436: 13424: 13412: 13403: 13399: 13393: 13339: 13332: 13320:. Retrieved 13311: 13302: 13277: 13254: 13229: 13221: 13209:. Retrieved 13189: 13182: 13088: 12420: 12384: 12311: 12297: 12291: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12272:"dream": Ic 12267: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12129:"stone": Ic 12124: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12010: 12004: 11998: 11992: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11927: 11921: 11915: 11909: 11903: 11902:"green": Ic 11897: 11862: 11856: 11808: 11802: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11671: 11665: 11659: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11503: 11497: 11491: 11485: 11475: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11239: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11211: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11023: 11017: 11011: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10870: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10759:"happy": Ic 10754: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10728: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10449: 10443: 10437: 10429: 10423: 10291: 10262: 10250: 10246: 10216: 10206: 10196: 10192: 10180: 10170: 10167:Interjection 10166: 10154: 10142: 10132: 10129:Prepositions 10128: 10116: 10112: 10100: 10090: 10080: 10070: 10054: 10044: 10034: 10024: 10014: 10004: 9994: 9984: 9974: 9970: 9958: 9948: 9938: 9928: 9918: 9908: 9898: 9888: 9866: 9856: 9846: 9836: 9826: 9816: 9806: 9784: 9774: 9764: 9754: 9744: 9734: 9724: 9714: 9704: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9662: 9652: 9642: 9632: 9622: 9612: 9602: 9592: 9582: 9578: 9568: 9558: 9542: 9526: 9516: 9506: 9496: 9476: 9460: 9444: 9434: 9424: 9408: 9398: 9388: 9375:, stem also 9366: 9356: 9346: 9336: 9326: 9298: 9288: 9278: 9268: 9252: 9242: 9220: 9210: 9200: 9196: 9136: 9107: 9091: 9088: 9080: 9051: 9048:Text example 8967: 8937: 8929: 8909: 8906:Text example 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8847: 8844:pitch accent 8841: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8718:merged with 8713: 8696: 8690: 8654: 8648: 8619: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8564: 8530: 8445: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8287: 8276: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8191:The phoneme 8190: 8186: 8178:conservative 8173:Runic Danish 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8154:Östergötland 8129: 8127: 8115: 8105: 8092: 8049:AM 519 a 4to 8036: 8027:Text example 7998: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7905: 7882:) merged to 7871: 7862:Codex Regius 7826:) merged to 7811: 7785:merged with 7781: 7776: 7756: 7754: 7740:with Danish 7735: 7725: 7681: 7663: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7590: 7545: 7507: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7232:tekið/tekinn 7218: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7003: 6918: 6898: 6878: 6875: 6866: 6862:Heimskringla 6860: 6851: 6844: 6831:Dauði Dyggva 6830: 6826:Heimskringla 6824: 6815: 6808: 6793:Heimskringla 6775: 6739: 6729: 6719: 6709: 6699: 6689: 6679: 6671: 6668: 6600: 6346: 6291: 6255: 6252: 6199: 6177: 6142:appeared in 6133: 6107: 6022: 5977:adjacent to 5953:adjacent to 5946: 5938:Phonotactics 5926:rather than 5908:(supposedly 5891: 5868: 5846: 5818: 5756: 5754:, is short. 