303:
818:
849:
5943:…Een groot deel van het noorden van Frankrijk was in die tijd tweetalig Germaans-Romaans, en gedurende een paar eeuwen handhaafde het Germaans zich er. Maar in de zevende eeuw begon er opnieuw een romaniseringsbeweging en door de versmelting van beide volken werd de naam Franken voortaan ook gebezigd voor de Romanen ten noordern van de Loire. Frankisch of François werd de naam de (Romaanse) taal. De nieuwe naam voor de Germaanse volkstaal hield hiermee verband: Diets of Duits, dat wil zeggen "volks", "volkstaal".
599:
5376:
871:
5362:
5348:
538:" dialects. While this nomenclature became generally accepted in traditional Germanic philology, it has also been described as "inherently inaccurate" as these ancient ethnic boundaries (as understood in the 19th century) bore little or limited resemblance to the actual or historical linguistic situation of the Germanic languages. Among other problems, this traditional classification of the continental
52:
779:
711:(Elbe Germanic). While each had its own distinct characteristics, there certainly must have still been a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these dialects. In fact, it is unclear whether the West Germanic continuum of this time period, or indeed Franconian itself, should still be considered a single language or if it should be considered a collection of similar dialects.
1283:. The Franks brought their language with them from their original territory and, as in France, it must have had an effect on the local dialects and languages. However, it is relatively difficult for linguists today to determine what features of these dialects are due to Frankish influence, because the latter was in large part obscured, or even overwhelmed, by later developments.
966:
Salian Frank leadership around 500 AD. Politically, the
Ripuarian Franks existed as a separate group only until about 500 AD, after which they were subsumed into the Salian Franks. The Franks were united, but the various Frankish groups must have continued to live in the same areas that they had lived in before unification, and to speak the same dialects as before.
1211:), which resulted in the emergence of dialects that are now considered German dialects. Today, the Central Franconian dialects are spoken in the core territory of the Ripuarian Franks. Although there may not be definite proof to say that the dialects of the Ripuarian Franks (about which very little is known) developed into the
1008:
texts scarce and fragmentary, it is difficult to determine when such a transition occurred, but it is thought to have happened by the end of the 9th century and perhaps earlier. By 900 AD the language spoken was recognizably an early form of Dutch, but that might also have been the case earlier.
5618:
All experts agree on the meaning of the second word: "I (he) grant(s)", and many consider the first word to be the name of the owner of the sword that the scabbard belonged to. Opinions vary on how this name should be read, just as the latter two words have been interpreted very differently. Keeping
984:
A widening cultural divide grew between the Franks remaining in the north and the rulers far to the south. Franks continued to reside in their original territories and to speak their original dialects and languages. It is not known what they called their language, but it is possible that they always
1090:
The Franks also expanded their rule southeast into parts of
Germany. Their language had some influence on local dialects, especially for terms relating to warfare. However, since the language of both the administration and the Church was Latin, this unification did not lead to the development of a
965:
During the expansion into France and
Germany, many Frankish people remained in the original core Frankish territories in the north (i.e. southern Netherlands, Flanders, a small part of northern France, and the adjoining area in Germany centered on Cologne). The Franks united as a single group under
1046:
as the
Western Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth century. Although the Franks would eventually conquer almost all of Gaul, speakers of Old Franconian expanded only into northern Gaul in numbers sufficient to have a linguistic effect. For several centuries, northern Gaul was a bilingual territory
1103:) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete before the earliest written records in the High German language were made in the 9th century. The resulting language,
775:. It is speculated that these tribes originally spoke a range of related Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic. Sometime in the 4th or 5th centuries, it becomes appropriate to speak of Old Franconian rather than an Istvaeonic dialect of Proto-Germanic.
6496:
as "sincere", "daring" is attested very late, after the Middle Ages. The word does not occur as such in Old Dutch or OHG. "Frank" was used in a decree of king
Childeric III in the sense of free man as opposed to the native Gauls who were not free. The meaning 'free' is therefore
714:
In any case, it appears that the
Frankish tribes, or the later Franks, fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group, with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest (still seen in modern Dutch), and more Irminonic (High German) influences towards the southeast.
833:. The language (or set of dialects) spoken by the Salian Franks during this period is sometimes referred to as early "Old Low Franconian", and consisted of two groups: "Old West Low Franconian" and "Old East Low Franconian". The language (or set of dialects) spoken by the
1004:. The language spoken by the Salian Franks must have developed significantly during the seven centuries from 200 to 900 AD. At some point, the language spoken by the Franks must have become identifiably Dutch. Because Franconian texts are almost non-existent and
790:
which is either a direct attestation of the Old
Franconian language or the earliest attestation of Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch) language. Another early sentence from the early 6th century AD (that is also described as the earliest sentence in
1051:
and
Franconian). The language used in writing, in government and by the Church was Latin. Eventually, the Franks who had settled more to the south of this area in northern Gaul started adopting the common Latin of the local population. This
1091:
supra-regional variety of
Franconian nor a standardized German language. At the same time that the Franks were expanding southeast into what is now southern Germany, there were linguistic changes taking place in the region. The
1017:
around 1150. A Dutch-French language boundary came into existence (but this was originally south of where it is today). Even though living in the original territory of the Franks, these Franks seem to have broken with the
1263:
The
Frankish Empire later extended throughout neighboring France and Germany. The language of the Franks had some influence on the local languages (especially in France), but did not develop into the standard language or
5597:
5804:(2006:154) notes "the languages of the Germanic group in the Old period are much closer than has previously been noted. Indeed it would not be inappropriate to regard them as dialects of one language." In:
856:
At around the 5th century, the Franks probably spoke a range of related dialects and languages rather than a single uniform dialect or language. The language of both government and the Church was Latin.
6065:
1125:
The set of dialects of the Franks who continued to live in their original territory in Germany eventually developed in three different ways and eventually formed three modern branches of
840:
However, as already stated above, it may be more accurate to think of these dialects not as early Old Franconian but as Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic.
969:
There must have been a close relationship between the various Franconian dialects. There was also a close relationship between Old Low Franconian (i.e. Old Dutch) and its neighboring
1299:
word which would have been used. It is estimated that modern French took approximately 1000 stem words from Old Franconian. Many of these words were concerned with agriculture (e.g.
5831:
6090:
1060:); north of the French-Dutch language boundary, the language was no longer referred to as "Frankish" (if it ever was referred to as such) but rather came to be referred to as "
1022:"Frank" around the 9th century. By this time the Frankish identity had changed from an ethnic identity to a national identity, becoming localized and confined to the modern
1438:
such as Picard, Northern Norman, Walloon, Burgundian, Champenois and Bas-Lorrain retained the /w/ or turned it into /v/. Perhaps the best known example is the Franconian *
565:
context, the language of the early Franks is variously called "Old Frankish" or "Old Franconian" and refers to the language of the Franks prior to the advent of the
510:(lit. "old tribes", i.e. the six Germanic tribes then thought to have formed the "German nation" in the traditional German nationalism of the elites) resulting in a
6170:, this word is sometimes erroneously attributed to a Celtic cognate, despite the fact that the outcome would have been similar. However, while a cognate is seen in
5605:
5947:…Aan het einde van de negende eeuw kan er zeker van Nederlands gesproken worden; hoe long daarvoor dat ook het geval was, kan niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt.
1384:. Not all of these loanwords have been retained in modern French. French has also passed on words of Franconian origin to other Romance languages, and to English.
989:" (i.e. "the people's language") or something similar. The word Diets is cognate with the Old English word þēodisc which, likewise, meant both nation and speech.
5676:
7410:
6193:
below should show that the expected form is not realistic. Furthermore, the form is likely to have originally been dialectal, hence dialectal forms like
6836:
6597:
6509:, s.v. "frapper" (Paris: La Connaissance, 1996), 498. This is worth noting since most dictionaries continue to list this word's etymology as "obscure".
6105:
6734:
585:) being the term used to differentiate between the affected and non-affected variants following the aforementioned Second Germanic consonant shift.
8828:
6623:
6252:, taken as signifying the offspring of a polygynous marriage to a woman of lower status, a pagan tradition not sanctioned by the church; cf. OFris
463:, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish, though it is debated whether the inscription is written in Frankish, or Old Dutch.
424:
Between the 5th and 9th centuries, Frankish spoken in Northeastern France, present-day Belgium, and the Netherlands is subsequently referred to as
6476:
6146:
6061:
5404:
786:
Very little is known about what the language was like during this period. One older runic sentence (dating from around 425–450 AD) is on the
39:
This article is about Franconian dialects spoken from the 5th to 9th century. For their descendant language also known as Old Low Franconian, see
569:, which took place between 600 and 700 CE. After this consonant shift the Frankish dialect diverges, with the dialects which would become modern
5587:
Harbert, Wayne Eugene (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17.
8833:
5409:
7785:
6863:
5424:
1180:
into the Dutch state in the late 16th century, Limburgish has experienced heavy influence from Dutch, to the point where the two are today
32:
This article is about the extinct Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century. For the modern Romance language, see
6396:, s.v. "dance" (NY: Harper, 1898), 108. A number of other fanciful origins are sometimes erroneously attributed to this word, such as VL *
7583:
699:
innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups:
542:
can suggest stronger ties between dialects than is linguistically warranted. The Franconian group is a well known example of this, with
6087:
1000:
as being the same language. However, sometimes reference is made to a transition from the language spoken by the Salian Franks to
5399:
1292:
500:. As a result, many contemporary linguists tried to incorporate their findings in an already existing historical framework of "
1176:
and Dutch influence which gradually made it more mutually intelligible with neighboring varieties. Since the incorporation of
1076:
as late as the 850s, and that it completely disappeared as a spoken language from these regions only during the 10th century.
