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1634:: they agreed to remove tariffs between one another within a period of twelve years, and to erect a common tariff barrier between themselves and other countries. Seven of the excluded European countries (United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal) responded with an alternative free trade area, EFTA, which also removed tariff barriers between each other, but did not insist on a tariff barrier with other countries. The EFTA convention was signed in January 1960 and was to come into force in May 1960. On 3 March 1960, Hallstein announced a plan for accelerating the implementation of the common market, which commentators regarded as sabotaging hopes of a joint free trade area that included the EEC and EFTA. This invoked the displeasure, not only of the EFTA countries, but also of the Economics Ministry under Erhard. Commentators talked of Hallstein's "religious zeal".
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the idea of absolute and inalienable national sovereignty, but also the
British idea of a European balance of power. Partly as a result of the Americans' re-education programme, Hallstein developed an interest in the United States Constitution and American history between independence in 1776 and the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, when the United States was a confederation of states. The problems that the United States experienced were, in his view, due partly to the states defending their sovereignty. He rejected the concept of the unitary nation-state favoured by the French, in favour of a federal solution, and concluded that Europe should follow the American path towards a federal solution. However, he wished to retain Europe's diversity and opposed the idea of Europe becoming a "melting pot".
901:
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2331:, an "anonymous force only works through human will ... inner logic, which is stronger than the capricious dictates of politics"). This meant setting up a situation in such a way that the desired goal would be achieved because people faced with future problems and choices would naturally choose the desired path – not automatically, but because the inherent logic of the situation would favour the desired choice. For instance, installing common tariffs would naturally lead to the need for a common trade policy; prescribing free movement for people, services, and capital would tend to lead to a common infrastructure, including a common tax policy, a common budgetary policy, and a common currency.
38:
1657:, led the negotiations in Britain's first attempt to join the EEC. Hallstein, as president of the EEC Commission, was cautious, considering the British application premature. Of British politicians, only Heath was able to establish a rapport with Hallstein. The Financial Times (of 2 August 1961) wrote that Hallstein was one of the least enthusiastic about British membership of the EEC. In British government circles he was at first seen as siding with the French and de Gaulle, against Britain and the other five members of the EEC, who were more welcoming to Britain, and as favouring the French protectionist position. Elements of the British Press, notably the
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technocrat, was accorded by foreign states. Hallstein, for his part, was watchful that, as representative of the commission, he was accorded the status normally accorded to a head of state. De Gaulle complained of the
Commission usurping a political role reserved for governments and of Hallstein usurping a role reserved for heads of government or heads of state; he attacked Hallstein personally saying that Hallstein was trying to turn the EEC into a superstate, with Brussels as its capital; he talked of defending French democracy against an unaccountable and stateless technocracy, "a technocratic
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1860:, they became public, and Hallstein then presented them to the European Parliament on 24 March, a week before presenting them to the council. When Hallstein put forward his proposals, the council was already concerned. France rejected the idea of the increased powers for the European Parliament and of the Community having its own independent revenues, insisting that what had been agreed by the Council regarding the financing of the common agricultural policy be implemented by 30 June 1965. He accused Hallstein of acting as if he were a
1840:(CAP) to the European Parliament. It was proposed that customs duties collected at EEC borders would go to the community budget and that the Common Agricultural Market would be implemented as scheduled on 1 July 1967 – but the customs union for industrial products would also be implemented at the same time, two and a half years earlier than provided for in the Rome Treaty. The proposals would have allowed the Community to develop its own financial resources independently of the member states and given more budgetary powers to the
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1410:, that it would benefit Germany. Hallstein helped to strike a deal by which the imports and exports of overseas territories would be treated like products of the mother country and private investment and company branches of other member states would be permitted, thus opening up the overseas territories for German exports. Hallstein helped deal with these problems at two conferences of foreign ministers, one from 26 to 27 January 1957 and another on 4 February.
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1947:, pushed for a revision of the treaties; this was opposed by the other five member states. At the Council meeting of 25 to 26 October they passed a resolution stating that a solution "must be found within the provisions of the existing treaties". As a compromise, however, they offered the possibility of an extraordinary meeting of the council to discuss "the general situation of the Community" – without the Commission being invited.
1616:
7939:
2782:, respectively. However, for much of the time, the Federal Republic of Germany claimed to represent the whole of Germany, and this was generally acknowledged by its allies and reflected in the language of international treaties. This should be borne in mind when any of these terms is used, since any term may be taken imply a point of view but it is not possible to avoid all problematic terms. For details, see
1373:(OEEC) to examine the possibility of a free trade area for industrial goods. The French, mainly interested in Euratom, attempted to separate the debate on the two topics and proposed a compromise treaty under which only the general principles of a common market would be agreed, leaving details to be decided later, but Germany made negotiations on Euratom dependent on negotiations on a common market. At the
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colleagues, allocating jobs among them, controlling several thousand officials who were appointed, promoted and remunerated at his discretion, receiving the credentials of foreign ambassadors, laying claim to high honors on the occasion of his official visits, concerned above all to further the amalgamation of the Six, believing that the pressure of events would bring about what he envisaged.
1169:. But in this area particularly, German foreign policy became associated with the name Hallstein. In 1955, Hallstein and Grewe accompanied Adenauer as members of a delegation to Moscow, where the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bonn and Moscow was agreed. It was on the flight back from Moscow that the policy that was later to become known as the
1362:) was finally presented in April 1956, it recommended a customs union. In the Cabinet meeting of 9 May 1956 there was renewed opposition to the position of the Foreign Office from other ministers, but Adenauer lent his support to Hallstein, and the Cabinet authorized intergovernmental negotiations, to be held at the conference of foreign ministers in
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terms, which in his view meant that the French would push for a quick decision in favour of
Euratom and delay the negotiations on the common market. Hallstein was supported by the foreign ministers of the Netherlands and Luxembourg, against France, in demanding a fixed deadline and timetable for the establishment of a common market. The
1607:, wanted Britain to be part of an integrated Europe. Hallstein opposed the idea of a wider free trade area at this time, advocating first achieving a greater degree of integration among a smaller number of countries. Discussions on the possibility of a wider trade area, avoiding the tariff wall between the EEC and the
1723:, which he envisaged as part of a European defence capability independent of the United States. This independence from the United States was one of de Gaulle's main objectives; he was against the increased integration of Europe under the umbrella of transatlantic integration as provided for in the Rome treaties.
2151:, a private organization founded in 1948 as the umbrella organization of various organizations in favour of European integration, where he continued to promote his vision of a "United States of Europe". Hallstein retained this office until 1974, when he did not stand for re-election, being followed by
1827:
as from July 1965, including its financing from direct levies rather than national contributions; this would entail a transfer of revenues to the
Community. The ministers representing other countries, in particular the Netherlands, indicated that their national parliaments would not approve transfer
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were regarded as the strongest contenders for the position. The conference of foreign ministers on 20 December 1957 could not reach a decision, so when the
Treaties of Rome took effect on 1 January 1958, the position had not been filled. At the conference of foreign ministers on 6 and 7 January 1958,
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agreed to intergovernmental negotiations, with three provisos: the economic community was to be established in stages; customs tariffs should be reduced by only 30%; and national governments should not be overly constrained with regard to economic policy. Hallstein warned against accepting the French
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When the French foreign minister Couve de
Murville returned to the negotiating table after Hallstein's official term of office in January 1966, he insisted on Hallstein's departure and the nomination of someone else to be the head of the new commission, which would in future be the commission shared
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of the foreign ministers produced a report recommending a compromise by making both the agricultural levies and the customs duties available to be used for
Community purposes but not centralizing the process; however, Hallstein refused to broker this deal, and suggested employing the common practice
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announced that France would leave the EEC if the
European Agricultural market were not implemented in the agreed form by 15 December 1964. On 1 December 1964, Erhard, now head of government in Germany, announced that Germany would accede to French demands for a common wheat price, and on 15 December
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A lawyer and an expert in international law, Hallstein saw a strong legal foundation as essential. His model of a federal Europe borrowed from the federal structures of
Germany, the United States and Switzerland. Hallstein later wrote that the experience of Nazi Germany led him to distrust not only
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He spoke of a trade-off between the different dimensions, for instance: the larger the number of members, the less integration would be possible in a given time. His model included the coexistence of different
European organizations of differing sizes and with differing degrees of integration. Such
1954:
In January 1966, the six foreign ministers agreed to suggest to the Commission that the Permanent Representatives of the ministers should be consulted before making any major proposals and not to publish such proposals before they had been dealt with by the Council of Ministers. The other five took
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that re-affirmed the commitment to close transatlantic ties, the enlargement of the existing European Communities and attempts to secure Britain's accession. Since Britain had firmly expressed its unwillingness to support an autonomous European defence independent of America, de Gaulle regarded the
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countries, continued, but in the middle of preparations for the negotiations the French government, on instructions from de Gaulle, withdrew. This unilateral action by the French in November 1958 displeased the other EEC members and effectively ended the negotiations. German politicians like Erhard
1160:
In 1955, Germany had in large measure regained its sovereignty and become integrated into western defence-organizations, the WEU and NATO; European integration had progressed, with the establishment of the ECSC; the Saar question was to be resolved by the referendum in October 1955. In all of these
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was filled by Adenauer himself. On 2 April 1951, Hallstein was made the leading civil servant at the newly created Foreign Office. Foreign policy continued to be managed by Adenauer himself with his group of intimates, including Hallstein, Blankenhorn and others. In many respects Hallstein was the
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was a way for Europe to become an equal partner of the United States – and as a way for Germany to "rejoin the organized community of free peoples". He envisaged a planned, gradual evolution involving a number of projects, coming together to produce a coherent whole. At first he talked of the
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passed a resolution appealing to the governments to take this step toward strengthening a democratic and federal Europe. Hallstein supported this. Hallstein had received indications that other countries shared his point of view and decided to risk the confrontation with de Gaulle, interpreting the
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Differing interests and traditions in the member states and differences of opinion among the politicians meant that consensus was difficult. The disagreements that had preceded the creation of the EEC continued after it was established, and these were reflected within the commission. For instance,
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Hallstein strove for a Europe based on the rule of law ("law in place of force"). His concept of European union was that of a "community" based on democracy and the rule of law — not a federation (because it was not yet a state), nor a confederation ("because it was endowed with the power of
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and the internal threat of conflict between the states of central and western Europe and the political and economic fragility of some European democracies. Hallstein and his staff at the Foreign Office aimed for a constitutional framework in the federalist sense – a supranational concept that was
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He was ardently wedded to the thesis of the super-State, and bent all his skilful efforts towards giving the Community the character and appearance of one. He had made Brussels, where he resided, into a sort of capital. There he sat, surrounded with all the trappings of sovereignty, directing his
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De Gaulle recognized Hallstein's service to European integration, but attributed it to German patriotism, serving the interests of Germany, enabling Germany to re-attain a respect and status in Europe that it had lost because of Hitler. De Gaulle resented the status that Hallstein, for him a mere
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Since there was no agreement on a replacement for Hallstein when his term ended on 8 January 1966, he remained in office as a caretaker (based on Article 159 of the EEC Treaty). This also meant that the planned merger of the three communities, which was to have taken place on 1 January 1966, was
1908:
at the time, Hallstein agreed, on 30 June 1965, to work out a compromise. The same day, however, after consulting with de Gaulle, Couve de Murville announced that no agreement had been reached by the agreed deadline and that the negotiations had failed. France's presidency of the council, which
1712:
De Gaulle also envisaged a pooling of sovereignty in certain areas, such as external defence, harmonization of industrial production and foreign trade, currency, exploitation of resources in overseas territories, and cultural and scientific development, but at the same time he was developing the
1215:
No official text of the so-called "doctrine" was made public, but it was explained publicly in a radio interview by its main architect, Wilhelm Grewe. Adenauer also explained the outlines of the policy in a statement to the German parliament on 22 September 1955. It meant that the Federal German
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held to decide whether the Saar would remain separate from Germany or be re-integrated into Germany, following which it was agreed with France that there would be political integration into the Federal Republic of Germany by 1 January 1957 and economic integration by 1 January 1960. In September
2354:
People who knew Hallstein described him as someone with keen intellect, an excellent command of language, and high reliability. But he was also perceived by those who knew him as cold, unapproachable, and excessively intellectual, respected rather than liked. British Prime Minister Edward Heath
1917:
A few days later, on de Gaulle's instructions, France ceased participation in all meetings of the Council of Ministers and the Council of Permanent Representatives that dealt with any new decisions. Participation in many working groups ceased, and the French Permanent Representative to the EU,
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Or on sait, Dieu sait si on le sait! qu'il y a une conception différente au sujet d'une fédération européenne dans laquelle, suivant les rêves de ceux qui l'ont conçue, les pays perdraient leur personnalité nationale, et où, faute d'un fédérateur, tel qu´a l'Ouest tentèrent de l'être – chacun
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was the governing party. At the CDU "Euroforum 68" congress in SaarbrĂĽcken in January 1968, Hallstein was celebrated as the future foreign minister, should the CDU win the 1969 federal election. He proposed to confront de Gaulle and counter his attempts to "devalue" and "weaken" the European
2844:
Im Prinzip haben wir keine (politischen) Kompetenzen ... weil davon nichts im Römischen Vertrag steht. Dennoch tragen wir eine politische Verantwortung, weil wir selbst ein politisches Unternehmen sind und kein wirtschaftliches. Der Gemeinsame Markt hat das Ziel, Europa politisch zu
1212:. Grewe himself writes that he did devise the broad outlines of the policy, but mainly as one of a number of options, the decisions being made by the foreign minister, Brentano, and the chancellor, Adenauer; in any case, the name Hallstein doctrine may have been something of a misnomer.
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Central to Hallstein's ideas on Europe was his vision of a federal Europe. He called European integration a "revolutionary endeavour" that would take a long time. According to Hallstein's analysis of the situation, European integration was favoured by the external threat from the
814:, for a European Coal and Steel Community that would unify control of German and French coal and steel production, and talks were started with this aim. Germany had still not regained its sovereignty following defeat in World War II, and was represented internationally by the
619:
In 1935, Hallstein attempted to start a military career alongside his academic duties. In 1936, he managed to integrate a voluntary military service in an artillery unit. In the years between 1936 and 1939, he attended several military courses and was made a reserve officer.
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In principle, we have no political competences ... because there is nothing of that nature in the Rome Treaty. But we have political responsibility because we are a political – not an economic – enterprise. The Common Market has the goal of unifying Europe
2083:
The issue that triggered the Empty Chair Crisis was the financing of the common agricultural policy, which was of critical interest to France: from 1962 to 1964, France had received 46 million US dollars from the agricultural fund, eighty-five per cent of all revenue.
1584:
1027:. The German side was represented by Adenauer, the German chancellor, together with the top civil servants at the German Foreign Office: Hallstein, his colleague Blankenhorn, and his deputy, Grewe. Hallstein helped negotiate various treaties at the London
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structures and characterized the Foreign Office proponents of a federal Europe as out of touch with economic realities. In the dispute, Adenauer finally supported Hallstein, settling the acrimonious, and public, conflict between Hallstein and Erhard.
1266:, with the scope gradually increasing to include additional sectors, and with true parliamentary representation of the European populace. Hallstein contended that institutional integration was in the interests of a successful German export industry.