5725: 5702: 5674: 5644: 5636: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5533: 5510: 5484: 5433: 5426: 5358: 5337: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5272: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5207: 5190: 5180: 5170: 5148: 5130: 5119: 5108: 5059: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5006: 5000: 4988: 4980: 4974: 4965: 4906: 4815: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783:assimilatory 4780: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741:Strong verbs 4732: 4727: 4703: 4660: 4641: 4599: 4586: 4582:adding to it 4577: 4518: 4459: 4449: 4385:Approximant 4082: 3878:"deep" < 3676:"bone" < 3619:"mice" < 3516:"bird" < 3465:"race" < 3314:"went" < 2663:"song" < 2546:"land" < 2441: 2407:Low/Low-mid 2310:Back vowels 2202: 2170: 1933:Back vowels 1898: 1887: 1866: 1845: 1839: 1809: 1781: 1773: 1766: 1736:(especially 1731: 1727: 1692: 1642: 1578: 1570: Other 1468: 1440: 1435: 1398: 1388: 1377: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1245:Fimbulwinter 1211: 1197:Nithing pole 739: 735: 539: 532: 514: 507: 337: 296: 280: 187: 124:Newfoundland 43: 19283:Kluge's law 19263:Grimm's law 19046:Dalecarlian 19025:Perkerdansk 18998:East Danish 18816:Old Gutnish 18792:Proto-Norse 18732:Langobardic 18724:Vogtlandian 18552:Upper Saxon 18406:Lachoudisch 18367:Lotegorisch 18245:High German 17991:Westphalian 17986:Eastphalian 17950:Achterhooks 17827:Hindeloopen 17762:Bökingharde 17731:Föhr–Amrum 17645:Old Frisian 17609:Early Scots 17544:Old English 17419:Scandinavia 16855:Thorir Hund 16785:Sigurd Ring 16640:Jomsvikings 16337:Yarm helmet 15772:Isle of Man 15726:Kievan Rus' 15559:Skíðblaðnir 15513:ship burial 15432:Brisingamen 15299:4 September 15111:"Gutasagan" 15002:(8 volumes) 14992:Old Gutnish 14988:Old Swedish 14638:1874/296747 14588:4 September 14541:(4): 4–64, 14251:4 September 14223:4 September 14098:Bandle 2005 14014:aveneca.com 13924:Bandle 2005 13836:Bandle 2005 13733:Bandle 2005 13723:, p. 5 13691:Haugen 1950 13675:Bandle 2005 13648:Bandle 2005 13632:Bandle 2005 13557:Diachronica 13522:5 September 13495:1874/296646 13471:5 September 13163:Old Swedish 13153:Old Gutnish 12797:ø > œ(ː) 12403:or (before 12141:, Sw/Da/NB 12075:, Sw/Da/No 12063:"dear": Ic 11670:, Sw/Da/No 11618:, Sw/Da/No 11436:, Sw/Da/No 11360:, Fa/Da/NN 11244:"song": Ic 11230:, Fa/Da/No 11180:"nose": Ic 11148:"hand": Ic 11137:(+ld,rd,ng) 11074:, Sw/Da/No 10940:"knee": Ic 10448:, Sw/Da/No 10405:(+ld,rd,ng) 10155:Conjunction 9170:(to hang), 9138:Old English 9071:Old Gutnish 9028:in initial 8964:Old Gutnish 8958:Old Gutnish 8920:Old Swedish 8862:Old Swedish 8856:Old Swedish 8703:going from 8693:Bandle 2005 8641:versus OWN 8563:versus OWN 8480:versus OWN 8132:printed in 8056: 1280 8051:, is dated 7866:Poetic Edda 7673:Black Death 7669: 1350 7620: 1300 7550:Proto-Norse 7341:Proto-Norse 6786:Norrœnt mál 6780:Dǫnsk tunga 6754:Norse sagas 6482:Accusative 6480:Nominative- 6395:Accusative 6376:Nominative 6328:Urðarbrunnr 6318:partitively 6314:dual number 6276:determiners 6217:heilt barn! 6211:heill maðr! 5620:instead of 5417:to Swedish 5076:Old Swedish 5008:*sankwijaną 4743:ablaut the 4739:of a word. 4661:As for the 4632:Orthography 4553:Danish stød 4476:or perhaps 4183:Labiovelar 4127:or another 2983:"ten" < 2921:"six" < 2594:"men" < 2298: 13th 1850:Rus' people 1822:. Russian, 1748:(including 1746:Early Scots 1657:Kievan Rus' 1653:Volga River 1634:settlements 1627:Kievan Rus' 1615:Isle of Man 1595:settlements 1554:Old English 1478:norrœnt mál 1471:dansk tunga 1464:dǫnsk tunga 1445:state that 1431:Old Gutnish 1417:, although 1407:Old Gutnish 1361:Scandinavia 1272:Poetic Edda 1207:Norse clans 1107:Runic magic 1092:Vé (shrine) 1087:Heathen hof 1017:Urðarbrunnr 1007:Mímisbrunnr 987:Ginnungagap 932:Jörmungandr 811:Norse–Gaels 751:Scandinavia 738:in red and 734:in CE 900: 600:Dalecarlian 594:Descendants 582:Proto-Norse 534:Poetic Edda 424:Orthography 