6043:
5920:
7400:
6649:
6549:
6773:
6704:
6576:
6371:
8818:
8312:
6523:
6686:(c. 8th c.). This confusion is likely due to hesitation on how to represent what must have been the palatalized sound .
5680:
5670:
5985:
5815:
5786:
5758:
5724:
5565:
5531:
6122:
8843:
6856:
5882:
5774:
1096:
676:
Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine, and they remained mutually intelligible throughout the
433:
5911:
Milis, L.J.R., "A Long Beginning: The Low Countries Through the Tenth Century" in J.C.H. Blom & E. Lamberts
5716:
1068:
has proposed that a Germanic language continued to be spoken as a second tongue by public officials in western
727:
is that the Frankish identity emerged during the first half of the 3rd century out of various earlier, smaller
348: Border of the later High German consonant shift, which spread from Elbe Germanic areas in the 7th century
8679:
5555:
17:
6593:
5478:
Language, law and loanwords in early medieval Gaul: language contact and studies in Gallo-Romance phonology.
1416:
Below is a non-exhaustive list of French words of Frankish origin. An asterisk prefixing a term indicates a
271:
8709:
7879:
7841:
7826:
5870:
The linguists distinguish Old Low Franconian from the other Franconian dialects, e. g., Rhenish Franconian.
5467:
vol. 1, Peter Lang, Oxford / Bern / Berlin / Bruxelles / Frankfurt am Main / New York / Wien, 2006, p. 93f.
7153:
6726:
1745:
8838:
8689:
8549:
7899:
7858:
7848:
6849:
5801:
5711:, edited by Erika Langbroek, Arend Quak, Annelies Roeleveld, Paula Vermeyden, published by Rodopi, 2002,
5482:
Het Nederlands in Noord-Frankrijk. Sociolinguïstische, dialectologische en contactlinguïstische aspecten.
1212:
1208:
1192:
1092:
566:
459:, and inherited words in Old Dutch, as recorded in the 9th to 12th centuries. A notable exception is the
6619:
683:
The language spoken by the Franks was part of the West Germanic language group, which had features from
8808:
7065:
6473:
6143:
825:
During this early period, the Franks were divided politically and geographically into two groups: the
821:
The location of the Franks around 475. "Les Francs rhénans" is the French term for "Ripuarian Franks".
8406:
5808:
Comparative Syntax of Old English and Old Icelandic: Linguistic, Literary and Historical Implications
5461:
Comparative Syntax of Old English and Old Icelandic: Linguistic, Literary and Historical Implications
1417:
6088:
https://www.bfmtv.com/culture/pourquoi-l-ile-de-france-s-appelle-t-elle-l-ile-de-france-1311110.html
8823:
8684:
8638:
8633:
8557:
8167:
8151:
8030:
7889:
7780:
7775:
6674:, s.v. "mason" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 559. This word is often erroneously attributed to *
5414:
696:
673:
632:
608:
204:
5860:
The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective
5656:
1215:, there are—apart from mere probability—some pieces of evidence, most importantly the development
8813:
8623:
8567:
8562:
8482:
8155:
8105:
7405:
7223:
6979:
6907:
6895:
6260:"whore, prostitute". However, the mainstream view sees this word as a formation built off of OFr
5868:
There has never been such a thing as one Frankish language. The Franks spoke different languages.
5125:
1165:
1138:
997:
919:
669:
665:
652:
602:
A proposed distribution of five primary Proto-Germanic dialect groups in Europe around 1–300 AD:
539:
455:
The Old Frankish language is poorly attested and mostly reconstructed from Frankish loanwords in
357:
199:
189:
8745:
8465:
7863:
413:
words and place names, including the eventual country's name of "France", have a Frankish (i.e.
8628:
8110:
8076:
7694:
7510:
7370:
7210:
7105:
3768:
1181:
375:
66:
8786:
8750:
8018:
8011:
7963:
7733:
7704:
7673:
7636:
7561:
7318:
7231:
7092:
7054:
6033:
5976:
5750:
5702:
1770:
1331:), meaning 'land of the Franks'. According to one hypothesis, the name for the Paris region,
1207:). These languages and dialects were later affected by serious language changes (such as the
1177:
787:
460:
8251:
7126:
5521:
8755:
8735:
8704:
8577:
8437:
8183:
8001:
7593:
7420:
7382:
7377:
7251:
7198:
6956:
6029:
5971:
5600:[Runic inscription with the oldest Dutch(?)]. Museum piece information (in Dutch).
5389:
4858:
1196:
1191:
in Germany possibly developed into, or were subsumed under, the German dialects called the
1126:
1120:
1065:
700:
8411:
8:
8694:
7930:
7884:
7818:
7571:
7218:
7131:
6929:
5863:
3511:
2330:
1766:
1475:
1357:
1275:). The Frankish legacy survives in these areas, for example, in the names of the city of
837:
are referred to just as Old Franconian dialects (or, by some, as Old Frankish dialects).
417:) origin. France itself is still known in some languages by terms literally meaning the "
8241:
8086:
7333:
1393:
1340:
65:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
8740:
8664:
8592:
8582:
8537:
8299:
8226:
8123:
7968:
7943:
7938:
7831:
7659:
7544:
7365:
7143:
7138:
7117:
7078:
6882:
6872:
5381:
4761:"house made with sawn beams", Many place names: "Melsele", "Broeksele" (Brussels) etc.
4376:
2197:
1580:
1377:
1373:
1204:
1200:
1019:
622:
582:
511:
477:
472:
437:
414:
194:
155:
7894:
1271:
The Franks conquered adjoining territories of Germany (including the territory of the
293:
287:
8714:
8513:
8429:
8422:
8377:
8321:
8081:
8071:
8054:
8049:
7953:
7715:
7515:
7476:
7294:
7186:
7168:
7020:
6039:
5981:
5916:
5811:
5782:
5754:
5743:
5720:
5712:
5561:
5557:
The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires: Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation
5527:
5394:
5181:
4733:
3045:
2204:
1429:
1353:
1345:
1158:
1154:
547:
302:
1259:
was probably the dialect that later developed into the Ripuarian Franconian dialect.
428:, whereas the Frankish varieties spoken in the Rhineland were heavily influenced by
8669:
8460:
8394:
8350:
8345:
8305:
8294:
8286:
8091:
8059:
8006:
7995:
7908:
7617:
7556:
7346:
7328:
7163:
6924:
6916:
6205:
6008:
5619:
in mind the function of the piece, some academics read the last word as "sword(s)".
4548:
3890:
3760:
2435:
2319:
2170:
1609:
1602:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1434:
1410:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1188:
834:
830:
728:
724:
677:
441:
147:
8506:
1332:
1227:
before spirants, which is found throughout Central Franconian but nowhere else in
1030:
402:
8699:
8659:
8492:
8399:
8382:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8064:
7973:
7958:
7913:
7765:
7728:
7720:
7699:
7686:
7666:
7652:
7415:
7392:
7323:
7313:
7305:
7085:
6580:
6480:
6150:
6094:
6062:"Romance languages | Description, Origin, Characteristics, Map, & Facts"
5419:
5367:
5215:
4517:
2441:
2043:
1678:
1406:
1398:
1369:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1104:
941:
817:
688:
656:
445:
410:
181:
163:
151:
33:
6645:
6545:
848:
558:
sub-grouping and with which it was thought to have had a common, tribal origin.
