2579:
Scandinavian language other than their native language, as well as the highest average score. Icelandic speakers, in contrast, have a poor command of
Norwegian and Swedish. They do somewhat better with Danish, as they are taught Danish in school (Icelandic is not mutually intelligible with Scandinavian languages, nor any language, not even Faroese, which is though closest). When speakers of Faroese and Icelandic were tested on how well they understood the three Continental Scandinavian languages, the test results were as follows (maximum score 10.0):
2982:
2048:
148:
2264:). Scandinavians are widely expected to understand some of the other spoken Scandinavian languages. There may be some difficulty particularly with elderly dialect speakers, however public radio and television presenters are often well understood by speakers of the other Scandinavian countries, although there are various regional differences of mutual intelligibility for understanding mainstream dialects of the languages between different parts of the three language areas.
1587:
4656:, p. 440: "the arrival of a Uralic population and language in Samiland means that there has been a period of at least 5000 years of uninterrupted linguistic and cultural development in Samiland. It is also possible, however, that the earlier inhabitants of the area also spoke a Uralic language: we do not know of any linguistic groups in the area other than the Uralic and Indo-Europeans (represented by the present Scandinavian languages)."
5340:
2910:
1995:
2399:
have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Nordic languages. The study, which focused mainly on native speakers under the age of 25, showed that the lowest ability to comprehend another language is demonstrated by youth in
Stockholm in regard to Danish, producing the lowest ability score in
2390:
The mutual intelligibility between the
Continental Scandinavian languages is asymmetrical. Various studies have shown Norwegian speakers to be the best in Scandinavia at understanding other languages within the language group. According to a study undertaken during 2002–2005 and funded by the Nordic
2271:
in 1523 due to conflicts with
Denmark, leaving two Scandinavian units: The union of Denmark–Norway (ruled from Copenhagen, Denmark) and Sweden (including present-day Finland). The two countries took different sides during several wars until 1814, when the Denmark-Norway unit was disestablished, and
2249:
However, Danish has developed a greater distance between the spoken and written versions of the language, so the differences between spoken
Norwegian and spoken Danish are somewhat more significant than the difference between their respective written forms. Written Danish is relatively close to the
2891:
has on several occasions referred to the (Germanic) languages spoken in
Scandinavia as the "Scandinavian language" (singular); for instance, the official newsletter of the Nordic Council is written in the "Scandinavian language". The creation of one unified written language has been considered as
1700:
In medieval times, speakers of all the
Scandinavian languages could understand one another to a significant degree, and it was often referred to as a single language, called the "Danish tongue" until the 13th century by some in Sweden and Iceland. In the 16th century, many Danes and Swedes still
2578:
Faroese speakers (of the
Insular Scandinavian languages group) are even better than the Norwegians at comprehending two or more languages within the Continental Scandinavian languages group, scoring high in both Danish (which they study at school) and Norwegian and having the highest score on a
2375:
are influencing the languages. A 2005 survey of words used by speakers of the
Scandinavian languages showed that the number of English loanwords used in the languages has doubled during the last 30 years and is now 1.2%. Icelandic has imported fewer English words than the other North Germanic
2423:
contribute to a better knowledge of spoken Danish and a better knowledge of the unique Danish words among the region's inhabitants. According to the study, youth in this region were able to understand the Danish language (slightly) better than the
Norwegian language. But they still could not
4680:, 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other."
2879:
region, is sometimes considered normative. The influence of a standard Norwegian is nevertheless less so than in Denmark and Sweden, since the prestige dialect in Norway has moved geographically several times over the past 200 years. The organised formation of
1758:) is based on mutual intelligibility between the two groups and developed due to different influences, particularly the political union of Denmark and Norway (1536–1814) which led to significant Danish influence on central and eastern Norwegian dialects (
2368:, the Nynorsk project (which had as a goal to re-establish a written Norwegian language) would have been much harder to carry out if Norway had been in a union with Sweden instead of with Denmark, simply because the differences would have been smaller.
2851:". The differences in dialects within the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark can often be greater than the differences across the borders, but the political independence of these countries leads continental Scandinavian to be classified into
2427:
The results from the study of how well native youth in different Scandinavian cities did when tested on their knowledge of the other Continental Scandinavian languages are summarized in table format, reproduced below. The maximum score was 10.0:
4967:
4322:
Leinonen, Therese (2011), "Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2) Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects]", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2); Dahl, Östen (2000),
4059:, considered as a separate language by many linguists. Traditionally regarded as a Swedish dialect, but by several criteria closer to West Scandinavian dialects, Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of mutual intelligibility.
2424:
understand Danish as well as the Norwegians could, demonstrating once again the relative distance of Swedish from Danish. Youth in Copenhagen had a very poor command of Swedish, showing that the Øresund connection was mostly one-way.
1711:. Dialectal variation between west and east in Old Norse however was certainly present during the Middle Ages and three dialects had emerged: Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old Icelandic was essentially identical to
1782:
is spoken by the majority in Finland. In inter-Nordic contexts, texts are today often presented in three versions: Finnish, Icelandic, and one of the three languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Another official language in the
4378:
In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old
928:
This change probably affected West Germanic much earlier and then spread from there to North Germanic, but failed to reach East Germanic which had already split off by that time. This is confirmed by an intermediate stage
2842:
Given the aforementioned homogeneity, there exists some discussion on whether the continental group should be considered one or several languages. The Continental Scandinavian languages are often cited as proof of the
4580:
623:
Eventually, around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers. The early development of this language branch is attested through
4044:
share many characteristics with both Trøndersk and with Norrländska mål. Due to this ambiguous position, it is contested whether Jamtlandic belongs to the West Scandinavian or the East Scandinavian group.
2308:
was kept in Swedish. Even though standard Swedish and Danish were moving apart, the dialects were not influenced that much. Thus Norwegian and Swedish remained similar in pronunciation, and words like
1148:
Under this view, the properties that the West Germanic languages have in common separate from the North Germanic languages are not inherited from a "Proto-West-Germanic" language, but rather spread by
4961:
4798:. Numbers are from Figure 4:11. "Grannspråksförståelse bland infödda skandinaver fördelade på ort", p. 65 and Figure 4:6. "Sammanlagt resultat på grannspråksundersökningen fördelat på område", p. 58.
2238:
share most of the Danish vocabulary and grammar, and was nearly identical to written Danish until the spelling reform of 1907. (For this reason, Bokmål and its unofficial, more conservative variant
5380:
366:. Besides being the only North Germanic language with official status in two separate sovereign states, Swedish is also the most spoken of the languages overall. 15% of the population in
2250:
other Continental Scandinavian languages, but the sound developments of spoken Danish include reduction and assimilation of consonants and vowels, as well as the prosodic feature called
1821:; laws and other official instruments for use in Denmark and Norway were written in Danish, and local administrators spoke Danish or Norwegian. German was the administrative language of
5085:
Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007).
5019:
4628:
offers three versions: a section labeled "Íslenska" (Icelandic), a section labeled "Skandinavisk" (in either Danish, Norwegian or Swedish), and a section labeled "Suomi" (Finnish).
4098:
is more conservative than Bokmål (that is, closer to Danish) and is used to various extents by numerous people, especially in the cities and by the largest newspaper in Norway,
5125:
4577:
3705:
2400:
the survey. The greatest variation in results between participants within the same country was also demonstrated by the Swedish speakers in the study. Participants from
1742:
point of view, dividing them into an insular group (Icelandic and Faroese) and a continental group (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish). The division between Insular Nordic (
4936:
4791:
3403:
4493:
3540:
5039:
3285:
2364:). As a result, Nynorsk does not conform to the above east–west split model, since it shares a lot of features with Swedish. According to the Norwegian linguist
4276:
3268:
5192:
4119:
3670:
3570:
3490:
3341:
3122:
5959:
3754:
3553:
3450:
3217:
3071:
3251:
2871:, particularly in Denmark and Sweden. Even if the language policy of Norway has been more tolerant of rural dialectal variation in formal language, the
4737:
3653:
3511:
3234:
4694:
3608:
3368:
3304:
3587:
3044:
4078:. The Scando-Romani varieties in Sweden and Norway combine elements from the dialects of Western Sweden, Eastern Norway (Østlandet) and Trøndersk.
3632:
3473:
2654:
The North Germanic languages share many lexical, grammatical, phonological, and morphological similarities, to a more significant extent than the
2272:
made different international contacts. This led to different borrowings from foreign languages (Sweden had a francophone period), for example the
3163:
3105:
3789:
3433:
2848:
6334:
5412:
4362:
1681:
around 800. Of the modern Scandinavian languages, written Icelandic is closest to this ancient language. An additional language, known as
6132:
5016:
4231:
1701:
referred to North Germanic as a single language, which is stated in the introduction to the first Danish translation of the Bible and in
612:, so that some individual varieties are difficult to classify. Dialects with the features assigned to the northern group formed from the
5160:
4762:
4641:
2884:
out of western Norwegian dialects after Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814 intensified the politico-linguistic divisions.
2931:
2012:
1843:. During centuries of interaction, Finnish and Sami have imported many more loanwords from North Germanic languages than vice versa.
