51:
1474:
1233:, did not employ a unified system of spelling. During the Viking Age, many dialects of Old Norse were spoken. While they appear to have been mutually intelligible, the slight variances resulted in various spelling. Thus the same name might be spelled several different ways even in the original manuscripts. Letters unique to the language existed, such as a modified version of the letter
479:
reveals that alliteration was common in many Old Norse writings, and were not only present in skaldic works. This would then suggest that the
Vikings closely tied their language to their auditory sense, which in turn would have helped with the continual transfer of their cultural memory, which was
505:
phoneme represents additional spellings not covered by length marking rules. Likewise, a phonetic entry only lists spellings not used by the equivalent phoneme(s). N/A is used when no specific spelling is used, e.g. where all long vowel spellings are found using the rules for deriving long vowel
492:
transcription. In general usage, an orthographic distinction of phones or phonemes is not necessarily held by every writer. For example, an author may only distinguish some vowels by length, and orthographic devices could be mixed and matched. Where the table lists a long-or-short phoneme
2083:
to
Icelandic phonology are incorporated in the translation that may not have been in the source text. One such difference is the insertion of u before r, when it is preceded by a consonant at the end of the word. Thus the Old Norse name Baldr comes out as Baldur in modern
1415:"Normalized spelling" can be used to refer to normalization in general or the standard normalization in particular. With normalized spelling, the manuscript spelling is altered to adhere to be more strict and regular. These respellings are designed to be
2272:
writers and readers the Old Norse characters not used in
English are commonly replaced with English ones. This can lead to ambiguity and confusion. Diacritics may be removed (á → a, ö → o). The following character conversions also take place:
1419:
precise rather than representative of the manuscripts. The degree of normalization may vary, but in general the text is at the end reduced to limited deviation from a regularized system, perhaps at the expense of some dialectal character.
470:
An understanding of the writing system of Old Norse is crucial for fully understanding the Old Norse language. Studies of remaining rune stones from the Viking Age reveal many nuances about the spoken language, such as the constant use of
1295:
Suspension, truncation, or curtailment: Certain letters of the word are omitted, with the abbreviation indicated by a superscript stroke (esp. dropping a nasal), dot(s) beside the letter, or occasionally a colon. Examples:
1504:
The following table associates the phonemes of the language to its orthographic representations. Vowel nasalization and length are not distinguished in the table when distinguished in neither orthography, nor is
467:, today they are rare, and vary in use of orthography depending on when they were created. Rune stones created near the end of the Viking Age tend to have a greater influence from Old English runes.
3866:
4806:
1202:
When dialectal mergers such as OEN monophthongization took place, regional spelling often changed to reflect this. Sometimes, both phonemes' spellings would be used, but confused.
422:
alphabets, with many spelling conventions, variant letterforms, and unique letters and signs. In modern times, scholars established a standardized spelling for the language. When
3856:
2079:
is used. The orthography is essentially the same (since it was intentionally modelled after the aforementioned normalized Old Norse in the 19th century), but changes from
4851:
3861:
1435:
is marked and umlauted vowels are unambiguously represented. The standardized spelling employs a few characters that were not available in early electronic
3836:
3831:
3008:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3826:
3821:
3816:
2005:
project presents personal names according to the previously mentioned standardized spelling in
English translations. Here follows an example from the
1349:
Superscript letters: Regular letters contained in the word or letters specifically for abbreviation purposes. Often with syllabic content. Examples:
2986:
373:
3811:
397:
3806:
4871:
359:
3300:
3230:
2778:
1464:
506:
spellings from the short vowel, or no general spelling is used, e.g. when short and long vowels are always spelled differently.
2893:
4269:
3706:
444:
traditionally dated to the late 2nd century), at this time still showing an archaic language form (similar to reconstructed
3390:
1920:, many scholars, but not all, use an orthography that is adapted to represent Old East Norse, the dialect of Old Norse in
4143:
2979:
2813:
Shulte, Michael (2007). "Scripta islandica: Memory culture in the viking age: The runic evidence of formulaic patterns".
2862:
5074:
5043:
4783:
4665:
426:
names are used in texts in other languages, modifications to this spelling are often made. In particular, the names of
17:
1303:
Contraction: The first and last letters are written, and the abbreviation is indicated by a dot or superscript stroke.
3964:
3959:
3688:
489:
390:
2972:
4213:
198:
1485:
274:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1343:
1291:
for the various r-endings so common in Old Norse. These scribal abbreviations are categorized as follows:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1191:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1123:
1115:
1037:
1026:
1019:
1014:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
802:
797:
792:
785:
778:
773:
768:
763:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
502:
498:
494:
4826:
3290:
2905:
2364:
2019:
En Ulfr hefir á Englandi þrjú gjǫld tekit. Þat var fyrsta þat's Tosti gat. Þá Þorketill. Þá galt Knútr.
4993:
4983:
3380:
2768:
2033:
En Ulfʀ hafiʀ a Ænglandi þry giald takit. Þet was fyrsta þet's Tosti gat. Þa Þorkætill. Þa galt Knutʀ.
1428:
383:
256:
4091:
3498:
4148:
3991:
3260:
4223:
2445:
A list of some commonly encountered Old Norse names with variant spellings. * marks anglicizations.