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in 1957. Shortly before the conference, Adenauer had given up his double post as Foreign Minister and, since Brentano had not yet been sworn in, Hallstein led the German delegation. The agenda included discussion of an action programme to relaunch
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however, Hallstein was finally chosen as the first president of the EEC Commission. Hallstein's selection for this position at the head of a major European organization, a decade after the end of World War II, was a major achievement for Germany.
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from 23 September to 3 October 1954; they were finalized at the Paris conference from 20 to 23 October 1954. The conferences in Paris included a meeting of the parties to the Nine-Power Conference in London (20 October), a meeting of the seven
1401:
in any common market. Erhard strongly opposed this, partly because of the perceived danger of France involving the other member states in its colonial responsibilities. The Foreign Office shared these concerns to some extent but Hallstein and
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passed a resolution stating that the commission's proposals did not go far enough; Germany did not want to agree to the plans for agricultural financing without being assured that France would not hinder a general reduction in tariffs in the
1936:". In September 1965, he publicly declared his opposition to majority voting and the political role of the commission. Since a treaty change required unanimity, there was stalemate, and there was no provision in the treaties to cover such a
6708:
KĂĽsters, Hanns JĂĽrgen (1990). "Der Streit um Kompetenzen und Konzeptionen deutscher Europapolitik" [The Dispute over Competencies and Conceptions of German European Policy]. In Herbst, Ludolf; BĂĽhrer, Werner; Sowade, Hanno (eds.).
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Following the French presidential elections on 5 and 19 December 1965, de Gaulle accepted this offer. In the negotiations on 17/18 January 1966, the French foreign minister, Couve de Murville, dropped the more extreme of France's demands.
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West German Foreign Minister in all but name, but there was a growing awareness that a separate officeholder was needed. Adenauer is said to have considered Hallstein for the position, even though he was not a member of a political party.
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Though Hallstein first pursued the goal of economic integration, he stated that this was not an end in itself but was a means of achieving a political union that "pool all the appropriate functions of the member-states. For Hallstein the
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1443:. Adenauer and Hallstein signed for Germany. The foreign minister, Brentano had largely left the negotiations to Hallstein, so the signing of the treaty represented a major success for Hallstein. It was also Hallstein who explained the
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Since the legislation would increase not only the commission's powers, but also the Parliament's, Hallstein had the support of the Parliament, which had long been campaigning for more powers. Before the proposals were presented to the
1083:. There were suggestions of a disconnect between the leadership (consisting of Adenauer and a small group of close advisers, including Hallstein and Blankenhorn) on the one hand and the division leaders at the Foreign Office and the
2216:, the CDU youth organization. Hallstein had little personal contact with his constituency, the work being done mainly by his assistant Christian Franck. At the next elections in 1972, he was not re-nominated. In his speeches in the
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d'ailleurs à sa façon – César, et ses successeurs, Charlemagne, Orthon, Charles Quint, Napoléon, Hitler, et tel qu´a l'Est s'y essaya Staline, ils seraient régis par quelque aréopage technocratique, apatride, et irresponsable.
1165:(the Federal Republic of Germany) with its eastern neighbours, including East Germany (the German Democratic Republic). Being more involved in Western European integration, Hallstein delegated much of this work to his deputy,
1509:, which held its first meeting on 16 January 1958, comprised nine members (two each from France, Italy and Germany, one each from Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands). The tasks it faced included the implementation of a
1261:
Members of the German government had different positions on European integration. Hallstein and his team at the Foreign Office advocated a federal solution with a form of "constitutional integration" broadly based on the
1867:
After discussions between France and Germany, a compromise was at first reached, postponing implementation of the agricultural levies until 1970, but at the Council meeting of 28 June the Netherlands foreign minister,
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responsible for Germany. The threatened response to such an unfriendly act was often understood to mean breaking off diplomatic relations; this was not stated as an automatic response under the policy, but remained the
1929:, the (French) vice-president of the commission, drew up a new plan, continuing the provisional arrangement for agricultural finances until 1 January 1970. This proposal was presented to the council on 22 June 1965.
5522:
Freiberger, Thomas (2010). "Der friedliche Revolutionär: Walter Hallsteins Epochenbewusstsein" [The Peaceful Revolutionary: Walter Hallstein's Sense of Epoch]. In Depkat, Volker; Graglia, Piero S. (eds.).
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note of – but did not formally accept – the opinion of the French delegation that for matters of very important national interest, the discussion should continue until a unanimous agreement was reached.
1532:
Hallstein famously described his role as "a kind of European prime minister" and regarded national sovereignty as a "doctrine of yesteryear." Though Hallstein's personal vision of a federal Europe was clear, the
2227:
Having left the Bundestag in 1972 and the presidency of the European Movement in 1974, Hallstein retired from active political life but continued to write and give talks. He moved from his country house in the
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On most of these issues, de Gaulle regarded Hallstein as an opponent. Hallstein's response to de Gaulle's attacks was also somewhat confrontational, comparing de Gaulle's actions with those of Hitler.
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635:. He is reputed to have rejected Nazi ideology and to have kept his distance from the Nazis. There was opposition from Nazi officials to his proposed appointment, in 1941, as professor of law at the
575:
2052:
foreign ambassadors' presentation of their credentials to Hallstein (ambassadors normally present their credentials, signed by the countries head of state to the head of state of the host country);
1603:, and later proposed a larger free trade area that would include the EEC and other European countries. The German government, German industry, and – especially – the Economics Minister,
1327:
2055:
the participation of Commission staff in the Kennedy Round negotiations in Geneva, in negotiations with EFTA, and in negotiations with non-European states, in particular South American states.
1204:, which was aligned with the Soviet Union. One of the early objectives of West German foreign policy was the diplomatic isolation of East Germany. In 1958, journalists named this policy the
1988:
In view of the confrontation with de Gaulle, there was a proposal that Hallstein should be nominated for a further term but that he should serve for only six months. The German Chancellor,
347:
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6174:. IEV-Online, Hagener Online-Beiträge zu den Europäischen Verfassungswissenschaften (in German). 1/2010. Institut für Europäische Verfassungswissenschaften, FernUniversität in Hagen.
2572:] Peter Hallstein. He was the second of two sons of Anna Hallstein (née Geibel) and Jakob (or Jacob) Hallstein, a senior civil-servant for the railway authority with the rank of
1495:
Barely a decade after the end of World War II, the German Walter Hallstein was unanimously elected the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community (now the
5929:
The Hallstein Doctrine: The Diplomatic War between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic 1955–1973. From the files of the two German foreign ministries
5423:
Dettke, Thomas (1981). "Pionier der Europäischen Integration: Robert Schuman" [Pionier of European Integration: Robert Schuman]. In Jansen, Dieter; Mahncke, Dieter (eds.).
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were willing to accept the French position, believing it would help gain support from the French National Assembly; Hallstein also accepted the argument of his French counterpart,
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There was criticism of a lack of information and consultation and an atmosphere of secrecy, possible resulting from Adenauer's distrust of the old hands at the Foreign Office, the
6193:
Walter Hallstein – Lawyer and Formative European Politician of the First Hour: Political and Institutional Visions of the First President of the EEC Commission (1958–1967)
6189:
Walter Hallstein – Jurist und gestaltender Europapolitiker der ersten Stunde: Politische und institutionelle Visionen des ersten Präsidenten der EWG-Kommission (1958–1967)
6627:"Interview des Ministerialdirektors, Professor Dr. Wilhelm G. Grewe mit dem Chefredakteur des Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunk, Hans Wendt ("Hallstein-Doktrin"), 11. Dezember 1955"
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1962:. It was not specified what could be invoked as a national interest and how to resolve disputes, so majority decisions were avoided and – until it was abolished by the
750:, a position he retained until 1948. He was president of the South German Rectors' Conference, which he founded. From 1948 to 1949, he spent a year as visiting professor at
6629:[Interview with Professor Wilhelm Grewe, Head of the Political Department. of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, on 11 December 1955: Summary].
2271:, which never came to fruition, and of West German's integration in the West, which he saw as necessary for the solution of other problems, including German reunification.
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was fleshed out, though the Foreign Office had already devised and practised elements of the policy. The idea behind the Hallstein Doctrine came from Hallstein's deputy,
1769:
Further attempts by de Gaulle at military cooperation with Germany to the exclusion of America were rebuffed by Erhard (now Federal Chancellor) and his foreign minister
1569:
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and to appoint its new president and vice-presidents for the period ending 10 February 1957. The conference, which was held from 1 to 3 June 1955 in the Italian city of
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Bärenbrinker, Frank (1998). "Hallstein's Conception of Europe Before Assuming Office in the Commission". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
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in the United States, where he organised a "camp university" for his fellow soldiers. After the war he returned to Germany and continued his academic career; he became
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Küsters, Hanns Jürgen (1998). "Walter Hallstein and the Negotiations on the Treaties of Rome 1955–57". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
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In this way, the national governments had refused to accept the commission becoming a European executive, blocking Hallstein's vision of a United States of Europe.
1812:
Differences between France and the Commission – and especially between de Gaulle and Hallstein – were exacerbated when France held the rotating six-month
1066:
and re-organizing the Foreign Office, based on the findings of the Maltzan Report, a report commissioned by Hallstein on 26 June 1952 and produced a month later by
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treaties. Hallstein and other members of the commission also criticized the treaty, and this angered de Gaulle. When the treaty was ratified by West Germany, the
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2718:). The backdrop to this was the Nazi seizure of control of civil servants' associations and many other professional and civic organizations in what they called
2220:, he continued to express his vision of European union. He also spoke out in favour of direct election of the European Parliament in Germany. At that time, the
1833:
instructions from the Council broadly, with the support of Dutch Commissioner for Agriculture, Sicco Mansholt. The majority of the commission backed Hallstein.
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7970:
6610:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 181–199.
6147:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 109–130.
6059:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 135–150.
5884:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 165–180.
5661:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 151–162.
1370:
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to be deputy minister at the Bavarian Ministry of Economics, he became a professor at Frankfurt University on 1 February 1946, and in April he was elected its
636:
5766:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 95–108.
6028:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 17–32.
6000:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 60–81.
5725:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 39–59.
2679:
1970:
veto, requiring unanimity for Council decisions. Some concessions were also made to French sensibilities; for instance, diplomats no longer presented their
1354:. Finally, the chancellor, Adenauer, again settled the dispute between the ministries by a decision in favour of Hallstein and the Foreign Office. When the
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5276:. Forewords by Jacques Delors, Sir Edward Heath, and Helmut Kohl; translated from the German by Bryan Ruppert. York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 82–91.
1864:. France was particularly concerned about protecting the CAP because – under a majority system – it could be challenged by the other members.
1118:
foreign minister and there was a reshuffling of responsibilities, but Hallstein retained the trust of Adenauer and continued to attend cabinet meetings.
1940:
of the normal running of the Community. At least in Hallstein's eyes, it was a breach of treaty obligations, and he was unprepared for such a scenario.
1753:. This treaty between France and Germany, which was signed on 22 January 1963, was criticized by other countries as being incompatible with the EEC and
478:
in 2019. Hallstein famously described his role as "a kind of European prime minister" and dismissed national sovereignty as a "doctrine of yesteryear."
7146:
7108:
7018:
6988:
6983:
6195:]. Veröffentlichungen des Dimitris-Tsatsos-Instituts für Europ. Verfassungswissenschaften (in German). Vol. 11. Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag.
6993:
5721:—— (1998). "Hallstein's Conception of German-German Policy and Relations". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
7847:
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7008:
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6943:
6816:
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5507:
5382:
5362:
5354:
2883:
7103:
1413:
7695:
7198:
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6796:
6363:"The same – should I say – antenna". Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede im europapolitischen Denken von Jean Monnet und Walter Hallstein (1958–1963).
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1003:
was signed by the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and West Germany; on ratification, it would have established the
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8734:
7657:
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2527:
He also wrote a number of academic books and numerous articles, and he gave innumerable speeches. Some of his speeches were published as a book:
1905:
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and the Ministry of Economics argued for a looser "functional integration" and advocated intergovernmental economic co-operation. Erhard opposed
8704:
8684:
7136:
6923:
1398:
2298:
considerations were particularly relevant to the United Kingdom, which had been more in favour of intergovernmental organizations such as the
1992:
agreed to this compromise, but Hallstein considered this was a breach of the Treaty and on 5 May 1967 he asked not to be re-nominated at all.
459:
8754:
6953:
6143:
Narjes, Karl-Heinz (1998). "Walter Hallstein and the Early Phase of the EEC". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
5200:
2399:
2366:
2119:
1876:, insisted that all of the commission's proposals should be discussed as a package. German diplomats supported this position, and the German
1683:
While Hallstein had a decidedly federal vision for Europe, and regarded the commission as a quasi-federal organ, de Gaulle's vision was of a
1177:. The doctrine would become one of the major elements of West German foreign policy from September 1955 – until official recognition of
5805:
1805:
the Council of Ministers laid down common grain prices from 1 July 1967 and instructed the commission to submit proposals for financing the
7824:
7213:
1573:
715:
5925:
Die Hallstein-Doktrin. Der diplomatische Krieg zwischen der BRD und der DDR 1955–1973. Aus den Akten der beiden deutschen Außenministerien
2208:, where he was on the Foreign Affairs Committee and was one of the party's spokesmen for European affairs, along with Erik Blumenfeld and
1773:. Britain's application for membership of the EEC was vetoed by de Gaulle in 1963, which also further antagonized the other participants.
7191:
2239:
on 29 March 1982, at the age of 80. He was buried, following a state funeral, on 2 April 1982 at the Waldfriedhof Cemetery in Stuttgart.
689:
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6603:
6263:
5807:
Walter Hallstein's inaugural address to the constituent meeting of the Commission of the European Economic Community on 16 January 1958
5623:
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2699:
1800:
De Gaulle took a confrontational course on the Common Agricultural Policy, and on 21 October 1964, the French Minister of Information,
936:
696:
6075:
1749:
A second attempt by de Gaulle to establish a closer political union in Europe that would be independent of the United States was the
70:
5740:
Griffiths, Richard T. (1994). "Europe's First Constitution: The European Political Community, 1952–1954". In Martin, Stephen (ed.).
2728:(synchronization or alignment); so being a member of a professional association entailed membership in a nominally Nazi association.
1463:, but now he was put forward as the German candidate for the president of the commission, though the Belgian Minister of Economics,
1245:
1161:
matters, Hallstein had played a major role. Some of the main issues of German foreign policy were now German re-unification and the
8724:
8719:
6322:
Die politischen Kräfte in unserem Werk drängen weiter. Gedenkveranstaltung für Walter Hallstein am 17. November 2001 in Stuttgart.
454:, Hallstein played a key role in West German foreign policy and then in European integration. He was one of the architects of the
2087:
The clash between Hallstein and de Gaulle demonstrated a clash between two opposing visions of Europe. The differences included:
1087:
on the other. In particular, Hallstein was also criticised in the press after the European Defence Community was rejected by the
6055:(1998). "Hallstein und de Gaulle: the Disastrous Confrontation". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
5880:
Jansen, Thomas (1998). "Walter Hallstein: After the Presidency". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
5469:
2183:
Community. However, the party lost the election, leaving Hallstein as a member of the Bundestag, but with no government office.