1141:
to explain the existence of some features in the West Germanic languages stimulated the development of an alternative, the so-called
604:
and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained
1727:. The Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Russia, England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The
4187:
5094:
4669:
5117:
4991:
4896:
4301:
4809:
Nabospråksforståelse i Skandinavia. En undersøkelse om gjensidig forståelse av tale- og skriftspråk i Danmark, Norge og Sverige
1977:
1103:
languages, divided into four main dialects: North Germanic, and the three groups conventionally called "West Germanic", namely
359:
5212:
1835:
form an unrelated group that has coexisted with the North Germanic language group in Scandinavia since prehistory. Sami, like
5275:
4860:
4521:
1811:
1707:
617:
5370:
5344:
4940:
4788:
5949:
2974:. Divisions between subfamilies of North Germanic are rarely precisely defined: Most form continuous clines, with adjacent
5262:
2199:), along with various dialects and varieties. The two branches are derived from the western and eastern dialect groups of
1814:, and likewise, Danish is the primary language of the North Schleswig Germans. Both minority groups are highly bilingual.
4490:
1715:, and together they formed the Old West Norse dialect of Old Norse and were also spoken in settlements in Faroe Islands,
6861:
4331:, pp. 117–119; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in Dahl, Östen & Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010),
5036:
4500:. Published online by Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Version 1 – November 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
7357:
5381:
Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English
5321:
5069:
4653:
4612:
4474:
4414:
4352:"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"
4247:
2957:
2288:
was kept in Danish. Norwegians, who spoke (and still speak) the Norwegian dialects derived from Old Norse, would say
2034:
4273:
2939:
5405:
5062:
National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin
4206:
4075:
3965:
3564:
5189:
5385:
5356:
5304:
Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde
2292:
or similar. The written language of Denmark-Norway however, was based on the dialect of Copenhagen and thus had
2935:
2016:
264:
1390:, following the loss of word-final short vowels (which are still present in the earliest runic inscriptions).
7228:
2896:. However, there is a slight chance of "some uniformization of spelling" between Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
2385:
4729:
4092:
Norwegian has two official written norms, Bokmål and Nynorsk. In addition, there are some unofficial norms.
7258:
6428:
6390:
6375:
4134:
5702:
4690:
4625:
4587:. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223–245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
1574:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1525:
1521:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1463:
1438:
1434:
1387:
1364:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1286:
1169:
1165:
1099:
Some have argued that after East Germanic broke off from the group, the remaining Germanic languages, the
934:
922:
918:
733:
657:
351:
where cross-border communication in native languages is very common, particularly between the latter two.
7238:
7098:
6448:
6407:
6397:
5398:
5299:
4087:
2893:
526:
5309:
Rowe, Charley. The problematic Holtzmann's Law in Germanic. (Indogermanische Forschungen Bd. 108, 2003).
2216:
1810:, and German is a recognized minority language in this region. German is the primary language among the
933:, clearly attested in late runic East Norse at a time when West Germanic had long merged the sound with
5614:
1792:
229:
5362:
4785:
Håller språket ihop Norden? En forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse av danska, svenska och norska
2234:. Because of the long political union between Norway and Denmark, moderate and conservative Norwegian
6955:
4055:
dialect, today has an official orthography and is, because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with
2211:. The continental Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) were heavily influenced by
7233:
7187:
7182:
6579:
6438:
6329:
6324:
4164:
4129:
2920:
2658:
do. These lexical, grammatical, and morphological similarities can be outlined in the table below.
1123:
914:
641:
3794:
7172:
7116:
7111:
7031:
6704:
6654:
5954:
5772:
5528:
5456:
5444:
4159:
4154:
3545:
2924:
2655:
2005:
1807:
1152:
among the Germanic languages spoken in central Europe, not reaching those spoken in Scandinavia.
1112:
613:
601:
597:
374:
332:
297:
293:
289:
63:
7294:
7014:
6412:
5325:
4229:
Nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid. Sproglighed og sprogforskelle, sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab
7177:
6659:
6625:
6243:
6059:
5919:
5759:
5654:
4908:
4351:
4062:
Traveller Danish, Rodi, and Swedish Romani are varieties of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish with
3860:
3290:
1738:
Yet, by 1600, another classification of the North Germanic language branches had arisen from a
1653:
period, the North Germanic languages developed into an East Scandinavian branch, consisting of
605:
447:
412:
39:
5233:
4887:
4467:
The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages
4228:
2222:
Another way of classifying the languages – focusing on mutual intelligibility rather than the
1289:
with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel and the following consonant, if present.
7335:
7299:
6567:
6560:
6512:
6282:
6253:
6222:
6185:
6110:
5867:
5780:
5641:
5603:
5057:
4406:
4139:
4071:
2261:
2171:
In historical linguistics, the North Germanic family tree is divided into two main branches,
1130:
377:, consisting of languages like English, Dutch, and German to the south, and does not include
6800:
5675:
4511:
3740:
3575:
3346:
3273:
2867:
is, in other words, politically shaped. This is also because of the strong influence of the
7304:
7284:
7253:
7126:
6986:
6732:
6550:
6142:
5969:
5931:
5926:
5800:
5747:
5505:
5156:
5148:
4821:
4638:
4563:
4124:
3987:
3903:
3675:
3222:
3061:
2408:(Skåne), demonstrated a better understanding of Danish than Swedish speakers to the north.
1788:
1108:
503:
87:
6960:
5375:
3139:
535:(written) (disputed between East and West Scandinavian due to its descendance from Danish)
479:
8:
7243:
6479:
6433:
6367:
6120:
5767:
5680:
5478:
5264:
Utkast till ortografi över skånska språket med morfologi och ordlista. Första. revisionen
4900:
4194:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International
4041:
3658:
2316:
survived in some of the Swedish dialects. Nynorsk incorporates much of these words, like
6790:
6635:
5882:
4184:
3718:
3256:
728:
The raising of to (and word-finally to ). The original vowel remained when nasalised *
7289:
7213:
7141:
7131:
7086:
6848:
6775:
6672:
6517:
6492:
6487:
6380:
6208:
6093:
5914:
5692:
5687:
5666:
5627:
5431:
5421:
5355:
5086:
4874:
3895:
3887:
3836:
3687:
3309:
3022:
3011:
2985:
Germanic languages division including West and East Scandinavian languages and dialects
2852:
2184:
2176:
2079:
2061:
1909:
1896:
1826:
1818:
1670:
1662:
1641:
1173:
1100:
571:
522:
317:
313:
285:
207:
175:
68:
6443:
4666:
4648:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Paris.
3558:
3516:
138:
7263:
7062:
6978:
6971:
6926:
6870:
6630:
6620:
6603:
6598:
6502:
6264:
6064:
6025:
6005:
5843:
5735:
5717:
5569:
5317:
5271:
5065:
4904:
4882:
4878:
4866:
4856:
4825:
4765:. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
4649:
4608:
4517:
4470:
4430:
4410:
4393:
4328:
4293:
4243:
3929:
3759:
3005:
2868:
2212:
2130:
1775:
1590:
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:
474:
407:
340:
257:
104:
99:
4995:
3710:
3613:
3495:
3455:
3127:
3049:
2420:
2416:
1605:
1596:
7218:
7009:
6943:
6899:
6894:
6854:
6843:
6835:
6640:
6608:
6555:
6544:
6457:
6166:
6105:
5895:
5877:
5712:
5473:
5465:
5209:
4848:
4836:
4269:
4056:
3911:
3891:
3592:
3505:
3168:
3000:
2872:
2856:
2256:
in Danish, developments which have not occurred in the other languages (though the
2196:
2180:
2121:
2089:
2070:
1935:
1922:
1860:
1840:
1836:
1803:
1784:
1779:
1666:
1658:
1149:
609:
566:
494:
469:
442:
382:
378:
358:
speak a Scandinavian language as their native language, including an approximately
355:
321:
309:
198:
184:
109:
7055:
1673:
and, thirdly, an Old Gutnish branch. Norwegian settlers brought Old West Norse to
7248:
7208:
7041:
6948:
6931:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6613:
6522:
6507:
6462:
6314:
6277:
6269:
6248:
6235:
6215:
6201:
5964:
5941:
5872:
5862:
5854:
5634:
5296:
Outlined Scanian orthography including morphology and word index. First revision.
5216:
5196:
5043:
5023:
4971:
4795:
4673:
4645:
4584:
4497:
4280:
4235:
4210:
4191:
4144:
4063:
3852:
3821:
3195:
3110:
3038:
2864:
2860:
2192:
2164:
2159:
2099:
1879:
1654:
907:
489:
452:
423:
402:
305:
166:
58:
51:
4264:
Holmberg, Anders and Christer Platzack (2005). "The Scandinavian languages". In
3478:
3438:
3373:
2981:
2875:
often referred to as "Eastern Urban Norwegian", spoken mainly in and around the
1488:-onset and length remained, but the diphthong simplified resulting in variously
549:
7329:
7223:
7203:
7155:
7047:
6921:
6591:
6358:
6297:
6076:
6033:
5990:
5907:
5902:
5791:
5741:
5592:
5543:
5498:
5491:
5281:
4832:
4398:
3826:
3816:
3722:
3444:
3191:
3153:
3076:
2995:
2888:
2863:
in the popular mind as well as among most linguists. The generally agreed upon
2139:
2112:
2047:
1872:
1832:
1763:
1632:
1430:
1249:
430:
4921:
Stockholm's youth understand 55% of spoken Norwegian and 34% of spoken Danish.
4870:
4437:, in «Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung», 86/1, 1972, pp. 104–110.
3321:
3296:
1552:
1543:
7351:
7279:
7121:
6877:
6828:
6645:
6584:
6497:
6402:
6340:
6287:
6171:
6098:
4852:
4110:(High Norwegian) is similar to Nynorsk and is used by a very small minority.