8780:
8674:
8654:
8606:
8498:
8372:
8042:
7809:
7748:
7527:
7484:
7441:
7358:
7353:
7242:
7192:
7043:
6994:
6949:
6942:
6769:
6696:
6574:
6367:
5738:
5601:
5353:
5271:
5062:
4726:
3106:
2419:
1639:
1631:
1323:'baron'). Old Franconian has introduced the modern French word for the nation,
1142:
1108:
952:
892:
881:
684:
570:
555:
551:
497:
481:
418:
311:
227:
122:
4386:"north, north wind, northern regions, (pl.) seven stars near the north pole",
691:(ca. 1st century BC). The West Germanic group is characterized by a number of
8802:
8730:
8572:
8328:
8279:
8096:
8035:
7948:
7853:
7791:
7738:
7622:
7549:
6519:
5252:
2431:
1338:
The influence of Franconian on French is decisive for the birth of the early
1265:
957:
826:
732:
642:
598:
543:
449:
429:
386:
264:
234:
159:
6349:"wood, timber" has many descendants in Romance languages, such as Sp and It
6086:
BFM (2017) Pourquoi l’Île-de-France s’appelle-t-elle l’Îe de France ?,
4669:
8599:
8023:
7987:
7920:
7743:
7566:
7539:
7522:
7466:
7425:
7007:
6986:
5643:
5507:
5375:
5205:
5199:
Franconian speech habits are also responsible for the replacement of Latin
4783:
2304:
1624:
1368:, etc., because its influence was greater than the respective influence of
1150:
1100:
1056:
language acquired the name of the people who came to speak it (Frankish or
1053:
1048:
1014:
501:
406:
8246:
977:
languages and dialects to the north and northeast, as well as the related
255:
8416:
8389:
8207:
8115:
7797:
7758:
7341:
7036:
7000:
6935:
6284:
is itself sometimes misidentified as deriving from a reflex of Germanic *
6118:
4862:
4623:
4603:
2570:
1256:
1228:
1173:
978:
974:
929:
914:
903:
612:
574:
562:
493:
485:
171:
8261:
6012:
5076:
4987:
4824:
3820:
874:
The approximate extent of Germanic languages in the early 10th century:
718:
8256:
8236:
7601:
7271:
6972:
6237:
4976:
4615:
2163:
1653:
1402:
1169:
756:
752:
704:
456:
390:
307:
167:
27:
West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century
5158:
5107:
5103:
4820:
8442:
8190:
7836:
7753:
7534:
7489:
7461:
7287:
6841:
6507:
Le Maxidico : dictionnaire encyclopédique de la langue française
6449:
6198:
3144:"freeborn; unsubjugated, answering to no one", nasalized variant of *
2563:
2065:
2058:
2033:
1548:"freeborn; unsubjugated, answering to no one", nasalized variant of *
1280:
1276:
1272:
1146:
1134:
1085:
1069:
1024:
1010:
1005:
1001:
993:
970:
937:
933:
796:
792:
768:
708:
692:
578:
527:
425:
280:
248:
143:
40:
8266:
6234:
Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language
6144:
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/cali003nieu01_01/cali003nieu01_01_0025.php
5274:
also adopted many words with Franconian roots from Old French; e.g.
4692:
1184:
to a significant degree. Limburgish itself has a number of dialects.
870:
664:
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups:
581:
and Old Frankish is largely negligible, with Old Dutch (also called
8231:
7579:
6424:, s.v. "screen", 1721. This term is often erroneously attached to *
5361:
1073:
760:
744:
736:
489:
6264:"bastard, lit. son conceived on a packsaddle", very much like OFr
778:
8272:
7868:
7770:
6329:
6236:, s.v. "bastard" (NY: Gramercy Books, 1996), 175: " perhaps from
6171:
5324:
5087:
3909:
1328:
800:
740:
515:
398:
342: Somme–Aisne Line, north of which Germanic toponyms dominate
112:
51:
7575:
6357:
as well, but the source of this Medieval Latin word is unclear.
5162:
5150:
4960:
4945:
4772:
4643:
4570:
1388:
1324:
1133:
The dialects spoken by the Salian Franks in the Low Countries (
981:(Anglo-Saxon) dialects spoken in southern and eastern Britain.
772:
748:
535:
523:
519:
394:
379:
132:
814:
These are the earliest sentences yet found of Old Franconian.
573:
not undergoing the consonantal shift, while all others did so
484:
have their origins in the first half of the 19th century when
7493:
5170:
4920:
4681:
4407:
1420:
of the Frankish word. Most Franconian words with the phoneme
1296:
1286:
1061:
986:
680:, rendering some individual varieties difficult to classify.
531:
5708:
Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik: Band 56 — 2002
1413:, more than in Common French, and not always the same ones.
1187:
It is speculated that the dialects originally spoken by the
843:
5941:, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27. On page 25: "
5671:
Rheinischer Fächer – Karte des Landschaftsverband Rheinland
5510:, which reached this position only in the High Middle Ages.
5129:
1043:
764:
488:
and Romantic thought heavily influenced the lexicon of the
6682:(c. 7th c.), while ignoring the Reichenau Glosses citing
5907:
5905:
4581:
1111:, which for the most part did not experience the shift.
6106:
See a list of Walloon names derived from Old Franconian
5703:"The Bergakker Inscription and the Beginnings of Dutch"
6762:
6038:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 318.
5902:
5937:
de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger,
1028:
in Germany and principally to the French province of
719:
Salian and Ripuarian Franks (3rd century–5th century)
329: North Sea (2.) and Elbe Germanic (3.) Varieties
6212:, some of which clearly point to variants like Gmc *
5343:
3119:"free, exempt; straightforward, without hassle" (LL
6757:
Dictionnaire étymologique et historique du français
6594:"Hauberk | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"
5999:Keller, R.E. (1964). "The Language of the Franks".
5857:
5497:
Jahrgang 71. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1953, S. 166–186.
3847:(diminutive suffix) with sense of "beetle, weevil"
1380:) on Occitan, the Romance languages of Iberia, and
496:of the time, including pivotal figures such as the
6755:Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterrand, and Albert Dauzat,
6620:"Garden | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"
6256:marriage ". Further, MDu had a related expression
5742:
5737:Hawkins, John A. (1987). "Germanic languages". In
5495:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde.
1172:. Old Limburgish continued to develop under heavy
1145:, which itself has a number of distinct dialects.
361:
99:
6678:"maker", based on Isidore of Seville's rendering
6035:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity
5652:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“
5094:"dogwood", dialectally "privet", (dial. Eastern)
4348:(790–793 A.D.) "north" + "frankish district" (Du
405:were outnumbered by the local populace who spoke
158:) by the 9th century, which dissolved with other
8800:
6837:A linguistic analysis of the Bergakker scabbard.
6177:"alder god", a comparison with the treatment of
5231:), and for the preservation of Latin nominative
5862:. Studies in historical archaeoethnology, v.6.
5858:Green, Dennis H.; Frank Siegmund, eds. (2003).
310:in late antiquity, without smaller exclaves in
6019:
5598:"Runeninscriptie met het oudste Nederlands(?)"
5450:12, Language Science Press, Berlin, 2023, p. 3
2713:"swingle-dag, tool for beating fibrous stems"
6857:
5506:Note: The line is not the same as the later
5405:List of Portuguese words of Franconian origin
5706:
5668:
5650:
5640:
5634:Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem
5630:
5425:List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
505:
6394:The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology
6353:"wooded." This is clearly the origin of Fr
6028:
1498:before another consonant developed it into
1450:'quarrel'), which entered modern French as
928: Continental West Germanic languages (
142:Gradually evolved into Old Low Franconian (
6864:
6850:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5410:List of Spanish words of Franconian origin
1287:Influence on Old French and Middle English
852:The Frankish conquests between 481 and 814
6520:""etymologiebank.nl" ,s.v. "war" "chaos""
6432:"screen"), but neither the vowel nor the
5519:
844:Frankish Empire (5th century-8th century)
6474:Nieuw woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal
5980:, p. 29, Biblo & Tannen Publishers,
5773:
5767:
5444:Germanic syntax: A constraint-based view
1295:came from Frankish, often replacing the
869:
847:
816:
777:
597:
301:
146:) and the Old High Franconian dialects (
8829:Languages attested from the 5th century
6759:, s.v. "osier" (Paris: Larousse, 2007).
6440:order match. Instead, *skermo gave OFr
6336:"barn"); yet, this connection is false.
5926:
5850:
5736:
5730:
5400:List of French words of Germanic origin
2514:"to drag along, trail"; further to MDu
1114:
723:The scholarly consensus concerning the
577:. As a result, the distinction between
554:, which is traditionally placed in the
14:
8801:
6871:
6672:Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
6571:Gran Diccionari de la llengua catalana
6492:unsure etymology, debatable. The word
6022:A short history of the German language
5998:
5480:Leiden, 2018, S. 24 und H. Ryckeboer:
8535:
8149:
6893:
6845:
6652:from the original on 15 November 2011
6020:Chambers, W.W.; Wilkie, J.R. (1970).
5805:
5779:Old English and Its Closest Relatives
8834:Languages extinct in the 9th century
6546:""etymologiebank.nl" ,s.v. "wirwar""
6400:or the clumsy phonetic match OLFrk *
6001:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
5749:. Oxford University Press. pp.
5695:
5235:"man" as an impersonal pronoun: cf.
4868:"to quarrel, claim by law, accuse";
4508:"instrument for striking the hand",
3866:"rooster", (dial. Rhine Franconian)
3595:"to defect, become unfaithful", OHG
1315:'war') or social organization (e.g.
45:
7426:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6737:from the original on 29 August 2017
5553:
5520:Willemyns, Roland (11 April 2013).
2522:"to stir; move away, back up", OHG
1428:when entering Old French and other
1079:
546:being much more closely related to
24:
8785:Languages between parentheses are
8150:
6125:from the original on 26 April 2013
5915:, pp. 6–18, Berghahn Books, 1999.
5655:. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004,
5243:"man (accusative)" and Old French
4394:"stormy wind, north wind, north",
1494:). Franconian words starting with
1387:Old Franconian has also left many
1168:dialects are represented today in
1099:) was a phonological development (
436:and would form part of the modern
306:Approximation of the Old Frankish
25:
8855:
6830:
6626:from the original on 1 March 2012
6600:from the original on 4 March 2016
6483:By I.M. Calisch and N.S. Calisch.
6162:Because the expected outcome of *
6068:from the original on 9 March 2013
5866:: The Boydell Press. p. 19.
5465:Studies in Historical Linguistics
5266:
4504:"sole of the foot"; further to G
4384:septemtrio(nes) / septentrio(nes)
4250:"wet grassland", (dial. Holland)
1733:Late, Vulgar, and Medieval Latin
1530:Dutch or other Germanic cognates
1335:, was also given by the Franks.