1537:
treaty left many questions open. Opinions were divided, for instance, on whether a common market could succeed without a common
1059:), which largely restored (West) German sovereignty, took full effect; the Federal Republic of Germany became a member of NATO.
8749:
8729:
8669:
6676:
Müller, Kay; Walter, Franz (2004). "Der Mann für Verträge: Walter Hallstein" [The Man for Treaties: Walter Hallstein].
2877:
2687:
1889:
1103:
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718:(POW) in the United States, Hallstein started a "camp university", where he held law courses for the prisoners. As part of the
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1820:
1739:
912:
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7662:
7647:
7221:
6852:
6593:
6024:
Lahn, Lothar (1998). "Walter Hallstein as State Secretary". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
2205:
377:
262:
52:
6717:]. Quellen u. Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte (in German). Vol. 30. Bonn: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 335–372.
5762:(1998). "Walter Hallstein as President of the Commission". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
2334:
The Schuman Plan was the first step, applied to the field of economics; the next step was to be defence; these would then
588:
from the University of Berlin, based on a thesis on company law. In 1930, at the age of 29, he was appointed professor of
8644:
6223:
1326:. On 9 November 1955, Hallstein reported the results to the West German Cabinet, where the Ministry of Economics and the
1308:
8634:
2667:
2338:
lead to integration in the related fields of industrial relations and social policy, energy policy and foreign policy.
2221:
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1956, Hallstein announced that France had agreed to hand over control of the Saar to Germany; on 27 October 1956, the
8674:
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6689:
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6163:
5854:
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Entscheidung für Europa: Erfahrung, Zeitgeist und politische Herausforderungen am Beginn der europäischen Integration
2303:
1828:
of revenues to the Community unless the rights of the European Parliament were strengthened. On 20 January 1965, the
1542:
1279:
1263:
853:
841:
727:
455:
6606:(1998). "Walter Hallstein: the British Perspective". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
1079:
veterans, as well as the desire to fill top jobs with outsiders not tainted by having served as diplomats under the
7330:
5899:
5657:
Götz, Hans Herbert (1998). "The Crisis of 1965–66". In Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (eds.).
957:
497:
from 1968 to 1974. He is the author of books and numerous articles and speeches on European integration and on the
8144:
8629:
7681:
5308:]. Texte Und Materialien Zur Zeitgeschichte (in German). Vol. 16. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 173–176.
2859:
Europe "the greatest act of destruction in the history of Europe, even of the free world, since Hitler" (German:
2640:, a post-doctoral qualification, entitles a person to teach independently and to supervise doctoral dissertations
2147:
2043:
Hallstein's being frequently received by US presidents, although the commission had no foreign relations mandate;
1608:
1318:
On 6 September 1955, shortly before Adenauer's trip to Moscow, Hallstein, standing in for Brentano, attended the
1680:. There was little support from the other European countries, and negotiations were abandoned on 17 April 1962.
976:(EDC), of which West Germany would be a member. Negotiations at first resulted in two international agreements:
7996:
7098:
5847:
University under the Swastika, Part 1. Professor under the Third Reich : Pictures of the academic province
5843:
Universität unterm Hakenkreuz Teil 1. Der Professor im Dritten Reich : Bilder aus der akademischen Provinz
2281:
expressed the degree to which member states give up individual sovereignty to create a supranational community.
1514:
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7673:
6779:
5378:
5358:
2382:
During his lifetime, Walter Hallstein received honorary doctorates from nine European universities, including
6626:
2936:
2264:
and the Ministry of Economics, who advocated intergovernmental, economic cooperation, founded on free trade.
2104:
1857:
1845:
1694:
would be able to realize his vision of a powerful Europe that could play its proper part on the world stage.
1224:
or maintain diplomatic relations with the "German Democratic Republic" (East Germany). The exception was the
900:
551:
539:
274:
6870:
2049:
the rank of ambassador held by the representatives of the 65 states accredited with the European Commission;
6715:
From the Marshall Plan to the EEC: The Integration of the Federal Republic of German into the Western World
6043:
Loch, Theo (1968). "Einleitung und biographische Skizze" [Introduction and a Biographical Sketch].
5337:
The Foreign Office and the Past: German Diplomats in the Third Reich and in the Federal Republic of Germany
2167:
1439:
On 25 March 1957, the six countries Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, and Netherlands signed the
1162:
1138:
1048:
1024:
941:
171:
5253:
1645:, finally gave up the idea of the larger free trade area, and the United Kingdom applied to join the EEC.
1192:
constitution, the Federal Republic of Germany – then commonly known in the English-speaking world as
774:
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7386:
6902:
2955:
2924:
1534:
861:
739:
463:
416:
404:
385:
314:
37:
6759:
1977:
When the "Empty Chair Crisis" was finally resolved, it had lasted from 30 June 1965 to 29 January 1966.
1697:
1394:, gave an assurance that Euratom would not impose restrictions on the French nuclear weapons programme.
376:(17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat and statesman who was the first
8709:
8346:
6678:
Graue Eminenzen der Macht: Küchenkabinette in der deutschen Kanzlerdemokratie von Adenauer bis Schröder
6082:
5222:(1964). "Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at its Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting".
2930:
2307:
2268:
2095:
1944:
1837:
1824:
1806:
1702:
1561:
1526:
1387:
1312:
1004:
973:
2602:
The topic of Hallstein's doctoral dissertation was life insurance policies in the Treaty of Versailles
2471:
This book can be seen as Hallstein's political testament. The second German edition was titled simply
2355:
allegedly said of him "He is just a brain." He was also characterized as having a keen sense of duty:
8664:
6948:
1460:
574:
examination, he was employed for a very brief spell as a judge. He then worked as an academic at the
543:
7466:
6076:"De-Commissioning the Empty Chair Crisis : the Community Institutions and the Crisis of 1965–6"
5244:
2407:
2200:
as Federal President, but this did not come to fruition. From 1969 to 1972, he was a member of the
1770:
1390:
approved the commencement of intergovernmental negotiations in July 1956, after the prime minister,
1346:; the Ministry of Agriculture was concerned that the interests of German farmers would be betrayed;
1122:, who until then been the head of the Political Department of the Foreign Office, became the German
1114:
On 6 June 1955, Adenauer, who had until then been Foreign Minister as well as Chancellor, appointed
8561:
7619:
2590:
2419:
1583:
1123:
1088:
578:
in Berlin, where he specialized in comparative commercial and company law, working under Professor
470:. He held the office from 1958 to 1967 and was the only German to be selected as president of the
8210:
7587:
7558:
7485:
6998:
6711:
Vom Marshallplan zur EWG.: Die Eingliederung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die westliche Welt
5902:(2005). "Walter Hallstein: Jurist und Europäer" [Walter Hallstein: Jurist and European].
2327:), but later of what he – or rather his unenviable translator – called "material logic" (German:
1687:. From the beginning, Hallstein did not believe that de Gaulle's approach of cooperation between
1612:
felt that Hallstein and his commission had not done enough to promote the wider free trade area.
1378:
868:. In August 1950, to general surprise, Hallstein was made head of the Office of Foreign Affairs (
803:
7162:
6367:
Interessen verbinden. Jean Monnet und die europäische Integration der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
2274:
In a speech in 1953, in London, Hallstein talked of three "dimensions" of European integration:
1545: – in particular whether Britain should join – and whether the final goal should be a
6634:
6333:
Le couple France-Allemagne et les institutions européennes. Une postérité pour le plan Schuman?
5931:]. Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungen (in German). Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
2948:
2861:
der größte Zerstörungsakt in der Geschichte Europas, ja der freien Welt, seit den Tagen Hitlers
1971:
1642:
1425:
1229:
1221:
1062:
Once the major foreign policy objectives were in hand, Hallstein set about restoring Germany's
1037:
1016:
1000:
888:). At this time, little was known about Hallstein, except that he had not been a member of the
857:
815:
432:
110:
8278:
6682:Éminences grises: Kitchen Cabinets in Germany's Chancellor Democracy from Adenauer to Schröder
2391:
582:, a leading scholar of private law. He would remain there until 1930. In 1929 he obtained his
8330:
8165:
7774:
7440:
7427:
6862:
6233:
5333:
Das Amt und die Vergangenheit. Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik
5231:
2411:
2152:
1959:
1577:
1479:
1464:
1133:
Hallstein was involved in discussions with the French concerning the return of the coal-rich
1115:
1107:
1099:
1028:
981:
905:
818:. There was no German foreign office and, for a time, foreign affairs were dealt with by the
787:
751:
597:
420:
99:
8497:
6376:
NATO, the European Union, and the Atlantic community: the transatlantic bargain reconsidered
2972:
1971: Honorary citizen of Brussels, the first German since the War to receive such an honour
1848:
was to be by simple majority, removing the implicit veto power of individual countries. The
798:, a conflict that had caused massive destruction and left the continent split in two by the
8624:
8619:
8433:
7928:
7863:
7768:
7750:
7708:
7626:
7613:
7416:
7403:
7290:
6843:
6825:
6086:
5864:
5759:
5190:"Government statement made by Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to the German Parliament (
2403:
2387:
2371:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2124:
1727:
1677:
1506:
1485:
1319:
1304:
1254:
1067:
704:
682:
613:
547:
498:
475:
408:
8489:
8362:
7923:
7131:
6797:
Address given by Walter Hallstein: the revival of European integration (Bonn, 14 May 1956)
5601:
2855:
Hallstein called de Gaulle's attempts to dismantle the progress achieved on the path to a
8:
8690:
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
8589:
8577:
8481:
8441:
8136:
7908:
7704:
7600:
7577:
7459:
7446:
7373:
7225:
6237:
2895:
2856:
2429:
2395:
2383:
2356:
1963:
1841:
1829:
1743:
1550:
1496:
1347:
1134:
1119:
925:
837:
700:
482:
471:
381:
357:
243:
8545:
7918:
6760:
Brief portrait of Walter Hallstein at the official web site for Charlemagne Prize awards
8529:
8397:
8065:
7797:
7606:
7593:
7564:
5631:
5402:
2796:
2783:
2415:
2209:
1894:
1750:
1518:
1283:
1170:
1155:
1084:
1063:
968:
Hallstein also played an important part in promoting West Germany's goals of regaining
953:
877:
819:
783:
531:
436:
424:
106:
8322:
7948:
7816:
7317:
6545:
6524:
6503:
6482:
6461:
6440:
6419:
6398:
5958:. Quellen u. Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
5306:
The Professors of the University of Rostock in the Third Reich: A Biographical Lexicon
8569:
8565:
8505:
8425:
8041:
8012:
7980:
7913:
7898:
7888:
7873:
7762:
7538:
7524:
7511:
7472:
7360:
7347:
6958:
6718:
6685:
6662:
6611:
6589:
6570:
6380:
6351:
6303:
6299:
6276:
6257:
6219:
6196:
6175:
6166:[Walter Hallstein (1901–1982) Life and Work of a European of the First Hour]
6148:
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6060:
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6001:
5982:
5959:
5942:
5932:
5911:
5885:
5850:
5827:
5767:
5745:
5726:
5707:
5681:
5662:
5643:
5617:
5586:
5555:
5536:
5488:
5451:
5432:
5409:
5397:
5340:
5317:
5277:
2961:
2901:
2537:
2513:
2485:
2457:
2299:
1919:
1901:
1849:
1793:
1503:. He was elected on 7 January 1958, and he was to remain in the position until 1967.
1374:
1197:
1012:
779:
747:
494:
486:
412:
352:
8715:
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
7354:
7152:
6738:
5302:
Die Professoren der Universität Rostock Im Dritten Reich: Ein Biographisches Lexikon
2890:
Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
2224:
were delegated by the Bundestag, and direct election was not introduced until 1979.
2197:
1974:
to Hallstein alone but jointly to the presidents of the Commission and the council.
1130:
took over the Political Department under Hallstein and was made Hallstein's deputy.
8049:
8004:
7903:
7756:
7726:
7551:
7498:
7303:
7284:
7251:
7157:
6212:
Arbeitswissenschaft im Nationalsozialismus: Eine wissenschaftssoziologische Analyse
5309:
2812:
2360:
1873:
1836:
On 24 March 1965, Hallstein presented the commission's proposals for financing the
1801:
1790:
1758:
1654:
1638:
1588:
1444:
1440:
1382:
1271:
795:
668:
640:
1075:
833:
407:
in France. Captured by American troops in 1944, he spent the rest of the war in a
8537:
8465:
8338:
8270:
8028:
7878:
7744:
7367:
7277:
7264:
7172:
6968:
6374:
6164:"Walter Hallstein (1901–1982) Leben und Wirken eines Europäers der ersten Stunde"
6107:
Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich
5185:
2800:
2722:
2425:
He was also awarded numerous other honours and prizes from European governments.
2342:
exercising authority directly over every citizen in each of its member states").
1989:
1926:
1717:
1688:
1650:
1600:
1546:
1538:
1417:
1350:
opposed the perceived discrimination against German industry regarding access to
1335:
1323:
921:
825:
722:, a project to re-educate German POWs, he attended an "administrative school" at
639:, but the academics pushed through his candidacy, and he soon advanced to become
396:
8306:
7532:
7311:
1932:
De Gaulle, however, remained confrontational toward Hallstein and the Brussels "
1823:
instructed the commission to submit plans by 1 April 1965 on how to finance the
1599:
Britain had at first been against the formation of the EEC, preferring a looser
1040:
to end the occupation of Germany (21–22 October), and a meeting of all fourteen
8553:
8314:
8218:
8115:
8057:
7893:
7786:
7780:
7738:
7732:
7703:
7518:
7505:
7453:
7433:
7297:
7216:
7167:
7043:
7038:
7003:
6933:
6928:
6394:
2428:
In 1997, the Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law at the
2059:
On the political role of the commission, Hallstein stated in an interview with
1735:
1731:
1565:
1472:
1299:
1052:
865:
807:
632:
616:, where he was Director of the Institute for Comparative Law and Economic Law.
570:
467:
451:
75:
25:
2131:
1676:, a plan for an intergovernmental "union of states", as an alternative to the
984:
was signed by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and West Germany; on
399:
and became Germany's youngest law professor in 1930, at the age of 29. During
8613:
8513:
8457:
8449:
8290:
8239:
8202:
8194:
8102:
7883:
7868:
7083:
7073:
7053:
6973:
6900:
6833:
6343:
6179:
6052:
5946:
5915:
5695:
2808:
2261:
1882:
1861:
1684:
1659:
1631:
1604:
1558:
1510:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1267:
1250:
1174:
1166:
1127:
743:
562:
428:
213:
7258:
7033:
5450:. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
5425:
Persönlichkeiten der Europäischen Integration: vierzehn biographische Essays
2196:, Hallstein was later approached by Kohl as a possible candidate to replace
2100:
the rights of the European Parliament, especially with respect to the budget
1094:
1011:
However, the Treaty of Paris failed to obtain the necessary approval of the
8521:
8378:
8354:
8094:
7545:
7492:
7341:
7058:
7013:
5979:
The Federal Chancellery in Bonn: Organisation and Functions1949 – 1999
5465:
2967:
2315:
2166:
offered Hallstein the opportunity of standing as a direct candidate in the
1691:
1673:
1667:
1646:
1619:
1522:
1459:
There had been previous suggestions of Hallstein becoming president of the
1355:
1234:
1225:
1201:
1193:
1178:
988:, it would largely restore sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany (
985:
849:
799:
675:
651:
600:, making him Germany's youngest professor of law. He was made Deputy Dean (
584:
579:
444:
440:
400:
342:
332:
297:
233:
5313:
1981:
by all three communities when the EEC, the ECSC, and Euratom were merged.