3681:
3467:
3418:
3408:
3016:
2610:
1888:
1712:
1682:
1678:
943:
645:
238:
217:
4826:"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"
3133:
2304:
in Norwegian Bokmål) was borrowed into Danish and Norwegian, whereas native
1697:
had settled there around 800, but this language became extinct around 1700.
1503:("I"), which could occur both stressed and unstressed, appears varyingly as
7148:
6572:
6536:
6469:
6292:
6115:
6088:
6071:
6015:
5974:
5556:
5535:
5351:
4600:
3941:
3528:
3065:
3032:
2376:
languages, despite the fact that it is the country that uses English most.
2268:
2223:
1702:
559:
459:
147:
6795:
3147:
3099:
3095:
1778:
in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, whereas the non-Germanic
544:
124:
6965:
6938:
6756:
6664:
6346:
6307:
5890:
5585:
5549:
5484:
4596:
4250:, Nordic Council of Ministers' Secretariat, Copenhagen 2004. (In Danish).
4100:
4067:
4007:
3832:
3379:
3358:
2273:
2204:
1728:
1720:
1623:
1614:
1477:
435:
344:
6810:
4203:
4106:
3999:
3946:
3581:
3501:
3463:
3352:
3331:
3279:
3239:
3143:
2721:
Het was een vochtige, grauwe zomerdag eind juni./aan het einde van juni.
2260:
corresponds to the changes in pitch in Norwegian and Swedish, which are
6805:
6785:
6150:
5820:
5521:
3744:
3619:
3187:
2477:
2412:
2396:
2149:
2019: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1142:
1138:
1116:
925:, with presumably a rhotic fricative of some kind as an earlier stage.
554:
4213:. Network for Scandinavian Dialect Syntax. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
4094:
3917:
3856:
6991:
6739:
6385:
6302:
6083:
6038:
6010:
5836:
5390:
4892:
4844:
4717:
How many languages do we need?: the economics of linguistic diversity
4624:
The Nordic Council's/Nordic Council of Ministers' political magazine
4335:
Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, p. 9
4048:
3995:
3953:
3866:
3637:
3393:
3362:
3228:
3082:
3027:
2990:
2971:
2517:
2392:
2365:
2200:
1947:
1796:
1650:
637:
508:
464:
367:
268:
250:
132:
118:
6815:
4637:
Sammallahti, Pekka, 1990. "The Sámi Language: Past and Present". In
4447:
Kuhn, Hans (1955–1956). "Zur Gliederung der germanischen Sprachen".
4272:
and Richard S. Kayne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3262:
2909:
2685:
It wie in stribbelige/fochtige, graue simmerdei oan de ein fan Juny.
2235:
1994:
1817:
Traditionally, Danish and German were the two official languages of
1759:
1586:
1355:
1222:
1198:
1070:
1026:
874:
813:
704:
596:
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups:
532:
6780:
6128:
5120:[Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?].
3934:
3922:
3840:
3779:
3664:
3522:
3414:
3207:
2844:
2372:
1822:
1724:
1690:
1160:
Some innovations are not found in West and East Germanic, such as:
261:
246:
5339:
3691:
3643:
3245:
2497:
2457:
2401:
1563:
followed in the next syllable. This followed vowel breaking, with
347:. Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are close enough to form a strong
6821:
6417:
6319:
5046:. Språkrådet, Norway. (In Norwegian). Retrieved 13 November 2007.
4016:
4012:
3991:
3974:
3970:
3958:
3870:
3844:
3783:
3770:
3766:
3748:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3626:
3397:
3325:
3315:
2975:
2881:
2733:
Es war ein feuchter, grauer Sommertag Ende Juni / im späten Juni.
2629:
2243:
2208:
2051:
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:
1732:
1716:
1694:
1674:
1481:
579:
538:
363:
3598:
3055:
2252:
1536:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1408:
1276:
1234:
1088:
1082:
1076:
992:
986:
980:
880:
853:
819:
778:
751:
710:
683:
6124:
4992:"The Scandinavian Languages: Their Histories and Relationships"
4149:
3848:
3484:
3211:
3157:
2537:
2405:
2312:
were able to survive in some of the Norwegian dialects whereas
1739:
1686:
1644:
with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
868:
698:
242:
2894:
failure to agree upon a common standardized language in Norway
2697:
Dat weer/was een vuchtige, griese Summerdag an't Enn vun Juni.
6042:
5084:
4843:. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London:
3174:
3116:
2978:
being mutually intelligible and the most separated ones not.
2781:
Det var ein fuktig, grå sommardag/sumardag i slutten av juni.
1178:
Occurred also in East Germanic, but with a different outcome.
625:
5151:[Elfdalian – Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)]
339:
appears in studies of the modern standard languages and the
5089:[Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect].
4578:"Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian"
3695:
3532:
3335:
2876:
2709:
Dit was 'n vogtige, grou somer dag aan die einde van Junie.
2557:
2246:
West Scandinavian via the west–east division shown above.)
1661:; and, secondly, a West Scandinavian branch, consisting of
393:
The modern languages and their dialects in this group are:
4576:
Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004).
591:
304:, a direct translation of the most common term used among
5371:
Middle Low German influence on the Scandinavian languages
4449:
Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur
636:
The North Germanic group is characterized by a number of
5149:"Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)"
5118:"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?"
4811:. Nordisk utredningsserie 13. Nordiska rådet, Stockholm.
4531:
2411:
Access to Danish television and radio, direct trains to
5251:
4783:
Delsing, Lars-Olof and Katarina Lundin Åkesson (2005).
3998:(which is considered a separate language from Swedish,
1416:
This also affected stressed syllables: Proto-Germanic *
381:
to the east, which belongs to the completely unrelated
2829:
De var en fuktur, graar summadag ei släutait av jäuni.
1806:
in southwestern Denmark, German is also spoken by the
5328:, also available in the other Scandinavian languages.
2419:
and a larger number of cross-border commuters in the
631:
4543:
4185:
Language Family Trees Indo-European, Germanic, North
2675:
It was a humid, grey summer day at the end of June.
2769:
Det var en fuktig, grå sommerdag i slutten av juni.
5188:. Conference paper, 18–19 juni 2004. Available in
5087:"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt"
4509:
4392:
4120:Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
2805:Tað var ein rakur, gráur summardagur síðst í juni.
2745:Det var en fuktig, grå sommardag i slutet av juni.
2683:
2404:, located in the southernmost Swedish province of
1476:at an early stage. This diphthong is preserved in
1057:fixed form with declension on the second part: ON
5366:. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). pp. 366–374.
4691:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2226:model – posits Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish as
1499:This affected only stressed syllables. The word *
7349:
2970:All North Germanic languages are descended from
2817:Eð war ien fuktun, grå såmårdag i slutę åv juni.
2695:
2352:) whereas Bokmål has retained the Danish forms (
2242:are sometimes considered East Scandinavian, and
388:
300:. The language group is also referred to as the
5190:pdf format at Uppsala University online archive
5078:
4931:
4929:
2815:
2791:
2707:
2386:Germanic languages § Vocabulary comparison
1515:(stressed, with breaking) throughout Old Norse.
1510:
1504:
1421:
1402:
1376:
1345:
1305:
1270:
1264:
1210:
1186:
1064:
1058:
1020:
966:
859:
807:
765:
689:
253:in what is now Scotland until the 19th century.
4510:Lindström, Fredrik; Lindström, Henrik (2012).
4035:
2757:Det var en fugtig, grå sommerdag sidst i juni.
5406:
5235:Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition
4081:
2849:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
2827:
2803:
2779:
2743:
1976:* The figure includes 450,000 members of the
4926:
4841:Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires
4359:Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics
2767:
2755:
2731:
1228:
1216:
1192:
1032:
1010:
1004:
998:
894:
833:
784:
716:
271:until their demise in the late 15th century.
5058:"The National Minority Languages in Sweden"
5049:
2938:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2719:
845:'of a gift' > late Northwest Germanic *
373:This language branch is separated from the
348:
5413:
5399:
4977:s language of publication is described as
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4333:Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige.
4260:
4258:
4256:
4051:(Älvdalen speech), generally considered a
3906:(generally considered a Norwegian dialect)
3839:along with former East Danish dialects in
2793:Það var rakur, grár sumardagur í lok júní.
1155:
5242:
5037:Jemtsk og trøndersk – to nære slektningar
4886:
4503:
4446:
4345:
4343:
4341:
2958:Learn how and when to remove this message
2379:
2284:(from Middle Low German), whereas native
2035:Learn how and when to remove this message
284:make up one of the three branches of the
4757:
4755:
4730:"Nynorsk – noe for svensker? – Uniforum"
2980:
2046:
1735:and in various settlements in the East.
1585:
1052:etc., with declension of the first part;
798:'tongue' > late Northwest Germanic *
5260:
4937:"Nordens språk – med rötter och fötter"
4768:
4715:Victor Ginsburgh, Shlomo Weber (2011).
4513:Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse
4485:
4483:
4390:
4253:
3146:) (Wide linguistic similarity with the
2163:Dots indicate a few of the areas where
592:Distinction from East and West Germanic
354:Approximately 20 million people in the
7350:
5420:
5350:
5055:
4820:
4384:
4338:
4223:
4221:
4219:
2837:
1978:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
7084:
6698:
5442:
5394:
5231:
5166:from the original on 17 February 2020
4752:
4740:from the original on 25 February 2021
4537:
4304:from the original on 21 February 2022
4183:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.