406:Old Gutnish 396:Old Swedish 311:instead of 210:(attested) 208:Proto-Norse 151:Proto-Norse 116:Isle of Man 81:Scandinavia 68:norrǿnt mál 61:dǫnsk tunga 19411:Categories 19115:Burgundian 19031:Old Danish 19020:Gøtudanskt 19003:Bornholmsk 18865:Vestlandsk 18845:Kebabnorsk 18582:Halcnovian 18547:Thuringian 18210:Limburgish 18180:Stadsfries 18153:Brabantian 17880:Low German 17726:Eiderstedt 17581:Fingallian 16914:Runestones 16430:Berle-Kari 16395:Airdeconut 15589:Viking art 15584:Viking Age 15254:alt source 15009:Old Danish 14673:Torp, Arne 14396:, p.1, "A" 14287:27 January 14274:inss.ku.dk 13981:Zoëga 1910 13757:: 146–147. 13721:Sweet 1895 13654:, p. 1859. 13377:Adams 1899 12464:Norwegian 11307:(j)œ/(j)øː 9971:Adjectives 9186:Viking Age 9127:See also: 8760:epenthetic 8701:isoglosses 8681:Old Danish 8647:("beds"), 8402:; from PN 8007:merged to 7600: 900 7421:ain(a)kjōn 6344:of Loki). 6302:accusative 6298:nominative 6282:Morphology 6110:epenthetic 6104:Epenthesis 5614:) becomes 5505:See also: 5475:root nouns 5473:nouns and 5083:Icelandic 5032:gler, heri 4997:*garwijaną 4923:, and all 4844:, and all 4811:allophones 4771:See also: 4621:lærisveinn 4616:/ˈhyr.jar/ 4608:, so that 4589:April 2010 4551:See also: 4288:Fricative 4097:allophones 4079:Consonants 3987:vėtr/vėttr 2954:(+u/w-mut) 2613:(+u/w-mut) 2446:phonemes: 2321:Unrounded 2315:Unrounded 2251:Ovansiljan 2243:Prose Edda 2221:Old Danish 1944:Unrounded 1938:Unrounded 1921: 9th 1912:phonemes. 1894:gemination 1832:Lithuanian 1828:Belarusian 1455:Icelanders 1451:Norwegians 1369:Viking Age 1363:and their 1349:Old Nordic 1297:Runestones 1277:Prose Edda 1032:Jötunheimr 1022:Yggdrasill 1012:Hvergelmir 997:Muspelheim 806:Viking Age 730:Extent of 541:Prose Edda 483:Literature 471:Morphology 391:Old Danish 202:Early form 54:Old Nordic 18:West Norse 19417:Old Norse 19395:varieties 19387:indicate 19201:Northwest 19146:Philology 19051:Elfdalian 18986:Jutlandic 18908:Icelandic 18883:(written) 18877:(written) 18855:Trøndersk 18835:Norwegian 18799:Old Norse 18620:Coloniero 18604:Alemannic 18577:Wymysorys 18445:Colognian 18440:Ripuarian 18362:Rotwelsch 18192:Midslands 18143:Zeelandic 18124:Hollandic 18098:Afrikaans 18070:Old Dutch 17896:Old Saxon 17795:Karrharde 17777:Goesharde 17758:Mainland 17491:philology 17407:Old Norse 17299:Greenland 16875:Turgesius 16750:Reginheri 16720:Palnatoke 16505:Freygeirr 16287:Berserker 15811:Pomerania 15806:Rhineland 15735:Expansion 15684:Greenland 15665:Homelands 15609:Yggdrasil 15529:Old Norse 15484:Hnefatafl 15452:Einherjar 15357:Arne Torp 15043:Old Norse 14854:(1977) , 14679:(2014) , 14437:Masculine 14346:Lass 1993 13842:, p.1853. 13739:, p.1855. 13441:See, e.g. 13211:7 January 13169:Citations 12449:Icelandic 12444:Old Norse 12339:obstruent 10359:Examples 10341:Icelandic 10336:Old Norse 10307:Þunresdæg 10186:ves hæill 9593:slaughter 9190:loanwords 9092:All-thing 8363:mø̄dōmber 8087:spelling 8085:Icelandic 7953:and that 7608:Trøndelag 7588:"goose". 7500:sankwijan 7453:to sprint 7428:to shrink 7276:Old Norse 6690:the troll 6630:Genitive 6610:Singular 6599:(English 6553:Singular 6526:Singular 6523:Genitive 6485:Singular 6414:Genitive 6368:Singular 6336:Lokasenna 6184:morphemes 6180:inflected 5807:, nor as 5803:, nor as 5695:); while 5637:The verb 5593:-variant 5028:with OWN 4733:ablauted, 4606:word stem 4537:fortition 4174:Alveolar 4102:veðrabati 4003:"winter" 3897:(+dental) 3835:lausijaną 3732:kwaikwaną 3230:slingwaną 2721:garwijaną 2458:(spelled 2444:diphthong 2285:(spelled 2277:(spelled 2269:(spelled 2261:(spelled 2247:Elfdalian 2207:(spelled 1879:Phonology 1824:Ukrainian 1758:loanwords 1703:Norwegian 1695:Icelandic 1599:Greenland 