1922:
was recalled, together with 18 high-ranking civil servants and diplomats.
1480:
President of the Commission of the European Economic Community (1958–1967)
1070:, a former diplomat, at that time on loan from the Ministry of Economics.
576:
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Foreign Private and International Private Law
8473:
8282:
8231:
8157:
8123:
8073:
8020:
7479:
7245:
5975:
Das Bonner Bundeskanzleramt: Organisation und Funktionen 1949 – 1999
5744:. with the cooperation of Émile Noël. Kluwer Acad. Publ. pp. 19–40.
5552:
Enlarging the European Union: The Commission Seeking Influence, 1961–1973
2925:
Order of Merit of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
2804:
2287:
expressed the size of the community, that is the number of member states.
2256:
2213:
2190:
2159:
2063:
2033:
1933:
1869:
1781:
1468:
1143:
993:
969:
845:
836:, and in June 1950 he appointed him to head the German delegation at the
811:
708:
593:
589:
555:
6019:[The 110th anniversary of Walter Hallstein's birth] (in German).
738:
In November 1945 Hallstein returned to Germany, where he campaigned for
8370:
8298:
8262:
7271:
7141:
7048:
2906:
2229:
2171:
1705:
1391:
1366:
at the end of May, the German delegation again to be led by Hallstein.
889:
829:
723:
628:
554:
in Berlin in 1925 – at the age of 23. From 1923 to 1926 he was a
269:
8745:
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
6631:
100(0) SchlĂĽsseldokumente zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert
5331:
Conze, Eckart; Frei, Norbert; Hayes, Peter; Zimmermann, Moshe (2010).
2454:
Der unvollendete Bundesstaat. Europäische Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse
2440:
The documented total number of publications by Hallstein exceeds 365.
608:) of the Faculty of Law in 1935 and then Dean in 1936. He remained in
546:
and wrote his doctoral dissertation on commercial aspects of the 1919
6567:
The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration Since 1945
2774:
were, at this time, generally known in the English-speaking world as
2236:
2217:
2201:
2136:
2005:
1448:
1217:
1185:
945:
664:
656:
514:
490:
248:
229:
150:
6273:
Foreign Policy in the European Union: History, theory & practice
6016:
2302:
and had shown less interest in supranational organizations like the
895:
6751:
6324:
Staatsministerium Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2002, p. 13–30.
5533:, and Political Challenges at the Beginning of European Integration
5429:
Personalities of European Integration: Fourteen Biographical Essays
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
2882:
1953/54: Grand Cross (Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash) of the
2293:
expressed the order and speed of steps toward complete integration.
2243:
1762:
1500:
1091:, as had been predicted by the German diplomatic mission in Paris.
730:. Hallstein remained a prisoner of war from June 1944 to mid-1945.
5981:] (in German). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag fĂĽr Sozialwissenschaften.
840:
negotiations in Paris, which were to lead to the formation of the
8695:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
8640:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
8581:
8421:
7938:
6739:
The History of the European Union: The founding fathers of the EU
6329:
Walter Hallstein et les institutions des Communautés Européennes.
5474:
4959:
4957:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4835:
4833:
3266:
3264:
2566:
According to his birth certificate he was named Walther [
1937:
1925:
In an attempt to resolve the situation, Hallstein, together with
1429:
1351:
1307:
following the collapse, in August 1954, of the plans to create a
1291:
848:, the leader of the French delegation, and Hallstein drew up the
769:
609:
252:
6744:
Biography of Walter Hallstein at a semi-official French web site
6216:
Labour Studies under National Socialism: A Sociological Analysis
3146:
6772:
6752:
Biography of Walter Hallstein at the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation
5784:
Address given by Walter Hallstein on the Schuman Plan in German
5678:
Germany's Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany
5295:. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
2911:
2710:), and the National Socialist Air-Raid Protection Association (
1363:
1322:
of foreign ministers convened to evaluate progress made by the
1295:
1106:, Walter Hallstein retained his very influential status at the
758:
523:
5468:, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (10 June 1952).
4954:
4920:
4918:
4845:
4830:
3261:
3190:
2162:, then minister-president and head of the CDU in the state of
667:
regiment of the Wehrmacht in Northern France with the rank of
5573:[Treaties of Rome] (in German). German Foreign Office
4714:
4712:
3975:
3222:
3220:
2155:, who had also succeeded him as President of the commission.
1998:
1626:. He shared Hallstein's private nature and interest in music.
1240:
1080:
1019:(WEU) was agreed, and West Germany was to become a member of
929:
802:, there were calls for increased co-operation in Europe. The
510:
209:
6657:
Loth, Wilfried; Wallace, William; Wessels, Wolfgang (1998).
5448:
The European Commission, 1958–72 : history and memories
5408:. Translated by Terence Kilmartin. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
5114:
5102:
5077:
5065:
4748:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4030:
4028:
4026:
3496:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2949:
Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Sylvester Pope and Martyr
1663:, were critical of Hallstein – or what he represented.
1451:
on 21 March 1957, before they were signed on 25 March 1957.
1023:. The efforts to resolve the issues culminated, in 1954, in
703:, he was captured by the Americans and sent to Camp Como, a
8405:
6773:
Charlemagne Prize Foundation; includes a list of recipients
6764:
5826:. Translated by Charles Roetter. George Allen & Unwin.
4993:
4915:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4177:
4175:
3872:
3870:
3653:
3619:
3617:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3472:
3048:
3046:
2512:. Translated by Charles Roetter. George Allen & Unwin.
2375:
2145:
On 20 January 1968, Hallstein was elected president of the
2142:
Hallstein left the Commission at the end of 1967, aged 68.
1754:
1615:
1572:, was at odds with the liberal foreign trade policy of the
1454:
1433:
1200:
to represent the whole of Germany, including the Communist
1041:
1020:
917:
627:
professional organizations, but he was not a member of the
624:
5871:[Cross holders: Hallstein, Walter]. Archived from
5742:
The Construction of Europe: Essays in Honour of Emile Noël
5162:
4981:
4969:
4709:
4424:
4192:
4190:
4127:
4011:
3796:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3288:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3018:
3016:
2135:
Grave of Walter Hallstein at the Waldfriedhof cemetery in
2046:
Hallstein's claim to be a sort of European prime minister;
646:
6548:[Bonn / LĂĽbke's successor: The Right Qualities].
6128:. Seminar Studies in History. Berlin: Pearson Education.
5005:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4678:
4676:
4557:
4523:
4521:
4023:
3723:
3721:
3665:
3424:
3400:
3388:
3324:
3300:
3173:
3099:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
2568:
1786:
1623:
1592:
1033:
504:
193:
6781:
Founding fathers of the European Union: Walter Hallstein
6684:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Springer. pp. 31–34.
6318:
Walter Hallstein. Aspekte seiner politischen Biographie.
5017:
4942:
4864:
4772:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4586:
4484:
4482:
4436:
4366:
4310:
4172:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3882:
3867:
3845:
3843:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3813:
3811:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3677:
3614:
3544:
3043:
2499:
A later version was published in English with the title
681:). In early 1944, Hallstein's name was submitted by the
7978:
7846:
6399:"EWG-Beschleunigung : Hallsteins Eiserner Vorhang"
5791:. Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, West Germany
5504:"Walter Hallstein, Biography of a European (1901–1982)"
4930:
4903:
4791:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4414:
4412:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4327:
4325:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4187:
3923:
3784:
3508:
3448:
3345:
3244:
3202:
3013:
2174:
area and heading up the CDU party list in the state of
1751:
Franco-German bilateral treaty on political cooperation
1288:
High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
733:
6401:[EEC Acceleration: Hallstein's Iron Curtain].
6340:
Walter Hallstein and the "Empty chair" Crisis 1965/66.
5293:
The European Commission, 1958–72: history and memories
5150:
5041:
5029:
4803:
4760:
4736:
4673:
4661:
4518:
4397:
4300:
4298:
4214:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4139:
4115:
4103:
4081:
4079:
4052:
4040:
3999:
3718:
3641:
3629:
3532:
3412:
3276:
3058:
2795:
The delegations of the other countries were headed by
1909:
rotated every six months, terminated on 30 June 1965.
6586:
The Passage to Europe: How a Continent Became a Union
5815:
Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (CVCE)
5789:
Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (CVCE)
5199:(in German). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from
4724:
4688:
4637:
4610:
4598:
4494:
4479:
4091:
3987:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3935:
3894:
3855:
3840:
3823:
3808:
3757:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3312:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3033:
3031:
2991:
2989:
2680:
National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals
1587:
In 1961, the British government under Prime Minister
5599:
5138:
5126:
4891:
4649:
4574:
4545:
4533:
4506:
4448:
4409:
4378:
4354:
4337:
4322:
4283:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4226:
4064:
3733:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3460:
3436:
3232:
3167:
1490:
612:
until 1941. From 1941 to 1944 Hallstein lectured at
419:
in 1946 and spent a year as a visiting professor at
8650:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
6588:. Translated by Liz Waters. Yale University Press.
5053:
4295:
4202:
4151:
4076:
3484:
3376:
3364:
3111:
3001:
2872:
Honours awarded to Halstein included the following:
2762:
2760:
2607:
Der Lebensversicherungvertrag im Versailler Vertrag
2232:to Stuttgart, and continued his work as an author.
1397:Another cause of disagreement was the inclusion of
761:committee and was its president from 1949 to 1950.
655:Hallstein was taken prisoner by American troops in
6656:
5636:Streit und Friede hat seine Zeit: Ein Lebenbericht
5401:
3952:
3911:
3706:
3597:
3123:
3087:
3028:
2986:
1796:that resulted in Hallstein's leaving the position.
489:; he turned to German politics as a member of the
8680:Members of the Bundestag for Rhineland-Palatinate
5568:
5535:] (in German). de Gruyter. pp. 205–242.
4467:
4247:
3981:
3689:
2884:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1369:In July 1956, Britain had made proposals for the
1286:, among other things to nominate a member of the
896:State Secretary at the Foreign Office (1951–1958)
892:and that he was on good terms with US officials.
832:, called Hallstein to Bonn, at the suggestion of
663:In 1942 Hallstein was called up; he served in an
509:Walter Hallstein was born on 17 November 1901 in
481:Hallstein left office following a clash with the
395:Hallstein began his academic career in the 1920s
8611:
6441:"Hallstein: Vermintes Gelände Gemeinsamer Markt"
5956:A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present
3520:
2757:
2267:Hallstein spoke early in favour of the proposed
2158:In the run-up to the federal elections in 1969,
764:
757:Hallstein was co-founder of the German national
726:, where teaching included the principles of the
5863:
5640:Conflict and Peace Each Have Their Time: A Life
5299:
5251:
5120:
5108:
5096:
3270:
3196:
2914:for efforts in the cause of European federation
1776:
1371:Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
8700:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
7235:High Authority of the Coal and Steel Community
6546:"Bonn / LĂĽbke-Nachfolge: Rechte Eigenschaften"
6443:[Hallstein: Common Market Minefield].
6232:
5904:Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart
5706:] (in German). Frankfurt/Main: Propyläen.
5508:Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe
5383:Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe
5363:Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe
3226:
2706:Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund
1630:The six countries of the EEC had decided on a
960:was re-created in March 1951, but the post of
770:Foreign affairs at the Chancellery (1950–1951)
8655:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt
7964:
7832:
7689:
7199:
6886:
6583:
4430:
2235:Hallstein fell ill in early 1980 and died in
2091:the debate on inclusion of the United Kingdom
2011:In his memoirs, De Gaulle wrote of Hallstein
1943:On 20 October 1965 Couve de Murville, in the
163:28 September 1969 – 19 November 1972
6675:
6506:[EEC / Hallstein: People of Merit].
5849:] (in German). K. G. Saur. p. 360.
5630:
5271:
4963:
4885:
4858:
4839:
3294:
2826:
2766:The two entities officially using the names
2739:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2692:
2672:
2651:
2622:
2605:
2574:
2562:
2560:
2410:, and nine American universities, including
2321:
2188:
2061:
2031:
1715:
1360:Brussels Report on the General Common Market
882:
870:
742:to be re-opened. Turning down an offer from
687:
673:
623:Hallstein was a member of several nominally
602:
560:
521:in Mainz from 1913 until his matriculation (
8660:Academic staff of the University of Rostock
6126:Russia, America and the Cold War, 1949–1991
5300:Buddrus, Michael; Fritzlar, Sigrid (2007).
2815:(Belgium). Joseph Bech chaired the meeting.
2319:"dynamic aspect of the constituent plans" (
1816:of the council, from January to June 1965.
1789:, Hallstein had a major confrontation with
1672:It was in 1961 that de Gaulle proposed the
1315:, when France failed to ratify the treaty.
1025:a series of conferences in London and Paris
872:Dienststelle für auswärtige Angelegenheiten
786:in 1950, where Hallstein worked before the
474:or its predecessors until the selection of
7971:
7957:
7839:
7825:
7696:
7682:
7206:
7192:
6893:
6879:
6784:(in German). European Commission. I-072675
6335:Bruylant, Bruxelles 2001, p. 151–168.
6270:
5521:
5483:Edward, David A. O.; Lane, Robert (2013).
5482:
4987:
4975:
4592:
3430:
3339:
3306:
3184:
3105:
3052:
3022:
2700:National Socialist German Lecturers League
1999:Issues behind confrontation with de Gaulle
1338:. The Ministry of Economics feared that a
1241:European integration and the Rome treaties
860:in 1951. The ECSC was to develop into the
36:
7331:Commission of the Atomic Energy Community
6659:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
6608:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
6292:Walter Hallstein: Ein Wegbereiter Europas
6289:
6209:
6145:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
6057:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
6026:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
5998:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
5882:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
5821:
5813:(Speech). Translated into English by the
5803:
5787:(Speech). Translated into English by the
5780:
5764:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
5739:
5723:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
5659:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
5470:"Germany: Contractual Agreements and EDC"
5396:
5274:Walter Hallstein: The Forgotten European?
4999:
4948:
4924:
4873:
4797:
4568:
3993:
3802:
3255:
3211:
2557:
2114:
1713:French nuclear deterrent capability, the
1137:to Germany. In October 1955 there was a
1044:members to approve Germany's membership.
423:from 1948. In 1950 he was recruited to a
16:German diplomat and statesman (1901–1982)
6701:Deutsche AuĂźenpolitik der Nachkriegszeit
6543:
6522:
6501:
6480:
6459:
6438:
6417:
6123:
6104:
5922:
5898:
5445:
5184:
5071:
5023:
4785:
4754:
4730:
4703:
4643:
4619:
4604:
4500:
4488:
4005:
3929:
3790:
3739:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3538:
3514:
3502:
3478:
3454:
3418:
3406:
3358:
3081:
2365:
2130:
2118:
1780:
1696:
1614:
1582:
1455:Choosing the President of the Commission
1412:
1244:
1093:
935:
911:
899:
773:
690:Nationalsozialistischer FĂĽhrungsoffizier
650:
7633:Von der Leyen Commission II, since 2024
6707:
6602:
6527:[Hallstein: Marching on Bonn].