1812:Danish minority of Southern Schleswig
1708:A Description of the Northern Peoples
1555:, which rounded stressed vowels when
618:Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe
5314:Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder
5146:
5128:from the original on 7 December 2017
5115:
4911:from the original on 10 January 2024
4763:Norden this week – Monday 01.17.2005
4719:, Princeton University Press. p. 42.
4480:
4440:
4405:. Oxford University Press. pp.
4368:from the original on 6 February 2016
4240:Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder
2936:adding citations to reliable sources
2903:
2017:adding citations to reliable sources
1988:
5975:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
5186:Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln
5097:from the original on 25 August 2012
4349:
4216:
3855:) as well as the southern parts of
2391:Cultural Fund, Swedish speakers in
1509:(unstressed, with no breaking) and
158:Continental Scandinavian languages:
13:
7334:Languages between parentheses are
6699:
4697:from the original on 2 August 2018
736:, and was then later lowered to .
632:Features shared with West Germanic
370:speak Danish as a first language.
14:
7369:
5332:
4607:. Oxford University Press, 2006,
1984:
1891:, European Union, Nordic Council
1871:Sweden, Finland, European Union,
1795:), the sole official language of
1774:The North Germanic languages are
743:'gift' > Northwest Germanic *
652:The retraction of Proto-Germanic
16:Languages of the Nordic countries
5386:Most similar languages to Danish
5338:
5252:Kristiansen, Tore m.fl. (1996),
4605:The Changing Languages of Europe
4266:The Comparative Syntax Handbook,
4076:Norwegian and Swedish Travellers
3966:Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia
2908:
2568:
2548:
2525:
2505:
2482:
2462:
2203:respectively. There was also an
1993:
1754:) and Continental Scandinavian (
1524:(see "year" above), and also of
675:'year' > Northwest Germanic *
146:
5232:Adams, Charles Kendall (1895).
5202:
5178:
5140:
5109:
5029:
5010:
4984:
4955:
4814:
4801:
4722:
4709:
4683:
4665:Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006).
4659:
4639:Arctic Languages: An Awakening.
4631:
4618:
4590:
4570:
4459:
4300:(in Danish). 21 February 2021.
2230:, and Faroese and Icelandic as
2207:branch spoken on the island of
2152:(partially national boundaries)
2142:(partially national boundaries)
2102:(partially national boundaries)
2092:(partially national boundaries)
2082:(partially national boundaries)
2004:needs additional citations for
1769:
1723:, and Norwegian settlements in
1484:. In other Norse dialects, the
7338:of the language on their left.
5357:"Scandinavian Languages"
5064:. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92.
4761:"Urban misunderstandings". In
4423:
4316:
4286:
4197:
4177:
2899:
2296:. On the other hand, the word
1839:, is part of the group of the
1581:
1:
7229:Germanic substrate hypothesis
7085:
5238:. D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson.
5116:Dahl, Östen (December 2008).
5017:Finlandssvensk som hovedspråk
4294:"Sprog og politik i Grønland"
4238:. Moderne nordiske sprog. In
4170:
2649:
946:pronoun ancestral to English
389:Modern languages and dialects
153:North Germanic-speaking lands
7259:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5950:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
5060:. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.).
4667:"A language with deep roots"
4361:. University of Copenhagen.
4274:Excerpt at Durham University
4135:Gender in Danish and Swedish
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2471:
2468:
2465:
1296:("night", accusative) > *
1209:("faithful") > Old Norse
7:
7239:High German consonant shift
4469:. Walter de Gruyter, 2005,
4465:Bandle, Oskar (ed.)(2005).
4435:Indo-European ē in Germanic
4403:The World's Major Languages
4325:Språkets enhet och mångfald
4204:Scandinavian Dialect Syntax
4113:
4088:Norwegian language conflict
4036:Classification difficulties
3859:, now generally considered
3778:Telemark-Numedal dialects (
3741:Hallingdal-Valdres dialects
2892:highly unlikely, given the
2189:East Scandinavian languages
2173:West Scandinavian languages
1386:General loss of word-final
1221:, but > Old High German
1197:, but > Old High German
10:
7374:
5777:Westlauwers–Terschellings
5430:According to contemporary
5312:Iben Stampe Sletten red.,
5225:
4516:. Albert Bonniers Förlag.
4085:
4082:Written norms of Norwegian
4070:known collectively as the
2383:
1185:("of two") > Old Norse
608:to some degree during the
586:
7321:
7272:
7196:
7165:
7097:
7093:
7080:
7029:
7002:
6956:Southern Schleswig Danish
6887:
6768:
6724:
6715:
6711:
6694:
6535:
6478:
6366:
6357:
6262:
6234:
6193:
6184:
6159:
6141:
6052:
6024:
5998:
5989:
5940:
5853:
5828:
5819:
5758:
5653:
5602:
5577:
5568:
5464:
5455:
5451:
5438:
5428:
5243:Jervelund, Anita (2007),
5093:(in Swedish). Stockholm.
4391:Hawkins, John A. (1987).
2280:'window' was replaced by
841:Proto-Germanic gen. sg. *
190:Insular Nordic languages:
145:
131:
117:
93:
83:
59:Linguistic classification
57:
45:
35:
28:
23:
7358:North Germanic languages
7234:West Germanic gemination
7188:Ancient Belgian language
7183:Germanic parent language
7127:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
6249:Austrian Standard German
5443:
5306:, Strasbourg: Hünenburg.
4853:10.4324/9781003034025-11
4165:South Germanic languages
4130:Low Franconian languages
3404:Valle-Setesdalsk dialect
2228:Continental Scandinavian
2054:North Germanic languages
1466:was also affected (also
1259:("I/(s)he bound") > *
1248:Word-final devoicing of
1124:Low Franconian languages
644:innovations shared with
560:North Norwegian dialects
329:North Germanic languages
282:North Germanic languages
5376:Scandinavian-only words
5363:Encyclopædia Britannica
5147:Zach, Kristine (2013).
5035:Dalen, Arnold (2005).
5022:12 October 2017 at the
4678:Sápmi: Language history
4279:3 December 2007 at the
4234:4 November 2011 at the
4209:12 January 2012 at the
4160:West Germanic languages
4155:East Germanic languages
2828:
2816:
2696:
2656:West Germanic languages
2395:and Danish speakers in
2105:West Germanic languages
1904:Norway, Nordic Council
1808:North Schleswig Germans
1542:
1537:
1511:
1505:
1480:and survives in modern
1468:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1422:
1409:
1407:, but > Old English
1403:
1377:
1356:
1346:
1306:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1235:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1164:Sharpening of geminate
1156:North Germanic features
1113:Anglo-Frisian languages
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
967:
942:The development of the
895:
881:
875:
869:
860:
854:
834:
820:
814:
808:
785:
779:
766:
752:
717:
711:
705:
699:
690:
684:
614:Proto-Germanic language
555:West Norwegian dialects
550:East Norwegian dialects
375:West Germanic languages
333:comparative linguistics
298:East Germanic languages
294:West Germanic languages
290:Indo-European languages
7295:Preterite-present verb
7178:Proto-Germanic grammar
7132:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
6244:German Standard German
5920:East Frisian Low Saxon
5345:Scandinavian languages
4672:5 October 2007 at the
4496:15 August 2004 at the
4190:3 October 2012 at the
3861:South Swedish dialects
2986:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2684:
2380:Mutual intelligibility
2262:pitch-accent languages
2168:
1866:
1731:dialect was spoken in
1646:
1606:Old East Norse dialect
1597:Old West Norse dialect
1528:before a round vowel.
1229:
1122:Weser–Rhine Germanic (
1040:Runic Norse: nom. sg.
486:East Swedish dialects
448:South Swedish dialects
383:Uralic language family
349:mutual intelligibility
337:Scandinavian languages
40:North Germanic peoples
7300:Grammatischer Wechsel
6283:Namibian Black German
6254:Swiss Standard German
6223:Early New High German
5781:Mainland West Frisian
5642:Harlingerland Frisian
5056:Ekberg, Lena (2010).
5042:18 March 2007 at the
5026:(in Norwegian bokmål)
4140:High German languages
4104:. On the other hand,
4074:. They are spoken by
4072:Scandoromani language
3550:(Mid-east districts)
2984:
2300:'begin' (now written
2215:during the period of
2050:
1975:
1589:
1354:> Old High German
1131:High German languages
965:'this, that' (cf. ON
703:> Old High German
606:mutually intelligible
324:scholars and people.
288:—a sub-family of the
7305:Indo-European ablaut
7285:Germanic strong verb
7254:Germanic spirant law
6391:Southeast Limburgish
5887:Gelders-Overijssels
5516:Irish Middle English
5506:Early Modern English
5215:9 March 2016 at the
5195:22 July 2011 at the
5184:Sapir, Yair (2004).
5157:University of Vienna
4998:on 19 September 2021
4970:9 April 2014 at the
4847:. pp. 167–179.
4644:21 July 2018 at the
4564:Nationalencyklopedin
4394:"Germanic languages"
4125:Ingvaeonic languages
3904:Urban East Norwegian
3719:Gudbrandsdal dialect
3715:(Midland districts)
3541:Midtøstland dialects
3460:(Lowland districts)
3380:Midhordland district
2932:improve this section
2232:Insular Scandinavian
2013:improve this article
1570:being u-umlauted to
1535:> North Germanic
1459:(see "gift" above).