1064:", i.e. the "people's language".
799:. This phrase was used to free a
323: Old Frankish Varieties (1.)
6776:from the original on 22 May 2013
6707:from the original on 22 May 2013
6552:from the original on 22 May 2013
6526:from the original on 22 May 2013
6374:from the original on 22 May 2013
5977:A History of the French Language
5677:"LVR Alltagskultur im Rheinland"
5642:Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich,
5374:
5360:
5346:
4831:"to lay claim to, appropriate")
4827:; bring suit, vest a court" (ML
4307:"horse-servant, royal servant" (
3777:non-native to the Mediterranean
2727:"wand, rod", Du (dial. Holland)
1695:non-native to the Mediterranean
1442:('war' < Old Northern French
1107:, can be neatly contrasted with
50:
6814:
6801:
6788:
6749:
6719:
6689:
6664:
6638:
6612:
6586:
6564:
6538:
6512:
6500:
6486:
6467:
6415:
6386:
6360:
6339:
6227:
6156:
6137:
6111:
6099:
6080:
6054:
5990:
5965:
5960:Geschiedenis van het Nederlands
5952:
5875:
5824:
5795:
5662:
5624:
5476:Map made after: P. A. Kerkhof:
5227:) in Old French (Modern French
2389:likewise "screech owl" (cf. Sp
1293:French words of Germanic origin
1097:second Germanic consonant shift
1042:The Franks expanded south into
810:(I say, I free you, half-free.)
466:
434:Second Germanic consonant shift
409:dialects. However, many modern
8789:of the language on their left.
6280:"conceived in the brushwood".
6024:. London: Methuen. p. 33.
5590:
5581:
5554:Tor, D. G. (20 October 2017).
5547:
5523:Dutch: Biography of a Language
5513:
5500:
5487:
5470:
5453:
5448:Textbooks in Language Sciences
5436:
4702:"discolored, dirty", Du (old)
3870:"sloe bug, shield bug", Lilien
2901:"to peer, to peek, to scout",
2373:not distinguished in Latin: L
1348:, that appeared later such as
13:
1:
8680:Germanic substrate hypothesis
8536:
5781:. Stanford University Press.
5194:
1861:*becca/bicca "pickaxe/spade"
1823:"to sew up, to connect", OHG
382:from the 5th to 9th century.
8710:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
7401:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
6268:"conceived on a blanket", G
5913:History of the Low Countries
5833:THE LANGUAGE OF THE FRANKS l
3159:"unforced, sincere, frank",
2656:"to rip into five" (Cat/Occ
2652:"to move apart, distance"),
1709:"freeman", "bare of duties"
1559:"unforced, sincere, frank",
1243:; and (dated) Luxembourgish
865:
94:Old Franconian, Old Frankish
7:
8690:High German consonant shift
6368:"etymologiebank.nl "bruin""
5745:The World's Major Languages
5430:
5339:
5223:"at it" ≠ Italian, Spanish
4398:"northerly regions, north"
3640:"to protect, defend", Du be
3502:"hook", Du (dial. Holland)
3428:"frost (event); freezing")
3302:not distinguished in Latin
2911:"fencing" < Old Italian
1816:"to bind with bast string"
1213:Central Franconian dialects
1209:High German consonant shift
1193:Central Franconian dialects
1093:High German consonant shift
788:sword scabbard of Bergakker
707:(Weser–Rhine Germanic) and
567:High German consonant shift
10:
8860:
8819:Extinct Germanic languages
7228:Westlauwers–Terschellings
6881:According to contemporary
6770:"etymologiebank.nl "poot""
6304:"stall in a cow shed", ON
5098:, archaic (dial. Swabian)
4558:"treelimb"), see also Deu
3148:"rash, untamed, impudent"
2130:"to paint; embroider" (Fr
2119:"to embroider, decorate",
1552:"rash, untamed, impudent"
1446:, compare Old High German
1391:in the different northern
1118:
1083:
593:
588:
470:
38:
31:
8772:
8723:
8647:
8616:
8548:
8544:
8531:
8480:
8453:
8407:Southern Schleswig Danish
8338:
8219:
8175:
8166:
8162:
8145:
7986:
7929:
7817:
7808:
7713:
7685:
7644:
7635:
7610:
7592:
7503:
7475:
7449:
7440:
7391:
7304:
7279:
7270:
7209:
7104:
7053:
7028:
7019:
6915:
6906:
6902:
6889:
6879:
6316:"cattle shed", and OFris
5631:
5184:; pipe" (It/SwRom/FrProv
4898:"stand hard, stand firm"
4797:weide "pussy willow", OE
4086:"to live in debauchery")
3484:"bunch (of grapes)" (OFr
2974:"to go up, to mount" and
1794:"to baste, tie together")
1567:(idiom) "free as air" Du
1478:. Other examples include
1255:. The language spoken by
795:as well) is found in the
278:
262:
246:
241:
224:
178:
138:
128:
118:
108:
98:
93:
88:
63:about Frankish phonology.
8685:West Germanic gemination
8639:Ancient Belgian language
8634:Germanic parent language
8578:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
7700:Austrian Standard German
6894:
6007:(1): 101–122, esp. 122.
5939:Het verhaal van een taal
5415:Low Franconian languages
5038:"faithfulness, loyalty"
4406:"osier (basket willow);
4244:marasch, meresch, maersc
3713:guider "to guide"; guide
3599:"to bend, buckle, warp"
3213:"gather up, collect", G
2644:"to rip into fours" (It
1731:Germanic cultural import
1432:; however, the northern
1231:. Compare Luxembourgish
8844:West Germanic languages
6460:"to protect", comp. Du
6404:"to stir up" (cf. Fris
6276:"mantle child", and ON
6244:, presumed variant of *
6195:allie, allouche, alosse
5974:, A. H. Schutz (1938),
5484:Gent, 1997, S. 183–184.
4838:"to take legal action"
4038:"enclosed garden", Ofr
3881:"chafer" (cf. Fr dial.
3578:"to turn aside, avoid"
3163:"carefree, brazen", Du
2941:"(protective) screen",
2668:"to steal, reave" (OFr
2591:"mound, knoll, target"
2587:"aim, goal, target" or
2188:"to pound, crush", OFr
2142:"to grind, crush" (OFr
2030:"fortified settlement"
1720:"gravely", "bare", OHG
1563:"carefree, brazen", Du
1166:Old East Low Franconian
1139:Old West Low Franconian
1037:
1013:made the transition to
998:Old West Low Franconian
860:
807:"Maltho thi afrio lito"
362:
335: Romance Varieties
101:
8746:Preterite-present verb
8629:Proto-Germanic grammar
8583:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
7695:German Standard German
7371:East Frisian Low Saxon
6422:Webster's Encyclopedic
6392:Rev. Walter W. Skeat,
6209:
5884:Chapter 18: The Franks
5806:Davis, Graeme (2006).
5707:
5669:
5651:
5641:
5526:. OUP USA. p. 5.
5084:trugilboum, harttrugil
4845:"to nag, to quarrel",
4595:"pouch, change purse"
4524:"to blot, pat, stain"
3883:brgue, beùrgne, brégue
3759:"sour cherry", (dial.
3518:"torture clamp, vice"
3195:"to hit, strike" (OFr
1584:
1344:compared to the other
1320:
1312:
1304:
1137:, also referred to as
992:Philologists think of
962:
853:
822:
783:
731:groups, including the
703:(North Sea Germanic),
661:
540:West Germanic dialects
506:
430:Elbe Germanic dialects
393:(roughly, present-day
376:West Germanic language
350:
61:is missing information
8751:Grammatischer Wechsel
7734:Namibian Black German
7705:Swiss Standard German
7674:Early New High German
7232:Mainland West Frisian
7093:Harlingerland Frisian
6811:, s.v. "patois", 335.
6030:McKitterick, Rosamond
5031:"loyalty, agreement"
4390:"north wind, north",
3629:"to protect, defend"
3609:"to heal, cure" (OFr
3570:"ash-coloured, grey"
3488:"hook, grape stalk")
3123:"freeborn, freedman")
3036:"arrow feather", MDu
2518:"to shrink back", Du
2262:"to shock, to shake"
1307:'garden'), war (e.g.
1247:("goose"), Old Dutch
1182:mutually intelligible
1149:developed from early
1141:) developed into the
1084:Further information:
944:, Old High Frankish).
873:
851:
820:
782:Bergakker inscription
781:
601:
461:Bergakker inscription
305:
8756:Indo-European ablaut
8736:Germanic strong verb
8705:Germanic spirant law
7842:Southeast Limburgish
7338:Gelders-Overijssels
6967:Irish Middle English
6957:Early Modern English
6824:, s.v. "seize", 807.
6328:"cow stall", dial. (
6320:(and its loans: MLG
5810:. Bern: Peter Lang.
5646:, Dietrich Hakelberg
5390:Franconian languages
5057:"privet" (dialectal
4997:"to tumble", OS/OHG
4516:"to dabble", (dial.
