2843:
2670:
5187:
9042:... "stereotypes and images are assumed to be based on the conservative Wahhabi interpretation of Islam despite the fact that no systematic analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s writings about women and gender has ever been undertaken ... the assertion that these attitudes are characteristic of Wahhabism risks inaccuracy because the term Wahhabism is rarely defined. Many of the regimes and movements labeled as Wahhabi in the contemporary era do not necessarily share the same theological and legal orientations ... Wahhabism has become such a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith ... do not necessarily reflect the writings or teachings of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. In fact, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s life and writings reflect a concern for women and women’s rights ..."
4219:
3707:
5261:(literally, "loyalty and disassociation"), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab argued that it was "imperative for Muslims not to befriend, ally themselves with, or imitate non-Muslims or heretical Muslims", and that this "enmity and hostility of Muslims toward non-Muslims and heretical had to be visible and unequivocal". Even as late as 2003, entire pages in Saudi textbooks were devoted to explaining to undergraduates that all forms of Islam except Wahhabism were deviation. Shia critic Hamid Algar argued in 2002 that Saudi government had "discreetly concealed" this view from other Muslims "over the years" in order to depict itself as the defender of "Muslim interests".
7859:) highly attractive and made him their central classical scholarly reference. However, for centuries Ibn Taymiyya's thoughts were mostly ignored by those who constituted the scholarly mainstream; who would accuse the Wahhabis for overemphasizing the scholarly works of Ibn Taymiyya. It was only during the 19th century that Ibn Taymiyya came to exercise prominent scholarly influence over Muslim youth and by the 20th century he would be a major reference for Islamic revolutionaries. On the other hand, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would deny that he had bias towards Ibn Taymiyya; and states in
10875:
6938:
58:
9091:... the financial clout of Saudi Arabia had been amply demonstrated during the oil embargo against the United States, following the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. This show of international power, along with the nation's astronomical increase in wealth, allowed Saudi Arabia's puritanical, conservative Wahhabite faction to attain a preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam. Saudi Arabia's impact on Muslims throughout the world was less visible than that of Khomeini's Iran, but the effect was deeper and more enduring
6293:
2556:, but many scholars and critics draw clear distinctions between the two terms. According to analyst Christopher M. Blanchard, Wahhabism refers to "a conservative Islamic creed centered in and emanating from Saudi Arabia", while Salafism is "a more general puritanical Islamic movement that has developed independently at various times and in various places in the Islamic world". However, many view Wahhabism as the Salafism native to Arabia. Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all
5284:
10988:
1339:
411:
6624:
4499:, or the Wahhabi mission, is the idea of spreading Wahhabism throughout the world. Tens of billions of dollars have been spent by the Saudi government and charities on mosques, schools, education materials, scholarships, throughout the world to promote the Wahhabi influences. Tens of thousands of volunteers and several billion dollars also went in support of the jihad against the atheist communist regime governing Afghanistan.
6730:" has emerged in the contemporary among those who believe that Al-Saud has abandoned the laws of God. According to Zubair Qamar, while the "standard view" is that "Wahhabis are apolitical and do not oppose the State", there is another "strain" of Wahhabism that "found prominence among a group of Wahhabis after the fall of the second Saudi State in the 1800s", and post 9/11 is associated with Jordanian/Palestinian scholar
4531:
5066:
1822:
1328:
422:
4369:
3108:
1404:
4332:, even in criminal investigations and for the purposes of medical research; recorded music played over telephones on hold; or the sending of flowers to friends or relatives who are in the hospital. Common Muslim practices Wahhabis believe are contrary to Islam include listening to music in praise of Muhammad, praying to God while visiting tombs (including the tomb of Muhammad), celebrating
9095:... it reorganized the religious landscape by promoting those associations and ulamas who followed its lead, and then, by injecting substantial amounts of money into Islamic interests of all sorts, it won over many more converts. Above all, the Saudis raised a new standard – the virtuous Islamic civilization – as foil for the corrupting influence of the West.
5649:"My father and I do not deny or criticise the science of Sufism, but on the contrary we support it because it purifies the external and the internal of the hidden sins which are related to the heart and the outward form. Even though the individual might externally be on the right way, internally he might be on the wrong way. Sufism is necessary to correct it."
3743:"Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab did not accept that view. He argued that the criterion for one's standing as either a Muslim or an unbeliever was correct worship as an expression of belief in one God ... any act or statement that indicates devotion to a being other than God is to associate another creature with God's power, and that is tantamount to idolatry (
16248:
5332:"As for warfare, until today, we did not fight anyone, except in defense of our lives and honor. They came to us in our area and did not spare any effort in fighting us. We only initiated fighting against some of them in retaliation for their continued aggression, (42:40)... they are the ones who started declaring us to be unbelievers and fighting us"
7019:
2946:. The cause of decline was identified as the departure of Muslims from true Islamic values brought about by the infiltration and assimilation of local, indigenous, un-Islamic beliefs and practices. The prescribed cure was the purification of Muslim societies through a return to "true Islam". The key programmes of these revival movements included:
9257:. "the two ... concluded a pact. Ibn Saud would protect and propagate the stern doctrines of the Wahhabi mission, which made the Koran the basis of government. In return, Abdul Wahhab would support the ruler, supplying him with 'glory and power'. Whoever championed his message, he promised, 'will, by means of it, rule and lands and men'."
7882:" for, according to him, supplicating the saints is not a form of worship but merely calling out to them, and that worship at graves is not idolatry unless the supplicant believes that buried saints have the power to determine the course of events. These arguments were specifically rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi leader at the time.
4336:(birthday of the Prophet), the use of ornamentation on or in mosques, all of which is considered orthodoxy in the rest of the Islamic world. Until 2018, driving of motor vehicles by women was allowed in every country except the Wahhabi-dominated Saudi Arabia. Certain forms of Dream interpretation, practiced by the famously strict
3871:) has remained much the same since 1740, according to David Commins: "One of the peculiar features of the debate between Wahhabis and their adversaries is its apparently static nature... the main points in the debate stay the same ." According to another source, Wahhabi jurists were unique for their literal interpretation of the
3608:. He solicited Khan to accept his son as his disciple and requested Khan to produce and send more commentaries on the various treatises of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. Khan accepted his request and embarked on a detailed study of the treatises of both the scholars. Hammad's son Sa'd ibn Atiq would study under Khan and various
6957:
and practices outside of the Najd region on the conquest of the Hejaz region "with its more cosmopolitan traditions and the traffic of pilgrims which the new rulers could not afford to alienate". Aside from Saudi Arabia, the only other country whose native population is predominantly
Wahhabi is the adjacent gulf monarchy of
7359:, the oldest and most influential Islamic university. Yahya Birt counts spending on "1,500 mosques, 210 Islamic centres and dozens of Muslim academies and schools". Apart from state patronage, a major source of proselytization has been the private charities and religious activities of Muslim individuals and organizations.