1300:> (by u-umlaut) *
1263:> Old West Norse
1109:Ingvaeonic languages
1107:North Sea Germanic (
504:Dalecarlian language
7273:Synchronic features
7244:Germanic a-mutation
7197:Diachronic features
6547:in the broad sense
6480:East Central German
6434:Lorraine Franconian
6408:Transylvanian Saxon
6368:West Central German
6143:East Low Franconian
6053:West Low Franconian
5261:Lucazin, M (2010),
4794:14 May 2011 at the
4734:www.uniforum.uio.no
4540:, pp. 336–338.
4227:Torp, Arne (2004).
4042:Jamtlandic dialects
3876:Northern Jutlandic
3620:Opplandene district
3286:Sunndalsøra dialect
3150:dialects in Norway)
2838:Language boundaries
2776:Norwegian (Nynorsk)
2371:Currently, English
2217:Hanseatic expansion
1793:Eskimo–Aleut family
1615:Old Gutnish dialect
1551:The development of
1111:, ancestral to the
906:The development of
335:, whereas the term
7290:Germanic weak verb
7099:Language subgroups
6449:Pennsylvania Dutch
6398:Moselle Franconian
6376:Central Franconian
6209:Middle High German
5960:Central Pomeranian
5915:Northern Low Saxon
5628:Wangerooge Frisian
5422:Germanic languages
4807:Maurud, Ø (1976).
4583:4 May 2016 at the
4431:Cercignani, Fausto
4298:Forenede Nationers
3896:Southern Schleswig
3888:Southern Jutlandic
3755:Hallingdal dialect
3688:Särna-Idre dialect
3625:Hedmark dialects (
3565:Ringerike district
3554:Ringerike dialects
2987:
2869:standard languages
2764:Norwegian (Bokmål)
2169:
1827:Duchy of Schleswig
1776:national languages
1647:
1642:Germanic languages
1275:, but Old English
1101:Northwest Germanic
286:Germanic languages
260:was spoken in the
7345:
7344:
7330:extinct languages
7317:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7264:Great Vowel Shift
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7025:
7024:
6871:Greenlandic Norse
6690:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6621:Southern Bavarian
6604:Northern Bavarian
6580:Highest Alemannic
6531:
6530:
6265:standard variants
6180:
6179:
6026:Standard variants
5985:
5984:
5844:Middle Low German
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5615:Saterland Frisian
5343:Works related to
5300:Maurer, Friedrich
5277:978-91-977265-2-8
4862:978-0-367-47191-0
4837:Kamusella, Tomasz
4523:978-91-0-013451-8
4329:Studentlitteratur
4242:. Nord 2004:010,
4000:Älvdalen locality
3930:Norrland dialects
3817:East Scandinavian
3665:Hadeland district
3523:Grenland district
3508:in retrospective)
3504:) (Influenced by
3502:Bohuslän province
3464:Vikværsk dialects
3451:Flatbygd dialects
3359:Stavanger dialect
3269:Nordmøre dialects
3218:Haugesund dialect
3144:Jämtland province
3140:Jämtland dialects
3072:Helgeland dialect
3006:Greenlandic Norse
2996:West Scandinavian
2968:
2967:
2960:
2835:
2834:
2647:
2646:
2576:
2575:
2213:Middle Low German
2045:
2044:
2037:
1972:
1971:
1269:, Old East Norse
1137:Inability of the
1037:'lo!, behold!');
789:(vowel lowering).
518:West Scandinavian
480:Jämtland dialects
475:Norrland dialects
470:Svealand dialects
408:Jutlandic dialect
398:East Scandinavian
341:dialect continuum
278:
277:
258:Greenlandic Norse
230:Greenlandic Norse
105:West Scandinavian
100:East Scandinavian
7365:
7122:Elbe (Irminonic)
7095:
7094:
7082:
7081:
7010:Mainland Gutnish
6900:Swedish dialects
6862:Middle Icelandic
6836:Middle Norwegian
6725:Historical forms
6722:
6721:
6713:
6712:
6696:
6695:
6655:South Franconian
6641:Hutterite German
6609:Central Bavarian
6429:Rhine Franconian
6364:
6363:
6194:Historical forms
6191:
6190:
6106:Surinamese Dutch
5999:Historical forms
5996:
5995:
5829:Historical forms
5826:
5825:
5578:Historical forms
5575:
5574:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5440:
5439:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5367:
5359:
5342:
5326:available online
5295:
5294:
5292:
5287:on 8 August 2011
5286:
5280:, archived from
5269:
5256:
5247:
5239:
5219:
5210:Traveller Danish
5206:
5200:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5154:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5053:
5047:
5033:
5027:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4994:. Archived from
4988:
4982:
4976:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4939:. Archived from
4933:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4890:
4830:
4822:Kordić, Snježana
4818:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4781:
4766:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4726:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4687:
4681:
4663:
4657:
4635:
4629:
4622:
4616:
4594:
4588:
4574:
4568:
4559:Omkring 800–1100
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4507:
4501:
4487:
4478:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4438:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4396:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4356:
4347:
4336:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4290:
4284:
4270:Guglielmo Cinque
4262:
4251:
4225:
4214:
4201:
4195:
4181:
3892:Southern Jutland
3798:
3771:Valdres district
3763:
3714:
3706:Midland dialects
3679:
3671:Østerdal dialect
3662:
3654:Hadeland dialect
3641:
3617:
3596:
3579:
3571:Hønefoss dialect
3562:
3549:
3520:
3512:Grenland dialect
3499:
3491:Bohuslän dialect
3482:
3459:
3442:
3412:
3377:
3350:
3342:Sunnmøre dialect
3313:
3294:
3277:
3260:
3243:
3226:
3172:
3131:
3123:Härjedal dialect
3114:
3080:
3053:
3036:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2912:
2904:
2873:prestige dialect
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2661:
2660:
2582:
2581:
2431:
2430:
2267:Sweden left the
2157:
2147:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2020:
1997:
1989:
1855:Official Status
1846:
1845:
1841:Uralic languages
1804:Southern Jutland
1785:Nordic countries
1719:, Scotland, the
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1540:
1531:Proto-Germanic *
1527:
1523:
1520:Loss of initial
1514:
1508:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1412:
1406:
1393:Proto-Germanic *
1389:
1380:
1367:Proto-Germanic *
1366:
1359:
1349:
1332:Proto-Germanic *
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1292:Proto-Germanic *
1288:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1255:Proto-Germanic *
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1181:Proto-Germanic *
1171:
1167:
1150:language contact
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1015:n.) + proximal *
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
970:
936:
924:
920:
898:
884:
878:
872:
863:
857:
852:North Germanic *
837:
823:
817:
811:
794:Proto-Germanic *
788:
782:
769:
755:
750:North Germanic *
739:Proto-Germanic *
735:
732:and when before
720:
714:
708:
702:
693:
687:
682:North Germanic *
671:Proto-Germanic *
659:
610:Migration Period
545:Trønder dialects
495:Estonian Swedish
465:Gotland dialects
356:Nordic countries
302:Nordic languages
296:and the extinct
292:—along with the
226:
214:
205:
196:
182:
173:
164:
150:
141:
127:
21:
20:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7309:
7268:
7249:Germanic umlaut
7214:Holtzmann's law
7192:
7161:
7089:
7068:
7021:
6998:
6932:South Jutlandic
6917:Danish dialects
6883:
6764:
6707:
6678:
6660:East Franconian
6614:Viennese German
6527:
6508:Silesian German
6474:
6463:Central Hessian
6353:
6278:Namibian German
6267:
6258:
6236:Standard German
6230:
6216:New High German
6202:Old High German
6176:
6155:
6137:
6048:
6020:
5981:
5965:East Pomeranian
5955:Brandenburgisch
5942:East Low German
5936:
5863:Dutch Low Saxon
5855:West Low German
5849:
5807:
5773:Schiermonnikoog
5754:
5649:
5635:Wursten Frisian
5598:
5564:
5447:
5434:
5424:
5419:
5335:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5267:
5254:Dansk Sproglære
5245:Sådan Staver Vi
5228:
5223:
5222:
5217:Wayback Machine
5207:
5203:
5197:Wayback Machine
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5054:
5050:
5044:Wayback Machine
5034:
5030:
5024:Wayback Machine
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4974:
4972:Wayback Machine
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4943:on 6 March 2016
4935:
4934:
4927:
4919:. p. 169:
4914:
4912:
4863:
4833:Nomachi, Motoki
4828:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4796:Wayback Machine
4787:. Available in
4782:
4769:
4760:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4674:Wayback Machine
4664:
4660:
4646:Wayback Machine
4636:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4595:
4591:
4585:Wayback Machine
4575:
4571:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4508:
4504:
4498:Wayback Machine
4488:
4481:
4464:
4460:
4445:
4441:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4389:
4385:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4354:
4350:Kroonen, Guus.