4016:
3017:
4101:
2001:
earlier. However, even if they render the transcription according to the local pronunciation, the
4928:
4546:
4128:
4096:
4036:
4011:
3210:
2312:
445:
281:
1205:
The epenthetic vowel had different regional spellings. In East Norse it was commonly spelled as
441:
3798:
3716:
1265:
for common words, syllables, and grammatical endings developed. One example is the use of the
433:
The first appearance of an ancestral stage of Old Norse in a written runic form dates back to
4751:
4683:
2831:
2076:
2006:
1226:
4673:
4240:
4031:
1399:
in other languages. However, other signs or conventions are specifically Norse, such as the
4988:
1262:
449:
304:
286:
175:
8:
4345:
4153:
3746:
3240:
3122:
2080:
213:
3887:
2942:
5069:
4841:
4561:
3583:
2995:
2773:
2384:
Obviously the various permutations allow for many possible spellings for a given name.
2085:
1444:
1119:
345:
332:
34:
4041:
3658:
3643:
3483:
1261:
vowels were often not distinguished from others. Another complication is that several
5048:
5038:
4897:
4861:
4688:
4250:
3653:
3047:
2666:
2054:
1300:
for þat (etc.), ū for um, hō for hón, þan̅ for þann; .kgr. for konungr, .s. for sonr.
460:
319:
95:
82:
4611:
4576:
4571:
4511:
3092:
4481:
3981:
3741:
3598:
3533:
3022:
2964:
2269:
1185:
476:
350:
314:
192:
71:
4768:
4289:
4158:
4026:
3423:
3180:
1391:
These abbreviation conventions and a majority of the signs are inherited from the
4978:
4186:
3934:
2999:
2866:
1456:
1258:
1230:
427:
309:
141:
4616:
4466:
4138:
2467:
1195:
4902:
4756:
4531:
4309:
4284:
4193:
3776:
3663:
3613:
3603:
3528:
2648:
2058:
1460:
1396:
1392:
419:
220:
168:
146:
88:
64:
4639:
4634:
4123:
3162:
2660:
1967:
5063:
4892:
4887:
4836:
4821:
4763:
4711:
4591:
4586:
4521:
4516:
4436:
4426:
4325:
4299:
4208:
3882:
3638:
3473:
3343:
3295:
2859:
2706:
1436:
1238:
963:
475:. A comparison of various whetstones from this time period with the works of
337:
163:
76:
4856:
4596:
4556:
4526:
4491:
4461:
4294:
4233:
4133:
4111:
4021:
3969:
3503:
3305:
4678:
4006:
3493:
3438:
3077:
2749:
2737:
2718:
2700:
2595:
2050:
1973:
represented by ǫ is not usually considered, but rendered as the underlying
1432:
1127:
472:
4581:
4541:
4421:
4406:
4046:
3927:
3761:
3751:
3523:
2961:, which contains Old Norse texts in manuscript and standard orthographies.
1427:
of Old Norse which remains in use. It is primarily based on the so-called
4846:
4816:
4726:
4566:
4496:
4476:
4456:
4431:
4360:
4350:
3448:
3375:
3157:
3097:
2608:
1439:, so replacements were often used. The most consequential was the use of
1311:
488:
The following table gives various attested spellings of sounds and their
238:
110:
100:
4907:
4693:
4536:
3892:
3578:
3453:
3443:
3408:
2743:
2626:
2583:
1473:
5013:
4733:
4629:
4501:
4446:
4401:
4381:
4255:
3897:
3488:
2755:
2497:
2322:
1307:
1273:
1131:
464:
245:
4621:
4396:
4198:
3538:
3463:
3458:
3413:
2040:
But when translating into
English, the standardized spelling is used:
941:
4968:
4773:
4741:
4651:
4606:
4506:
4355:
4340:
4118:
4081:
3944:
3633:
3563:
3513:
3508:
3428:
3082:
2712:
2678:
2506:
2485:
2473:
2428:
2309:
1952:
1929:
1917:
423:
42:
4807:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
4646:
4335:
4228:
3736:
3726:
3696:
3673:
3245:
3026:
4973:
4953:
4601:
4416:
4245:
4106:
4076:
3976:
3711:
3623:
3548:
3478:
3360:
3132:
3072:
3062:
2133:
2046:
5018:
5003:
4938:
4831:
4486:
4451:
4330:
4203:
4056:
3648:
3628:
3543:
3280:
3275:
3220:
3205:
3117:
3087:
2614:
2564:
2491:
2377:
4963:
4551:
4471:
4441:
4386:
4304:
3917:
3731:
3701:
3403:
3355:
3067:
2929:
2479:
2072:
2002:
1921:
1911:
1416:
327:
4811:
4181:
4061:
4051:
3912:
3398:
3215:
3172:
3152:
3107:
3039:
2731:
2577:
2558:
4411:
4376:
4086:
3996:
3986:
3939:
3781:
3721:
3433:
3370:
3333:
3285:
3200:
2672:
2654:
1925:
3922:
3766:
3568:
3315:
3310:
3250:
3142:
2512:
2168:. These distinct features are summarized in the table below:
5008:
4998:
4958:
4948:
4943:
4391:
4218:
4163:
4071:
4066:
4001:
3949:
3902:
3786:
3771:
3668:
3618:
3608:
3588:
3558:
3553:
3518:
3468:
3418:
3365:
3348:
3338:
3325:
3270:
3255:
3195:
3190:
3112:
3057:
3052:
2642:
2620:
2552:
2463:
2457:
2426:
Thus, in addition to the various versions below, the name of
2371:
2340:
2334:
1447:; the latter being present in Unicode v1.0 (1991) as U+01EA.