8188:"It is interesting to note that separate places of prayer for each of the Madh-habs remained around the Ka'bah until the first quarter of the twentieth century when 'Abdul-'Azeez ibn Sa'oud and his army conquered Makkah (October 1924) and united all worshippers behind a single Imaam regardless of his or their Madh-habs"
5591:"Let it be known — may Allah guide you — that Allah Most High sent Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) with guidance, which is known as the beneficial knowledge, and true religion, which are virtuous actions.... among those who affiliate themselves to religion, there are those who focus on knowledge and
11708:
7451:. The doctrine of suicide bombings which started appearing in the manuals of various Egyptian extremists during the 1970s and 1980s; has been rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi scholars. Jonathan Sozek reports that while Bin Laden self-identified as a Salafist, he was not affiliated with the Wahhabi movement.
2205:" and attempted to free Islam from "superimposed doctrines" and superstitions". Opponents of the movement and what it stands for label it as "a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances". The term
7372:
asserts that the commonly reported data estimates regarding Saudi religious funding are unreliable due to the sources being "internally inconsistent" and based on "non-specific hearsay". According to
Mandaville, the wide-ranging and controversial usage of the term "Wahhabism" has rendered researching
6956:
The
Wahhabi movement, while predominant across Saudi Arabia, was established from the Najd region, and it is there that its conservative practices have the strongest support, more so than in regions in the kingdom to the east or west of it. Cyril Glasse credits the softening of some Wahhabi doctrines
6704:
should be private, not through public acts such as petitions, demonstrations, etc. This principle arosed confusion during the dynastic disputes of the Second Saudi State during the late 19th-century; when rebels succeeded in overthrowing the monarch, to become the ruler. While it gave the king a wide
3883:
which tended to re-inforce local practices of the region of Najd. Whether the teachings of
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included the need for social renewal and "plans for socio-religious reform of society" in the Arabian Peninsula, rather than simply a return to "ritual correctness and moral purity",
7663:
of the
Arabian Peninsula, an estimated 400,000 were killed or wounded according to some estimates. However, the validity of the 400,000 casualty count is contentious and seen as an exaggerated figure by many scholars, who trace it as a fabrication that emerged during the 1990s. More reliable tallies
5755:
such as declaring "that the sun orbited the Earth", and forbidding "women from riding bicycles on the grounds that they were "the devil's horses", and "from watching TV without veiling, just in case the presenters could see them through the screen". The most senior cleric in Saudi Arabia as of early
5254:
According to various sources – scholars, former Saudi students, Arabic-speaking/reading teachers who have had access to Saudi text books, and journalists Ibn `Abd al Wahhab preached and his successors preach that theirs is the one true form of Islam. According to the doctrine known as
4300:
was empowered to "Command the Good and Forbid the Evil" (the so-called "religious police") in Saudi Arabia – the one country founded with the help of
Wahhabi warriors and whose scholars and pious citizens dominated many aspects of the Kingdom's life. Committee "field officers" enforce
3816:
justification for fighting his opponents in Arabia can be summed up as his belief that the original pagans fought by
Muhammad "affirmed that God is the creator, the sustainer and the master of all affairs; they gave alms, they performed pilgrimage and they avoided forbidden things from fear of God".
3732:
describes the "pivotal idea" in Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teaching as being that "Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not ... misguided
Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether." This put Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching at odds with that of those Muslims who argued that the
9832:
The use of the term to label all distasteful opponents has become so routine in post–Soviet discourse that Feliks Kulov, then
Minister for National Security in Kyrgyzstan, could speak in 1997 of "foreign Wahhabi emissaries, from Iran in particular".."People accused of being "Wahhabis" are routinely
5810:
became an influential institution in
Arabian society and it sought a balanced approach to modernity; positioning itself between religious idealism and varying societal, economic and material demands. As a result, some scholars like Fandy Mamoun have stated that "In Saudi Arabia, different times and
4403:
According to senior Saudi scholars, Islam forbids the traveling or working outside the home by a woman without their husband's permission – permission which may be revoked at any time – on the grounds that the different physiological structures and biological functions
4008:
of His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have reached him and he understands them with regard to any matter, is to act in accordance with them, no matter who he may be disagreeing with. This is what our Lord and our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have enjoined
2185:
Alongside its basic definition as an 18th century reformist/revivalist movement, the Wahhabi movement has also been characterized as a "movement for sociomoral reconstruction of society", "a conservative reform movement", and a sect with a "steadfastly fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in
2607:
and evolved through his subsequent disciples in the central Arabian region of Najd. Despite their relations with Wahhabi Muslims of Najd; other Salafis have often differed theologically with the Wahhabis and hence do not identify with them. These included significant contentions with Wahhabis over
5618:
and Wahhabism are misleading. The early Wahhabi historiography had documented no mention that suggested any direct confrontations between Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and contemporary Sufis nor did it indicate that his activism was directed specifically against Sufism. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's reforms were not
4234:, or that rules have not varied by area or changed over time. In Saudi Arabia, the strict religious atmosphere of Wahhabi doctrines were visible as late as the 1990s; such as the conformity in dress, public deportment, public prayers. Its presence was visible by the wide freedom of action of the "
14734:
But the spirit of Ibn Taymiyyah's teaching found a fuller expression in a movement of immense potentialities which arose in the eighteenth century, from the sands of Nejd, described by Macdonald as the "cleanest spot in the decadent world of Islam". It is really the first throb of life in modern
8079:
and Al-Tayeb would later release statements after the congress to clarify their formal views. Qaradawi condemned the Chechnya congress, alleging that the congress resolutions were "stirred by Rafidhi Shiite". According to Al-Tayeb and Al-Qaradawi, the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are part of the
7763:
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's brother wrote a book in refutation of his brother's new teachings, called: "The Final Word from the Qur'an, the Hadith, and the Sayings of the Scholars Concerning the School of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab", also known as: "Al-Sawa`iq al-Ilahiyya fi Madhhab al-Wahhabiyya" ("The Divine
5444:
constituted associationism with God. However, at no point did Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab "suggest that violence of any sort should be used against the Rafidah or Shi'is". Rather, he implored his followers to peacefully clarify their own legal teachings. He instructed that this procedure of education and
7615:
had resurfaced, reprising its role as the " 'fanatical' and 'despotic' antithesis of a civilized world. Reza Pirbhai asserts that this use is deployed to manufacture an official narrative that assists imperial purposes by depicting a coherent and coordinated international network of ideological
8322:, which was great and profound in various ways. It awakened the Arab soul and placed in front of it, a higher example which it loved, and as a consequence, strived in its cause with the sword, the pen and other weapons. It again directed the attention of all Muslims, especially people of Iraq,
4282:
prayer, modest dress, and abstention from alcohol, for Wahhabis, prayer "that is punctual, ritually correct, and communally performed not only is urged but publicly required of men." Not only is modest dress prescribed, but the type of clothing that should be worn, especially by women (a black
6375:. The lowest of Ibn Mu'ammar's hierarchy constituted the non-Mujtahid laity who are required to directly engage with the Scriptural sources in consultation with scholars, as well as by analysing past scholarly works. Thus, Ibn Mu'ammar's legal theory strived for the reconciliation between the
5764:
forbidding "all-you-can-eat buffets, because paying for a meal without knowing what you'll be eating is akin to gambling". Despite this, the contemporary Wahhabi religious framework has largely been able to maintain Saudi Arabia's global image as a pious society which is also aptly capable of
2228:
and member of the Saudi Consultative Council, has characterized the movement as "a political trend" within Islam that "has been adopted for power-sharing purposes", but not a distinct religious movement, because "it has no special practices, nor special rites, and no special interpretation of
8155:
The essential thing to note is the spirit of freedom manifested in it, though inwardly this movement, too, is conservative in its own fashion. While it rises in revolt against the finality of the schools, and vigorously asserts the right of private judgement, its vision of the past is wholly
3274:
and its intellectual heritage were not hostile to competing Islamic legal traditions. However, critics argue that as Salafis aligned with Saudi promoted neo-Wahhabism, religious concessions for Saudi political patronage distrted the early thrust of the renaissance movement. The early
6203:(emulating legal precedent) to a legal school and jettisoning the juristic super-structure that developed after the Islamic fourth century; in-order to lower clerical resistance to their campaign; Wahhabis sustained the local juristic tradition of Najd, which was based on Hanbalism.