4348:
4339:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4281:Wayback Machine
4263:
4254:
4236:Wayback Machine
4226:
4217:
4211:Wayback Machine
4202:
4198:
4192:Wayback Machine
4182:
4178:
4173:
4145:Scanian dialect
4116:
4090:
4084:
4038:
3869:(or Jutish, in
3853:Scanian dialect
3792:
3767:Valdris dialect
3757:
3708:
3673:
3656:
3635:
3611:
3609:Oppland dialect
3590:
3573:
3556:
3543:
3514:
3493:
3476:
3453:
3436:
3406:
3394:Arendal dialect
3371:
3369:Strilar dialect
3344:
3322:Sandnes dialect
3307:
3305:Romsdal dialect
3288:
3271:
3254:
3237:
3220:
3196:Southern Norway
3166:
3125:
3108:
3074:
3062:Brønnøy dialect
3047:
3039:Northern Norway
3030:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2929:
2913:
2902:
2865:language border
2840:
2652:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2388:
2382:
2165:multilingualism
2162:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2010:
1998:
1987:
1980:
1772:
1685:, developed on
1645:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1541:> Old Norse
1472:), shifting to
1420:> Old Norse
1401:> Old Norse
1375:> Old Norse
1344:> Old Norse
1336:("sore") > *
1304:> Old Norse
1285:Loss of medial
1250:stop consonants
1205:Proto-Germanic
1174:Holtzmann's law
1158:
1129:Elbe Germanic (
1019:'here' (cf. ON
867:West Germanic *
773:West Germanic *
697:West Germanic *
688:> Old Norse
660:, also written
634:
594:
589:
490:Finland Swedish
424:South Jutlandic
413:North Jutlandic
391:
274:
234:
224:
222:
212:
210:
203:
201:
194:
187:
180:
178:
171:
169:
162:
155:
137:
123:
52:Northern Europe
47:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7371:
7361:
7360:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7332:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7173:Proto-Germanic
7169:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7091:
7090:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7048:Crimean Gothic
7037:
7035:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6924:
6922:Insular Danish
6919:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6905:Rinkebysvenska
6902:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6858:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6753:
6751:Old East Norse
6748:
6746:Old West Norse
6736:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6626:South Tyrolean
6618:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6568:High Alemannic
6565:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6541:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6436:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6410:
6405:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6372:
6370:
6361:
6359:Central German
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6300:
6298:Barossa German
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6077:French Flemish
6069:
6068:
6067:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5993:
5991:Low Franconian
5987:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5859:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5792:Westereendersk
5786:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5723:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5670:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5593:Middle Frisian
5589:
5581:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5553:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5499:Modern English
5495:
5492:Middle English
5488:
5481:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5348:
5334:
5333:External links
5331:
5330:
5329:
5310:
5307:
5297:
5276:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5201:
5177:
5139:
5124:(in Swedish).
5122:Språktidningen
5108:
5077:
5070:
5048:
5028:
5009:
4983:
4954:
4925:
4861:
4813:
4800:
4767:
4751:
4721:
4708:
4682:
4658:
4630:
4617:
4589:
4569:
4551:Nordiska språk
4542:
4530:
4522:
4502:
4479:
4458:
4439:
4422:
4415:
4399:Bernard Comrie
4383:
4337:
4315:
4285:
4252:
4215:
4196:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4083:
4080:
4066:vocabulary or
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3981:other dialects
3978:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:West Jutlandic
3880:
3879:East Jutlandic
3864:
3830:
3827:Insular Danish
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3806:other dialects
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3738:
3723:Gudbrandsdalen
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3682:Viken district
3668:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3633:Solung dialect
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3585:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3509:
3488:
3474:Andebu dialect
3468:Viken district
3445:Eastern Norway
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:other dialects
3424:
3423:
3422:
3401:
3398:Arendal region
3385:
3384:
3383:
3366:
3356:
3339:
3329:
3319:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3266:
3252:Karmøy dialect
3249:
3246:Jæren district
3232:
3215:
3208:Bergen dialect
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:other dialects
3178:
3161:
3154:Meldal dialect
3151:
3137:
3120:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:other dialects
3086:
3069:
3059:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3003:
2966:
2965:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2889:Nordic Council
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2421:Øresund Region
2417:Øresund Bridge
2381:
2378:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:Classification
1983:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1930:Faroe Islands
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:Nordic Council
1869:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1833:Sami languages
1819:Denmark–Norway
1771:
1768:
1764:Dano-Norwegian
1636:
1633:Crimean Gothic
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1497:
1462:The diphthong
1431:Vowel breaking
1428:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1363:With original
1361:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1233:, Old English
1203:
1179:
1157:
1154:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1055:
1054:
1053:
940:
939:
938:
911:
904:
903:
902:
901:
900:
865:
839:
792:
791:
790:
771:
726:
725:
724:
723:
722:
709:, Old English
695:
633:
630:
628:inscriptions.
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
501:
500:
499:
498:
497:
492:
484:
483:
482:
472:
467:
462:
457:
456:
455:
440:
439:
438:
433:
431:Insular Danish
428:
427:
426:
421:
420:West Jutlandic
418:
417:East Jutlandic
415:
390:
387:
276:
275:
273:
272:
254:
241:was spoken in
223:
211:
202:
193:
179:
170:
161:
151:
143:
142:
135:
129:
128:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:Proto-language
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
74:North Germanic
61:
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
26:
25:
24:North Germanic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7370:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7337:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7280:Germanic verb
7278:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7219:Sievers's law
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:Reconstructed
7164:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7079:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7001:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6979:Middle Danish
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6855:Old Icelandic
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6829:Old Norwegian
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6647:
6646:Gottscheerish
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6585:Walser German
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:Low Alemannic
6549:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:High Prussian
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Erzgebirgisch
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6403:Luxembourgish
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6341:Klezmer-loshn
6338:
6336:
6335:Scots Yiddish
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6173:
6172:Meuse-Rhenish
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:Kleverlandish
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6060:Central Dutch
6058:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Stellingwarfs
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5802:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:Wood Frisian
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5655:North Frisian
5652:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Anglo-Frisian
5454:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5358:
5353:
5352:Noreen, Adolf
5349:
5347:at Wikisource
5346:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5327:
5323:
5322:92-893-1041-3
5319:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5162:
5158:
5155:(in German).
5150:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5071:9783631603659
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5013:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4981:(in Swedish)
4980:
4979:skandinaviska
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4922:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4655:
4654:92-3-102661-5
4651:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4626:Analys Norden
4621:
4614:
4613:0-19-929734-7
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4557:, subsection
4556:
4552:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:3-11-017149-X
4472:
4468:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4416:0-19-520521-9
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4248:92-893-1041-3
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3994:), including
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3807:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:Sogn district
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3235:Jærsk dialect
3233:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3164:Tydal dialect
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3106:Fosen dialect
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2917:This section
2915:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2611:Faroe Islands
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:of Norwegian
2600:Comprehension
2599:
2595:Comprehension
2594:
2590:Comprehension
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:of Norwegian
2447:Comprehension
2446:
2442:Comprehension
2441:
2437:Comprehension
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:(cf. Swedish
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2028:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:This section
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:Faroe Islands
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:Old Norwegian
1710:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:Faroe Islands
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1588:
1573:
1566:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1441:except after
1432:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:according to
1163:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
949:
945:
944:demonstrative
941:
932:
927:
926:
916:
912:
909:
905:
897:
893:) vs. Gothic
892:
888:
883:
877:
871:
866:
862:
856:
851:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:) vs. Gothic
831:
827:
822:
816:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
787:
781:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
749:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:
731:
727:
719:
713:
707:
701:
696:
692:
686:
681:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:
667:
663:
655:
651:
650:
649:
647:
646:West Germanic
643:
642:morphological
639:
629:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
582:
581:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
528:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
460:Göta dialects
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
233:
231:
221:
219:
209:
200:
192:
191:
186:
177:
168:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:Indo-European
62:
60:
56:
53:
50:
44:
41:
38:
34:
27:
22:
19:
7325:
7209:Verner's law
7154:
7149:Gotho-Nordic
7147:
7140:
7106:
7061:
7054:
7046:
7040:
7030:
7015:Fårö Gutnish
6977:
6970:
6876:
6869:
6860:
6853:
6834:
6827:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6716:
6700:
6671:
6573:Swiss German
6537:Upper German
6470:Amana German
6444:Volga German
6413:Hunsrückisch
6339:
6293:Unserdeutsch
6288:Berlinerisch
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6160:Cover groups
6116:Mohawk Dutch
6111:Jersey Dutch
6089:East Flemish
6072:West Flemish
6016:Middle Dutch
5970:Low Prussian
5842:
5835:
5801:Terschelling
5785:Clay Frisian
5760:West Frisian
5748:Wiedingharde
5740:
5728:
5688:Heligolandic
5665:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5621:
5604:East Frisian
5591:
5584:
5557:Middle Scots
5555:
5548:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5361:
5313:
5303:
5289:, retrieved
5282:the original
5263:
5253:
5244:
5234:
5204:
5185:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5121:
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5090:
5080:
5061:
5051:
5031:
5012:
5000:. Retrieved
4996:the original
4986:
4978:
4963:Hello Norden
4962:
4957:
4945:. Retrieved
4941:the original
4920:
4913:. Retrieved
4840:
4816:
4808:
4803:
4784:
4742:. Retrieved
4733:
4724:
4716:
4711:
4699:. Retrieved
4685:
4677:
4661:
4633:
4620:
4604:
4601:Tania Kuteva
4597:Heine, Bernd
4592:
4572:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4533:
4512:
4505:
4489:Lund, Jørn.