3742:"heart cherry" (OFr
3644:"to keep, preserve"
3395:"frost (substance)"
2813:"crayfish" (cf. Occ
2806:"crayfish, lobster"
2599:"to rip, tear" (OFr
2569:"log, stump, butt",
2085:"to embroider" (OFr
1835:"liaison" (Du gemene
1827:"to mend, patch", G
1716:"to give birth", Du
1524:Current French word
1197:Ripuarian Franconian
1127:Franconian languages
1121:Franconian languages
1115:Franconian languages
633:Weser–Rhine Germanic
205:Weser–Rhine Germanic
8724:Synchronic features
8695:Germanic a-mutation
8648:Diachronic features
7998:in the broad sense
7931:East Central German
7885:Lorraine Franconian
7859:Transylvanian Saxon
7819:West Central German
7594:East Low Franconian
7504:West Low Franconian
6697:"etymologiebank.nl
6013:10.7227/BJRL.47.1.6
5864:Woodbridge, Suffolk
5683:on 15 February 2009
5632:Hans-Werner Goetz:
5306:(via Anglo-French *
3858:"lily beetle", blad
2621:"to shave, shear",
2526:"to pull, stretch"
2176:"to grind", but Fr
2111:"boar bristle", Du
1981:"bush, underbrush"
1767:reproductive season
1652:"whitebeam berry" (
1514:> Modern French
1502:- (e.g. Franconian
1490:('to guard', from *
1482:('gauntlet', from *
397:), its speakers in
8839:Medieval languages
8741:Germanic weak verb
8550:Language subgroups
7900:Pennsylvania Dutch
7849:Moselle Franconian
7827:Central Franconian
7660:Middle High German
7411:Central Pomeranian
7366:Northern Low Saxon
7079:Wangerooge Frisian
6873:Germanic languages
6798:, s.v. "pad", 640.
6670:C.T. Onions, ed.,
6579:2008-06-03 at the
6479:2014-10-06 at the
6444:"to fence", from *
6408:"to quiver", Icel
6272:"bench child", LG
6149:2014-10-06 at the
6119:"CNRTL, "escrime""
6093:2019-04-27 at the
5775:Robinson, Orrin W.
5382:Middle Ages portal
5282:, Old French verb
5075:"hard wood; small
4664:"kingdom", "rich"
4281:"military police"
4222:"group of people"
4165:"to beat, cut", G
4135:"bricklayer" (OFr
3206:"to jerk, snatch"
2583:"move, begin", OF
2359:"chough, jackdaw"
1418:reconstructed form
1378:Germanic languages
1205:Rhenish Franconian
1201:Moselle Franconian
963:
854:
823:
784:
662:
623:North Sea Germanic
583:Old Low Franconian
575:to varying degrees
478:Germanic philology
473:Name of the Franks
438:Central Franconian
351:
156:Central Franconian
8809:Frankish language
8796:
8795:
8781:extinct languages
8768:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8715:Great Vowel Shift
8527:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8476:
8475:
8322:Greenlandic Norse
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8072:Southern Bavarian
8055:Northern Bavarian
8031:Highest Alemannic
7982:
7981:
7716:standard variants
7631:
7630:
7477:Standard variants
7436:
7435:
7295:Middle Low German
7266:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7066:Saterland Frisian
6573:, s.v. "guinda",
6288:"barn"; cf. Goth
6270:Bankert, Bänkling
6045:978-1-139-47285-2
5958:van der Wal, M.,
5921:978-1-84545-272-8
5395:History of French
5255:" (compare Dutch
5192:
5191:
4853:"to accuse", OHG
4849:"court case", OS
4512:fuss "web foot",
4295:"horse-servant" (
3862:"leaf beetle", G
3417:"drool, slobber"
3402:"drool, slobber"
2489:"water parsnip")
2087:brosder, broisder
2077:"fortified city"
1992:"forest", "bush"
1950:blā, blau, blaeuw
1921:"white, shining"
1831:"to tinker"; MDu
1510:> Old Italian
1430:Romance languages
1346:Romance languages
1155:Hollandic dialect
548:Bavarian dialects
366:), also known as
300:
299:
237:(not widely used)
166:, and influenced
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
8851:
8573:Elbe (Irminonic)
8546:
8545:
8533:
8532:
8461:Mainland Gutnish
8351:Swedish dialects
8313:Middle Icelandic
8287:Middle Norwegian
8176:Historical forms
8173:
8172:
8164:
8163:
8147:
8146:
8106:South Franconian
8092:Hutterite German
8060:Central Bavarian
7880:Rhine Franconian
7815:
7814:
7645:Historical forms
7642:
7641:
7557:Surinamese Dutch
7450:Historical forms
7447:
7446:
7280:Historical forms
7277:
7276:
7029:Historical forms
7026:
7025:
6913:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6891:
6890:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6843:
6842:
6825:
6818:
6812:
6805:
6799:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6766:
6760:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6693:
6687:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6646:"Zoekresultaten"
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6590:
6584:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6490:
6484:
6471:
6465:
6419:
6413:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6364:
6358:
6343:
6337:
6308:"cow stall", OE
6231:
6225:
6160:
6154:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6025:
6016:
5994:
5988:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5950:
5935:
5924:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5856:M. Springer in:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5748:
5734:
5728:
5710:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5679:. Archived from
5674:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5604:. Archived from
5594:
5588:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5517:
5511:
5504:
5498:
5493:H. K. J. Cowan:
5491:
5485:
5474:
5468:
5457:
5451:
5440:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5336:) among others.
5328:(via Old French
5294:(via Old French
5278:(via Old French
5213:"at", then with
4887:"standard" (OFr
4433:Halster, Hilster
4303:"servant"); MDu
4288:"horse-servant"
3854:"rooster", lelie
3761:Rhine Franconian
3591:"to beckon", OS
3351:"to defend", OS
2961:estrieu, estrief
2879:is from Italian
2875:, Modern French
2789:"crayfish" (OFr
2610:"to cut, shear"
2497:"to dance" (OFr
2344:"barn owl" (OFr
1839:"commonwealth")
1790:"to build" (OFr
1521:
1520:
1279:and the area of
1223:and the loss of
1189:Ripuarian Franks
1080:German Franconia
1054:Colloquial Latin
949:
927:
911:
900:
889:
878:
835:Ripuarian Franks
831:Ripuarian Franks
725:Migration Period
678:Migration Period
650:
640:
630:
620:
606:
514:which spoke of "
509:
442:Rhine Franconian
365:
347:
341:
334:
328:
322:
296:
290:
274:
258:
251:
230:
184:
148:Rhine Franconian
104:
86:
85:
79:
76:
70:
54:
46:
21:
8859:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8824:Frankish people
8799:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8760:
8719:
8700:Germanic umlaut
8665:Holtzmann's law
8643:
8612:
8540:
8519:
8472:
8449:
8383:South Jutlandic
8368:Danish dialects
8334:
8215:
8158:
8129:
8111:East Franconian
8065:Viennese German
7978:
7959:Silesian German
7925:
7914:Central Hessian
7804:
7729:Namibian German
7718:
7709:
7687:Standard German
7681:
7667:New High German
7653:Old High German
7627:
7606:
7588:
7499:
7471:
7432:
7416:East Pomeranian
7406:Brandenburgisch
7393:East Low German
7387:
7314:Dutch Low Saxon
7306:West Low German
7300:
7258:
7224:Schiermonnikoog
7205:
7100:
7086:Wursten Frisian
7049:
7015:
6898:
6885:
6875:
6870:
6833:
6828:
6819:
6815:
6806:
6802:
6793:
6789:
6779:
6777:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6708:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6581:Wayback Machine
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6487:
6481:Wayback Machine
6472:
6468:
6420:
6416:
6412:"to convulse").
6391:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6344:
6340:
6312:"feed crib", E
6232:
6228:
6216:which gave MHG
6161:
6157:
6151:Wayback Machine
6142:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6095:Wayback Machine
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6046:
5995:
5991:
5970:
5966:
5957:
5953:
5936:
5927:
5910:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5735:
5731:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5629:
5625:
5611:
5609:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5518:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5492:
5488:
5475:
5471:
5458:
5454:
5442:Stefan Müller,
5441:
5437:
5433:
5420:Old High German
5380:
5373:
5368:Language portal
5366:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5302:"stand firm"),
5269:
5197:
5102:"small trough,
4971:"to fall" (OFr
4466:"osier", dial.
4277:
4232:"marsh, swamp"
4167:Metz, Steinmetz
4157:"masoner"; OHG
4082:"to lick" (OFr
4036:hortus gardinus
4016:grefuèlh, agreu
3930:"cover" (cf Du
3790:
3785:"to hate" (OFr
3773:Wassen, Wachsen
3769:East Franconian
3618:"healing" (OFr
3614:
3510:"hook", (dial.