1323:
1297:
1288:
1257:
was only sporadically marked in many manuscripts and various
1254:
415:
134:
4866:
3573:
2571:
2524:
2088:. Other differences include vowel-shifts, whereby Old Norse
4933:
4912:
4746:
4719:
4176:
4171:
3907:
3756:
3678:
3593:
3235:
3225:
3147:
3137:
3127:
3102:
2589:
2518:
1266:
1234:
230:
205:
2943:
the
Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages project
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
1985:. Another difference is the representation of the phoneme
1916:
When transcribing Old Norse texts from Danish and
Swedish
1440:
959:
867:
862:
3954:
3265:
3185:
1423:
For various reasons 19th century scholars came up with a
3857:
people, clan, and place names in
Germanic heroic legend
1450:
2994:
2958:
1142:
The low/low-mid vowels may be indicated differently:
1310:: Symbols replacing words or syllables. Examples:
5061:
2894:Abbreviations in Old Norse-Icelandic manuscripts
2681:, Ratatusk, Ratatosk (The Squirrel on Yggdrasil)
2308:Another common convention in English is to drop
2066:
2844:
2836:
2436:Hod, Hoðr, Hödhr, Hödr, Höd, Höð, Hoð, etcetera
2031:
2017:
1979:
1960:
1941:
1401:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1281:
1271:
156:
27:Systems for transcribing the Old Norse language
2883:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 71.
1912:Transcription of Danish and Swedish runestones
2980:
2411:but keep the accents; others may not replace
2363:Other quirks sometimes seen include adding a
483:
391:
2075:publications of Old Norse works, the modern
1229:, which are the main source of knowledge of
1084:
598:
4709:
3009:Mythological Norse people, items and places
1213:, while in West Norse it was often spelled
2987:
2973:
2663:, Jormungand, Iormungand (The Sea Serpent)
2476:, Hoth,* Hod,* Hothr,* Hodr, Hoder, Hodhr*
1664:Runic orthography of Old Norse consonants
755:Latin orthography of Old Norse consonants
398:
384:
3807:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
2572:Jotuns (commonly mistranslated as Giants)
2906:"Unicode 1.0 block-by-block code charts"
430:often have several different spellings.
2779:Runic transliteration and transcription
1465:Runic transliteration and transcription
14:
5062:
2812:
2802:. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
2263:
1519:Runic orthography of Old Norse vowels
1410:
1363:), a zig-zag shaped symbol mainly for
1220:
512:Latin orthography of Old Norse vowels
2968:
2878:
2797:
1241:that was used briefly for the sounds
480:also closely tied to their language.
412:orthography of the Old Norse language
374:WikiProject Norse history and culture
2832:Gordon and Taylor Old Norse readings
1468:
3867:named weapons, armour and treasures
2387:Some authors, for example, replace
2116:corresponds in modern Icelandic to
1966:("payment"). In this standard, the
1451:Runic orthography and transcription
1188:; a, aa, á, o, ó, ǫ́; Normalized: á
414:was diverse, being written in both
24:
5044:Heathenry (new religious movement)
2872:
1287:. Another is the use of a special
25:
5086:
2952:
2791:
2026:The rendering of Old East Norse:
3707:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
2869:; Mánuðr, alternated with mónoðr
2440:
1870:
1472:
1093:
1090:
984:
624:
612:
589:
49:
2488:, Heimdalr, Heimdall,* Heimdal*
1928:. The main differences are the
1395:itself, and were common to the
1253:. In particular, the length of
1217:, almost always so in Iceland.
4144:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
2935:
2922:
2898:
2887:
2852:
2825:
2806:
2602:
2448:
452:. Old Norse proper appears by
428:Old Norse mythological figures
13:
1:
2784:
2500:, Odin, Odhin,* Othin,* Odinn
2067:Modernized Icelandic spelling
1876:Medieval Runes, 11th–14th c.
1847:Younger Futhark, 8th–12th c.
1759:Medieval Runes, 11th–14th c.
1730:Younger Futhark, 8th–12th c.
1632:Medieval Runes, 11th–14th c.
1603:Younger Futhark, 8th–12th c.
459:. While there are remains of
453:
434:
2959:Medieval Nordic Text Archive
2546:
1993:as in West Norse, where the
7:
4214:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
2762:
2367:to the names of goddesses.