14735:
Islam. To the inspiration of this movement are traceable, directly or indirectly, nearly all the great modem movements of Muslim Asia and Africa, e.g. the Sanusl movement, the Pan-Islamic movement, and the Babi movement, which is only a Persian reflex of Arabian Protestantism.
7350:
to high-level scholarship. "Books, scholarships, fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1,500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for. It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built satellite campuses around
6799:
as championing an “Islamic revolution” that campaigned for a pristine Islam stripped of all complex rituals, cultural accretions, superstitions, etc. and a simpler creedal ethos based on universal brotherhood and fraternity; analogous to various European frondeurs during the
5948:) are prohibited, since God guaranties the sustenance of His creatures. However, if birth control comes to avoid harm to the woman... or in cases in which both spouses agree that it is in their best welfare to prevent or postpone a pregnancy, then birth control is permitted."
7832:
In our time Ibn Abdal Wahhab Najdi appeared, and attacked the two noble sanctuaries (Makkah and Madinah). He claimed to be a Hanbali, but his thinking was such that only he alone was a Muslim, and everyone else was a polytheist! Under this guise, he said that killing the
5871:"In my opinion, the Internet is both a blessing and a curse at one and the same time. It is a blessing as long as it used for doing God's will, commanding good and forbidding wrong. However, it is liable to be evil when it aggravates God.. I call our leaders.. to impose
3179:
Library, etc., propagating Salafi thought as well as promoting scholars like Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Hazm. Rashid Rida would succeed in his efforts to rehabilitate Wahhabis in the Islamic World and would attain the friendship of many Najdi scholars. With the support of the
11625:
6383:
and the classical jurisprudential structures. What made Ibn Mu'ammar's proposed system unique was its "microcosmic" and flexible nature; which permitted the scholars to simultaneously represent different ranks within the hierarchy to carry out their responsibilities of
14319:
4065:
and the consensus of scholars. If any Hanbali interpretations were proven wrong through these principles, they must be abandoned. Defending their pro-Ijtihad stance, Wahhabis quoted Qur'anic verses which implied that only Qur'an and Hadith constituted the bases of
3817:
What made them pagans whose blood could be shed and wealth plundered was that they performed sacrifices, vows and supplications to other beings. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, someone who perform such things even if their lives are otherwise exemplary; is not a
2669:
14026:
9614:, p. viv. "While Wahhabism claims to represent Islam in its purest form, other Muslims consider it a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances."
6980:, praised the 18th-century Najdi movement as "the first throb of life in modern Islam", and noted that its influence on 19th-century religious reformers was "traceable, directly or indirectly nearly all the great modern movements of Muslim Asia and Africa".
7558:. The old-guard of the post-Soviet states found the label useful to depict all opposition as extremists, thereby bolstering their 'strongman' credentials. In short, any Muslim critical of the religious or political status quo, came at risk of being labelled
3534:(monotheism in Worship), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not give prominence to the theology of God's Names and Attributes that was central to Ibn Taymiyya and the Salafi movement. Following this approach, the early Wahhabi scholars had not elucidated the details of
2346:. Despite sharing little resemblance with the doctrines of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, outside observers of the Muslim world have frequently traced various religious purification campaigns across the Islamic World to Wahhabi influence. According to Qeyamuddin Ahmed:
4460:
in the Middle East) has been called by Arthur G Sharp as a "striking example of Wahhabism's outward influence on Saudi society", and an example of the Wahhabi belief that "outward appearances and expressions are directly connected to one's inward state."
3739:" (i.e., the testimony of faith; "There is no god but God, Muhammad is his messenger") alone made one a Muslim, and that shortcomings in that person's behavior and performance of other obligatory rituals rendered them "a sinner", but "not an unbeliever."
2829:
in 1939, Saudi Arabia had access to oil export revenues, revenue that grew to billions of dollars. This money – spent on books, media, schools, universities, mosques, scholarships, fellowships, lucrative jobs for journalists, academics and
6900:, but arose as an analogous response to the pressures of taxation and state interference in formerly independent communities... the influence of Wahhabism persisted indirectly across the Muslim world, inspiring imitations and reactions among the Muslim
5559:. Although this feature is typically attributed to the influence of the classical theologian Ibn Taymiyya, Jeffry Halverson states that Ibn Taymiyyah only opposed what he saw as Sufi excesses and never mysticism in itself, being himself a member of the
4365:) giving of flowers, standing up in honor of someone, celebrating birthdays (including the Prophet's), keeping or petting dogs. Some Wahhabi activists have warned against taking non-Muslims as friends, smiling at or wishing them well on their holidays.