4466:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4425:
4402:
4386:
4377:
4370:. Retrieved
4358:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4297:
4288:
4265:
4239:
4199:
4179:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4061:
4052:
4047:
4039:
3980:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3805:
3588:Ådal dialect
3529:Oslo dialect
3426:
3388:
3332:Sogn dialect
3203:(Vestlandet)
3202:
3180:
3088:
3045:Bodø dialect
2969:
2954:
2945:
2930:Please help
2918:
2886:
2841:
2680:West Frisian
2653:
2577:
2426:
2410:
2389:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2269:Kalmar Union
2266:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2224:tree-of-life
2221:
2188:
2172:
2170:
2104:
2053:
2031:
2022:
2011:Please help
2006:verification
2003:
1964:
1959:
1831:
1816:
1801:
1773:
1770:Demographics
1756:Skandinavisk
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1706:
1703:Olaus Magnus
1699:
1648:
1640: Other
1571:
1564:
1532:
1500:
1417:
1398:
1394:
1372:
1368:
1351:
1350:, but > *
1341:
1337:
1333:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1240:
1206:
1182:
1159:
1147:
1136:
1098:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1016:
976:
972:
962:
958:
954:
947:
930:
890:
886:
885:(unstressed
846:
842:
829:
825:
824:(unstressed
803:
799:
795:
774:
761:
757:
744:
740:
729:
676:
672:
665:
661:
653:
638:phonological
635:
622:
616:in the late
595:
578:
517:
397:
392:
372:
353:
336:
328:
326:
301:
281:
279:
228:
216:
189:
188:
157:
156:
152:
94:Subdivisions
73:
48:distribution
31:Scandinavian
18:
7224:Kluge's law
7204:Grimm's law
6987:Dalecarlian
6966:Perkerdansk
6939:East Danish
6757:Old Gutnish
6733:Proto-Norse
6673:Langobardic
6665:Vogtlandian
6493:Upper Saxon
6347:Lachoudisch
6308:Lotegorisch
6186:High German
5932:Westphalian
5927:Eastphalian
5891:Achterhooks
5768:Hindeloopen
5703:Bökingharde
5672:Föhr–Amrum
5586:Old Frisian
5550:Early Scots
5485:Old English
5091:Aftonbladet
4308:21 February
4101:Aftenposten
4068:Para-Romani
4008:Old Gutnish
3988:Dalecarlian
3833:East Danish
3793: [
3758: [
3709: [
3674: [
3657: [
3636: [
3612: [
3591: [
3574: [
3557: [
3544: [
3515: [
3494: [
3477: [
3454: [
3437: [
3407: [
3389:(Sørlandet)
3372: [
3345: [
3308: [
3297:Sunndalsøra
3289: [
3272: [
3255: [
3238: [
3221: [
3167: [
3126: [
3109: [
3075: [
3048: [
3031: [
2900:Family tree
2597:of Swedish
2444:of Swedish
2274:Old Swedish
2205:Old Gutnish
2025:August 2010
1789:Greenlandic
1729:Old Gutnish
1721:Isle of Man
1624:Old English
1582:Middle Ages
1478:Old Gutnish
783:vs. Gothic
715:vs. Gothic
436:East Danish
360:5% minority
345:Scandinavia
331:is used in
265:settlements
88:Proto-Norse
7056:Burgundian
6972:Old Danish
6961:Gøtudanskt
6944:Bornholmsk
6806:Vestlandsk
6786:Kebabnorsk
6523:Halcnovian
6488:Thuringian
6151:Limburgish
6121:Stadsfries
6094:Brabantian
5821:Low German
5667:Eiderstedt
5522:Fingallian
5291:21 January
5170:24 January
4965:newsletter
4915:21 January
4871:1390118985
4789:pdf format
4553:, section
4538:Adams 1895
4372:27 January
4171:References
4086:See also:
3837:Bornholmsk
3790:Bø dialect
3745:Hallingdal
3729:and Upper
3188:Vestlandsk
3134:Härjedalen
2650:Vocabulary
2592:of Danish
2480:, Denmark
2478:Copenhagen
2460:, Denmark
2439:of Danish
2413:Copenhagen
2397:Copenhagen
2384:See also:
2167:is common.
2150:Low German
1965:20,251,500
1649:After the
1239:, English
1143:wave model
1139:tree model
1117:Low German
953:Germanic *
756:> with
46:Geographic
7336:varieties
7328:indicate
7142:Northwest
7087:Philology
6992:Elfdalian
6927:Jutlandic
6849:Icelandic
6824:(written)
6818:(written)
6796:Trøndersk
6776:Norwegian
6740:Old Norse
6561:Coloniero
6545:Alemannic
6518:Wymysorys
6386:Colognian
6381:Ripuarian
6303:Rotwelsch
6133:Midslands
6084:Zeelandic
6065:Hollandic
6039:Afrikaans
6011:Old Dutch
5837:Old Saxon
5736:Karrharde
5718:Goesharde
5699:Mainland
5432:philology
4905:171014403
4897:125229577
4893:COBISS.SR
4879:259576119
4845:Routledge
4327:., Lund:
4049:Elfdalian
3996:Elfdalian
3954:Gotlandic
3867:Jutlandic
3434:Østlandsk
3363:Stavanger
3229:Haugesund
3148:Trøndersk
3100:Trøndelag
3096:Trøndersk
3083:Helgeland
3028:Nordnorsk
3023:Norwegian
3019:(extinct)
3012:Icelandic
3008:(extinct)
2991:Old Norse
2972:Old Norse
2919:does not
2853:Norwegian
2812:Elfdalian
2788:Icelandic
2704:Afrikaans
2692:Low Saxon
2667:Sentence
2560:, Norway
2540:, Norway
2520:, Sweden
2518:Stockholm
2500:, Sweden
2415:over the
2393:Stockholm
2373:loanwords
2366:Arne Torp
2324:, Danish
2201:Old Norse
2185:Icelandic
2177:Norwegian
2080:Norwegian
2062:Icelandic
1948:Elfdalian
1910:Icelandic
1901:5,000,000
1897:Norwegian
1887:Denmark,
1884:5,600,000
1865:9,200,000
1852:Speakers
1849:Language
1797:Greenland
1752:øynordisk
1744:önordiska
1740:syntactic
1671:Icelandic
1663:Norwegian
1651:Old Norse
1325:(but not
1227:, German
1215:, Gothic
1191:, Gothic
1031:, Gothic
997:; Gothic
915:rhotacism
873:> OHG
760:-umlaut *
572:Icelandic
541:(written)
523:Norwegian
509:Elfdalian
368:Greenland
327:The term
318:Norwegian
314:Icelandic
269:Greenland
251:Caithness
208:Icelandic
176:Norwegian
133:Glottolog
119:ISO 639-5
36:Ethnicity
7352:Category
7063:Vandalic
7006:Gutnish
6811:Vikværsk
6791:Sognamål
6781:Bergensk
6631:Cimbrian
6599:Bavarian
6556:Alsatian
6503:Lusatian
6439:Palatine
6129:Amelands
6006:Frankish
5896:Sallaans
5878:Gronings
5729:Southern
5722:Northern
5713:Halligen
5662:Insular
5479:dialects
5354:(1886).
5316:, 2005,
5302:(1942),
5213:Archived
5193:Archived
5161:Archived
5126:Archived
5095:Archived
5040:Archived
5020:Archived
5002:20 April
4968:Archived
4947:20 April
4909:Archived
4839:(eds.).
4824:(2024).
4792:Archived
4744:16 March
4738:Archived
4695:Archived
4670:Archived
4642:Archived
4603:(2006).
4581:Archived
4555:Historia
4549:Article
4528:, p. 259
4494:Archived
4491:Language
4429:But see
4379:Swedish.
4363:Archived
4302:Archived
4277:Archived
4232:Archived
4207:Archived
4188:Archived
4114:See also
4107:Høgnorsk
3947:Götaland
3935:Norrland
3923:Svealand
3841:Blekinge
3780:Telemark
3582:Hønefoss
3415:Setesdal
3353:Sunnmøre
3280:Nordmøre
2976:dialects
2948:May 2014
2845:aphorism
2664:Language
2605:Average
2587:Country
2452:Average
2332:(cf. Sw
2290:vindauga
1917:Iceland
1825:and the
1823:Holstein
1791:(in the
1748:ønordisk
1725:Normandy
1691:Shetland
1677:and the
1553:u-umlaut
1207:*triwwiz
1069:m., OHG
908:i-umlaut
858:> ON
806:> ON
777:> OE
764:> ON
527:disputed
256:Extinct
247:Shetland
237:Extinct
139:nort3160
69:Germanic
7326:Italics
6949:Scanian
6895:Swedish
6844:Faroese
6822:Nynorsk
6801:Valdris
6636:Mòcheno
6592:Swabian
6458:Hessian
6418:Hunsrik
6330:Western
6325:Eastern
6320:Yiddish
6270:creoles
6167:Bergish
5883:Drèents
5873:Tweants
5725:Central
5707:Mooring
5570:Frisian
5529:Kildare
5474:English
5226:Sources
5208:LLOW –
5101:7 March
4888:4680766
4567:(1994).
4455:: 1–47.
4401:(ed.).