2104:ligature) became Icelandic
10:
5091:
4881:Festivals and holy periods
2769:First Grammatical Treatise
2636:
2468:Old Norse epenthetic vowel
2132:. There is also consonant
2049:. That was the first that
1663:
1518:
1454:
1429:First Grammatical Treatise
1425:standardized normalization
754:
511:
484:Latin alphabet orthography
257:First Grammatical Treatise
5075:Orthographies by language
5031:
4921:
4880:
4799:
4792:
4702:
4664:
4369:
4318:
4277:
4268:
4149:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
3875:
3862:named animals and plants
3797:
3687:
3389:
3324:
3171:
3038:
3015:
3006:
2694:
2047:three payments in England
2007:Orkesta Runestone (U 344)
1785:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1655:
1652:
1640:
1611:
1605:
1078:
1052:
1049:
1025:
1018:
990:
734:
728:
606:
3970:Black elves (Svartálfar)
2881:A History of the Vikings
2800:A History of the Vikings
2725:
1176:Dialect-specific sounds:
4852:Sacred trees and groves
4092:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
3965:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
2845:
2837:
2617:, Gerd, Gerth,* Gerthr*
2268:For the convenience of
2032:
2018:
2012:Standardized spelling:
1980:
1961:
1942:
1402:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1337:
1329:
1317:
1282:
1272:
1073:Standard normalization
979:Standard normalization
844:Standard normalization
726:Standard normalization
604:Standard normalization
497:, a specifically short
4710:
3960:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
3609:Narfi (father of Nott)
2466:, Balder, Baldur. See
1334:, syllabic et (Ꝫꝫ) in
4102:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
3381:Sister-wife of Njörðr
2567:, Idun,* Idunn, Iduna
2112:ligature). Old Norse
1227:Icelandic manuscripts
4872:Wetlands and islands
3992:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
2879:Jones, Gwyn (1968).
2798:Jones, Gwyn (1968).
1997:phoneme merged with
1989:, instead of simply
442:Øvre Stabu spearhead
4154:Narfi (son of Loki)
3301:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
2858:Cleasby-Vigfússon:
2509:, Thor,* Thorr* Tor
2503:Ǫku-Þórr, Oku-Thor*
2454:Ása-Þórr, Asa-Thor*
2432:could come out as:
2264:Anglicized spelling
2081:Old Norse phonology
2045:But Ulfr has taken
1509:distinguished from
1411:Normalized spelling
1279:(man) for the word
1221:Manuscript spelling
275:Proto-Indo-European
4800:Religious practice
4774:Old Norse language
4241:Váli (son of Loki)
4129:Líf and Lífthrasir
4037:Árvakr and Alsviðr
4032:Horses of the Æsir
4012:Hati Hróðvitnisson
3153:Váli (son of Odin)
2996:Old Norse religion
2865:2010-01-16 at the
2860:Málsnjallr-Máttigr
2774:List of runestones
2752:, Völuspá, Voluspa
2313:nominative endings
2077:Icelandic spelling
1484:. You can help by
320:Greenlandic Norse
199:alliterative verse
18:Old Norse alphabet
5057:
5056:
5049:Nordic Bronze Age
5039:Germanic paganism
5027:
5026:
4898:Germanic calendar
4862:Temple at Uppsala
4660:
4659:
4264:
4263:
4224:Þjálfi and Röskva
4168:Personifications
3031:and other figures
2815:Scripta Islandica
2351:is dropped after
2261:
2260:
2092:became Icelandic
1977:, as in the name
1904:
1903:
1502:
1501:
1306:Special signs or
1215:⟨u⟩
1211:⟨a⟩
1207:⟨e⟩
1112:: Chiefly eastern
1101:
1100:
1068:
461:Viking runestones
438: AD 200–300
408:
407:
83:Greenlandic Norse
16:(Redirected from
5082:
4797:
4796:
4715:
4482:Grove of fetters
4275:
4274:
3982:Fjalar (rooster)
3742:Fjalar and Galar
3036:
3035:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2494:, Honir, Hoenir*
2328:Gunnarr → Gunnar
2171:
2170:
2096:, and Old Norse
2035:
2021:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1476:
1469:
1405:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1320:
1285:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1193:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1125:
1117:
1066:
1039:
1028:
1021:
1016:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
804:
799:
794:
787:
780:
775:
770:
765:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
509:
508:
504:
500:
496:
477:Snorri Sturluson
458:
455:
439:
436:
400:
393:
386:
362:Old Norse origin
360:English words of
341:
323:
202:
53:
52:
30:
29:
21:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5023:
4979:Norse cosmology
4917:
4876:
4788:
4784:Later influence
4698:
4656:
4370:Other locations
4365:
4314:
4260:
4187:Sumarr and Vetr
3871:
3793:
3683:
3484:Gjálp and Greip
3385:
3320:
3167:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2932:transcriptions.