4262:
Wahhabism is noted for its policy of "compelling its own followers and other Muslims strictly to observe the religious duties of Islam, such as the five prayers", and for "enforcement of public morals to a degree not found elsewhere". According to the
6145:; encouraging them to research religious scriptures. Regional rivals castigated him as a self-taught "ignorant" since "knowledge could come only from being taught by shaykhs" and not by treating the Scriptures as one's teacher. Although the issue of
5303:. The purpose of combat was to safeguard the community from the aggression and military attacks by various external threats. While early methods of his reformist efforts were based on preaching and educational efforts; state consolidation project of
8972:
5802:(BSU) ii) Permanent Committee for Scientific Research and Legal Opinions (C.R.L.O) Wahhabi scholars advocated a positive approach to embracing technology, political affairs, etc. while maintaining a traditional stance on social issues. Contemporary
2075:. By 2021, the waning power of the religious clerics brought forth by the social, economic, political changes, and Saudi government's promotion of a nationalist narrative that emphasize non-Islamic components led to what has been described as the "
5218:
who elaborated Ibn Taymiyya's ideals. Ibn Taymiyya's priority of ethics and worship over metaphysics, in particular, is readily accepted by Wahhäbis. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was a dedicated reader and student of Ibn Taymiyya's works, such as
9033:"While Wahhabism claims to represent Islam in its purest form, other Muslims consider it a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances.
4188:
back from what it considers as foreign accretions that have corrupted Islam, and believes that Islam is a complete way of life which has prescriptions for all aspects of life, Wahhabism is quite strict in what it considers Islamic behavior. The
7291:
which shared a common religious outlook. These movements expanded collaboration in various socio-economic, political and educational fields and formed a joint intellectual alliance. Additionally, influential conservative reform movements like
3747:). Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included in the category of such acts popular religious practices that made holy men into intercessors with God. That was the core of the controversy between him and his adversaries, including his own brother."
3334:; the legal writings that were made easily accessible to the general public became often rigidly literalist and intolerant of the wider Sunni legal tradition, limited to a selective understanding of the Hanbalite works of Ibn Taymiyya and
5935:
commandments and Islamic principles to raise Muslim population. However, family planning measures are permitted in certain scenarios, wherein the legal principles of necessity are applicable. Board of Senior Ulema (BSU) states in a 1976
7611:, out of which six articles had appeared before September 2001, while the rest were published since. During the 1990s, it began to be described as "militant", but not yet as a hostile force. By the 2000s, the 19th century terminology of
9917:
9387:
6462:
concerned himself with the social reformation of his people. He stressed the importance of education, especially for females and encouraged women to be active in educational endeavours and lead various communal and social activities.
9702:
3437:
and Wahhabism, criticizing the latter while supporting the former. He had a complex relationship to each movement. Although he praised Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in general terms for his reformist efforts and contributions to the Muslim
3005:
The Wahhabi movement was part of the overall current of various Islamic revivalist trends in the 18th century. It would be influenced by and in turn, influence many other Islamic reform-revivalist movements across the globe. The
3612:
theologians in India. Thus, various Wahhabi scholars began making efforts to appropriate Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's legacy into mainstream Sunni Islam by appropriating them to the broader traditionalist scholarship active across the
6763:, expounded upon by Islamist Muslims. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's original pact promised whoever championed his message, 'will, by means of it, rule and lands and men'." While socio-political issues constituted a major aspect of his
3576:) was one of the first Wahhabi scholars who seriously concerned himself with the question of God's Names and Attributes; a topic largely neglected by the previous Wahhabi scholars whose primary focus was limited to condemning
6715:(Islamic judges) independence. This meant non-interference in their deliberations, as well as not codifying laws, following precedents or establishing a uniform system of law courts – both of which violate the
5264:
In a reply dated 2003, the Saudi Arabian government "has strenuously denied the above allegations", including claims that "their government exports religious or cultural extremism or supports extremist religious education."
3457:
revivalism and his claims of being more faithful to the spirit of Wahhabism than Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself; made the former's ideas highly popular amongst Salafi religious students across the World, including Saudi Arabia.
3779:(supplication); Istia'dha (seeking protection or refuge); Isti'âna (seeking help), and Istigātha to Allah (seeking benefits and calling upon Allah alone). Directing these deeds beyond Allah – such as through
2514:, Wahhabis have "remained known by the name first assigned to them by their detractors". However, the confusion is further aggravated due to the common practice of various authoritarian governments broadly using the label
4380:
Wahhabis are not in unanimous agreement on what is forbidden as sin. Some Wahhabi preachers or activists go further than the official Saudi Arabian Council of Senior Scholars in forbidding (what they believe to be) sin.
7366:, arguing that it caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "petro-Islam") to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.
6467:
had become a major centre of learning and foreign travellers often noted the higher literacy rates of townsfolk of Central Arabia. In line with his methodology, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also denounced the practice of instant
7553:
label would become the most common term to refer to the alleged "Islamic menace" in state propaganda, while "Sufism" was invoked as a "moderate" force that balanced the "radicalism" of those who were being accused as
2842:
2386:(Unitarians). Another preferred term was simply "Muslims", since they considered their creed to be the "pure Islam". However, critics complain these terms imply that non-Wahhabi Muslims are either not monotheists or
5440:. In doing so, Ibn Abdul Wahhab spoke as a scholar who had studied Shi'i scholarly works, outlining a broad and systematic perspective of the Shi'i worldview and theology. He also believed that the Shia doctrine of
8296:), the Wahhabi movement was new, yet simultaneously old. Although it was novel for its contemporary generations, it was also ancient in its powerful calls for return to a pure Islam untainted by the impurities of
7867:"Ibn Qayyim and his illustrious teacher Ibn Taymiyyah were both righteous leaders according to the Sunni school of thought and their writings are dear to my heart, but I do not follow them rigidly in all matters."
7750:(beliefs) as Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, "did not lend any support to the saint-cults and other false practices". It is speculated that they disputed over payment of judges in solving disputes and in the manner of giving
4297:
4235:
9297:
Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024
8964:
8929:
6361:) of his madhab by independently determining the preponderant view from all the possible scenarios tracked down by himself as well as supplement the former rulings. After this came the 3 levels of partial
5623:, including Sufis and non-Sufis; the elite as well as the commoners. This resulted in the widespread desacralisation of the public sphere that heralded the advent of a new socio-political model in Arabia.