3458:"to glide"; Du
3436:"to slip" (OFr
3324:"good, well" +
3183:
3155:"insolent", Du
3133:
3124:
3104:"cold", German
2959:"stirrup" (OFr
2874:
2868:
2742:"swingle-dag")
2701:"to steal" (It
2516:densen, deinsen
2385:"screech owl",
2180:"to sort"), LL
2104:"to embroider"
2100:"bristle" and *
1974:"wood, forest"
1805:
1800:
1795:
1732:
1688:"whitebeam", G
1527:Old Franconian
1506:and Old French
1289:
1123:
1117:
1105:Old High German
1088:
1082:
1066:Urban T. Holmes
1040:
961:
947:
945:
942:Old High German
925:
923:
909:
907:
898:
896:
887:
885:
876:
868:
863:
846:
721:
689:Jastorf culture
660:
648:
646:
638:
636:
628:
626:
618:
616:
604:
596:
591:
544:East Franconian
475:
469:
349:
345:
343:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
326:
324:
320:
318:
314:
292:
291:
286:
270:
267:
254:
247:
231:
226:
220:
185:
182:Language family
180:
164:Old High German
162:varieties into
152:East Franconian
80:
74:
71:
64:
55:
44:
37:
34:French language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8857:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8814:Dutch language
8811:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8783:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8624:Proto-Germanic
8620:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8603:
8596:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8565:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8542:
8541:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8499:Crimean Gothic
8488:
8486:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8445:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8375:
8373:Insular Danish
8370:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8356:Rinkebysvenska
8353:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8309:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8270:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8204:
8202:Old East Norse
8199:
8197:Old West Norse
8187:
8179:
8177:
8170:
8160:
8159:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8108:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8077:South Tyrolean
8069:
8068:
8067:
8057:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8019:High Alemannic
8016:
8015:
8014:
8009:
7992:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7935:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7887:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7861:
7856:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7823:
7821:
7812:
7810:Central German
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7768:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7751:
7749:Barossa German
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7725:
7723:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7663:
7656:
7648:
7646:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7528:French Flemish
7520:
7519:
7518:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7444:
7442:Low Franconian
7438:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7310:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7281:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7243:Westereendersk
7237:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7189:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7121:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7044:Middle Frisian
7040:
7032:
7030:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7004:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6950:Modern English
6946:
6943:Middle English
6939:
6932:
6921:
6919:
6910:
6900:
6899:
6887:
6886:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6831:External links
6829:
6827:
6826:
6813:
6800:
6787:
6761:
6748:
6718:
6688:
6663:
6637:
6611:
6585:
6563:
6537:
6511:
6499:
6485:
6466:
6414:
6385:
6359:
6338:
6248:marriage + OF
6226:
6155:
6153:(entry: Vrank)
6136:
6110:
6098:
6079:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6044:
6026:
6017:
5989:
5964:
5951:
5925:
5901:
5874:
5849:
5823:
5816:
5794:
5787:
5766:
5759:
5739:Bernard Comrie
5729:
5701:Bernard Mees,
5694:
5661:
5623:
5602:Valkhof Museum
5589:
5580:
5566:
5546:
5532:
5512:
5499:
5486:
5469:
5459:Graeme Davis,
5452:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5371:
5357:
5354:Germany portal
5341:
5338:
5290:"a running"),
5272:Middle English
5268:
5267:Middle English
5265:
5203:("with") with
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5174:
5143:
5137:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5080:
5069:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5017:
5002:
4991:
4980:
4965:
4964:
4949:
4934:
4928:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4899:
4892:
4881:
4880:
4869:
4839:
4832:
4813:
4812:
4807:"willow" (OFr
4801:
4787:
4776:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4740:
4707:
4696:
4685:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4654:
4647:
4636:
4635:
4596:
4585:
4574:
4563:
4562:
4525:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4448:mimbre, vimbre
4436:
4425:
4419:
4400:
4399:
4380:
4361:
4342:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4289:
4282:
4270:
4269:
4254:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4205:
4190:
4189:
4170:
4161:"stonemason",
4147:
4140:
4137:masson, machun
4129:
4128:
4105:
4094:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4064:"orchard"; OS
4054:
4047:
4028:
4027:
4000:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3959:
3955:, variant of *
3949:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3920:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3875:
3874:"lily beetle"
3848:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3816:
3805:
3799:
3794:"hatred" (OFr
3779:
3778:
3775:
3753:
3747:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3645:
3630:
3623:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3519:
3496:
3489:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3448:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3418:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3317:"to run well"
3311:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3290:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3236:"hornet" (OFr
3230:
3229:
3218:
3207:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3149:
3138:
3128:"France" (OFr
3113:
3112:
3110:
3094:
3087:
3072:
3071:
3052:
3051:"long arrow")
3030:
3024:
3017:
3016:
2997:
2979:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2945:"protection",
2931:
2924:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2880:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2750:"screen" (OFr
2744:
2743:
2732:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2684:
2677:
2662:
2661:
2626:
2611:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2577:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2527:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2465:kersse, korsse
2461:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2371:
2360:
2353:
2338:
2337:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2115:"bristle"; OS
2105:
2090:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2031:
2020:
2013:
2012:
1999:"forest" (OFr
1993:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1962:"light blue",
1956:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1902:blanc, blanche
1898:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1817:
1810:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1759:
1752:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1724:"freeman", OE
1710:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1667:
1660:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1553:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1533:Latin/Romance
1531:
1528:
1525:
1424:changed it to
1288:
1285:
1261:
1260:
1235:("ox"), Dutch
1185:
1162:
1157:spoken in the
1143:Dutch language
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1109:Low Franconian
1081:
1078:
1039:
1036:
953:Crimean Gothic
946:
924:
908:
897:
893:Old East Norse
886:
882:Old West Norse
875:
867:
864:
862:
859:
845:
842:
812:
811:
808:
720:
717:
685:Proto-Germanic
647:
637:
627:
617:
609:North Germanic
603:
595:
592:
590:
587:
571:Low Franconian
556:Low Franconian
550:than it is to
498:Brothers Grimm
482:German studies
471:Main article:
468:
465:
419:Frankish Realm
378:spoken by the
368:Old Franconian
344:
338:
331:
325:
319:
312:Gallia Belgica
298:
297:
284:
276:
275:
268:
263:
260:
259:
252:
244:
243:
242:Language codes
239:
238:
232:
228:Writing system
225:
222:
221:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
188:
186:
179:
176:
175:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:Western Europe
120:
116:
115:
110:
109:Native to
106:
105:
96:
95:
91:
90:
82:
81:
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8856:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8788:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8771:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8731:Germanic verb
8729:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8670:Sievers's law
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:Reconstructed
8615:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8534:
8530:
8516:
8515:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8479:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8430:Middle Danish
8427:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8306:Old Icelandic
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8280:Old Norwegian
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8098:
8097:Gottscheerish
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8036:Walser German
8034:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8002:Low Alemannic
8000:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7964:High Prussian
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7949:Erzgebirgisch
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7878:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Luxembourgish
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7792:Klezmer-loshn
7789:
7787:
7786:Scots Yiddish
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7623:Meuse-Rhenish
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:Kleverlandish
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7511:Central Dutch
7509:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7319:Stellingwarfs
7317:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7253:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:Wood Frisian
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7106:North Frisian
7103:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6908:Anglo-Frisian
6905:
6901:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6823:
6817:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6791:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6758:
6752:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6722:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6567:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6224:"whitebeam").
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6083:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5987:
5986:0-8196-0191-8
5983:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5955:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5853:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5817:3-03910-270-2
5813:
5809:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5788:0-8047-2221-8
5784:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5762:
5760:0-19-520521-9
5756:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5725:9789042015791
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5635:
5627:
5620:
5608:on 1 May 2019
5607:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5584:
5569:
5567:9789004353046
5563:
5559:
5558:
5550:
5535:
5533:9780199858712
5529:
5525:
5524:
5516:
5509:
5503:
5496:
5490:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5435:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5358:
5355:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:; privet", G
5089:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5001:"to tumble",
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4938:temse, teemse
4935:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:(to stand) +
4904:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4754:"hall, room"
4753:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:, purse", It
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4610:"bulge"), LL
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4500:"strike"; LG
4499:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4435:"bay willow"
4434:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4375:(province of
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:"teasingly")
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:"garden" (VL
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3919:"neck-cover"
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3836:"cockchafer"
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3701:"to confuse"
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:"bunch", Cat
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:"miser", OHG
3170:
3167:"France", Du
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:"fresh" (OFr
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2930:"to protect"
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:"to spy", HG
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:"chassis"; G
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:"tree stump"
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:"stump, log"
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2454:"watercress"
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:"eared owl",
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:"to elect"),
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:boaste, boask
1772:
1768:
1765:"lust, heat,
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:"alder"); Du
1683:
1680:
1677:"alder" (vs.
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1659:"whitebeam")
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:"miser", OHG
1574:
1571:"France", Du
1570:
1566:
1565:frank en vrij
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:langues d'oil
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:langues d'oïl
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:langues d'oïl
1336:
1334:
1333:Île-de-France
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1266:lingua franca
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:Île-de-France
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
959:
958:East Germanic
955:
954:
943:
939:
935:
931:
921:
920:West Germanic
917:
916:
906:
905:
895:
894:
884:
883:
872:
858:
850:
841:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:Salian Franks
819:
815:
809:
806:
805:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:morphological
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
658:
654:
653:East Germanic
644:
643:Elbe Germanic
634:
624:
614:
610:
600:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
450:Luxembourgish
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Proto-Romance
404:
403:Île-de-France
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Salian Franks
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
359:
358:reconstructed
355:
317:
313:
309:
304:
295:
289:
285:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
266:
265:Linguist List
261:
257:
253:
250:
245:
240:
236:
235:Elder Futhark
233:
229:
223:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:West Germanic
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:Indo-European
187:
183:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:West Germanic
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
97:
92:
87:
78:
75:February 2018
68:
62:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
18:West Frankish
8776:
8660:Verner's law
8605:
8600:Gotho-Nordic
8598:
8591:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8491:
8481:
8466:Fårö Gutnish
8428:
8421:
8327:
8320:
8311:
8304:
8285:
8278:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8122:
8024:Swiss German
7988:Upper German
7921:Amana German
7895:Volga German
7864:Hunsrückisch
7790:
7744:Unserdeutsch
7739:Berlinerisch
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7611:Cover groups
7567:Mohawk Dutch
7562:Jersey Dutch
7540:East Flemish
7523:West Flemish
7467:Middle Dutch
7456:
7421:Low Prussian
7293:
7286:
7252:Terschelling
7236:Clay Frisian
7211:West Frisian
7199:Wiedingharde
7191:
7179:
7139:Heligolandic
7116:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7055:East Frisian
7042:
7035:
7008:Middle Scots
7006:
6999:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6821:
6816:
6808:
6803:
6795:
6790:
6778:. Retrieved
6764:
6756:
6751:
6739:. Retrieved
6728:
6721:
6709:. Retrieved
6698:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6654:. Retrieved
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6614:
6602:. Retrieved
6588:
6570:
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6514:
6506:
6502:
6493:
6488:
6469:
6464:"to fence").