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2867:Wayback Machine
2857:
2853:
2842:for normalized
2830:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2765:
2728:
2697:
2639:
2605:
2574:
2549:
2451:
2443:
2365:Latin -a suffix
2266:
2071:In many modern
2069:
1951:instead of the
1914:
1621:ᛆ/ᛅ, ᛅᚢ/ᛆᚢ, ᚬ/ᚭ
1498:
1492:
1489:
1482:needs expansion
1467:
1457:Younger Futhark
1453:
1413:
1231:Norse mythology
1223:
1214:
1210:
1206:
486:
456:
437:
404:
368:
367:
364:
361:
355:
339:
321:
300:
292:
291:
270:
262:
261:
253:
252:
228:
227:
203:
196:
195:
189:
181:
180:
153:
152:
142:Younger Futhark
124:
116:
115:
107:
106:
86:
81:
61:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5088:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Æsir–Vanir War
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Hoddmímis holt
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:Körmt and Örmt
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3777:Sons of Ivaldi
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Móði and Magni
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:External links
2951:
2948:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2897:
2886:
2871:
2851:
2824:
2805:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2361:
2360:
2359:Freyja → Freya
2345:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2331:Sveinn → Svein
2329:
2326:
2320:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2038:
2037:
2024:
2023:
1947:("stone") and
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1499:
1479:
1477:
1461:Medieval runes
1452:
1449:
1437:character sets
1412:
1409:
1397:Latin alphabet
1393:Latin language
1389:
1388:
1347:
1304:
1301:
1263:shortcut forms
1222:
1219:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1113:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:General usage
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
939:
936:
935:General usage
932:
931:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
865:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:General usage
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
757:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:General usage
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:General usage
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
514:
513:
485:
482:
446:Proto-Germanic
406:
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
366:
365:
358:
354:
353:
348:
343:
335:
330:
325:
317:
312:
307:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
282:Proto-Germanic
278:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
251:
250:
242:
233:
229:
226:
225:
217:
208:
204:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
157:Latin alphabet
151:
150:
144:
137:
135:Runic alphabet
133:
132:
131:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
105:
104:
98:
91:
89:Old East Norse
87:
80:
79:
74:
67:
65:Old West Norse
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5087:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Öndvegissúlur
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Heitstrenging
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Völsung Cycle
4767:
4765:
4764:Tyrfing Cycle
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:Gesta Danorum
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Fróði's Peace
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Shield-maiden
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Ask and Embla
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Ingunar-Freyr
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2689:
2687:Fenrir (worg)
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:, Midgardsorm
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2521:, Vilji, Vile
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2441:List of names
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1496:
1493:February 2010
1487:
1483:
1480:This section
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:The original
1218:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1120:Long or short
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1020:/hw,hr,hl,hn/
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
987:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
965:
961:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
801:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
759:
758:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
731:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
621:
618:
615:
609:
603:
602:
595:
592:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
516:
515:
510:
507:
491:
481:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
457: AD 800
451:
447:
443:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
381:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
363:
357:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
296:
295:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
243:
241:
240:
235:
234:
232:
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
214:of Icelanders
210:
209:
207:
200:
194:
185:
184:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
148:
145:
143:
139:
138:
136:
130:
127:
126:
120:
119:
112:
109:
108:
102:
99:
97:
93:
92:
90:
84:
78:
77:Old Norwegian
75:
73:
72:Old Icelandic
69:
68:
66:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4778:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4689:Hjaðningavíg
4467:Glæsisvellir
4007:Gullinbursti
3654:Útgarða-Loki
3048:Almáttki áss
2937:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2900:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2854:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2758:, Yggdrasil*
2667:Miðgarðsormr
2444:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2362:
2352:
2348:
2347:Sometimes a
2346:
2319:Egill → Egil
2307:
2267:
2165:
2164:for earlier
2161:
2157:
2156:for earlier
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2070:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1915:
1907:: Unstressed
1503:
1490:
1486:adding to it
1481:
1433:Vowel length
1424:
1422:
1417:phonemically
1414:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1335:
1327:
1315:
1280:
1270:
1224:
1204:
1201:
1175:
1174:
1141:
1140:
1126:columns for
1109:: Unstressed
1103:
1102:
487:
473:alliteration
469:
432:
411:
409:
244:
237:
219:
212:
128:
4847:Reginnaglar
4779:Orthography
4752:Jómsvíkinga
4727:Poetic Edda
4640:Urðarbrunnr
4635:Mímisbrunnr
4567:Singasteinn
4497:Hindarfjall
4477:Gnipahellir
4457:Ginnungagap
4432:Fyrisvellir
4427:Fornsigtuna
4361:Vimur River
4351:Slidr River
4124:Jörmungandr
3534:Hrímgrímnir
3163:Vili and Vé
2684:Garm (wolf)
2661:Jǫrmungandr
2603:Jotunnesses
2449:Gods (Æsir)
2419:but prefer
2325:→ Yggdrasil
2304:→ th, d, dh
2057:paid. Then
2053:paid. Then
1935:instead of
1443:instead of
1312:Tironian et
1308:brevigraphs
1124:/Vː/and/Cː/
1062:qu, qv, kv
450:Proto-Norse
305:Dalecarlian
299:Descendants
287:Proto-Norse
239:Poetic Edda
129:Orthography
111:Old Gutnish
101:Old Swedish
5064:Categories
5014:Viking Age
4989:Philosophy
4857:Sonargöltr
4742:Runestones
4734:Prose Edda
4679:Fimbulvetr
4630:Hvergelmir
4597:Valaskjálf
4557:Sessrúmnir
4527:Jötunheimr
4502:Hlidskjalf
4492:Himinbjörg
4462:Glaðsheimr
4447:Gastropnir
4402:Bilskirnir
4382:Amsvartnir
4295:Gjallarbrú
4278:Underworld
4234:Landvættir
4134:Loddfáfnir
4112:Svaðilfari
4097:Hófvarpnir
4042:Blóðughófi
4022:Hildisvíni
3898:Aurvandill
3659:Vafþrúðnir
3644:Þrúðgelmir
3504:Harðgreipr
2785:References
2756:Yggdrasill
2746:, Ragnarok
2715:, Niflheim
2709:, Midgard*
2629:, Angrboda
2598:, Bolthorn
2515:, Tyr, Ty*
2323:Yggdrasill
2177:Icelandic
1968:u-umlauted
1918:runestones
1669:Phone(me)
1455:See also:
1383:u͛a (vera)
1132:gemination
1011:Phone(me)
883:Phone(me)
824:ff, u, ffu
760:Phone(me)
721:V, V́, VV
712:ei, ęi, æi
465:Viking Age
440:(with the
246:Prose Edda
188:Literature
176:Morphology
96:Old Danish
5070:Old Norse
4969:Mead hall
4903:Þorrablót
4757:Legendary
4652:Yggdrasil
4612:Víðbláinn
4607:Vanaheimr
4582:Þrymheimr
4577:Þrúðvangr
4572:Þrúðheimr
4542:Munarvágr
4532:Mímameiðr
4507:Hnitbjorg
4422:Fólkvangr
4407:Brávellir
4356:Vadgelmir
4341:Kerlaugar
4310:Niðafjöll
4270:Locations
4246:Valkyries
4194:Sæhrímnir
4082:Gulltoppr
4047:Falhófnir
3945:Einherjar
3928:Landdísir
3762:Mótsognir
3752:Hreiðmarr
3664:Víðblindi
3614:Sökkmímir
3604:Mögþrasir
3564:Hyrrokkin
3529:Hrímgerðr
3524:Hræsvelgr
3514:Helreginn
3509:Helblindi
3429:Bergelmir
3093:Ítreksjóð
3000:mythology
2941:See e.g.