1494:Norwegian 1486:Icelandic 1438:Icelandic 1399:Old Norse 1345:Old Norse 1254:Wild Hunt 1212:Old Norse 1187:Mead hall 1142:Berserker 1077:Midsummer 982:Fólkvangr 962:Vanaheimr 950:Cosmology 900:Einherjar 641:Norwegian 635:(extinct) 628:Icelandic 617:(extinct) 564:Ancestors 516:Legendary 464:Phonology 338:Old Norse 282:Glottolog 266:ISO 639-3 248:ISO 639-2 188:Old Norse 135:Ethnicity 93:Greenland 49:Old Norse 39:Old North 19122:Vandalic 19065:Gutnish 18870:Vikværsk 18850:Sognamål 18840:Bergensk 18690:Cimbrian 18658:Bavarian 18615:Alsatian 18562:Lusatian 18498:Palatine 18188:Amelands 18065:Frankish 17955:Sallaans 17937:Gronings 17788:Southern 17781:Northern 17772:Halligen 17721:Insular 17538:dialects 17438:Category 17402:Norsemen 17395:See also 17329:Svalbard 16900:Uí Ímair 16680:Náttfari 16660:Lagertha 16620:Hvitserk 16352:Ingelrii 16347:Ulfberht 16327:Dane axe 15799:Normandy 15794:Brittany 15777:Scotland 15721:Jomsborg 15694:Shetland 15641:Longship 15579:Valkyrie 15574:Valhalla 15504:Norsemen 15494:Leysingi 15489:Holmgang 15437:Danegeld 15366:original 15270:Archived 15257:Archived 15243:(1895), 15197:(2013), 15143:archived 15121:archived 15078:archived 15056:(2006), 15035:(2004), 15018:(1972). 14959:archived 14951:(1923), 14937:(1879), 14912:Grammars 14895:Archived 14843:6 August 14837:archived 14815:Archived 14798:Archived 14748:Archived 14731:Archived 14717:(1874), 14654:Volume 2 14582:archived 14535:Language 14278:archived 14217:archived 14189:(1986), 14165:Archived 14116:Language 14044:archived 13856:Lesson 5 13782:Language 13706:(1993), 13615:(1910), 13597:5 August 13591:Archived 13516:archived 13465:archived 13400:Historia 13322:5 August 13316:Archived 13205:Archived 13078:See also 12441:Spelling 12347:/aaːiiː/ 12290:, Da/NB 11984:, Da/No 11920:, Da/NN 11795:, Sw/No 11736:, Da/No 11562:, Sw/No 11502:, Da/NB 11496:, Sw/NN 11340:, Da/No 11331:skjøldur 11325:skjöldur 11262:, Da/NB 11192:, Sw/NN 11166:, Da/NB 11160:, Sw/NN 11022:, Sw/Da 10946:, Fa/Da 10857:, Da/NB 10777:, Da/No 10609:, Da/NB 10500:, Da/No 10468:, Sw/Da 10388:(+ng,nk) 9944:þrífa(s) 9852:rannsaka 9668:væ(i)ngʀ 9658:vindauga 9538:sweostor 9352:húsbóndi 9294:dræggiaʀ 9164:(full), 9158:(land), 9152:(foot), 9104:Gutasaga 9056:Guta lag 8791:(cake), 8709:Svealand 8546:drængiaʀ 8406:faigijaz 8252:Bohuslän 8236:Blekinge 8214:phoneme 7564:and not 7473:sprintan 7352:s(v)ǫppr 7347:mushroom 6901:breaking 6893:fullijan 6772:Dialects 6710:the hall 6322:kennings 6306:genitive 6294:declined 6214:" but, " 6120:, as in 6040:remains 5919:Steinarʀ 5905:Steinarr 5501:Breaking 5395:⟩ 5391:⟨ 5371:⟩ 5367:⟨ 5069:Meaning 5056:U-umlaut 4850:i-umlaut 4799:u-umlaut 4795:ʀ-umlaut 4791:i-umlaut 4751:becomes 4693:and the 4600:Primary 4191:Plosive 4186:Glottal 4177:Palatal 4149:sibilant 3798:(+i-mut) 3695:(+w-mut) 3593:(+i-mut) 3534:murganaz 3484:(+a-mut) 3439:(+i-mut) 3347:(+i-mut) 3200:(+w-mut) 3002:(broken) 2939:brestaną 2841:(+u-mut) 2823:mēlijaną 2786:(+i-mut) 2565:(+i-mut) 2324:Rounded 2318:Rounded 1947:Rounded 1941:Rounded 1820:Estonian 1788:Scottish 1776:phonemic 1715:Shetland 1673:language 1619:Normandy 1611:Scotland 1391:dialects 1249:Ragnarök 1177:Holmgang 1027:Valhalla 1002:Niflheim 925:Valkyrie 718:Norsemen 710:a series 708:Part of 442:Medieval 355:Dialects 330:a series 328:Part of 317:Help:IPA 289:oldn1244 228:, later 178:Germanic 139:Norsemen 120:Normandy 19385:Italics 19008:Scanian 18954:Swedish 18903:Faroese 18881:Nynorsk 18860:Valdris 18695:Mòcheno 18651:Swabian 18517:Hessian 18477:Hunsrik 18389:Western 18384:Eastern 18379:Yiddish 18329:creoles 18226:Bergish 17942:Drèents 17932:Tweants 17784:Central 17766:Mooring 17629:Frisian 17588:Kildare 17533:English 