6393:
6014:
5995:
5953:
5758:
5431:] (in German). Bonn: Europa Union.
5047:
5011:
4824:
4812:
4403:
4220:
4181:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4085:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4017:
3946:
3905:
3888:
3876:
3861:
3849:
3834:
3817:
3778:
3766:
3751:
3623:
3282:
2995:
2536:. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
2349:
1738:, and Hallstein presented these to the
1036:members (20 October), a meeting of the
810:, put forward a plan, originating from
647:Soldier and prisoner of war (1942–1945)
403:he served as a First Lieutenant in the
8612:
6262:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
6142:
6109:. Northern Illinois University Press.
6073:
6017:"110. Geburtstag von Walter Hallstein"
5879:
5840:
5680:. University of North Carolina Press.
5622:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
5591:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
5501:
5422:
5290:
5168:
5156:
4766:
4742:
4718:
4682:
4667:
4527:
4304:
4097:
3394:
3318:
3238:
3140:
2878:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
2714:Nationalsozialistischer Luftschutzbund
2447:, which was first published in 1969:
1890:Committee of Permanent Representatives
1785:As President of the Commission of the
1622:led Britain's application to join the
1208:, which later became shortened to the
505:Early life and pre-war academic career
390:founding fathers of the European Union
123:2 April 1951 – 7 January 1958
65:7 January 1958 – 30 June 1967
8705:Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester
8685:Presidents of the European Commission
7952:
7820:
7677:
7187:
6874:
6698:
6624:
6564:
6372:
6296:Walter Hallstein: a pioneer of Europe
6186:
6161:
5972:
5720:
5694:
5604:(in German). German Historical Museum
5549:
5485:Edward and Lane on European Union Law
5339:] (in German). Munich: Blessing.
5330:
5220:American Society of International Law
5144:
4936:
4909:
4897:
4655:
4512:
4070:
3969:
3917:
3727:
3700:
3635:
3555:
3490:
3466:
3442:
3382:
3370:
3117:
3093:
3037:
3007:
2966:1969: Grand Cross of the Argentinian
2919:American Society of International Law
2694:Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
2260:opposed by the school centred around
1912:
1897:" until the issue could be resolved.
1844:. From 1 January 1966, voting in the
1730:drew up plans and a timetable for an
1278:In 1955 the foreign ministers of the
1149:
550:. He obtained his doctorate from the
8755:German Army officers of World War II
8592:and the Jewish communities in Europe
7663:President of the European Parliament
7387:Commission of the Economic Community
6853:President of the European Commission
6485:[Hallstein: Whatever: EEC].
6369:Bouvier, Bonn 1999, p. 269–298.
6242:Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium
6051:
6042:
6023:
5675:
5656:
5478:. House of Commons. col. 32–41.
5464:
5376:
5353:
5218:
5132:
5059:
5035:
4631:
4580:
4551:
4539:
4473:
4461:
4442:
4418:
4391:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4331:
4316:
4289:
4277:
4260:
4241:
4208:
4196:
4166:
3712:
3608:
3526:
2737:He served as an assistant adjutant (
1015:. Instead, a solution involving the
734:Post-war academic career (1945–1950)
53:President of the European Commission
7848:European Commissioners from Germany
7620:Von der Leyen Commission, 2019–2024
5910:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck: 369–389.
5869:"Fálkaorðuhafar: Hallstein, Walter"
5781:Hallstein, Walter (28 April 1951).
5254:"Reply to a parliamentary question"
2954:1969: Grand Cross of the Brazilian
2894:1955: Icelandic Grand Cross of the
2688:National Socialist People's Welfare
2443:Hallstein's major popular work was
2432:in Berlin was named in his honour.
2249:
2039:, De Gaulle's complaints included
1852:stated it could not agree to this.
1574:Commissioner for External relations
1298:, would lead to the signing of the
996:, which retained a special status).
697:National Socialist Lecturers League
530:From 1920 Hallstein studied law in
513:, Germany. After primary school in
493:, also serving as President of the
13:
8740:European commissioners (1962–1967)
8735:European commissioners (1958–1962)
6650:
6523:—— (29 January 1968).
6504:"EWG / Hallstein: Verdiente Leute"
6460:—— (17 January 1966).
5804:—— (16 January 1958).
2833:" (as quoted by Edward and Lane )
2674:Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund
2668:National Socialist Teachers League
2222:members of the European Parliament
1253:had opposing views on the path of
1216:government would regard it as an "
928:(right) at the NATO Conference in
14:
8766:
7808:*resigned – **died – †replacement
7653:President of the European Council
6732:
5529:Decision for Europe: Experience,
2304:European Coal and Steel Community
2212:. In the party, he supported the
2123:Hallstein in 1969, accepting the
1543:enlargement of the European Union
1491:Laying the foundations of the EEC
1280:European Coal and Steel Community
1264:European Coal and Steel Community
854:European Coal and Steel Community
842:European Coal and Steel Community
728:Constitution of the United States
568:, and in 1927, having passed his
460:first President of the Commission
456:European Coal and Steel Community
7937:
7796:
7215:
6661:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
6502:—— (24 April 1967).
6439:—— (4 August 1965).
6331:In: Marie-Thérèse Bitsch (Ed.):
6105:Maulucci, Thomas W. Jr. (2012).
5954:Kitchen, Martin (8 April 2011).
2935:1968: Knight Grand Cross of the
2876:1953: Knight Grand Cross of the
2866:
2849:
2836:
2818:
2323:dynamischer Aspekt der Teilpläne
2008:, stateless and unaccountable"
1517:, as well as common policies on
992:West Germany, but not including
435:, where he gave his name to the
308:
290:
8725:Heads of the German Chancellery
8720:German male non-fiction writers
6544:—— (24 June 1968).
6481:—— (13 June 1966).
6418:—— (14 July 1965).
6320:In: Christoph E. Palmer (Ed.):
5475:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
5177:
2960:1969: Grand Cross of the Greek
2789:
2748:
2731:
2660:
2643:
2631:
2614:
2596:
1872:, and his Italian counterpart,
920:: Walter Hallstein (left) with
466:, which would later become the
7997:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
6901:Rectors and Presidents of the
6422:[EEC: War and Peace].
5642:] (in German). Propyläen.
5291:Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse (2007).
2653:Die Aktienrechte der Gegenwart
2583:
1179:the German Democratic Republic
1047:After the ratification of the
852:, which was the basis for the
794:Against the background of the
699:. On 26 June 1944, during the
1:
8750:Military personnel from Mainz
8730:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
8670:German European commissioners
8602:Received extraordinary prize.
8145:François Seydoux de Clausonne
7417:Commission of the Communities
7404:Hallstein Commission, 1958–67
7291:Malvestiti Authority, 1959–63
2980:
2937:Order of the Netherlands Lion
2917:1964: Honorary member of the
2178:. At the time, the CDU under
1564:(CAP), the responsibility of
1220:" if third countries were to
1068:Vollrath Freiherr von Maltzan
765:Diplomatic career (1950–1957)
7460:Mansholt Commission, 1972–73
7447:Malfatti Commission, 1970–72
7374:Chatenet Commission, 1962–67
6817:German European Commissioner
6778:Walter Hallstein (speaker).
6703:(in German). Stuttgart: DVA.
6584:van Middelaar, Luuk (2013).
6525:"Hallstein: Marsch auf Bonn"
6483:"Hallstein: So oder so: EWG"
6379:. Rowman & Littlefield.
6290:Schönwald, Matthias (2017).
5676:Gray, William Glenn (2003).
2484:. DĂĽsseldorf, Vienna: Econ.
2482:Die europäische Gemeinschaft
2473:Die Europäische Gemeinschaft
2456:. DĂĽsseldorf, Vienna: Econ.
2445:Der unvollendete Bundesstaat
1777:Confrontation with de Gaulle
1570:Commissioner for Agriculture
1309:European Political Community
552:Friedrich Wilhelm University
275:Friedrich Wilhelm University
7:
7594:Barroso Commission, 2009–14
7565:Barroso Commission, 2004–09
7552:Prodi Commission, 1999–2004
7486:Jenkins Commission, 1977–81
6903:Goethe University Frankfurt
6365:In: Andreas Wilkens (Ed.):
6047:(in German). Bonn: Eicholz.
5379:"The Luxembourg Compromise"
5097:Buddrus & Fritzlar 2007
3271:Buddrus & Fritzlar 2007
3197:Buddrus & Fritzlar 2007
2956:Order of the Southern Cross
2768:Federal Republic of Germany
2754:The date was 15 March 1951.
2624:wissenschaftlicher Referent
2359:called him one of the last
1399:French overseas territories
862:European Economic Community
856:(ECSC), established by the
464:European Economic Community
386:European Economic Community
348:German occupation of France
10:
8771:
8645:International law scholars
7709:First Hallstein Commission
7607:Juncker Commission 2014–19
7525:Santer Commission, 1995–99
7512:Delors Commission, 1985–95
7473:Ortoli Commission, 1973–77
7361:Hirsch Commission, 1959–62
7348:Armand Commission, 1958–59
6765:Walter Hallstein Institute
6124:McCauley, Martin (2008) .
6083:London School of Economics
5906:. New series (in German).
5600:German Historical Museum.
5550:Geary, Michael J. (2013).
5359:"The 'Empty Chair' Policy"
2929:1968: Grand Cordon of the
2772:German Democratic Republic
2657:and was published in 1931.
2532:Hallstein, Walter (1979).
2508:Hallstein, Walter (1972).
2480:Hallstein, Walter (1973).
2452:Hallstein, Walter (1969).
2308:European Defence Community
2269:European Defence Community
2206:Christian Democratic Union
2096:Common Agricultural Policy
1838:Common Agricultural Policy
1825:Common Agricultural Policy
1807:Common Agricultural Policy
1665:
1562:Common Agricultural Policy
1483:
1313:European Defence Community
1153:
1005:European Defence Community
974:European Defence Community
952:Following a change in the
263:Christian Democratic Union
8635:People from Rhenish Hesse
8600:
8388:
8185:
7987:
7935:
7854:
7805:
7794:
7716:
7643:
7575:
7499:Thorn Commission, 1981–85
7414:
7384:
7328:
7304:Del Bo Authority, 1963–67
7252:Monnet Authority, 1952–55
7232:
7117:
6949:Arthur Moritz Schoenflies
6909:
6859:
6850:
6840:
6830:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6350:Nomos, Baden-Baden 2001,
6210:Raehlmann, Irene (2012).
5446:Dumoulin, Michel (2007).
2947:1969: Grand Cross of the
2202:German Federal Parliament
1958:This became known as the
1163:relations of West Germany
544:international private law
367:
338:
328:
320:
303:
285:
280:
268:
258:
239:
219:
186:
181:
177:
167:
156:
149:
139:
127:
116:
105:
93:
81:
69:
58:
51:
47:
35:
23:
8675:German political writers
8562:Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
8414:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
7278:Finet Authority, 1958–59
7265:Mayer Authority, 1955–58
6420:"EWG: Krieg und Frieden"
6271:Soetendorp, Ben (2014).
3168:German Historical Museum
2649:The thesis was entitled
2591:Rabanus-Maurus-Gymnasium
2551:
2435:
2420:Johns Hopkins University
1906:President of the Council
1388:French National Assembly
1330:opposed the plans for a
1206:Hallstein–Grewe Doctrine
1124:Permanent Representative
1089:French National Assembly
924:(centre) and Ambassador
8211:Konstantinos Karamanlis
7539:Santer Commission, 1999
7434:Rey Commission, 1967–70
6999:Bernhard Fischer-Wasels
6348:Crises and compromises.
6187:—— (2012).
6015:—— (2011).
5923:Kilian, Werner (2001).
5841:Heiber, Helmut (1991).
5822:—— (1972).
5569:German Foreign Office.
5502:Elvert, JĂĽrgen (2011).
5259:(in German). p. 19
5194:) on 22 September 1955"
2103:majority voting in the
1904:, who was the rotating
1703:Israel's Prime Minister
1551:United States of Europe
1420:, Walter Hallstein and
1379:French foreign minister
1328:Ministry of Agriculture
804:French foreign minister
683:University of Frankfurt
637:University of Frankfurt
443:'s policy of isolating
427:, becoming the leading
417:University of Frankfurt
151:Member of the Bundestag
145:Hilger van Scherpenberg
8630:Politicians from Mainz
7467:François-Xavier Ortoli
6635:Bavarian State Library
6464:[EEC Crisis].
6162:Piela, Ingrid (2010).
5973:Knoll, Thomas (2004).
5554:. Palgrave Macmillan.
5239:Cite journal requires
4593:Edward & Lane 2013
2860:
2843:
2827:
2740:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2693:
2673:
2652:
2623:
2606:
2575:
2379:
2328:
2322:
2189:
2139:
2128:
2115:Later life (1967–1982)
2081:
2062:
2032:
2027:
1809:(CAP) by 1 July 1965.
1797:
1716:
1709:
1643:British Prime Minister
1627:
1596:
1507:Hallstein's commission
1471:Agriculture Minister,
1436:
1426:European Customs Union
1258:
1111:
1017:Western European Union
949:
940:Second reading of the
933:
909:
883:
871:
816:Allied High Commission
791:
716:German prisoner of war
688:
674:
660:
603:
561:
111:Federal Foreign Office
8331:Gro Harlem Brundtland
8166:Salvador de Madariaga
7441:Franco Maria Malfatti
7318:Coppé Authority, 1967
6919:Richard von Wachsmuth
6565:Urwin, Derek (1995).
6361:Schönwald, Matthias:
6338:Schönwald, Matthias:
6327:Schönwald, Matthias:
6316:Schönwald, Matthias:
5760:Groeben, Hans von der
5700:RĂĽckblenden 1976-1951
5314:10.1515/9783110957303
5252:Austrian Chancellor.
5188:(22 September 1955).
3982:German Foreign Office
2824:He said (in French) "
2369:
2242:Hallstein remained a
2134:
2122:
2094:the financing of the
2070:
2013:
1960:Luxembourg Compromise
1784:
1766:treaty as a failure.
1761:unilaterally added a
1700:
1666:Further information:
1618:
1586:
1484:Further information:
1416:
1248:
1154:Further information:
1116:Heinrich von Brentano
1100:Heinrich von Brentano
1097:
1029:Nine-Power Conference
958:German Foreign Office
939:
915:
906:German Foreign Office
903:
788:German Foreign Office
777:
752:Georgetown University
654:
598:University of Rostock
450:A keen advocate of a
433:German Foreign Office
421:Georgetown University
321:Years of service
244:Waldfriedhof Cemetery
197:] Peter Hallstein
8582:the Ukrainian people
8434:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
8263:People of Luxembourg
7929:Ursula von der Leyen
7864:Hans von der Groeben
7769:Lionello Levi Sandri
7751:Hans von der Groeben
7648:Commission President
7627:Ursula von der Leyen
7614:Ursula von der Leyen
7163:Werner MĂĽller-Esterl
6844:Hans von der Groeben
6826:Hans von der Groeben
6699:Grewe, W.G. (1960).
6625:Wendt, Hans (1995).
6373:Sloan, S.R. (2005).
5865:Icelandic Presidency
5824:Europe in the Making
3505:, pp. 185, 208.