6461:
6457:
6453:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6376:. Retrieved
6362:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6300:, (Jutland)
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6262:fils de bast
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6201:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6139:
6129:13 September
6127:. Retrieved
6113:
6101:
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6056:
6034:
6021:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5975:
5972:U. T. Holmes
5967:
5962:, 1992 , p.
5959:
5954:
5946:
5945:. Page 27: "
5942:
5938:
5912:
5892:. Retrieved
5883:
5877:
5867:
5859:
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5832:
5826:
5807:
5802:Graeme Davis
5797:
5778:
5769:
5744:
5732:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5681:the original
5664:
5644:Heiko Steuer
5633:
5626:
5617:
5610:. Retrieved
5606:the original
5592:
5583:
5571:. Retrieved
5556:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5522:
5515:
5508:Benrath Line
5502:
5494:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5260:
5256:
5248:
5245:hum, hom, om
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5185:
5177:
5166:
5154:
5153:; pipe", Du
5146:
5140:
5133:
5121:
5114:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5083:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5008:(archaic Fr
5005:
4998:
4994:
4983:
4972:
4968:
4956:
4952:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4891:"standard")
4888:
4884:
4879:"to seize")
4876:
4872:
4865:
4857:"to strive,
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4816:
4809:sauz, sausse
4808:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:pussy willow
4779:
4768:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4700:salu, saluwe
4699:
4688:
4677:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4592:
4588:
4577:
4566:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:"paw" (Sard
4528:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:"foot sole"
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4450:"osier", Pg
4447:
4446:"withy", Sp
4443:
4442:"withy" (It
4439:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4372:
4371:"north", Du
4368:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:"serf"); Du
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4279:maréchaussée
4278:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4197:
4196:"many" (OFr
4193:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:"to mason",
4150:
4143:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:), later VL
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3965:"heron", Du
3962:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3843:"rooster" +
3840:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3613:"to defend")
3610:
3606:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3486:crape, grape
3485:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3315:wala hlaupan
3314:
3310:"to gallop"
3307:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3280:
3279:"rook" (OFr
3276:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2949:"shielding"
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:"to fence",
2934:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2833:"spur" (OFr
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2771:"cupboard",
2768:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2397:"night owl"
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:"to choose"
2269:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:"to grind",
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2160:"to break",
2157:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2134:"to paint")
2131:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2096:, blend of *
2093:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2019:"town/city"
2016:
2008:
2007:"wood" (OFr
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:bosch, busch
1985:
1978:
1971:
1966:"dark blue"
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1935:"blue" (OFr
1932:
1925:
1918:
1917:"to shine",
1914:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:elsene, else
1627:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1392:
1386:
1339:
1337:
1290:
1270:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1151:Modern Dutch
1124:
1101:sound change
1089:
1057:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1015:Middle Dutch
991:
983:
968:
964:
951:
913:
902:
891:
880:
855:
839:
824:
813:
785:
722:
713:
693:phonological
687:in the late
682:
663:
635:(Istvaeonic)
625:(Ingvaeonic)
561:In a modern
560:
502:stem duchies
494:philologists
476:
467:Nomenclature
454:
444:dialects of
423:
384:
372:Old Frankish
371:
367:
353:
352:
315:
279:
209:
72:
60:
29:
8675:Kluge's law
8655:Grimm's law
8438:Dalecarlian
8417:Perkerdansk
8390:East Danish
8208:Old Gutnish
8184:Proto-Norse
8124:Langobardic
8116:Vogtlandian
7944:Upper Saxon
7798:Lachoudisch
7759:Lotegorisch
7637:High German
7383:Westphalian
7378:Eastphalian
7342:Achterhooks
7219:Hindeloopen
7154:Bökingharde
7123:Föhr–Amrum
7037:Old Frisian
7001:Early Scots
6936:Old English
6296:, LG dial.
5890:. p. 4
5727:, pp. 23–26
5657:pp. 229–253
5612:10 November
5134:tuiel, tuel
5016:(a fall) )
4861:, rebuke",
4624:money pouch
4604:leather bag
4431:, LG dial.
4356:, Fri/LSax
4319:"marshal" (
3824:"to hate",
3811:"to hate",
3671:"to heal")
3622:"healing")
3506:"krank", G
3447:"to glide"
3372:"gauntlet"
3338:"to guard"
3175:"free man"
3135:franchement
3009:saltatorium
2993:"to rise",
2947:afscherming
2943:bescherming
2869:Old French
2867:"to watch"
2720:"bat, rod"
2683:"to steal"
2654:exquintiare
2642:exquartiare
2630:extractiāre
2368:kauw, kaauw
2366:"rook", Du
2352:"jackdaw")
2350:choë, choue
2316:excolligere
2249:"to shock"
2153:"to break"
1937:blou, bleve
1809:"fortress"
1776:"marriage"
1758:"marriage"
1744:"bastard" (
1579:"free man"
1257:Charlemagne
1229:High German
1174:Low Rhenish
1159:Cape Colony
985:called it "
979:Old English
975:Old Frisian
930:Old Frisian
915:Old English
904:Old Gutnish
645:(Irminonic)
613:Proto-Norse
486:Romanticism
389:settled in
172:superstrate
8803:Categories
8507:Burgundian
8423:Old Danish
8412:Gøtudanskt
8395:Bornholmsk
8257:Vestlandsk
8237:Kebabnorsk
7974:Halcnovian
7939:Thuringian
7602:Limburgish
7572:Stadsfries
7545:Brabantian
7272:Low German
7118:Eiderstedt
6973:Fingallian
6729:Henegouwen
6604:29 January
6497:debatable.
6436:and vowel/
6274:Mantelkind
6238:Ingvaeonic
6185:above and
5842:2 December
5717:9042015799
5687:23 October
5463:, series:
5446:, series:
5300:*standhard
5263:, "one").
5259:"man" and
5195:Old French
5169:"channel;
5092:Hartriegel
4977:somersault
4940:, obs. Du
4695:, sallow"
4616:coin purse
4591:, G dial.
4496:"paw", Du
4458:"withy"),
4396:aquilonium
4373:Henegouwen
4317:maarschalk
4286:marh-skalk
4276:"marshal"
4104:"to lick"
4093:"to lick"
4060:"garden",
4024:agrifoglio
4012:acrifolium
4004:aquifolium
3934:"hostel")
3900:"weevil")
3798:"hatred")
3789:"to hate")
3728:"to know"
3697:"tangle",
3512:Franconian
3462:"skid"; G
3217:"to grab"
3182:"freeborn"
3137:"frankly"
3003:(later ML
2983:steegereep
2873:"male spy"
2738:(Fr dial.
2646:squarciare
2638:stracciare
2625:"to tear"
2479:nasturtium
2393:"crazy"),
2357:kōwa, kāwa
2348:, dim. of
1844:construere
1804:"fortress"
1799:"building"
1657:alis, alie
1541:"to free"
1539:affranchir
1476:Portuguese
1403:Champenois
1370:Visigothic
1358:Portuguese
1170:Limburgish
797:Lex Salica
757:Ampsivarii
753:Chattuarii
705:Istvaeonic
701:Ingvaeonic
659:by 300 AD)
615:by 300 AD)
563:linguistic
528:Thuringian
457:Old French
391:Roman Gaul
385:After the
374:, was the
360:endonym: *
308:Sprachraum
168:Old French
8787:varieties
8779:indicate
8593:Northwest
8538:Philology
8443:Elfdalian
8378:Jutlandic
8300:Icelandic
8275:(written)
8269:(written)
8247:Trøndersk
8227:Norwegian
8191:Old Norse
8012:Coloniero
7996:Alemannic
7969:Wymysorys
7837:Colognian
7832:Ripuarian
7754:Rotwelsch
7584:Midslands
7535:Zeelandic
7516:Hollandic
7490:Afrikaans
7462:Old Dutch
7288:Old Saxon
7187:Karrharde
7169:Goesharde
7150:Mainland
6883:philology
6780:8 January
6741:29 August
6711:8 January
6656:24 August
6630:24 August
6556:8 January
6530:8 January
6398:deantiare
6378:8 January
6199:Berrichon
5894:18 August
5659:(p. 247).
5573:2 October
5560:. BRILL.