17351:Related 17212:Iceland 17199:Finland 17186:Denmark 17105:Related 16675:Naddodd 16600:Hastein 16575:Hagrold 16545:Guthrum 16540:Guthred 16425:Bagsecg 16322:Skeggöx 16312:Halberd 15840:Battles 15816:Estonia 15752:Danelaw 15714:Vinland 15679:Iceland 15604:Wergeld 15569:Tyrfing 15554:Seeress 15499:Mjölnir 15457:Futhark 15420:Culture 15413:Vikings 15336:at the 15149:17 July 15084:10 June 14500:Sources 14050:1 March 14036:"stark" 13770:, Ch. 1 12459:Swedish 12454:Faroese 12351:/aauɪi/ 12320:Nynorsk 12281:dreymur 12275:draumur 12138:steinur 11772:jʏ/jʉuː 11694:jœ/jɔuː 11487:morgunn 11481:morgunn 11477:morginn 11319:skjǫldr 10904:veg/vei 10529:(j)ɛ(ː) 10524:ja/jɛaː 10351:Swedish 10346:Faroese 10181:wassail 10113:Adverbs 10010:líklígʀ 9924:sprinta 9875:, stem 9847:ransack 9807:glitter 9638:tíðindi 9633:tidings 9469:, stem 9417:, stem 9347:husband 9261:, stem 9178:English 9146:(arm), 8970:Gotland 8968:Due to 8886:, e.g. 8870:before 8705:Zealand 8631:bækkiaʀ 8602:drängar 8566:drengir 8560:bænkiaʀ 8393:meydómr 8372:; OWN: 8357:hø̄gher 8333:møydōmʀ 8260:Dalarna 8244:Halland 8240:Småland 8017:became 7730:before 7688:became 7480:to sink 7465:sprinta 7458:spretta 7446:krimpan 7394:brantaz 7367:swampuz 7331:English 7253:sterkur 7118:Haursa, 7115:Haursa, 7112:Haursa, 7063:Gunnarr 7060:Gunnarr 7057:Gunnarr 6931:) into 6881:umlauts 6730:the arm 6725:armrinn 6685:trollit 6680:a troll 6661:trollum 6649:Dative 6613:Plural 6572:Plural 6550:Dative 6538:Plural 6504:Plural 6459:(OWN), 6426:Dative 6371:Plural 6324:(e.g., 6174:Grammar 6132:(older 5912:Ragnarʀ 5899:Ragnarr 5867:), and 5036:(later 4737:nucleus 4735:in the 4669:called 4171:Dental 4168:Labial 4165: 4143:was an 4070:junhizą 4056:unseraz 4000:wintruz 3977:kwemaną 3936:beudaną 3725:kveykva 3578:drūpaną 3527:morginn 3223:slyngva 3185:mikilaz 3094:skelduz 3087:skjǫldr 3035:geldaną 2816:mālijan 2673:sangwaz 2456:/øy~ɛy/ 2436: 2281:) with 2265:) with 2253:). See 1836:Latvian 1816:Finnish 1790:and/or 1742:Danelaw 1723:Swedish 1699:Faroese 1669:Swedish 1649:Vinland 1638:Gotland 1607:Ireland 1502:Swedish 1490:Faroese 1427:Denmark 1266:Sources 1182:Leidang 1135:Society 977:Bifröst 972:Vígríðr 967:Midgard 868:Sigmund 816:Normans 769:History 756:History 646:Swedish 623:Gutnish 610:Faroese 459:Grammar 313:Unicode 112:Ireland 85:Iceland 19101:Gothic 18971:Danish 18875:Bokmål 18374:Yenish 18184:Bildts 17967:Veluws 17962:Urkers 17801:Strand 17525:Anglic 17339: 17326: 17296: 17283: 17270: 17238:Sweden 17235: 17225:Norway 17222: 17209: 17196: 17183: 17171:States 16890:Veborg 16610:Hervor 16420:Auisle 16317:Atgeir 16297:Hersir 15826:Dublin 15821:Iberia 15789:France 15782:Wessex 15762:Mercia 15757:Anglia 15564:Thrall 15230: 15205: 15127:16 May 14965:9 June 14812:e-text 14745:e-text 14728:e-text 14691: 14656:, 2005 14574: 14555:522272 14553: 14171:21 May 14136:409955 14134: 14080: 13802:411124 13800: 13406:, 1994 13347: 13290: 13242: 13197: 12462:Modern 12457:Modern 12452:Modern 12447:Modern 12316:Bokmål 12269:draumr 12132:steinn 12126:steinn 11911:grønur 11792:djúpur 11776:(j)ɪkv 11706:jɵ/jʉː 11698:(j)ɛkv 11689:jou(ː) 11615:fullur 11505:morgen 11499:morgon 11493:morgun 11343:skjold 11299:jœ/jøː 11253:songur 11247:söngur 11132:(+r); 10624:hjarte 10618:hjarta 10612:hjerte 10606:hjärta 10600:hjarta 10594:hjarta 10586:hjelpa 10580:hjelpe 10574:hjælpe 10568:hjälpa 10562:hjálpa 10556:hjalpa 10491:langur 10465:harður 10356:Danish 10354:Modern 10349:Modern 10344:Modern 10339:Modern 10106:vrangʀ 10066:rutinn 10060:rotinn 10055:rotten 10005:likely 9954:þrysta 9949:thrust 9939:thrive 9919:sprint 9904:skrapa 9899:scrape 9894:skirra 9884:rinnan 9812:glitra 9802:giefan 9770:gæispa 9740:krafla 9730:klippa 