2943:Robert Schuman Prize
2684:NS-Rechtswahrerbund
2510:Europe in the Making
2501:Europe in the Making
2372:Robert Schuman Prize
2350:Reception and legacy
2180:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
2176:Rhineland Palatinate
2170:constituency in the
2164:Rhineland Palatinate
2125:Robert Schuman Prize
2105:Council of Ministers
1966: – it became a
1900:Under pressure from
1821:Council of Ministers
1740:Council of Ministers
1728:Hallstein Commission
1678:European Communities
1655:Macmillan government
1591:applied to join the
1486:Hallstein Commission
1320:Noordwijk Conference
1305:European integration
1255:European integration
999:On 27 May 1952, the
980:On 26 May 1952, the
948:on 25 February 1955
782:(1950), seat of the
740:Frankfurt University
705:prisoner-of-war camp
614:Frankfurt University
548:Treaty of Versailles
542:. He specialized in
499:European Communities
476:Ursula von der Leyen
409:prisoner-of-war camp
134:Position established
88:Position established
71:First Vice-President
8590:Pinchas Goldschmidt
8482:Jean-Claude Trichet
8442:Jean-Claude Juncker
8279:François Mitterrand
8137:European Commission
7909:Monika Wulf-Mathies
7705:European Commission
7601:Jean-Claude Juncker
7226:European Commission
7064:Rudolf Geißendörfer
6238:"Hallstein, Walter"
5632:Gerstenmaier, Eugen
5571:"Römische Verträge"
5121:IcelandicPresidency
5109:Austrian Parliament
5074:, pp. 379–380.
4757:, pp. 376–377.
4721:, pp. 171–173.
4634:, pp. 151–152.
4445:, pp. 145–146.
4375:, pp. 144–145.
4319:, pp. 142–143.
4199:, pp. 137–138.
4136:, pp. 193–195.
4020:, pp. 101–102.
3662:, pp. 372–373.
3594:, pp. 200–202.
3582:, pp. 182–190.
3570:, pp. 124–125.
3558:, pp. 195–217.
3481:, pp. 205–206.
3397:, pp. 242–243.
2910:) from the City of
2896:Order of the Falcon
2666:These included the
2430:Humboldt University
2357:Franz Josef Strauss
1964:Single European Act
1842:European Parliament
1830:European Parliament
1744:European Parliament
1549:in the sense of a "
1497:European Commission
1348:Franz Josef Strauss
1249:Economics minister
1196: – claimed an
1120:Herbert Blankenhorn
1085:diplomatic missions
1051:on 5 May 1955, the
926:Herbert Blankenhorn
916:West Germany joins
878:Federal Chancellery
784:Federal Chancellery
754:in Washington D.C.
701:Battle of Cherbourg
483:President of France
472:European Commission
358:Battle of Cherbourg
8578:Volodymyr Zelensky
8530:Timothy Garton Ash
8498:Dalia GrybauskaitÄ—
8240:King Juan Carlos I
8066:George C. Marshall
7979:Recipients of the
7658:Council Presidency
7588:José Durão Barroso
7559:José Durão Barroso
7127:Erhard Kantzenbach
7094:Alfred Rammelmeyer
6823:Served alongside:
6805:Political offices
6358:, p. 157–172.
6234:Rostock University
6092:on 25 October 2007
6074:Ludlow, N (2006).
5602:"Walter Hallstein"
5398:De Gaulle, Charles
5171:, p. 167–169.
4431:van Middelaar 2013
4037:, pp. 97–101.
3227:Rostock University
2797:Johan Willem Beyen
2784:Hallstein Doctrine
2380:
2210:Carl-Ludwig Wagner
2140:
2129:
2078:Walter Hallstein,
1913:Empty Chair Crisis
1895:stopping the clock
1798:
1710:
1628:
1597:
1437:
1284:Messina Conference
1259:
1210:Hallstein Doctrine
1171:Hallstein Doctrine
1156:Hallstein Doctrine
1150:Hallstein Doctrine
1126:to NATO in Paris;
1112:
1064:diplomatic service
1057:Deutschlandvertrag
954:Occupation Statute
950:
934:
910:
792:
661:
534:, later moving to
437:Hallstein Doctrine
8710:Order of George I
8607:
8606:
8570:Veronika Tsepkalo
8566:Maria Kalesnikava
8506:Herman Van Rompuy
8490:Wolfgang Schäuble
8426:Pope John Paul II
8363:Bronisław Geremek
8042:Winston Churchill
8013:Alcide De Gasperi
7981:Charlemagne Prize
7946:
7945:
7924:GĂĽnther Oettinger
7914:Michaele Schreyer
7899:Peter Schmidhuber
7889:Karl-Heinz Narjes
7874:Wilhelm Haferkamp
7814:
7813:
7809:
7763:Giuseppe Petrilli
7671:
7670:
7181:
7180:
7132:Hans-JĂĽrgen Krupp
6959:Otto zur Strassen
6869:
6868:
6860:Succeeded by
6841:Succeeded by
6831:Succeeded by
6821:1958–1967
6724:978-3-486-55601-8
6668:978-0-312-21293-3
6617:978-0-312-21293-3
6386:978-0-7425-3573-2
6309:978-3-17-033164-8
6300:Kohlhammer Verlag
6218:]. Springer.
6202:978-3-8305-3139-5
6154:978-0-312-21293-3
6135:978-1-4058-7430-4
6116:978-1-60909-077-7
6066:978-0-312-21293-3
6035:978-0-312-21293-3
6007:978-0-312-21293-3
5988:978-3-531-14179-4
5965:978-0-470-65581-8
5938:978-3-428-10371-3
5891:978-0-312-21293-3
5833:978-0-04-330215-6
5773:978-0-312-21293-3
5751:978-0-7923-2969-5
5732:978-0-312-21293-3
5713:978-3-549-07387-2
5687:978-0-8078-6248-3
5668:978-0-312-21293-3
5649:978-3-549-07621-7
5561:978-1-137-24523-6
5542:978-3-11-023389-6
5494:978-0-8579-3105-4
5457:978-92-79-05494-5
5438:978-3-7713-0146-0
5415:978-0-297-00346-5
5346:978-3-89667-430-2
5323:978-3-11-095730-3
5283:978-0-312-21293-3
5038:, pp. 19–23.
5014:, pp. 60–61.
5002:, pp. 15–16.
4966:, pp. 87–88.
4964:Bärenbrinker 1998
4939:, pp. 12–13.
4927:, pp. 30–55.
4912:, pp. 11–12.
4886:Bärenbrinker 1998
4861:, pp. 85–86.
4859:Bärenbrinker 1998
4842:, pp. 83–85.
4840:Bärenbrinker 1998
4827:, pp. 63–64.
4184:, pp. 96–97.
3891:, pp. 73–74.
3879:, pp. 70–72.
3805:, pp. 20–40.
3781:, pp. 68–69.
3754:, pp. 63–65.
3730:, pp. 40–42.
3674:, pp. 19–21.
3638:, pp. 39–40.
3626:, pp. 72–73.
3409:, pp. 47–54.
3295:Gerstenmaier 1981
2962:Order of George I
2902:Charlemagne prize
2741:Ordonnanzoffizier
2543:978-3-421-01894-6
2534:Europäische Reden
2519:978-0-04-330215-6
2491:978-3-430-13898-7
2463:978-3-430-13897-0
2306:and the proposed
2300:Council of Europe
2148:European Movement
1945:National Assembly
1920:Jean-Marc Boegner
1902:Couve de Murville
1850:French government
1794:Charles de Gaulle
1746:in October 1962.
1375:Venice Conference
1198:exclusive mandate
1181:in October 1969.
1013:French Parliament
780:Palais Schaumburg
720:Sunflower Project
495:European Movement
487:Charles de Gaulle
425:diplomatic career
371:
370:
353:Normandy Campaign
191:Walther [
42:Hallstein in 1957
8762:
8665:German diplomats
8593:
8584:
8572:
8556:
8548:
8546:AntĂłnio Guterres
8540:
8532:
8524:
8516:
8508:
8500:
8492:
8484:
8476:
8468:
8460:
8452:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8416:
8408:
8400:
8381:
8373:
8365:
8357:
8349:
8341:
8333:
8325:
8317:
8309:
8301:
8293:
8285:
8273:
8265:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8234:
8226:
8221:
8213:
8205:
8197:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8160:
8152:
8147:
8139:
8131:
8126:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8097:
8089:
8084:
8082:Walter Hallstein
8076:
8068:
8060:
8052:
8050:Paul-Henri Spaak
8044:
8036:
8031:
8023:
8015:
8007:
8005:Hendrik Brugmans
7999:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7950:
7949:
7941:
7919:GĂĽnter Verheugen
7904:Martin Bangemann
7859:Walter Hallstein
7841:
7834:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7807:
7800:
7757:Robert Lemaignen
7727:Piero Malvestiti
7721:Walter Hallstein
7698:
7691:
7684:
7675:
7674:
7636:
7623:
7610:
7597:
7568:
7555:
7542:
7528:
7515:
7502:
7489:
7476:
7463:
7450:
7437:
7407:
7398:Walter Hallstein
7377:
7364:
7351:
7321:
7307:
7294:
7285:Piero Malvestiti
7281:
7268:
7255:
7220:
7219:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7185:
7184:
7158:Rudolf Steinberg
7147:Joachim Weidmann
7109:Erhard Denninger
7029:Walter Hallstein
7019:Walter Platzhoff
6989:Josef Heimberger
6984:Fritz Drevermann
6895:
6888:
6881:
6872:
6871:
6802:
6801:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6769:
6756:
6748:
6728:
6704:
6695:
6672:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6621:
6604:Wallace, William
6599:
6595:978-0-30018112-8
6580:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6397:(6 April 1960).
6390:
6313:
6286:
6267:
6261:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6229:
6206:
6183:
6169:
6158:
6139:
6120:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6085:. Archived from
6080:
6070:
6048:
6039:
6020:
6011:
5992:
5969:
5950:
5919:
5895:
5876:
5860:
5837:
5818:
5812:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5777:
5755:
5736:
5717:
5691:
5672:
5653:
5627:
5621:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5596:
5590:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5565:
5546:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5498:
5479:
5461:
5442:
5419:
5407:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5377:——.
5373:
5371:
5369:
5350:
5327:
5296:
5287:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5258:
5248:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5227:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5186:Adenauer, Konrad
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4862:
4856:
4843:
4837:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4707:
4701:
4686:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4335:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4264:
4258:
4245:
4239:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4185:
4179:
4170:
4164:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3950:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3821:
3815:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3343:
3337:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3144:
3138:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3056:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2975:
2931:Order of Leopold
2870:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2813:Paul-Henri Spaak
2793:
2787:
2764:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2716:
2708:
2696:
2676:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:Regierungsbaurat
2564:
2547:
2523:
2495:
2467:
2378:, February 1969
2325:
2250:Vision of Europe
2194:
2079:
2067:
2037:
2025:
1874:Amintore Fanfani
1802:Alain Peyrefitte
1791:french president
1771:Gerhard Schröder
1759:German Bundestag
1721:
1639:Harold Macmillan
1589:Harold Macmillan
1525:, transport and
1441:Treaties of Rome
1383:Christian Pineau
1228:, as one of the
1104:Foreign Minister
962:Foreign Minister
886:
874:
864:, and later the
796:Second World War
693:
679:
669:first lieutenant
643:of the faculty.
606:
566:
519:classical school
447:diplomatically.
374:Walter Hallstein
313:
312:
311:
296:
294:
293:
281:Military service
226:
207:17 November 1901
206:
204:
182:Personal details
161:
142:
130:
121:
96:
84:
63:
40:
30:Walter Hallstein
21:
20:
8770:
8769:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8587:
8575:
8559:
8551:
8543:
8538:Emmanuel Macron
8535:
8527:
8519:
8511:
8503:
8495:
8487:
8479:
8471:
8466:Andrea Riccardi
8463:
8455:
8447:
8439:
8431:
8419:
8411:
8403:
8395:
8384:
8376:
8368:
8360:
8352:
8344:
8339:Franz Vranitzky
8336:
8328:
8323:Felipe González
8320:
8312:
8304:
8296:
8288:
8276:
8271:Henry Kissinger
8268:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8237:
8229:
8224:
8216:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8163:
8155:
8150:
8142:
8134:
8129:
8121:
8113:
8108:
8100:
8092:
8087:
8079:
8071:
8063:
8055:
8047:
8039:
8034:
8029:Konrad Adenauer
8026:
8018:
8010:
8002:
7994:
7983:
7977:
7947:
7942:
7933:
7879:Ralf Dahrendorf
7850:
7845:
7815:
7810:
7801:
7792:
7783:** (Luxembourg)
7745:Robert Marjolin
7712:
7702:
7672:
7667:
7639:
7630:
7617:
7604:
7591:
7581:
7571:
7562:
7549:
7536:
7522:
7509:
7496:
7483:
7470:
7457:
7444:
7431:
7421:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7391:
7389:
7380:
7371:
7368:Pierre Chatenet
7358:
7345:
7335:
7333:
7324:
7315:
7301:
7288:
7275:
7262:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7228:
7214:
7212:
7182:
7177:
7173:Enrico Schleiff
7119:
7113:
7069:Helmut Viebrock
7009:Wilhelm Gerloff
6979:Wilhelm Gerloff
6969:Matthias Gelzer
6944:Rudolf Kautzsch
6911:
6905:
6899:
6865:
6856:
6846:
6836:
6822:
6820:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6767:
6754:
6746:
6735:
6725:
6692:
6669:
6653:
6651:Further reading
6648:
6639:
6637:
6618:
6596:
6577:
6555:
6553:
6534:
6532:
6513:
6511:
6492:
6490:
6471:
6469:
6450:
6448:
6429:
6427:
6408:
6406:
6387:
6310:
6283:
6255:
6254:
6247:
6245:
6226:
6225:978-332280765-6
6203:
6167:
6155:
6136:
6117:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6078:
6067:
6036:
6008:
5989:
5966:
5939:
5900:Kilian, Michael
5892:
5875:on 5 June 2013.
5857:
5834:
5810:
5794:
5792:
5774:
5752:
5733:
5714:
5688:
5669:
5650:
5615:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5574:
5562:
5543:
5512:
5510:
5495:
5458:
5439:
5416:
5404:Memoirs of Hope
5387:
5385:
5367:
5365:
5347:
5324:
5284:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5180:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4988:Freiberger 2010
4986:
4982:
4976:Freiberger 2010
4974:
4970:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4846:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4338:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4267:
4259:
4248:
4240:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3953:
3945:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3824:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3686:, p. 372f.
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:, pp. 2–3.