2740:, Havamal
2721:, Utgard*
2713:Niflheimr
2703:, Asgard*
2679:Ratatoskr
2586:, Byleist
2547:Goddesses
2486:Heimdallr
2482:, Forsete
2310:consonant
2136:of final
2086:Icelandic
2073:Icelandic
2055:Þorketill
1930:diphthong
1609:ᛆ/ᛅ, ᚬ/ᚭ
1407:zig-zag.
1186:Icelandic
463:from the
448:) termed
424:Old Norse
346:Norwegian
340:(extinct)
333:Icelandic
322:(extinct)
269:Ancestors
221:Legendary
169:Phonology
43:Old Norse
5032:See also
4954:Hamingja
4908:Vetrnætr
4893:Dísablót
4888:Álfablót
4694:Ragnarök
4602:Valhalla
4592:Útgarðar
4537:Myrkviðr
4522:Járnviðr
4517:Iðavöllr
4437:Gálgviðr
4417:Fensalir
4326:Élivágar
4300:Náströnd
4290:Éljúðnir
4159:Níðhöggr
4107:Sleipnir
4077:Gullfaxi
3977:Fimafeng
3893:Auðumbla
3712:Billingr
3639:Þrívaldi
3624:Suttungr
3579:Járnsaxa
3549:Hrungnir
3479:Gillingr
3474:Geirröðr
3454:Fárbauti
3444:Býleistr
3409:Angrboða
3361:Gullveig
3073:Heimdall
3063:Dellingr
2928:See the
2914:1 August
2863:Archived
2821:: 57–70.
2763:See also
2744:Ragnarǫk
2734:, Aesir*
2707:Miðgarðr
2675:, Munin*
2657:, Hugin*
2627:Angrboða
2584:Býleistr
2580:, Aegir*
2555:, Frigga
2374:→ Frigga
2257:gjö, ge
2249:kjö, ke
2134:lenition
2128:, as in
2124:, or to
2120:, as in
1800:Phoneme
1524:Phoneme
1338:mꝫ (með)
1314:(⁊) for
1259:umlauted
1134:marking.
830:ð, dh, d
709:ǫ, o, a
636:Phoneme
517:Phoneme
501:or long
147:Medieval
60:Dialects
35:a series
33:Part of
4984:Numbers
4964:Kenning
4837:Worship
4793:Society
4703:Sources
4622:Vingólf
4617:Vígríðr
4587:Uppsala
4552:Okolnir
4472:Glitnir
4442:Gandvik
4397:Bifröst
4387:Andlang
4305:Niflhel
4251:Völundr
4199:Skírnir
4139:Móðguðr
3935:Dragons
3918:Byggvir
3747:Gandalf
3732:Dvalinn
3702:Andvari
3539:Hrímnir
3494:Gunnlöð
3464:Fornjót
3459:Fjölvar
3439:Bölþorn
3414:Aurboða
3404:Alvaldi
3356:Gersemi
3173:Ásynjur
3078:Hermóðr
3068:Forseti
3018:Deities
2930:Rundata
2846:konungs
2838:konungx
2750:Vǫluspá
2738:Hávamál
2719:Útgarðr
2701:Ásgarðr
2690:Nidhogg
2645:, Freke
2637:Animals
2596:Bölþorn
2480:Forseti
2460:, Brage
2380:→ Iduna
2286:→ o, oe
2270:English
2152:, e.g.