2464:
for example has attacked the term as "a doctrine that doesn't exist here" and challenged users of the term to locate any "deviance of the form of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia from the teachings of the
8984:
7386:
6234:, and that the belief that the distinctive character of Wahhabism stems from Hanbali legal thought is a "myth". Some scholars are ambivalent as to whether Wahhabis belong to the Hanbali legal school. The
4389:
forbidden for a variety of reasons including it is a non-Muslim, foreign practice, because of the revealing uniforms and because of the foreign non-Muslim language used in matches. In response, the Saudi
9192:, p. vi "What is the Wahhabi Mission?... A neutral observer could define the Wahhabi mission as the religious reform movement associated with the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792)"
10017:
2442:
in their title, or refer to their ideology in this manner (unless they are speaking to a Western audience that is unfamiliar with Islamic terminology; even then, its use is limited and often appears as
6587:
would allow them, eventually paving way for gradual reforms in KSA. Thus, new education policies would be approved that taught foreign languages, sciences, geography, etc. Overruling the objections of
6113:
text that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab condemned. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers, God's commandments to obey Him alone and follow the Prophetic teachings, necessitated a complete adherence to
2209:
has also become as a blanket term used inaccurately to refer to "any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the
16360:
7934:
movement and was defined by rejection of Wahhabi beliefs. According to Barelvi scholars, Wahhabis preach violence as opposed to Barelvis who promote peace. In 2016 Barelvis banned Wahhabis from their
2285:
2260:
14288:
7585:; employing the term as a catch-all phrase to frame an official narrative that erases the concerns of broad and disparate disenchanted groups pursuing redress for local discontentment caused by
7346:
Its largesse funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim world, according to journalist Dawood al-Shirian. It extended to young and old, from children's
4114:
O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger.. and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything amongst yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger...
9763:
In political, as well as religious matters, any Muslim who challenges the status quo is at risk of being labeled a Wahhabi. This is how the KGB and its post-Soviet successors have used the term
6206:
According to an expert on law in Saudi Arabia (Frank Vogel), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself "produced no unprecedented opinions". The "Wahhabis' bitter differences with other Muslims were not over
2362:
do not like – or at least did not like – the term. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was averse to the elevation of scholars and other individuals, including using a person's name to label an Islamic school (
6597:
would permit the introduction of telegraph and other wireless communication systems. Soon after, oil industries would be developed with the discovery of petroleum. Influential clerics such as
4199:
as the "strictest form of Sunni Islam". On the other hand, religious critics assert that Wahhabism is not strict, castigating it as a distorted version of Islam that deviates from traditional
1987:
Wahhabism has been variously characterized by historians as "orthodox", "puritan(ical)", or "revolutionary", while its adherents describe it as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure
9009:
3542:
movement, the later Wahhabis would revive Athari theological polemics beginning from the mid-twentieth century; which lead to charges of anthropomorphism against them by opponents such as
6972:" are sometimes used interchangeably, and they are considered to be movements with different roots that have merged since the 1960s. However, Wahhabism is generally recognised as form of
5619:
aimed against socio-religious orientations such as Sufism; but were directed against the status quo prevalent in Islamic societies. Thus his efforts attempted a general transformation of
8314:
would have united the Arabs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (AH), just as the appearance of Islam united them in the first century (AH). What we need to emphasize regarding this
8261:" movement by Wahhabis was essential and had positive influence towards Muslims world in global scale, particularly to rising nations which struggled to gain their independence, such as
6482:
has been considered to be one of the most significant reforms in the Islamic World in the 20th and 21st centuries. As an 18th-century reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab advocated for
4301:
strict closing of shops at prayer time, segregation of the sexes, prohibition of the sale and consumption of alcohol, driving of motor vehicles by women, and other social restrictions.
4203:
law, and argue that their practices are neither typical nor mired in the roots of Islam. Unlike other schools of Sunnism, Wahhabis admonishes to ground Islamic principles solely on the
7498:
and condemned terrorist acts by Al-Qaeda. Anti-establishment Wahhabi scholars have also been vehemently opposed to tactics advocated by Bin Laden, not withstanding their opposition to
5683:; response of the religious establishment to the drastic influx of modernity was varied, ranging from scholars who rejected modern influences to tech-savvy clerics who eagerly embrace
2248:. The term used in this manner "most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a small minority" with the intent of "conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia" and foreign interference.
6686:
He also believed that the Muslim ruler is owed unquestioned allegiance as a religious obligation from his subjects; so long as he leads the community according to the laws of God (
3198:
to their respective countries. Prominent amongst these disciples were the Syrian Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (1894–1976), Egyptian Muhammad Hamid al-Fiqi (1892–1959) and the Moroccan
15291:
15202:
9710:
7343:
billion" from 1987 to 2007. Reliability of these rough estimates have been disputed due to their inconsistencies and lack of a scientific methodology for precise quantification.
7105:(1925–2001) is another "giant". According to David Dean Commins, no one "has emerged" with the same "degree of authority in the Saudi religious establishment" since their deaths.
6751:(proselytizing or preaching of Islam) not just towards non-Muslims but towards erroring Muslims. However Wahhabi preachers are conservative and do not deal with concepts such as
5340:, Muhammad ibn Saud's son and successor, was an advocate of expansionist policy and launched offensive military campaigns. The excesses reported to have committed by soldiers of
16912:
Lacroix, Stéphane (2013). "Chapter 2: Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". In Meijer, Roel (ed.).
8092:; along with Ash'arite and Maturidite schools, despite their differences. Qaradawi and Al-Tayeb blamed the controversy around the congress on manipulation and media distortion.
7710:
teachings had more to do with traditional Najdi practice of raiding – "instinctive fight for survival and appetite for lucre" – than with religion;
4357:
forbids imitating non-Muslims. Foreign practices sometimes punished and sometimes simply condemned by Wahhabi preachers as un-Islamic, include celebrating foreign days (such as
3365:) publicly challenged the foundational methodologies of the neo-Wahhabite establishment. According to Albani, although Wahhabis doctrinally professed exclusive adherence to the
8203:
was one of the most influential supporters of the Wahhabi movement during the 20th century. Rida had developed favourable views towards the Wahhabis as early as his arrival in
6552:, etc. would result in a halt to the social reforms implemented by the Wahhabi jurists and their suspicions towards the outside world would linger throughout the 19th century.
6319:
3546:. By contrast, the creedal treatises of early Wahhabis were mostly restricted to upholding Tawhid and condemning various practices of saint veneration which they considered as
10459:
7804:
Wahhabism has been vehemently criticized by many Sunni Muslims and continues to be condemned by various Sunni scholars in the strongest terms as a "new faction, a vile sect".
4425:
compound in eastern Saudi, populated by workers for the company that provides almost all the government's revenue. The exceptions made at KAUST were also in effect at ARAMCO.