9700:blanda 9653:window 9648:traust 9623:thrift 9574:skyrta 9532:systir 9527:sister 9491:, cf. 9440:hlænkʀ 9332:félagi 9327:fellow 9173:standa 9131:, and 8898:. The 8836:gæstir 8830:tungur 8818:gäster 8812:tungor 8800:gæster 8794:tunger 8668:bäckar 8662:bäddar 8650:bekkir 8638:wæfiaʀ 8624:bæðiaʀ 8614:bänkar 8584:drenge 8578:bekkir 8553:ælgiaʀ 8507:hamnar 8489:hafnir 8470:hamnaʀ 8463:hafnaʀ 8420:haugaz 8413:gaizaz 8345:fēgher 8303:øy, au 8134:uncial 7852:(with 7842:(with 7749:wrangʀ 7746:, OEN 7737:rangur 7706:, OIC 7694:, ONW 7671:, the 7492:sænkwa 7485:søkkva 7438:krimpa 7432:kreppa 7413:ænkija 7386:brantʀ 7379:brattr 7359:swampʀ 7301:, and 7241:slagen 7237:slagit 7162:hialpi 7159:hialpi 7156:hjalpi 7074:raistu 7071:ræistu 7068:reistu 6977:, and 6949:) and 6906:hiarta 6756:, the 6720:an arm 6705:hǫllin 6700:a hall 6654:trolli 6642:trolla 6635:trolls 6584:hallum 6577:hǫllum 6531:hallar 6516:hallar 6509:hallir 6342:gibing 6340:, the 6310:dative 6308:, and 6190:Gender 6118:Bergen 6070:. The 6055:sjǫ́um 6046:, and 5809:*/Cʀː/ 5805:*/Crʀ/ 5797:*/Crʀ/ 5792:wintrʀ 5741:jǫtunn 5611:Óðin-ʀ 5605:Óðin-r 5581:, the 5471:i-stem 5461:o-stem 5002:søkkva 4947:, and 4900:, and 4880:, and 4767:Umlaut 4729:Ablaut 4724:Ablaut 4709:acutes 4691:voiced 4681:, and 4611:hyrjar 4602:stress 4559:, and 4547:Accent 4500:, and 4468:, and 4359:Trill 4246:Nasal 4180:Velar 4109:(e.g. 4042:hanhaz 3882:deupaz 3783:lausaz 3520:fuglaz 3380:mōdriz 3274:lītaną 3178:mikill 3028:gjalda 2932:bresta 2768:lētaną 2598:manniz 2273:) and 1952:Close 1884:Vowels 1861:Rootsi 1855:Ruotsi 1846:Russia 1784:Gaelic 1744:) and 1719:Danish 1711:Orkney 1631:Danish 1613:, the 1603:Faroes 1601:, the 1568: 1561: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1498:Danish 1457:, and 1447:Swedes 1423:Sweden 1415:Norway 1371:, the 1234:Events 1222:Thrall 1157:Erilaz 957:Asgard 905:Fenrir 878:Vættir 863:Sigurd 858:Jötunn 712:on the 605:Danish 488:Poetry 126:, the 100:Region 19215:South 19166:North 18776:North 18760:North 18102:Kaaps 18093:Dutch 17740:Amrum 17681:Weser 17603:Scots 17342:Sápmi 17273:Åland 16770:Rusla 16765:Rorik 16760:Rollo 16715:Ottir 16342:Sword 15831:Italy 15636:Knarr 15627:Ships 15549:Skald 15544:Sagas 15479:Gothi 15447:Eddas 15267:e-ext 14683:[ 14551:JSTOR 14281:(PDF) 14270:(PDF) 14132:JSTOR 13985:hungr 13983:, H: 13798:JSTOR 13402:, §§ 13062:øy(ː) 13027:ɔɪ(ː) 13009:ɛ/ɛɪː 13004:ei(ː) 12979:aɪ(ː) 12974:ei(ː) 12954:ʊɪ(ː) 12902:ʏ/ʉuː 12753:œ/ɔuː 12748:ou(ː) 12688:ʊɪ(ː) 12641:jɛ(ː) 12572:a/ɛaː 12567:ai(ː) 12517:ɔ/ɔaː 12512:au(ː) 12485:a/ɛaː 12299:draum 12296:, NN 12284:, Sw 12278:, Fa 12259:ɛt͡ʃː 12252:ɛ/ɛɪː 12247:øy(ː) 12228:, No 12222:, Da 12216:, Sw 12213:oyggj 12210:, Fa 12178:ɔt͡ʃː 12171:ɔɪ(ː) 12166:ei(ː) 12150:stein 12147:, No 12135:, Fa 12103:at͡ʃː 12099:aɪ(ː) 12094:ei(ː) 12072:dýrur 12069:, Fa 12037:ʊt͡ʃː 12033:ʊɪ(ː) 12012:fylle 12009:, No 12006:fylde 12003:, Da 12000:fylla 11994:fylla 11978:, Sw 11929:grønn 11926:, No 11914:, Sw 11908:, Fa 11905:grænn 11899:grœnn 11884:ai(ː) 11882:> 11828:> 11807:, NB 11801:, Da 11786:djúpr 11767:ju(ː) 11748:, No 11742:, NN 11733:bjuda 11730:, Sw 11727:bjóða 11721:bjóða 11642:ʏ/ʉuː 11609:fullr 11568:, Da 11526:œ/ɔuː 11521:ou(ː) 11490:, Fa 11398:œ/ɔuː 11391:ɔ/ɔaː 11383:au(ː) 11381:> 11363:bjørn 11357:björn 11351:bjǫrn 11337:sköld 11334:, Sw 11328:, Fa 11291:jœ(ː) 11289:> 11268:, NN 11256:, Sw 11250:, Fa 11241:sǫngr 11210:, NN 11204:, NB 11198:, Da 11186:, Fa 11154:, Fa 11095:> 11050:ʊt͡ʃː 11046:ʊɪ(ː) 10958:, No 10952:, Sw 10925:a/ɛaː 10920:jɛ(ː) 10901:, No 10895:, Da 10889:, Sw 10886:vegur 10863:, NN 10851:, Sw 10831:, No 10825:, Da 10819:, Sw 10771:, Sw 10768:sælur 10765:, Fa 10745:, No 10739:, Sw 10713:a/ɛaː 