3441:
3437:
3431:Freiberger 2010
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3346:
3340:Freiberger 2010
3338:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3307:Freiberger 2010
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3185:Freiberger 2010
3183:
3174:
3166:
3147:
3139:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3106:Freiberger 2010
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3059:
3053:Freiberger 2010
3051:
3044:
3036:
3029:
3023:Soetendorp 2014
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2819:
2801:Gaetano Martino
2799:(Netherlands),
2794:
2790:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2723:Gleichschaltung
2665:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2619:
2615:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2531:
2520:
2507:
2492:
2479:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2352:
2252:
2186:As reported by
2117:
2080:
2077:
2026:
2023:Memoirs of Hope
2020:
2001:
1990:Georg Kiesinger
1915:
1779:
1718:Force de Frappe
1701:Hallstein with
1670:
1651:Lord Privy Seal
1601:free trade area
1547:political union
1539:economic policy
1493:
1488:
1482:
1457:
1418:Konrad Adenauer
1336:free trade area
1324:Spaak Committee
1243:
1158:
1152:
1001:Treaty of Paris
972:and creating a
922:Konrad Adenauer
898:
858:Treaty of Paris
826:Konrad Adenauer
772:
767:
736:
685:as a potential
649:
507:
397:Weimar Republic
388:and one of the
309:
307:
291:
289:
259:Political party
247:
228:
224:
208:
202:
200:
199:
198:
162:
157:
140:
128:
122:
117:
107:State Secretary
94:
82:
64:
59:
43:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8768:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8585:
8573:
8557:
8554:Klaus Iohannis
8549:
8541:
8533:
8525:
8517:
8509:
8501:
8493:
8485:
8477:
8469:
8461:
8453:
8445:
8437:
8429:
8417:
8409:
8401:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8374:
8366:
8358:
8350:
8342:
8334:
8326:
8318:
8315:Jacques Delors
8310:
8302:
8294:
8286:
8274:
8266:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8235:
8227:
8222:
8219:Emilio Colombo
8214:
8206:
8198:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8148:
8140:
8132:
8127:
8119:
8116:Jens Otto Krag
8111:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8085:
8077:
8069:
8061:
8058:Robert Schuman
8053:
8045:
8037:
8032:
8024:
8016:
8008:
8000:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7976:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7953:
7944:
7943:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7894:Alois Pfeiffer
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7844:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7821:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7789:†(Luxembourg)
7787:Lambert Schaus
7784:
7781:Michel Rasquin
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7753:(West Germany)
7748:
7742:
7739:Sicco Mansholt
7736:
7733:Giuseppe Caron
7730:
7724:
7723:(West Germany)
7717:
7714:
7713:
7701:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7624:
7611:
7598:
7584:
7582:
7580:(2009–present)
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7556:
7543:
7529:
7519:Jacques Santer
7516:
7506:Jacques Delors
7503:
7490:
7477:
7464:
7454:Sicco Mansholt
7451:
7438:
7424:
7422:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7394:
7392:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7365:
7355:Étienne Hirsch
7352:
7338:
7336:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7308:
7298:Rinaldo Del Bo
7295:
7282:
7269:
7256:
7242:
7240:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7168:Birgitta Wolff
7165:
7160:
7155:
7153:Werner MeiĂźner
7150:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7099:Wolfgang Franz
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7044:Max Horkheimer
7041:
7039:Boris Rajewsky
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7004:Erwin Madelung
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6939:Heinrich Titze
6936:
6934:Albrecht Bethe
6931:
6929:Hans von Arnim
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6898:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6858:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6829:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6775:
6770:
6762:
6757:
6749:
6741:
6734:
6733:External links
6731:
6730:
6729:
6723:
6705:
6696:
6690:
6673:
6667:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6622:
6616:
6600:
6594:
6581:
6575:
6562:
6550:Spiegel Online
6541:
6529:Spiegel Online
6520:
6508:Spiegel Online
6499:
6487:Spiegel Online
6478:
6466:Spiegel Online
6457:
6445:Spiegel Online
6436:
6424:Spiegel Online
6415:
6403:Spiegel Online
6395:Spiegel Online
6391:
6385:
6370:
6359:
6336:
6325:
6314:
6308:
6287:
6281:
6268:
6230:
6224:
6207:
6201:
6184:
6159:
6153:
6140:
6134:
6121:
6115:
6102:
6071:
6065:
6053:Loth, Wilfried
6049:
6040:
6034:
6021:
6012:
6006:
5993:
5987:
5970:
5964:
5951:
5937:
5920:
5896:
5890:
5877:
5861:
5855:
5838:
5832:
5819:
5801:
5778:
5772:
5756:
5750:
5737:
5731:
5718:
5712:
5704:Retrospections
5696:Grewe, Wilhelm
5692:
5686:
5673:
5667:
5654:
5648:
5628:
5597:
5566:
5560:
5547:
5541:
5519:
5499:
5493:
5480:
5462:
5456:
5443:
5437:
5420:
5414:
5394:
5374:
5351:
5345:
5328:
5322:
5297:
5288:
5282:
5269:
5249:
5241:|journal=
5216:
5206:on 23 May 2013
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5161:
5159:, p. 168.
5149:
5137:
5135:, p. 311.
5125:
5113:
5101:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5040:
5028:
5026:, p. 186.
5016:
5004:
5000:Hallstein 1972
4992:
4990:, p. 227.
4980:
4978:, p. 215.
4968:
4953:
4949:Hallstein 1972
4941:
4929:
4925:Hallstein 1972
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4874:Hallstein 1972
4863:
4844:
4829:
4817:
4802:
4798:Hallstein 1951
4790:
4788:, p. 374.
4771:
4769:, p. 179.
4759:
4747:
4745:, p. 175.
4735:
4723:
4708:
4687:
4685:, p. 167.
4672:
4670:, p. 166.
4660:
4648:
4636:
4624:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4583:, p. 154.
4573:
4571:, p. 184.
4569:De Gaulle 1971
4556:
4554:, p. 148.
4544:
4542:, p. 147.
4532:
4530:, p. 165.
4517:
4505:
4493:
4478:
4466:
4464:, p. 146.
4447:
4435:
4423:
4421:, p. 151.
4408:
4396:
4394:, p. 145.
4377:
4365:
4363:, p. 157.
4353:
4351:, p. 144.
4336:
4334:, p. 143.
4321:
4309:
4294:
4292:, p. 142.
4282:
4280:, p. 141.
4265:
4246:
4244:, p. 140.
4225:
4213:
4211:, p. 137.
4201:
4186:
4171:
4169:, p. 139.
4150:
4148:, p. 194.
4138:
4126:
4124:, p. 193.
4114:
4112:, p. 182.
4102:
4100:, p. 127.
4090:
4075:
4073:, p. 300.
4063:
4061:, p. 100.
4051:
4049:, p. 103.
4039:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3994:Hallstein 1958
3986:
3974:
3951:
3934:
3932:, p. 195.
3922:
3910:
3893:
3881:
3866:
3854:
3839:
3822:
3807:
3803:Griffiths 1994
3795:
3793:, p. 142.
3783:
3771:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3717:
3705:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3613:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3517:, p. 203.
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3469:, p. 458.
3459:
3457:, p. 112.
3447:
3435:
3433:, p. 216.
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3361:, p. 372.
3344:
3342:, p. 225.
3323:
3321:, p. 360.
3311:
3309:, p. 214.
3299:
3287:
3285:, p. 239.
3275:
3273:, p. 174.
3260:
3256:Schönwald 2017
3243:
3231:
3216:
3212:Raehlmann 2012
3201:
3199:, p. 173.
3189:
3187:, p. 211.
3172:
3145:
3122:
3110:
3108:, p. 210.
3098:
3086:
3084:, p. 371.
3057:
3055:, p. 208.
3042:
3027:
3012:
3010:, p. 103.
3000:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:order of merit
2964:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2848:
2835:
2817:
2811:(France), and
2807:(Luxembourg),
2788:
2756:
2747:
2730:
2690:organization (
2659:
2642:
2630:
2613:
2595:
2582:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2437:
2434:
2370:Accepting the
2351:
2348:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2251:
2248:
2246:all his life.
2198:Heinrich LĂĽbke
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2075:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2018:
2000:
1997:
1914:
1911:
1778:
1775:
1736:currency union
1566:Sicco Mansholt
1492:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1461:European Court
1456:
1453:
1447:to the German
1424:, signing the
1334:rather than a
1300:Treaty of Rome
1242:
1239:
1218:unfriendly act
1151:
1148:
1108:Foreign Office
1102:was appointed
1053:General Treaty
1009:
1008:
997:
982:Treaty of Bonn
942:Paris Treaties
897:
894:
866:European Union
808:Robert Schuman
771:
768:
766:
763:
735:
732:
648:
645:
517:he attended a
506:
503:
468:European Union
452:federal Europe
369:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
361:
360:
350:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:
305:
304:Branch/service
301:
300:
287:
283:
282:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
241:
237:
236:
227:(aged 80)
221:
217:
216:
190:
188:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
154:
153:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
114:
113:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
76:Sicco Mansholt
73:
67:
66:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
26:His Excellency
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8767:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8599:
8591:
8586:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8558:
8555:
8550:
8547:
8542:
8539:
8534:
8531:
8526:
8523:
8518:
8515:
8514:Martin Schulz
8510:
8507:
8502:
8499:
8494:
8491:
8486:
8483:
8478:
8475:
8470:
8467:
8462:
8459:
8458:Angela Merkel
8454:
8451:
8450:Javier Solana
8446:
8443:
8438:
8435:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8415:
8410:
8407:
8402:
8399:
8398:György Konrád
8394:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8380:
8375:
8372:
8367:
8364:
8359:
8356:
8351:
8348:
8347:Queen Beatrix
8343:
8340:
8335:
8332:
8327:
8324:
8319:
8316:
8311:
8308:
8303:
8300:
8295:
8292:
8291:Brother Roger
8287:
8284:
8280:
8275:
8272:
8267:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8241:
8236:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8220:
8215:
8212:
8207:
8204:
8203:Walter Scheel
8199:
8196:
8195:Leo Tindemans
8191:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8175:
8170:
8167:
8162:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8146:
8141:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8125:
8120:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8104:
8103:Antonio Segni
8099:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8083:
8078:
8075:
8070:
8067:
8062:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8046:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8030:
8025:
8022:
8017:
8014:
8009:
8006:
8001:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7974:
7969:
7967:
7962:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7940:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7884:Guido Brunner
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Fritz Hellwig
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7842:
7837:
7835:
7830:
7828:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7804:
7799:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7741:(Netherlands)
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7694:
7692:
7687:
7685:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7574:
7566:
7560:
7557:
7553:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7405:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7375:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7218:
7209:
7204:
7202:
7197:
7195:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7089:Walter Artelt
7087:
7085:
7084:Fritz Neumark
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7074:Willy Hartner
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7054:Fritz Neumark
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:Georg Hohmann
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6994:Georg KĂĽntzel
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6974:Gustav Embden
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Kurt Burchard
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6864:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6834:Fritz Hellwig
6828:
6827:
6819:
6818:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6795:
6783:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6753:
6750:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6691:9783531143484
6687:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6636:
6633:(in German).
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6576:9780582231993
6572:
6568:
6563:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6356:3-7890-6980-9
6353:
6349:
6345:
6344:Wilfried Loth
6341:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6282:9781317881216
6278:
6275:. Routledge.
6274:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5856:3-598-22629-2
5852:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5466:Eden, Anthony
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5147:, p. 43.
5146:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5072:Kilian M 2005
5068:
5062:, p. 20.
5061:
5056:
5050:, p. 60.
5049:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5024:Maulucci 2012
5020:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4951:, p. 30.
4950:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4911:
4906:
4900:, p. 12.
4899:
4894:
4888:, p. 85.
4887:
4882:
4876:, p. 22.
4875:
4870:
4868:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4815:, p. 62.
4814:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4786:Kilian M 2005
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4755:Kilian M 2005
4751:
4744:
4739:
4732:
4731:Spiegel 1968b
4727:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4705:
4704:Spiegel 1968a
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4658:, p. 42.
4657:
4652:
4645:
4644:Spiegel 1965c
4640:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4620:Spiegel 1965b
4616:
4614:
4606:
4605:Spiegel 1966a
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4515:, p. 65.
4514:
4509:
4502:
4501:Spiegel 1966b
4497:
4490:
4489:Spiegel 1967a
4485:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4406:, p. 99.
4405:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4223:, p. 98.
4222:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4008:, p. 51.
4007:
4006:Dumoulin 2007
4002:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3949:, p. 75.
3948:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:Maulucci 2012
3926:
3919:
3914:
3908:, p. 74.
3907:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3864:, p. 72.
3863:
3858:
3852:, p. 71.
3851:
3846:
3844:
3837:, p. 70.
3836:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3820:, p. 69.
3819:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3792:
3791:Maulucci 2012
3787:
3780:
3775:
3769:, p. 65.
3768:
3763:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3740:Adenauer 1955
3736:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3715:, p. 84.
3714:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3684:Kilian M 2005
3680:
3673:
3672:Kilian W 2001
3668:
3661:
3660:Kilian M 2005
3656:
3650:, p. 13.
3649:
3648:Kilian W 2001
3644:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3611:, p. 25.
3610:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3592:Maulucci 2012
3588:
3581:
3580:Maulucci 2012
3576:
3569:
3568:Maulucci 2012
3564:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3541:, p. xv.
3540:
3539:McCauley 2008
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3515:Maulucci 2012
3511:
3504:
3503:Maulucci 2012
3499:
3493:, p. 91.
3492:
3487:
3480:
3479:Maulucci 2012
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3455:Maulucci 2012
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3421:, p. 62.
3420:
3419:Maulucci 2012
3415:
3408:
3407:Maulucci 2012
3403:
3396:
3391:
3385:, p. 34.
3384:
3379:
3373:, p. 32.
3372:
3367:
3360:
3359:Kilian M 2005
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3297:, p. 66.
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3258:, p. 30.
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3241:, p. 79.
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3214:, p. 78.
3213:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3120:, p. 29.
3119:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3096:, p. 28.
3095:
3090:
3083:
3082:Kilian M 2005
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3040:, p. 27.
3039:
3034:
3032:
3025:, p. 20.