4095:Riksmål
4057:Swedish
4053:Sveamål
4025:Fårömål
4017:Gotland
4013:Gutnish
3992:Dalarna
3975:Estonia
3971:Finland
3959:Gotland
3942:Götamål
3918:Sveamål
3912:Swedish
3871:Jutland
3857:Småland
3845:Halland
3784:Numedal
3749:Valdres
3735:Hedmark
3731:Folldal
3727:Oppland
3627:Hedmark
3506:Swedish
3413:(Upper
3326:Sandnes
3316:Romsdal
3192:Western
3066:Brønnøy
3001:Faroese
2940:removed
2925:sources
2882:Nynorsk
2857:Swedish
2824:Gutnish
2800:Faroese
2740:Swedish
2672:English
2630:Iceland
2354:begynne
2326:begynde
2314:vindöga
2302:begynne
2298:begynde
2282:fönster
2278:vindöga
2244:Nynorsk
2240:Riksmål
2209:Gotland
2197:Swedish
2181:Faroese
2131:Frisian
2122:English
2090:Swedish
2071:Faroese
1936:Gutnish
1923:Faroese
1914:358,000
1861:Swedish
1837:Finnish
1780:Finnish
1733:Gotland
1717:Ireland
1695:Vikings
1675:Iceland
1667:Faroese
1659:Swedish
1482:Gutnish
1395:bindaną
1321:before
1218:triggws
1194:twaddjē
1188:tveggja
1183:twajjǫ̂
1075:m., OE
1050:þeim-si
1048:, dat.
1044:, gen.
979:n.; OE
849:whence
747:whence
679:whence
587:History
580:Gutnish
567:Faroese
539:Nynorsk
453:Scanian
443:Swedish
379:Finnish
364:Finland
322:Swedish
310:Faroese
199:Faroese
185:Swedish
110:Gutnish
7042:Gothic
6912:Danish
6816:Bokmål
6315:Yenish
6125:Bildts
5908:Veluws
5903:Urkers
5742:Strand
5466:Anglic
5320:
5274:
5132:16 May
5068:
4903:
4901:COBISS
4895:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4859:
4652:
4611:
4520:
4473:
4413:
4246:
4150:Svorsk
4064:Romani
4022:Laumål
3829:(Ømål)
3822:Danish
3485:Andebu
3387:South
3263:Karmøy
3212:Bergen
3158:Meldal
2861:Danish
2859:, and
2752:Danish
2728:German
2538:Bergen
2406:Scania
2348:, Dan
2346:vatten
2340:) and
2336:, Dan
2294:vindue
2286:vindue
2236:Bokmål
2193:Danish
2187:) and
2160:German
2158:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2100:Danish
2098:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2058:
1927:90,000
1880:Danish
1760:Bokmål
1693:after
1687:Orkney
1655:Danish
1638:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1533:wulfaz
1410:bindan
1399:bindan
1397:> *
1371:> *
1369:gaizaz
1340:> *
1334:sairaz
1236:trīewe
1224:triuwi
1212:tryggr
1200:zweiio
1046:þes-si
1025:, OHG
861:gjafar
855:gjavaz
847:gebāz,
812:, OHG
802:> *
533:Bokmål
403:Danish
320:, and
306:Danish
243:Orkney
227:
225:
215:
213:
206:
204:
197:
195:
183:
181:
174:
172:
167:Danish
165:
163:
29:Nordic
7156:South
7107:North
6717:North
6701:North
6043:Kaaps
6034:Dutch
5681:Amrum
5622:Weser
5544:Scots
5285:(PDF)
5268:(PDF)
5164:(PDF)
5153:(PDF)
4975:'
4875:S2CID
4831:. In
4829:(PDF)
4701:2 May
4561:, in
4407:68–76
4397:. In
4366:(PDF)
4355:(PDF)
3849:Skåne
3797:]
3762:]
3713:]
3692:Särna
3678:]
3661:]
3644:Solør
3640:]
3616:]
3595:]
3578:]
3561:]
3548:]
3519:]
3498:]
3481:]
3458:]
3441:]
3419:Valle
3411:]
3376:]
3349:]
3312:]
3293:]
3276:]
3259:]
3242:]
3225:]
3201:West
3175:Tydal
3171:]
3130:]
3117:Fosen
3113:]
3079:]
3052:]
3035:]
2716:Dutch
2643:4.19
2640:3.40
2637:3.34
2634:5.36
2624:7.01
2621:7.00
2618:5.75
2615:8.28
2585:Area/
2572:6.85
2566:7.12
2563:6.57
2552:6.32
2546:6.15
2543:6.50
2532:4.51
2529:5.56
2523:3.46
2512:5.02
2509:4.97
2503:5.08
2498:Malmö
2492:3.87
2489:4.13
2486:3.60
2472:4.21
2469:4.68
2466:3.74
2458:Århus
2434:City
2402:Malmö
2334:vecka
2322:börja
2318:byrja
2310:børja
2306:börja
2276:word
2140:Dutch
2113:Scots
1960:Total
1952:3,500
1940:5,000
1494:/joː/
1490:/juː/
1474:/jɒu/
1404:binda
1378:geirr
1373:geizz
1352:seira
1338:sāraz
1317:>
1315:/ɑi̯/
1302:nǭttu
1298:nāttu
1294:nahtų
1126:) and
1072:these
1066:þessi
1042:sa-si
896:gibōs
889:>
882:giefe
879:, OE
843:gebōz
835:tuggō
828:>
821:tunge
818:, OE
815:zunga
809:tunga
804:tunga
800:tungā
796:tungǭ
780:giefu
762:gjǫvu
753:gjavu
745:geƀu,
677:jārą,
664:) to
626:runic
262:Norse
7117:West
7112:East
7032:East
6888:East
6878:Norn
6769:West
6705:East
6703:and
6268:and
6263:Non-
5693:Sylt
5676:Föhr
5611:Ems
5536:Yola
5445:West
5318:ISBN
5293:2011
5272:ISBN
5172:2017
5134:2013
5103:2013
5066:ISBN
5004:2012
4949:2012
4917:2024
4883:SSRN
4867:OCLC
4857:ISBN
4746:2021
4703:2022
4650:ISBN
4609:ISBN
4599:and
4518:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4411:ISBN
4374:2016
4310:2022
4268:eds
4244:ISBN
4040:The
3973:and
3894:and
3890:(in
3847:and
3782:and
3696:Idre
3694:and
3599:Ådal
3533:Oslo
3194:and
3056:Bodø
3017:Norn
2923:any
2921:cite
2887:The
2877:Oslo
2558:Oslo
2362:vann
2350:vand
2344:(Sw
2342:vatn
2330:veke
2258:stød
2253:stød
2195:and
2183:and
1689:and
1683:Norn
1669:and
1657:and
1575:/jɒ/
1568:/jɑ/
1544:ulfr
1538:ulfz
1464:/eu/
1439:/jɑ/
1347:sárr
1342:sārz
1319:/ɑː/
1307:nótt
1278:band
1272:bant
1266:batt
1261:bant
1257:band
1241:true
1230:treu
1170:/ww/
1168:and
1166:/jj/
1115:and
1087:f.,
1084:þēos
1081:m.,
1012:þata
1009:f.,
1003:m.,
975:f.,
971:m.,
948:this
913:The
876:geba
870:geba
786:giba
775:gebu
767:gjǫf
741:gebō
712:ġēar
700:jāra
673:jērą
658:/ɛː/
640:and
602:East
598:West
280:The
249:and
239:Norn
218:Norn
4849:doi
2934:by
2358:uke
2338:uge
2328:),
2015:by
1802:In
1787:is
1766:).
1762:or
1561:/w/
1559:or
1557:/u/
1526:/w/
1522:/j/
1512:jak
1492:or
1486:/j/
1453:or
1437:to
1435:/e/
1433:of
1388:/n/
1365:/z/
1357:sēr
1327:/z/
1323:/r/
1287:/h/
1090:þis
1078:þes
1060:sjá
1034:sai
994:þæt
988:sēo
977:þat
963:þat
935:/r/
923:/r/
921:to
919:/z/
917:of
734:/z/
718:jēr
706:jār
685:āra
362:in
343:of
267:of
232:(†)
220:(†)
125:gmq
7354::
5360:.
5324:,
5270:,
5159:.
4928:^
4907:.
4899:.
4891:.
4881:.
4873:.
4865:.
4855:.
4835:;
4770:^
4754:^
4736:.
4732:.
4693:.
4482:^
4453:86
4451:.
4433:,
4409:.
4376:.
4357:.
4340:^
4296:.
4255:^
4218:^
4019:)
3873:)
3843:,
3795:no
3786:)
3760:no
3751:)
3747:,
3733:,
3725:,
3711:no
3684:)
3676:no
3659:no
3638:no
3629:)
3622:)
3614:no
3593:no
3576:no
3567:)
3559:no
3546:no
3517:no
3496:sv
3479:no
3470:)
3456:no
3447:)
3439:no
3417:,
3409:no
3374:no
3347:no
3310:no
3291:no
3282:)
3274:no
3257:no
3240:no
3223:no
3198:)
3169:no
3128:sv
3111:no
3102:)
3077:no
3050:no
3041:)
3033:no
2855:,
2569:—
2549:—
2526:—
2506:—
2483:—
2463:—
2360:,
2356:,
2219:.
2179:,
1829:.
1799:.
1705:'
1665:,
1572:jǫ
1565:ja
1506:ek
1501:ek
1447:,
1418:in
1329:)
1252:.
1145:.
1133:).
1119:),
1093:n.
1063:,
1028:sē
1022:si
1017:si
1006:so
1000:sa
991:,
985:,
982:se
973:sú
968:sá
961:,
959:sō
957:,
955:sa
950:.
691:ár
668:.
648::
620:.
600:,
529:)
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316:,
312:,
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4951:.
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