3821:
but an unbeliever. Once such people have received the call to "true Islam", understood it and then rejected it, their blood and treasure are forfeit. Clarifying his stance on
3417:
and accused him of imitating the Hanbali school. Albani's outspoken criticism embarrassed the Saudi clergy, who finally expelled him from the Kingdom in 1963 when he issued a
2481:
is not a sect: It is a social movement that began 200 years ago to rid Islam of rigid cultural practices that had acquired over the centuries." In an interview given to
14946:
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For more than two centuries, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings were championed as the official creed in the three Saudi States. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy by
17179:
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823:
562:
349:
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condemn Wahhabism as "extremist" and "heretical"; accusing it of being a terrorist ideology that labels other Muslims, especially Sufis as polytheists, a practice known as
7067:(1893–1969) was the head of Wahhabism in mid twentieth century. He has been said to have "dominated the Wahhabi religious estate and enjoyed unrivaled religious authority".
3167:
scholars and champion the reformist thought. They shared a common interest in opposing various Sufi practices, denouncing blind following and reviving correct theology and
8124:
on neighboring allegedly ignorant Muslims, was a "consecration" by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab since he renamed the Saudi tribe's long-standing raids as Jihad. Part of the Najd's "
6266:
rather than following a law school. He did, however, follow the Hanbali methodology of judging everything not explicitly forbidden to be permissible, avoiding the use of
5798:
was re-organized to include a larger number of elder scholars to boost its intellectual output. Dar al-Ifta headed by the Saudi Grand Mufti, consists of two agencies: i)
12379:
8912:
8363:
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movements. Numerous significant socio-economic reforms would be advocated by the Imam during his lifetime. After his death, his followers continued his legacy. Notable
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remain always open. This juristic approach had enabled flexibility in response of Wahhabi legal bodies to modernity. These include the encouragement of mass-media like
6779:, till nowadays, the people have not united under one single ruler. Nor is it known from any of the scholars that there is any ruling which is invalid except with the
5235:
and his various treatises attacking the cult of saints and certain forms of Sufism. Expressing great respect and admiration for Ibn Taymiyya; Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab wrote:
2495:. Stating that the terminology itself is indefinable, Mohammed bin Salman said: "When people speak of Wahhabism, they don’t know exactly what they are talking about."
15518:
8948:
5436:" (Treatise/Letter on the Denial/Rejection Pertaining to the Rafidah), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab addressed thirty-two topics on points of both theology and law refuting the
16226:
16207:
12356:
12333:
8511:
Wahhabism...The doctrine of an Islamic reform movement founded by Muhammad ibn 'Abd al‐Wahhab (1703–92)... It is based on the Sunni teachings of Ibn Hanbal (780–855)
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of diverse backgrounds across the globe through social media networks. Assisted by scholarly guidance from a wide range of Islamic revivalists across the world like
13101:
9485:
14633:
8921:
13294:
11832:
8128:
state of perpetual war pitted Bedouin tribes against one another for control of the scarce resources that could stave off starvation." And a case of substituting
7377:
governments had commonly used the label "Wahhabism" to designate a wide swathe of religious sects, including those which were doctrinally at odds with Wahhabism.
5811:
different places exist at once. Saudi Arabia is both a pre-modern and a post-modern society." The legal approach is characterized by taking from all law schools (
5371:
it was committed by the ignorant, who were admonished, along with others, from repeating this and similar actions. The stance that we take is that we do not take
4432:
imposed Wahhabi doctrines and practices "in a progressively gentler form" as his early 20th-century conquests expanded his state into urban areas, especially the
8992:
8487:
Wahhabi.. a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna
16487:
14031:[It was "authorized" by a Hanbali jurist two centuries ago, and it was rejected by the University of Paris and forbidden by the churches of the West].
13737:
11762:
10009:
8006:
5123:(violation of tawhid – "the one unforgivable sin", according to Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab). They call for adherence to the beliefs and practices of the
4287:, covering all but the eyes and hands) is specified. Not only is wine forbidden, but so are "all intoxicating drinks and other stimulants, including tobacco".
15114:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
15006:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
14917:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
7767:
In "The Refutation of Wahhabism in Arabic Sources, 1745–1932", Hamadi Redissi provides original references to the description of Wahhabis as a divisive sect (
7717:, a belief which had become a cardinal doctrine in Sunni Islam very early on, represents a departure from something which has been an "integral part of Islam
4112:
and scholars and take only what complies with Allah's Rulings and the teachings of His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Allah, the Almighty says, {
3252:. In the 1960s, he would teach in Saudi Arabia making a profound influence therein. By the 1970s, Albani's thoughts would gain popularity and the notion of "
2572:." Quintan Wiktorowicz asserts modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis.
15431:
15402:
15357:
14318:
ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. (1996). "في الإمامة، والبيعة، والسمع والطاعة" [On Imamate, Allegiance, Hearing and Obedience].
6244:
states that "strictly speaking", Wahhabis "do not see themselves as belonging to any school", and that in doing so they correspond to the ideal aimed at by
5186:
2608:
their unduly harsh enforcement of their beliefs, their lack of tolerance towards other Muslims and their deficient commitment to their stated opposition to
2502:
the term is now commonplace and used even by Wahhabi scholars in the Najd, a region often called the "heartland" of Wahhabism. Journalist Karen House calls
9730:
9064:
at least one scholar (David Commins), sometimes refers to Wahhabism as the "Najdi reform movement", "Najdi movement", "Najdi doctrine", and "Najdi mission"
7016:(1780–1818) was a grandson of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and author of an influential treatise that restricted travel to and residing in land of idolaters.
3326:(independent legal research) of Scriptures to solve the new contemporary demands and problems faced by Muslims living in a modern age through a pragmatic,
4404:
of the two sexes mean that each is assigned a distinctive role to play in the family. Sexual intercourse out of wedlock may be punished with flogging,
4304:
A large number of practices was reported to be forbidden by Saudi Wahhabi officials, preachers or religious police. Practices that have been forbidden as
4009:
upon us, and all the scholars are unanimously agreed on that, apart from the ignorant blind followers and the hard-hearted. Such people are not scholars."
2747:, offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement meant "power and glory" and rule of "lands and men".
15503:
14567:
8368:
7119:
6238:
maintains Wahhabis "rejected all jurisprudence that in their opinion did not adhere strictly to the letter of the Qur'an and the hadith". Cyril Glasse's
4485:
4351:
and the importance of avoiding non-Islamic cultural practices and non-Muslim friendship no matter how innocent these may appear, on the grounds that the
3046:. During the late 19th century, Wahhabi scholars would establish contacts with Ahl-i-Hadith and many Wahhabi students would study under the Ahl-i-Hadith
818:
557:
344:
14296:
6698:(oath of allegiance) to a Muslim ruler during his lifetime to ensure his redemption after death. Any counsel given to a ruler from community leaders or
16392:
4418:
3194:). Many of Rida's disciples would be assigned to various posts in Saudi Arabia and some of them would remain in Saudi Arabia. Others would spread the
12945:
12878:
9551:
4019:
as an innovated principle. Although they professed adherence to Hanbali school, they refrained from taking its precepts as final. Since the issue of
2419:("the way of the pious ancestors"), "the reform or Salafi movement of the Sheikh" (the sheikh being Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab), etc. Their self-designation
263:
225:
15460:
15322:
A number of Islamists claim that Bin Laden has no connection with Wahhabism and also point to his Yemeni background, which is typically non-Wahhabi.