5312:skar-berg
5308:escauberc
5296:estandart
5247:→ modern
5115:ligustrum
4963:, sift")
4896:standhard
4889:estandart
4873:aderigere
4782:"sallow,
4554:, but Fr
4346:Nortgouue
4327:"comic",
4323:"mare" +
4311:"mare" +
4299:"mare" +
4155:metselaar
4068:"garden"
4062:boomgaard
4053:"garden"
3926:"neck" +
3828:"hatred"
3815:"hatred"
3767:, (dial.
3699:verwarren
3541:"grape")
3537:, but Fr
3328:"to run"
3281:frox, fru
3269:calabrone
3242:fursleone
3165:Frankrijk
3100:"fresh",
3011:(cf. MFr
2995:steigeren
2987:stijgreep
2915:< OFr
2895:bespieden
2886:"to spy"
2787:écrevisse
2736:pistillum
2694:"to rob"
2658:esquinçar
2648:, but Fr
2439:calambre,
2370:"chough"
2312:scegliere
2308:exēligere
2239:"brown"
2194:machīnare
2123:"needle"
1960:caeruleus
1896:(Celtic)
1848:costruire
1581:Norwegian
1569:Frankrijk
1374:Lombardic
1281:Franconia
1277:Frankfurt
1273:Allemanni
1251:, German
1239:, German
1147:Afrikaans
1135:Old Dutch
1086:Franconia
1070:Austrasia
1025:Franconia
1011:Old Dutch
1006:Old Dutch
1002:Old Dutch
994:Old Dutch
971:Old Saxon
938:Old Dutch
934:Old Saxon
866:Austrasia
793:Old Dutch
709:Irminonic
579:Old Dutch
507:Altstämme
490:linguists
426:Old Dutch
281:Glottolog
249:ISO 639-3
144:Old Dutch
129:Ethnicity
67:talk page
41:Old Dutch
8514:Vandalic
8457:Gutnish
8262:Vikværsk
8242:Sognamål
8232:Bergensk
8082:Cimbrian
8050:Bavarian
8007:Alsatian
7954:Lusatian
7890:Palatine
7580:Amelands
7457:Frankish
7347:Sallaans
7329:Gronings
7180:Southern
7173:Northern
7164:Halligen
7113:Insular
6930:dialects
6822:op. cit.
6820:Onions,
6809:op. cit.
6796:op. cit.
6794:Onions,
6774:Archived
6735:Archived
6705:Archived
6650:Archived
6624:Archived
6598:Archived
6577:Archived
6550:Archived
6524:Archived
6477:Archived
6462:schermen
6458:schermen
6446:skirmjan
6442:eskirmir
6428:(cf. Du
6372:Archived
6278:hrísungr
6175:Alisanos
6147:Archived
6123:Archived
6091:Archived
6066:Archived
6032:(2008).
5777:(1992).
5431:Endnotes
5340:See also
5332:, from *
5310:, from *
5304:scabbard
5292:standard
5221:apud hoc
5188:"pipe")
5024:"truce"
4995:tuimelen
4885:standard
4713:(cf. It
4711:succidus
4706:"tawny"
4630:, Sp/Pg
4518:Bavarian
4514:patschen
4470:, Friul
4460:vinculum
4341:"north"
4305:marscalc
4293:marscalk
4274:maréchal
4239:"marsh"
4218:"many",
4204:"many")
4186:muratóre
4182:muradore
4169:"mason"
4146:"mason"
4113:línghere
3983:"holly"
3969:"heron"
3948:"heron"
3917:halsberg
3872:hähnchen
3834:hanneton
3757:Weichsel
3733:dērigere
3715:"guide"
3665:medicāre
3655:, Sp/Pg
3620:garrison
3616:guérison
3576:guenchir
3568:cinereus
3470:"track"
3424:(cf. Fr
3385:"glove"
3267:(cf. It
3180:ingenuus
3093:"fresh"
3023:"arrow"
3013:saultoir
2968:stīgarēp
2935:schermen
2923:"fight"
2921:escremir
2917:escremie
2811:cammārus
2775:"fence"
2773:Schranke
2740:pesselle
2699:furicare
2634:estraçar
2623:scheuren
2597:déchirer
2581:desbuter
2553:"begin"
2485:(but Fr
2471:, dial.
2434:crampe,
2408:*krampa
2405:"cramp"
2342:chouette
2334:escolher
2323:escollir
2310:(cf. It
2260:schokken
2222:"brown"
2212:maşinare
1904:"white"
1894:cervisia
1858:"spade"
1802:bastille
1797:bâtiment
1728:"noble"
1666:"alder"
1592:līberāre
1508:escremie
1397:such as
1354:Romanian
1074:Neustria
1058:Français
829:and the
761:Tencteri
745:Bructeri
737:Sicambri
729:Germanic
536:Frankish
516:Bavarian
512:taxonomy
432:and the
415:Germanic
363:Frankisk
354:Frankish
294:oldd1237
288:fran1264
210:Frankish
195:Germanic
102:Frenkisk
89:Frankish
8777:Italics
8400:Scanian
8346:Swedish
8295:Faroese
8273:Nynorsk
8252:Valdris
8087:Mòcheno
8043:Swabian
7909:Hessian
7869:Hunsrik
7781:Western
7776:Eastern
7771:Yiddish
7721:creoles
7618:Bergish
7334:Drèents
7324:Tweants
7176:Central
7158:Mooring
7021:Frisian
6980:Kildare
6925:English
6807:Skeat,
6456:, Du be
6454:scirman
6402:dintjan
6351:boscoso
6330:Zeeland
6286:banstis
6266:coitart
6258:basture
6206:Walloon
6172:Gaulish
5741:(ed.).
5649:(ed.):
5298:, from
5286:, from
5241:hominem
5132:" (OFr
5088:dogwood
4953:crībrum
4925:tamigio
4909:"hard"
4859:quarrel
4747:"room"
4715:sudicio
4653:"rich"
4556:branche
4549:Romansh
4543:, Prov
4506:Patsche
4468:vinchio
4452:vimeiro
4429:halster
4423:halster
4416:auseria
4410:" (OFr
4377:Hainaut
4369:noorden
4329:schalks
4258:paludem
4220:menigte
4211:"many"
4209:menigþa
4180:, Sard
4178:murador
4174:murator
4117:lambere
4109:lingere
4084:lechier
3957:hraigro
3953:heigero
3932:herberg
3910:hauberk
3906:haubert
3879:bruchus
3860:haantje
3856:haantje
3765:Waingsl
3751:wīksina
3669:medcuar
3597:wenchen
3593:wenkian
3583:wenkjan
3563:"grey"
3556:"grey"
3549:"grey"
3523:racemus
3495:"hook"
3475:planare
3464:gleiten
3456:glijden
3434:glisser
3363:servare
3349:waerden
3308:galoper
3238:furlone
3193:frapper
3130:Francia
3121:francus
3084:fresche
3056:sagitta
3049:fliecke
3038:vliecke
3028:fliukka
2991:stijgen
2978:"band"
2970:, from
2913:scrimia
2909:escrime
2891:spieden
2835:esporon
2823:camarão
2819:gambero
2815:chambre
2791:crevice
2769:Schrank
2765:schrank
2703:frugare
2666:dérober
2650:écarter
2619:scheren
2608:skerian
2601:escirer
2539:ballare
2531:ballare
2520:deinzen
2499:dancier
2452:cresson
2417:Krampf,
2413:crampe,
2377:"owl",
2327:escoger
2297:ēligere
2270:choisir
2254:skukjan
2247:choquer
2235:and Du
2186:pestare
2182:pistāre
2174:trissar
2167:tritāre
2132:peindre
2128:pingere
2117:brordōn
2113:borstel
2102:brordōn
2094:brosdōn
1964:lividus
1915:blinken
1877:"beer"
1829:basteln
1814:bastian
1807:bastion
1601:"awl" (
1587:"rude"
1516:escrime
1512:scrimia
1472:Spanish
1468:Catalan
1464:Occitan
1460:Italian
1411:Walloon
1407:Lorrain
1382:Italian
1366:Italian
1362:Spanish
1350:Occitan
1329:Francia
1178:Limburg
1020:endonym
741:Chamavi
594:Origins
589:History
534:" and "
532:Swabian
524:Frisian
399:Picardy
316:Legend:
113:Francia
8493:Gothic
8363:Danish
8267:Bokmål
7766:Yenish
7576:Bildts
7359:Veluws
7354:Urkers
7193:Strand
6917:Anglic
6680:machio
6430:scherm
6426:skermo
6406:dintje
6347:boscus
6294:banste
6292:, MDu
6290:bansts
6072:23 May
6042:
5984:
5919:
5814:
5785:
5757:
5723:
5715:
5705:, in:
5564:
5539:23 May
5530:
5330:marche
5284:randir
5280:randon
5276:random
5165:", OE
5163:nozzle
5151:nipple
5100:Trügel
5096:Trögel
5077:trough
5073:trugil
5066:trūlla
5059:truèle
5055:troène
5029:treuwa
5006:cadere
4988:tumble
4969:tomber
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4957:crible
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4618:" (Fr
4606:" (Fr
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4454:, Cat
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4388:boreas
4352:, Deu
4325:schalk
4321:merrie
4297:marchi
4266:palude
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4230:marais
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4151:metsen
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4102:likken
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3803:hatjan
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3686:"war"
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3649:sānāre
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3607:guérir
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3007:), ML
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