10708:ai(ː) 10689:, No 10683:, Da 10677:, Sw 10645:ɔ/ɔaː 10640:au(ː) 10615:, NN 10603:, Sw 10583:, NN 10577:, No 10571:, Da 10565:, Sw 10519:ja(ː) 10494:, Sw 10485:langr 10474:, No 10459:harðr 10445:dagur 10419:(+rd) 10378:a/ɛaː 10313:earun 10287:Latin 10278:beide 10234:hiera 10212:þæiʀa 10207:their 10176:hæill 10122:þvert 10101:wrong 10096:væikʀ 10086:sløgʀ 10076:skamt 10071:scant 10040:miúkʀ 10020:lauss 10015:loose 9985:happy 9980:flatr 9964:vanta 9889:scare 9872:rinna 9862:ryðia 9842:ræisa 9837:raise 9832:lyfta 9822:hitta 9760:døyia 9735:crawl 9720:kasta 9710:kalla 9695:blend 9675:Verbs 9643:trust 9628:þrift 9618:stæik 9613:steak 9608:snara 9603:snare 9598:slátr 9579:shirt 9569:skirt 9564:skinn 9548:skial 9543:skill 9512:skrap 9507:scrap 9430:læggʀ 9404:knífʀ 9399:knife 9378:kial- 9372:kiǫlʀ 9289:dregs 9274:byrðr 9269:birth 9264:bark- 9258:bǫrkʀ 9238:bæiti 9232:bæita 9216:baggi 9201:anger 9197:Nouns 9167:hanga 9161:fullr 9035:biera 9021:veita 8993:waita 8821:(OEN 8746:and - 8730:and - 8674:vävar 8656:vefir 8644:beðir 8636:* 8629:* 8622:* 8608:älgar 8596:bænke 8572:elgir 8558:* 8551:* 8513:vågar 8501:solar 8495:vágir 8483:sólir 8477:wāgaʀ 8475:* 8468:* 8461:* 8456:sōlaʀ 8454:* 8440:diuza 8438:* 8433:dōmaz 8427:mawi- 8425:* 8418:* 8411:* 8404:* 8387:haugr 8381:geirr 8375:feigr 8327:haugʀ 8321:gæiʀʀ 8315:fæigʀ 8306:> 8294:> 8232:Skåne 8182:runes 8060:sigla 8043:, an 8020:Tortr 8014:Þórðr 7982:allum 7973:> 7970:ǫllum 7849:grænn 7839:grœnn 7743:vrang 7712:> 7700:> 7652:hnefi 7555:tanþu 7553:* 7498:* 7471:* 7444:* 7419:* 7406:ekkja 7401:widow 7392:* 7374:steep 7365:* 7261:stark 7257:sterk 7249:tagen 7245:tagit 7219:Some 7178:hans. 7140:sinn. 7137:sinn. 7134:sinn. 7129:faður 7126:faður 7123:fǫður 7096:þenna 7093:þenna 7090:þenna 7085:stain 7082:stæin 7079:stein 6955:into 6913:hertō 6911:* 6909:from 6890:from 6887:fylla 6742:runic 6736:Texts 6675:troll 6623:troll 6601:troll 6596:troll 6565:hallu 6558:hǫllu 6543:halla 6444:armum 6438:ǫrmum 6388:armar 6271:hungr 6247:kráka 6241:hrafn 6167:aftær 6161:after 6151:after 6145:aftir 6129:aftor 6123:aftur 6079:* 6072:* 6064:> 6061:sjǫ́m 6058:> 6049:sjáum 6043:klæði 6028:klæði 5932:*/ʀː/ 5928:*/rʀ/ 5917:* 5910:* 5894:*/rʀ/ 5886:jarlʀ 5884:* 5879:jarll 5877:* 5864:botnʀ 5862:* 5857:botnn 5855:* 5842:laksʀ 5840:* 5835:lakss 5833:* 5801:/Crː/ 5790:* 5782:vetrr 5780:* 5746:giant 5718:* 5711:* 5692:skínʀ 5690:* 5685:skínr 5683:* 5677:skínn 5670:skína 5664:blæsʀ 5662:* 5657:blæsr 5647:blæss 5640:blása 5631:Óðinʀ 5629:* 5624:Óðinr 5622:* 5617:Óðinn 5589:- or 5577:, or 5548:/jɔː/ 5544:/jaː/ 5534:Some 5527:, or 5365:uses 5224:Earth 5165:Eagle 5005:< 4991:geyra 4983:gjǫra 4907:Some 4852:from 4816:Some 4745:lemma 4648:runic 4111:* 4068:* 4063:ø̇́rȧ 4054:* 4049:ȯ́rar 4040:* 3998:* 3996:< 3993:vintr 3990:< 3975:* 3973:< 3934:* 3929:bjúða 3923:bjóða 3880:* 3875:djúpr 3833:* 3828:leysa 3781:* 3776:lauss 3752:> 3730:* 3680:bainą 3678:* 3643:> 3623:mūsiz 3621:* 3576:* 3571:drúpa 3532:* 3518:* 3469:kunją 3467:* 3424:unaną 3422:* 3378:* 3330:* 3316:* 3272:* 3228:* 3183:* 3139:* 3092:* 3068:> 3054:eo/io 3033:* 2987:teguz 2985:* 2937:* 2923:* 2879:* 2877:< 2872:* 2821:* 2819:< 2814:* 2766:* 2719:* 2671:* 2669:< 2666:sǫngr 2660:sǫngr 2653:landō 2651:* 2649:< 2646:landu 2644:* 2596:* 2550:landą 2548:* 2329:High 1910:nasal 1869:Irish 1792:Irish 1732:Both 1592:Norse 1459:Danes 1351:, or 1217:Thing 1162:Félag 1117:Galdr 1097:Gothi 1082:Hörgr 1057:Seiðr 920:Norns 851:Vanir 633:Norn 501:Sagas 230:Latin 226:Runic 128:Volga 19176:West 19171:East 19091:East 18947:East 18937:Norn 18828:West 18764:East 18762:and 18327:and 18322:Non- 17752:Sylt 17735:Föhr 17670:Ems 17595:Yola 17504:West 16895:Ubba 