2003:Rundata
1922:Denmark
1615:ᚢ, ᚬ/ᚭ
1588:/ɑ̃(ː)/
1511:/æ/+/i/
1237:called
1104:Legend:
718:ey, øy
596:ø, ö, œ
578:i, e, æ
351:Swedish
328:Gutnish
315:Faroese
164:Grammar
4827:Horses
4666:Events
4647:Ýdalir
4626:Wells
4562:Sindri
4547:Nóatún
4412:Brimir
4377:Asgard
4336:Ífingr
4319:Rivers
4229:Vættir
4087:Gyllir
3997:Fylgja
3987:Fenrir
3940:Draugs
3876:Others
3799:Heroes
3782:Brokkr
3737:Fáfnir
3727:Dúrnir
3722:Durinn
3697:Alvíss
3689:Dwarfs
3674:Vörnir
3584:Laufey
3449:Eggþér
3434:Bestla
3391:Jötnar
3376:Njörðr
3371:Kvasir
3334:Freyja
3286:Snotra
3246:Njörun
3201:Gefjon
3158:Víðarr
3098:Lóðurr
3027:jötnar
3023:dwarfs
2695:Places
2673:Muninn
2655:Huginn
2651:, Gere
2623:, Rind
2611:, Hela
2592:, Loke
2561:, Hlin
2343:→ Hild
2337:→ Frey
2122:sökkva
1981:Anundʀ
1958:as in
1943:stæinn
1939:as in
1926:Sweden
1900:C, CC
1627:ᛅᚢ/ᛆᚢ
1583:/ɒ(ː)/
1572:/o(ː)/
1562:/u(ː)/
1557:/ø(ː)/
1552:/y(ː)/
1547:/æ(ː)/
1528:/i(ː)/
1463:, and
1269:named
1255:vowels
1249:, and
1198:; e, æ
1196:Danish
1128:length
1122:. See
958:u, v,
927:/ɡ(ː)/
922:/k(ː)/
907:/ɽ(ː)/
902:/r(ː)/
897:/s(ː)/
887:/l(ː)/
803:/n(ː)/
798:/d(ː)/
793:/t(ː)/
774:/m(ː)/
769:/b(ː)/
764:/p(ː)/
655:/ɑ(ː)/
650:/o(ː)/
640:/u(ː)/
556:/ø(ː)/
551:/y(ː)/
536:/æ(ː)/
531:/e(ː)/
521:/i(ː)/
310:Danish
193:Poetry
5019:Völva
5009:Skald
5004:Seiðr
4999:Runes
4994:Rings
4959:Heiti
4944:Galdr
4939:Félag
4929:Death
4922:Other
4832:Hörgr
4747:Sagas
4487:Heiðr
4452:Gimlé
4392:Barri
4331:Gjöll
4256:Vörðr
4219:Troll
4204:Sköll
4164:Norns
4072:Grani
4067:Glenr
4057:Glaðr
4027:Hjúki
4002:Garmr
3955:Elves
3950:Eldir
3923:Dísir
3903:Beyla
3837:Hi–Hy
3787:Eitri
3772:Regin
3717:Dáinn
3669:Vosud
3649:Þrymr
3629:Þjazi
3619:Surtr
3589:Leikn
3559:Hymir
3554:Hrymr
3544:Hroðr
3519:Hljod
3499:Gymir
3489:Gríðr
3469:Gangr
3419:Baugi
3366:Hnoss
3349:Yngvi
3339:Freyr
3326:Vanir
3306:Þrúðr
3281:Skaði
3276:Sjöfn
3271:Sigyn
3256:Rindr
3241:Nanna
3221:Iðunn
3206:Gerðr
3196:Fulla
3191:Frigg
3118:Mímir
3113:Meili
3088:Hœnir
3058:Bragi
3053:Baldr
2909:(PDF)
2726:Other
2643:Freki
2632:Skaði
2621:Rindr
2615:Gerðr
2565:Iðunn
2553:Frigg
2542:Njord
2539:Freya
2530:Magni
2498:Óðinn
2492:Hœnir
2464:Baldr
2458:Bragi
2415:with
2399:with
2391:with
2378:Iðunn
2372:Frigg
2341:Hildr
2335:Freyr
2241:ö, e
2061:paid.
2059:Knútr
2051:Tosti
1962:giald
1953:glide
1577:/ɑ(ː)
1289:glyph
1079:h(S)
1050:h(S)
827:þ, th
581:e, æ
495:/(ː)/
420:Latin
416:Runic
338:Norn
206:Sagas
4949:Goði
4934:Ergi
4913:Yule
4812:Blót
4720:Edda
4182:Nótt
4177:Elli
4172:Dagr
4119:Jörð
4062:Glær
4052:Gísl
3913:Búri
3908:Borr
3888:Auðr
3832:H–He
3757:Litr
3679:Ymir
3634:Þökk
3599:Logi
3594:Litr
3424:Beli
3399:Ægir
3261:Sága
3236:Lofn
3231:Irpa
3226:Ilmr
3216:Hlín
3148:Ullr
3138:Thor
3128:Odin
3108:Máni
3103:Loki
3083:Höðr
3040:Æsir
2998:and
2916:2023
2732:Æsir
2649:Geri
2590:Loki
2578:Ægir
2559:Hlín
2536:Frey
2533:Modi
2527:, Ve
2519:Vili
2507:Þórr
2474:Hǫðr
2429:Hǫðr
2395:and
2298:→ th
2292:→ ae
2230:œ, ǿ
2185:-ur
2160:and
2148:and
2140:and
2130:gera
1924:and
1841:/Cː/
1644:ᚤ, ᛦ
1624:ᚬ/ᚭ
1597:/ɐy/
1593:/ɒu/
1533:/eː/
1507:/æi/
1371:and
1344:/eð/
1342:for
1330:maðr
1326:for
1283:maðr
1274:maðr
1267:rune
1239:Vend
1235:Wynn
1182:/ɒː/
1130:and
1065:CC,
1038:/Cː/
968:k, c
955:i, j
892:/lː/
706:a, æ
697:u, o
685:/Vː/
680:/øy/
675:/ɒu/
670:/æi/
584:æ, ę
566:/øː/
546:/æː/
418:and
410:The
231:Edda
4974:Nīþ
4817:Hof
4285:Hel
4017:Hel
3852:T–Y
3847:P–S
3842:I–O
3827:F–G
3822:D–E
3817:B–C
3767:Ótr
3569:Iði
3316:Vör
3311:Vár
3296:Syn
3291:Sól
3266:Sif
3251:Rán
3211:Gná
3186:Eir
3181:Bil
3143:Týr
3133:Óðr
2609:Hel
2513:Týr
2407:or
2280:→ o
2201:-ð
2193:-g
2166:þat
2162:það
2158:mik
2154:mig
2144:to
1836:/w/
1831:/j/
1826:/l/
1822:(?)