3024:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2857:supranational
2852:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2809:Antoine Pinay
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2262:Ludwig Erhard
2258:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:According to
2024:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1883:Kennedy Round
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1862:head of state
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:nation states
1690:
1686:
1685:confederation
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:Daily Express
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1632:customs union
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:Ludwig Erhard
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:protectionist
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Four Freedoms
1512:
1511:customs union
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1487:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Antonio Segni
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:protectionism
1341:
1340:customs union
1337:
1333:
1332:common market
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1272:supranational
1269:
1268:Ludwig Erhard
1265:
1256:
1252:
1251:Ludwig Erhard
1247:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:Based on the
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:Wilhelm Grewe
1172:
1168:
1167:Wilhelm Grewe
1164:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:Wilhelm Grewe
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:WilhelmstraĂźe
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Paris Accords
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:
977:
975:
971:
966:
963:
959:
955:
947:
943:
938:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
907:
902:
893:
891:
887:
885:
879:
875:
873:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Wilhelm Röpke
831:
828:, the German
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
789:
785:
781:
776:
762:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:Ludwig Erhard
741:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
692:
691:
684:
680:
678:
677:
670:
666:
658:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
605:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
565:
564:
563:Kammergericht
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:civil servant
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
306:
302:
299:
288:
284:
279:
276:
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
245:
242:
240:Resting place
238:
235:
231:
223:29 March 1982
222:
218:
215:
214:German Empire
211:
196:
195:
189:
185:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
160:
155:
152:
148:
144:
138:
135:
132:
126:
120:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
62:
57:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
8522:Pope Francis
8424: /
8389:2001–present
8379:Bill Clinton
8355:Roman Herzog
8307:Václav Havel
8281: /
8095:Edward Heath
8081:
7858:
7720:
7707:(1958–1962:
7546:Romano Prodi
7533:Manuel MarĂn
7493:Gaston Thorn
7397:
7342:Louis Armand
7312:Albert Coppé
7137:Hartwig Kelm
7120:(since 1971)
7104:Walter RĂĽegg
7059:Helmut Coing
7028:
7014:Ernst Krieck
6924:Ludwig Pohle
6851:
6824:
6815:
6810:
6786:. Retrieved
6780:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6681:
6677:
6658:
6640:13 September
6638:. Retrieved
6630:
6607:
6585:
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6549:
6533:. Retrieved
6528:
6512:. Retrieved
6507:
6491:. Retrieved
6486:
6470:. Retrieved
6465:
6449:. Retrieved
6444:
6428:. Retrieved
6423:
6407:. Retrieved
6402:
6375:
6366:
6362:
6347:
6339:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6317:
6295:
6291:
6272:
6246:. Retrieved
6241:
6215:
6211:
6192:
6188:
6171:
6144:
6125:
6106:
6096:24 September
6094:. Retrieved
6087:the original
6056:
6044:
6025:
5997:
5978:
5974:
5955:
5928:
5924:
5907:
5903:
5881:
5873:the original
5846:
5842:
5823:
5806:
5793:. Retrieved
5783:
5763:
5741:
5722:
5703:
5699:
5677:
5658:
5639:
5635:
5606:. Retrieved
5575:. Retrieved
5551:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5511:. Retrieved
5484:
5473:
5447:
5428:
5424:
5403:
5386:. Retrieved
5366:. Retrieved
5336:
5332:
5305:
5301:
5292:
5273:
5261:. Retrieved
5232:cite journal
5223:
5210:13 September
5208:. Retrieved
5201:the original
5191:
5178:Bibliography
5164:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5067:
5055:
5048:KĂĽsters 1998
5043:
5031:
5019:
5012:KĂĽsters 1998
5007:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4944:
4932:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4825:KĂĽsters 1998
4820:
4813:KĂĽsters 1998
4800:, p. 2.
4793:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4600:
4595:, p. 9.
4588:
4576:
4547:
4535:
4508:
4496:
4469:
4438:
4426:
4404:Groeben 1998
4399:
4368:
4356:
4312:
4285:
4221:Groeben 1998
4216:
4204:
4182:Groeben 1998
4146:Wallace 1998
4141:
4134:Wallace 1998
4129:
4122:Wallace 1998
4117:
4110:Wallace 1998
4105:
4093:
4086:Spiegel 1960
4066:
4059:Groeben 1998
4054:
4047:Groeben 1998
4042:
4035:Groeben 1998
4018:Groeben 1998
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3972:, p. 7.
3947:KĂĽsters 1998
3925:
3920:, p. 3.
3913:
3906:KĂĽsters 1998
3889:KĂĽsters 1998
3884:
3877:KĂĽsters 1998
3862:KĂĽsters 1998
3857:
3850:KĂĽsters 1998
3835:KĂĽsters 1998
3818:KĂĽsters 1998
3798:
3786:
3779:KĂĽsters 1998
3774:
3767:KĂĽsters 1998
3752:KĂĽsters 1998
3747:
3735:
3708:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3624:KĂĽsters 1998
3587:
3575:
3563:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3283:Kitchen 2011
3278:
3234:
3192:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3003:
2996:KĂĽsters 2011
2905:
2868:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2820:
2791:
2780:East Germany
2779:
2776:West Germany
2775:
2771:
2767:
2750:
2738:
2733:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2691:
2683:
2671:
2662:
2650:
2645:
2638:Habilitation
2637:
2633:
2621:
2616:
2603:
2598:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2533:
2526:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2427:
2424:
2381:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2316:Schuman Plan
2312:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2253:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2187:
2185:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2110:
2086:
2082:
2073:politically.
2071:
2060:
2058:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1899:
1887:
1877:
1866:
1854:
1835:
1818:
1811:
1799:
1768:
1748:
1725:
1714:
1711:
1682:
1674:Fouchet Plan
1671:
1668:Fouchet Plan
1658:
1647:Edward Heath
1636:
1629:
1620:Edward Heath
1598:
1555:
1531:
1505:
1494:
1458:
1438:
1396:
1368:
1359:
1356:Spaak Report
1317:
1277:
1260:
1235:ultima ratio
1226:Soviet Union
1214:
1209:
1205:
1202:East Germany
1194:West Germany
1189:
1183:
1159:
1146:was signed.
1132:
1113:
1074:
1072:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1010:
989:
986:ratification
967:
951:
881:
869:
850:Schuman Plan
838:Schuman Plan
824:
800:Iron Curtain
793:
756:
737:
719:
713:
686:
676:Oberleutnant
672:
662:
622:
618:
601:
585:Habilitation
583:
580:Martin Wolff
569:
559:
538:and then to
529:
522:
508:
480:
449:
445:East Germany
441:West Germany
401:World War II
394:
373:
372:
343:World War II
339:Battles/wars
333:Oberleutnant
298:Nazi Germany
234:West Germany
225:(1982-03-29)
192:
168:Constituency
158:
141:Succeeded by
133:
118:
95:Succeeded by
87:
60:
18:
8625:1982 deaths
8620:1901 births
8474:Donald Tusk
8283:Helmut Kohl
8232:Simone Veil
8158:Roy Jenkins
8124:Joseph Luns
8074:Joseph Bech
8021:Jean Monnet
7480:Roy Jenkins
7420:(1967–2009)
7390:(1958–1967)
7334:(1958–1967)
7246:Jean Monnet
7238:(1952–1967)
6954:Max Neisser
6912:(1914–1971)
6788:18 February
6768:(in German)
6755:(in German)
6747:(in French)
6569:. Longman.
6552:(in German)
6531:(in German)
6510:(in German)
6489:(in German)
6468:(in German)
6462:"EWG-KRISE"
6447:(in German)
6426:(in German)
6405:(in German)
6244:(in German)
6045:Europa 1980
5817:. Brussels.
5608:11 November
5169:Jansen 1998
5157:Jansen 1998
4767:Jansen 1998
4743:Jansen 1998
4719:Jansen 1998
4683:Jansen 1998
4668:Jansen 1998
4528:Jansen 1998
4305:Ludlow 2006
4098:Narjes 1998
3395:Dettke 1981
3319:Heiber 1991
3239:Bitsch 2007
3141:Elvert 2011
2805:Joseph Bech
2336:necessarily
2257:Soviet bloc
2214:Junge Union
2191:Der Spiegel
2160:Helmut Kohl
2064:Der Spiegel
2034:Der Spiegel
2021:De Gaulle,
1985:postponed.
1972:credentials
1934:technocrats
1870:Joseph Luns
1527:agriculture
1519:competition
1469:Netherlands
1432:in 1957 in
1282:met at the
1230:Four Powers
1144:Saar Treaty
1038:Four Powers
994:West Berlin
970:sovereignty
846:Jean Monnet
820:Chancellery
812:Jean Monnet
709:Mississippi
594:company law
590:private law
556:legal clerk
527:) in 1920.
405:German Army
129:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
8614:Categories
8371:Tony Blair
8299:Gyula Horn
7578:Commission
7272:Paul Finet
7259:René Mayer
7222:Presidents
7142:Klaus Ring
7118:Presidents
7049:Oscar Gans
7034:Franz Böhm
6857:1958–1967
6811:New office
6556:3 February
6535:3 February
6514:3 February
6493:3 February
6472:3 February
6451:3 February
6430:3 February
6409:3 February
6172:IEV Online
5795:14 January
5145:Piela 2012
4937:Piela 2010
4910:Piela 2010
4898:Piela 2010
4656:Piela 2012
4513:Geary 2013
4071:Sloan 2005
3970:Piela 2010
3918:Piela 2010
3728:Grewe 1998
3701:Wendt 1995
3636:Grewe 1998
3556:Grewe 1979
3491:Knoll 2004
3467:Conze 2010
3443:Piela 2010
3383:Piela 2012
3371:Piela 2012
3118:Piela 2012
3094:Piela 2012
3038:Piela 2012
3008:Urwin 1995
2981:References
2907:Karlspreis
2412:Georgetown
2230:Westerwald
2172:Westerwald
1814:Presidency
1706:Golda Meir
1449:parliament
1392:Guy Mollet
1139:referendum
890:Nazi Party
884:Kanzleramt
830:Chancellor
790:was formed
724:Fort Getty
631:or of the
629:Nazi Party
571:qualifying
382:Commission
286:Allegiance
270:Alma mater
203:1901-11-17
8186:1976–2000
7988:1950–1975
7777:(Belgium)
7735:†(Italy)
6180:1868-6680
5947:1438-2326
5916:0075-2517
5531:Zeitgeist
5487:. Elgar.
5400:(1971) .
5263:29 August
5192:Bundestag
5133:ASIL 1964
5060:Loch 1968
5036:Lahn 1998
4632:Götz 1998
4581:Götz 1998
4552:Loth 1998
4540:Loth 1998
4474:CVCE 2012
4462:Loth 1998
4443:Loth 1998
4419:Götz 1998
4392:Loth 1998
4373:Loth 1998
4361:Götz 1998
4349:Loth 1998
4332:Loth 1998
4317:Loth 1998
4290:Loth 1998
4278:Loth 1998
4261:CVCE 2011
4242:Loth 1998
4209:Loth 1998
4197:Loth 1998
4167:Loth 1998
3713:Gray 2003
3609:Lahn 1998
3527:Eden 1952
2803:(Italy),
2361:Prussians
2329:Sachlogik
2285:Extensity
2279:Intensity
2237:Stuttgart
2218:Bundestag
2137:Stuttgart
2006:Areopagus
1878:Bundestag
1689:sovereign
1222:recognize
1186:Basic Law
946:Bundestag
908:building
876:) at the
665:artillery
657:Cherbourg
515:Darmstadt
491:Bundestag
378:president
324:1942–1945
315:Wehrmacht
249:Stuttgart
230:Stuttgart
159:In office
119:In office
61:In office
7775:Jean Rey
7759:(France)
7747:(France)
7729:(Italy)*
7531:Acting:
7428:Jean Rey
7310:Acting:
7149:(acting)
7079:Karl Hax
6863:Jean Rey
6258:cite web
6248:26 March
5698:(1979).
5634:(1981).
5618:cite web
5587:cite web
5577:22 March
5513:27 March
2845:einigen.
2842:German:
2408:TĂĽbingen
2244:bachelor
2204:for the
2153:Jean Rey
2076:—
2019:—
1968:de facto
1927:Marjolin
1763:preamble
1742:and the
1732:economic
1637:In 1961
1578:Jean Rey
1513:and the
1501:Brussels
1473:Mansholt
1467:and the
1445:treaties
1404:Carstens
1190:de facto
990:de facto
932:in 1954
604:Prodekan
458:and the
100:Jean Rey
8422:Pat Cox
7771:(Italy)
7765:(Italy)
7224:of the
6910:Rectors
6346:(Ed.):
6298:].
5388:1 March
5368:1 March
2698:), the
2686:), the
2678:), the
2416:Harvard
2168:Neuwied
1938:boycott
1858:Council
1846:Council
1708:in 1964
1653:in the
1430:Euratom
1352:uranium
1292:Messina
944:in the
695:to the
659:in 1944
610:Rostock
596:at the
558:at the
462:of the
431:at the
415:of the
384:of the
380:of the
253:Germany
172:Neuwied
109:at the
7629:
7616:
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2941:1969:
2923:1968:
2912:Aachen
2888:1955:
2540:
2516:
2488:
2460:
2418:, and
2406:, and
2404:Oviedo
2400:Leuven
2388:Sussex
1641:, the
1568:, the
1377:, the
1364:Venice
1342:meant
1311:and a
1296:Sicily
1188:, its
1098:After
1007:(EDC).
956:, the
759:UNESCO
748:rector
540:Berlin
536:Munich
524:Abitur
413:rector
295:
8588:2024
8576:2023
8560:2022
8552:2020
8544:2019
8536:2018
8528:2017
8520:2016
8512:2015
8504:2014
8496:2013
8488:2012
8480:2011
8472:2010
8464:2009
8456:2008
8448:2007
8440:2006
8432:2005
8420:2004
8412:2003
8404:2002
8396:2001
8377:2000
8369:1999
8361:1998
8353:1997
8345:1996
8337:1995
8329:1994
8321:1993
8313:1992
8305:1991
8297:1990
8289:1989
8277:1988
8269:1987
8261:1986
8238:1982
8230:1981
8217:1979
8209:1978
8201:1977
8193:1976
8164:1973
8156:1972
8143:1970
8135:1969
8122:1967
8114:1966
8101:1964
8093:1963
8080:1961
8072:1960
8064:1959
8056:1958
8048:1957
8040:1956
8027:1954
8019:1953
8011:1952
8003:1951
7995:1950
6713:[
6680:[
6294:[
6214:[
6191:[
6168:(PDF)
6090:(PDF)
6079:(PDF)
5977:[
5927:[
5845:[
5811:(PDF)
5702:[
5638:[
5527:[
5427:[
5335:[
5304:[
5257:(PDF)
5204:(PDF)
5197:(PDF)
2900:1961
2620:As a
2552:Notes
2436:Works
2396:Nancy
2392:Liège
2384:Padua
1649:, as
1541:, on
1523:trade
1499:) in
1408:Faure
1358:(the
1081:Nazis
930:Paris
904:1955
714:As a
511:Mainz
210:Mainz
8406:Euro
8256:1985
8251:1984
8246:1983
8225:1980
8177:1975
8172:1974
8151:1971
8130:1968
8109:1965
8088:1962
8035:1955
6790:2013
6719:ISBN
6686:ISBN
6663:ISBN
6642:2011
6612:ISBN
6590:ISBN
6571:ISBN
6558:2013
6537:2013
6516:2013
6495:2013
6474:2013
6453:2013
6432:2013
6411:2013
6381:ISBN
6352:ISBN
6342:In:
6304:ISBN
6277:ISBN
6264:link
6250:2013
6220:ISBN
6197:ISBN
6176:ISSN
6149:ISBN
6130:ISBN
6111:ISBN
6098:2007
6061:ISBN
6030:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5960:ISBN
5943:ISSN
5933:ISBN
5912:ISSN
5886:ISBN
5851:ISBN
5828:ISBN
5797:2012
5768:ISBN
5746:ISBN
5727:ISBN
5708:ISBN
5682:ISBN
5663:ISBN
5644:ISBN
5624:link
5610:2007
5593:link
5579:2013
5556:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5515:2013
5489:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5433:ISBN
5410:ISBN
5390:2013
5370:2013
5355:CVCE
5341:ISBN
5318:ISBN
5278:ISBN
5265:2012
5245:help
5212:2011
2778:and
2770:and
2589:The
2538:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2376:Bonn
2291:Time
1893:of "
1888:The
1819:The
1755:NATO
1734:and
1726:The
1609:EFTA
1557:the
1434:Rome
1428:and
1135:Saar
1042:NATO
1021:NATO
918:NATO
778:The
641:dean
625:Nazi
592:and
532:Bonn
329:Rank
220:Died
187:Born
8580:,
5310:doi
2610:").
2569:sic
2374:in
1787:EEC
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