11390:
Contemporary Wahhabism rebranded as Salafism: the issue of interpreting the Qur'anic verses and hadith on the Attributes of God and its significance
9919:
The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia: Muhammad ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhāb (1703/4–1792) and the beginnings of unitarian empire in Arabia
9758:
9389:
The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia: Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhāb (1703/4–1792) and the Beginnings of Unitarian Empire in Arabia
5483:
which set the foundations for the excommunication of Shi'ites outside the pale of Islam. Sulayman's doctrines were revived by later scholars of the
18501:
18319:
9345:
6391:
The Wahhabi legal theory stipulated proof-evaluation based on Hanbali principles as one of its major hallmarks. By claiming themselves as Hanbali,
3143:, Abd al Hamid al Zahrawi, Abd al Qadir al Jabarti, Abd al Hakim al Afghani, Nu'man Khayr al-Din Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri Al Alusi and his disciple
930:
897:
10160:
9001:
6133:
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserted that every Muslim layman, even one without modest educational credentials, have a duty to read and study the
4308:(innovation) or shirk (polytheism) and sometimes "punished by flogging" during Wahhabi history include performing or listening to music; dancing;
2118:(a name used by external parties); it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers. The term "Wahhabi" was probably first used by
18517:
17047:
Bayley, C. A. (2010). "1: The 'Revolutionary Age' in the Wider World, c. 1790–1830". In Bessel, Richard; Guyatt, Nicholas; Rendall, Jane (eds.).
13422:
8358:
6857:
942:
12755:
Riexinger, Martin (2022). "2: Model, Not Idol The Recasting of the Image of Muḥammad in Mukhtaṣar sīrat al-rasūl by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (
15929:
11610:
7679:(independent legal judgement) would result in the formulation of various ideological pretensions that could "erode the very essence of Islam".
7479:
7475:
6771:
across the Muslim world. Following the classical Sunni understanding, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab advocated accommodation with the status quo, stating:
1234:
16036:
7549:
discourses that aroused hysteria of an underground religious activists threatening the stability of the Marxist order. By the late 1990s, the
4448:
and use of funeral markers, which were once forbidden, are now allowed. Prayer attendance, which was once enforced by flogging, is no longer.
18677:
18263:
8310:"Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab admonished the people of Najd for reverting to the ways of ignorance in creed and practice.... it was hoped, this
7930:(1856–1921) and his disciples, who engaged in extensive written refutations and polemics against Wahhabism. His movement became known as the
6313:, many of his followers would perpetuate the Hanbali legal theory. Hanbali jurist Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (AH 1160–1125/ 1747–1810
882:
9643:
8235:, Rida launched his project of re-habilitating Wahhabism and would popularise Najdi scholarly treatises across the Muslim World through his
7362:
This financial aid has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and
18307:
8132:, "the 'opening' or conquest of a vast territory through religious zeal", for the "instinctive fight for survival and appetite for lucre".
6581:
reforms would get criticism from zealots amongst some of his Wahhabi clergy-men; reminiscent of the 19th-century harshness. However, other
4027:
was amongst their principal concerns, Wahhabis developed a set of juristic procedures to solve legal questions. These included referencing
3330:
path faithful to the rich Islamic tradition. However, as other Salafi movements got increasingly sidelined by the Saudi-backed neo-Wahhabi
967:
892:
11130:
Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism".
7730:
It has been reported that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's father was critical of his son. The dispute arose when Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab began his public
6647:: "to believe in Allah, enjoin good behavior, and forbid wrongdoing". This doctrine has been sustained in missionary literature, sermons,
3847:
of. And most of the ummah, and all praise is for God, is not like this... We do not make takfeer except on those matters which all of the
15306:
15217:
6916:, the word may be appropriate for these events within Islam.. these were often revolts of underprivileged suburbanites, the semi-settled
6653:
rulings, and explications of religious doctrine by Wahhabis since the death of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab saw a role for the
3042:, it places great emphasis on hadith studies and condemns imitation to the canonical law schools. They identify with the early school of
1964:), and regarded his works as core scholarly references in theology. While being influenced by Hanbali doctrines, the movement repudiated
918:
17379:
14120:
10437:
10346:
7756:, spreading Islamic teachings. Until his father's death in AH 1153; Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was not overly active and public in his
6252:, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab never directly claimed to be a Hanbali jurist, warned his followers about the dangers of adhering unquestionably to
18590:
7499:
6920:
on the fringe of the Muslim urban economies. These revolts exemplified that perennial conflict between the nomad and the city noted by
6353:
6184:(Prophetic traditions) rather than opinions of early Hanbali jurists. This stance arose uncertainty over his formal affiliation to the
6097:
5842:
3397:. As the most prominent scholar who championed anti-madhab doctrines in the 20th century, Albani held that adherence to a madhab was a
1367:
17176:
15379:
6565:
across the Muslim world from the late 19th century, the Wahhabis of Najd too underwent a rejuvenation. After the establishment of the
6068:), and opposed using local customs. He urged his followers to "return to the primary sources" of Islam in order "to determine how the
14329:
13057:
11635:
7404:
5799:
5495:
was a Shi'ite majority area, and Ottoman invasion was assisted by the British. The Ottoman invasion had become a major danger to the
5239:"I know of no one, who stands ahead of Ibn Taymiyya, after the Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in the science of interpretation and the hadith"
1224:
242:
15335:
10471:
7878:
Ibn Jirjis, who argued that supplicating the saints is permitted to whoever "declares that there is no god but God and prays toward
2798:
by establishing a new order in Arabia and cleansing all the irrational elements and superstitions which had been normalised through
2321:
and thinkers seen as obstructive to their imperial interests; punishing them under various pretexts. Many Muslim rebels inspired by
18290:
9082:
Salafism has been termed a hybridation between the teachings of Ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others which have taken place since the 1960s.
9024:"Wahhabism refers to a conservative interpretation of Islam founded as a revival and reform movement in eighteenth-century Arabia."
7058:
4619:
4540:
887:
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Thunderbolts Concerning the Wahhabi School"). It has been reported that his brother repented and eventually returned to his call.
4664:
17719:
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dealt with specific situations" without being beholden to the interpretations of previous Islamic scholarship, while engaging in
5315:. The Emirate's soldiers were rigorously forbidden from launching attacks targeting women, children and non-combatant civilians.