1820:/ɽ/
1816:(?)
1814:/ɾ/
1809:/n/
1804:/m/
1724:/h/
1719:/ɡ/
1714:/k/
1707:/s/
1700:/θ/
1695:/d/
1690:/t/
1683:/f/
1678:/b/
1673:/p/
1659:ᛆᚢ
1618:ᛆ/ᛅ
1567:/u/
1542:/e/
1538:/i/
1488:.
1379:in
1359:sik
1251:/w/
1247:/v/
1243:/u/
1209:or
1192:/ə/
1170:/a/
1166:/ɑ/
1161:/ɔ/
1157:/ɒ/
1152:/ɛ/
1148:/æ/
1116:(ː)
1097:CC
1015:/h/
974:gh
917:/w/
912:/j/
786:/θ/
779:/f/
750:V́
747:ey
665:/ɒ/
660:/ɑ/
645:/u/
561:/ø/
541:/æ/
526:/i/
503:/ː/
490:IPA
123:Use
5066::
4867:Vé
3574:Ím
3025:,
3020:,
2834:-
2819:58
2817:.
2525:Vé
2423:.
2405:dh
2403:,
2401:th
2393:th
2355:.
2353:ey
2315::
2254:gø
2246:kø
2233:æ
2225:á
2222:ǫ́
2217:ö
2209:e
2198:-t
2190:-k
2182:-r
2174:ON
2110:ae
2102:oe
2009::
1937:ei
1933:æi
1871:—
1795:ᚼ
1754:ᚼ
1656:ᛆ
1653:ᚮ
1641:ᛅ
1595:,
1540:,
1513:.
1459:,
1431:.
1403:er
1375:ir
1367:er
1352:sᵏ
1322:,
1318:ok
1245:,
1194::
1184::
1168:=
1159:=
1150:=
1137::
1118::
1094:—
1059:gx
1006:g
991:r
962:,
949:r
878:n
839:n
744:au
741:ei
738:ǫ
732:o
715:au
700:o
631:œ
619:æ
610:e
599:—
590:—
499://
454:c.
435:c.
37:on
3812:A
3029:,
2988:e
2981:t
2974:v
2945:.
2918:.
2470:.
2421:o
2417:ö
2413:ǫ
2409:d
2397:ð
2389:þ
2349:j
2302:ð
2296:þ
2290:æ
2284:œ
2278:ø
2238:ø
2214:ǫ
2206:ę
2150:ð
2146:g
2142:t
2138:k
2126:e
2118:ö
2114:ø
2108:(
2106:æ
2100:(
2098:œ
2094:ö
2090:ǫ
1999:r
1995:ʀ
1991:r
1987:ʀ
1975:a
1971:a
1956:j
1949:i
1897:ᚢ
1894:ᛁ
1891:ᛚ
1888:ᛧ
1885:ᚱ
1882:ᚿ
1879:ᛘ
1868:ᚢ
1865:ᛁ
1862:ᛚ
1859:ᛦ
1856:ᚱ
1853:ᚾ
1850:ᛘ
1792:ᚵ
1789:ᚴ
1786:ᛌ
1783:ᚧ
1780:ᚦ
1777:ᛑ
1774:ᛐ
1771:ᚡ
1768:ᚠ
1765:ᛒ
1762:ᛔ
1751:ᚴ
1748:ᛋ
1745:ᚦ
1742:ᛏ
1739:ᚢ
1736:ᚠ
1733:ᛒ
1650:ᚢ
1647:ᚯ
1638:ᛂ
1635:ᛁ
1612:ᚢ
1606:ᛁ
1579:/
1495:)
1491:(
1445:ǫ
1441:ö
1387:.
1355:(
1346:.
1324:ᛘ
1298:Ꝥ
1091:—
1088:x
1085:—
1082:z
1076:h
1067:C
1056:x
1053:z
1047:h
1027:+
1003:g
1000:k
997:v
994:j
988:s
985:—
982:l
971:g
964:ꝩ
960:ƿ
952:r
946:s
942:ꝇ
938:l
875:d
872:t
868:ð
863:þ
859:f
856:f
853:m
850:b
847:p
836:d
833:t
821:f
818:m
815:b
812:p
735:a
729:u
703:a
694:u
628:ø
625:—
622:y
616:ę
613:—
607:i
593:y
587:e
575:i
399:e
392:t
385:v
249:)
236:(
224:)
211:(
201:)
197:(
149:)
140:(
103:)
94:(
85:)
70:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.