16465:Cnut 16302:Hird 15767:York 15427:Blót 15351:and 15301:2018 15276:via 15228:ISBN 15203:ISBN 15151:2011 15129:2007 15086:2021 14990:and 14967:2020 14901:via 14845:2021 14821:via 14689:ISBN 14590:2018 14572:ISBN 14321:2018 14289:2016 14253:2018 14225:2018 14173:2023 14147:See 14078:ISBN 14052:2012 13884:2018 13823:help 13679:/øy/ 13599:2020 13524:2018 13473:2018 13345:ISBN 13324:2020 13288:ISBN 13240:ISBN 13213:2021 13195:ISBN 12949:i(ː) 12932:ʏ/yː 12927:ɪ/iː 12922:ɪ(ː) 12897:u(ː) 12880:ʉ(ː) 12875:ɵ/ʉː 12870:ʊ/uː 12865:ʏ(ː) 12833:œ/øː 12825:œ/øː 12803:œ/øː 12731:ɔ/oː 12722:ɔ/oː 12718:ʊ/uː 12713:ɔ/oː 12708:ɔ(ː) 12683:i(ː) 12666:ɪ/iː 12661:ɪ(ː) 12624:æ(ː) 12616:ɛ/eː 12611:e/eː 12606:ɛ/eː 12601:ɛ(ː) 12584:ɛ/eː 12580:æ(ː) 12550:ɔ/oː 12535:ɛ/ɛː 12495:ɑ(ː) 12490:a/ɑː 12480:a(ː) 12426:*/u/ 12293:drøm 12287:dröm 12186:œ/øː 12144:sten 12111:e(ː) 12060:dýrr 12045:ʏ/yː 12028:i(ː) 11981:dörr 11969:dyrr 11950:ɪ/iː 11945:ɪ(ː) 11923:grøn 11917:grön 11864:göra 11858:gøra 11846:œ/øː 11838:œ/øː 11830:œ(ː) 11798:djup 11745:byda 11739:byde 11637:u(ː) 11621:full 11597:ɵ/ʉː 11592:ʊ/uː 11587:ʏ(ː) 11538:ʊ/uː 11465:ɔ/oː 11460:ɔ/oː 11455:ɔ(ː) 11406:ɔ/oː 11271:song 11265:sang 11259:sång 11213:nase 11207:nese 11201:næse 11169:hånd 11163:hand 11157:hond 11151:hönd 11145:hǫnd 11112:ɔ/oː 11105:œ/øː 11097:œ(ː) 11041:i(ː) 11025:kind 11019:kinn 11013:kinn 10987:ɪ/iː 10982:ɪ/iː 10977:ɪ(ː) 10880:vegr 10872:bere 10866:bera 10860:bære 10854:bära 10848:bera 10842:bera 10834:menn 10828:mænd 10816:menn 10810:menn 10801:ɛ/eː 10796:ɛ(ː) 10774:säll 10762:sæll 10756:sæll 10748:mæle 10742:mäla 10736:mæla 10730:mæla 10718:ɛ(ː) 10686:lade 10680:låta 10674:láta 10668:láta 10658:ɔ/ɒ: 10650:ɔ/oː 10550:(+r) 10503:lang 10497:lång 10477:hard 10471:hård 10439:dagr 10431:land 10425:land 10414:ɔ/ɔː 10400:ɔ/oː 10392:a/ɑː 10373:a(ː) 10319:aron 10301:buli 10295:bula 10251:same 10222:þæim 10217:them 10202:þæiʀ 10197:they 10171:hail 10133:till 10091:weak 10050:odda 10035:meek 10030:lágʀ 10000:illr 9990:happ 9975:flat 9959:want 9934:taka 9929:take 9914:søma 9909:seem 9827:lift 9796:gefa 9790:gifa 9785:give 9780:geta 9765:gasp 9750:kuta 9725:clip 9715:cast 9705:call 9690:sind 9663:wing 9559:skin 9554:skil 9522:sæti 9517:seat 9502:sala 9497:sale 9493:wort 9488:wyrt 9477:root 9472:rás- 9461:race 9445:loan 9435:link 9420:lag- 9384:kil- 9367:keel 9362:kaka 9357:cake 9284:drit 9279:dirt 9253:bark 9248:band 9243:band 9226:bæit 9221:bait 9206:angr 9155:land 9149:fótr 9143:armr 9106:, § 9052:The 9041:bera 9030:/wɾ/ 9018:and 9015:þeir 9009:eigu 8990:and 8987:þair 8981:aigu 8895:hlýʀ 8878:and 8849:stød 8824:kaka 8815:and 8806:kaka 8788:kage 8777:and 8716:/hɾ/ 8590:elge 8556:and 8492:and 8369:diūr 8339:diūʀ 8300:and 8210:The 8148:The 7940:/C̥/ 7936:/hC/ 7834:/ɛː/ 7824:/œː/ 7820:/øː/ 7773:/aː/ 7765:/ɔː/ 7658:nefi 7645:and 7610:and 7579:gǫ́s 7573:gǫ́s 7567:tann 7561:tǫnn 7538:and 7322:-kk- 7319:and 7316:-tt- 7310:-pp- 7304:-nk- 7298:-nt- 7292:-mp- 7255:and 7243:and 7229:and 7184:hans 7181:hans 7041:Þegn 7038:Þegn 7035:Þegn 7019:Weðr 7016:Weðr 7013:Veðr 6998:-kk- 6995:and 6992:-tt- 6986:-pp- 6980:-nk- 6974:-nt- 6968:-mp- 6722:) – 6715:armr 6702:) – 6695:hǫll 6682:) – 6497:hall 6490:hǫll 6462:hall 6456:hǫll 6431:armi 6419:arms 6407:arma 6381:armr 6358:armr 6265:mund 6262:and 6244:and 6229:kona 6223:karl 6135:aptr 6090:and 6077:and 6067:sjám 6012:úlfr 5924:/rː/ 5871:jarl 5849:botn 5828:laks 5814:vetr 5772:vetr 5729:vinr 5720:kelʀ 5713:kelr 5705:kell 5698:kala 5556:/eː/ 5554:and 5542:and 5540:/jɔ/ 5536:/ja/ 5493:mark 5486:mörk 5480:mǫrk 5466:jord 5456:land 5450:lönd 5447:and 5444:lond 5438:land 5381:and 5289:Milk 5151:rður 5122:rþer 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