1229:
16055:
15854:
5595:
and speak regarding it, such as the jurists, and those who focus on worship and the quest for the hereafter, such as the Sufis."
3188:
emerged on a global scale claiming heritage to the thought of 18th-century Islamic reform movements and the pious predecessors (
3067:. Both the movements revived the teachings of the medieval Sunni theologian and jurist, Ibn Taymiyya, whom they both consider a
17724:
14966:
Yahya Birt, an academic who is director of The City Circle, a networking body of young British Muslim professionals, quoted in
7645:
That it is not so much strict and uncompromising as aberrant, going beyond the bounds of Islam in its restricted definition of
6942:
6163:(Principles of Jurisprudence) comprehensively. Rather, that was left to his son-in-law and pupil Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (
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62:
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8904:
18179:
17037:
17018:
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12517:
11624:
ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. (1996). "2: كتاب العقائد" [2: Kitab Al-'Aqaid (Book of Creed)].
10549:
9505:
8867:
8848:
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5129:(exemplary early Muslims). They strongly oppose what they consider to be heterodox doctrines, particularly those held by the
2154:(the oneness of God). The movement's present-day followers continue to reject the term and instead often refer themselves as
1850:
7599:
had appeared in a 1931 editorial which described it as a "traditional" movement; without associating it with "militant" or "
7061:(1848–1921) was the head of religious estate during period of Rashidi rule and the early years of King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.
17199:
16601:
14967:
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13308:
Peskes, Esther (1999). "The Wahhabiyya and Sufism in the Eighteenth Century". In De Jong, Frederick; Radtke, Bernd (eds.).
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10685:
10256:
10057:
Hatina, Meir; Commins, David (2009). "Chapter Ten: Wahhabis, Sufis, and Salafis in early twentieth century Damascus".
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7133:
6767:
programme, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab nonetheless didn't advocate for revolutionary overthrowal of the ruling order to establish a
5537:, British, etc. 'Abd al-Latif viewed the Shi'ite sects of his time as idolators and placed them outside the pale of Islam.
391:
14681:
12364:
12341:
8814:. Translated by Sluglett, Marion Farouk; Sluglett, Peter (Second ed.). London, UK: The Macmillan Press. p. 162.
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4407:
Despite this strictness, throughout these years senior Saudi scholars in the kingdom made exceptions in ruling on what is
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13581:
13556:
13531:
11193:
11164:
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doctrine, Wahhabi scholars advocated the proof-evaluation theory which believes in the continuous appearance of absolute
5794:, the legal body tasked with crafting Wahhabi juristic response to the novel problems faced by Arabian Muslims. In 1971,
5459:
4712:
4257:
3843:
and thereafter insults it, forbids people from it, and manifests enmity towards whoever practices it. This is who I make
2280:
2255:
12579:
8517:
Ahsan, Sayyid (1987). "Chapter – IV Foundations of the Saudi State – ll : Reforms of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab".
8073:(Sunnis) stating that Salafists – also known as Wahhabis – are not from among the Sunnis.
6335:
for carrying out this responsibility. This was to be done through proof evaluation from the Scriptures and by employing
2713:
and eponym of the Wahhabi movement, called upon his disciples to denounce certain beliefs and practices associated with
1997:
argued against a classification of Wahhabism as form of Sunnism entirely due to traditional, historical, practical, and
17493:
17409:
17338:
17311:
17241:
17233:
17150:
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13762:
13481:
13456:
13405:
13380:
13286:
13189:
13164:
12816:
12775:
12739:
12620:
12550:
12314:
12271:
12244:
12187:
12127:
12079:
12046:
11960:
11908:
11887:
11866:
11567:
11437:
11412:
11372:
11279:
11139:
11041:
11016:
10954:
10783:
10751:
10644:
10617:
10392:
10329:
10205:
10120:
10091:
9900:
9873:
9596:
9370:
9329:
8755:
8736:
8717:
8688:
8629:
8600:
7982:
7064:
6861:
6598:
5776:
5328:. Justifying the Wahhabi military campaigns as defensive operations against their enemies, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts:
4464:
A "badge" of a particularly pious Wahhabi man is a robe too short to cover the ankle, an untrimmed beard, and no cord (
4440:(in 1962), education of females (1964), and use of television (1965). Music, the sound of which once might have led to
175:
18105:
8215:. Rida asserted that the social and military expansion of the Wahhabi movement could successfully launch an authentic
5455:
transmitters, and righteous people employing logic, rhetoric, examination of the primary texts and scholarly debates.
5307:
resulted in military conflicts with rival tribal chiefs. As a senior scholar, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab closely advised Emir
18745:
18595:
18509:
18343:
17669:
17661:
17056:
14046:"1: The Role of Women in Solidifying Eighteenth-Century Revival and Reform Initiatives into Ongoing Mass Movements".
9931:
9397:
9307:
8800:
8504:
8480:
7470:
and froze all his assets, turning him into a fugitive and the Bin Laden family disowned him. After Saudi pressure on
7223:
6540:
who travelled far and wide; and taught numerous men and women. However, future events such as the destruction of the
6533:
5470:, etc. as heretics and criticized many of their tenets, they had regarded them as Muslims. Abdullah's son, Sulayman (
4546:
4417:
in 1990; gender mixing of men and women is forbidden, and fraternization with non-Muslims is discouraged, but not at
4039:
as the primary sources of legislation. In case the solution was not accessible from the Scriptures, the principle of
1936:, which were widespread amongst the people of Najd. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers were highly inspired by the
1693:
1074:
867:
364:
16002:
15887:
11732:
4436:. After vigorous debate Wahhabi religious authorities in Saudi Arabia allowed the use of paper money (in 1951), the
3090:
strongly supported the movement, and prominent Ahl-i-Hadith scholars were appointed to teach in Saudi Universities.
2810:
attributed the successes of Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s revolution to assistance from “frequent interpositions of Heaven".
18786:
18549:
18457:
15675:
9073:
Other sources give far lower numbers of Shia though they do not estimate the number of Wahhabi. 15% of KSA is Shia.
5408:, he was not using a derogatory name for Shia but denouncing "an extremist sect" within Shiism who call themselves
5208:
The movement is heavily influenced by the works of thirteenth-century Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya who rejected
5138:
5094:
4819:
4558:
1425:
450:
257:
38:
9228:
7566:
18781:
18776:
18651:
18353:
17729:
16828:
15975:
15442:
15413:
15365:
14651:
12851:. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 142–143.
12836:. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–143.
9211:
8669:
8521:. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–142.
8470:
7003:
5854:, etc. to promote virtue. Internet would be made publicly accessible to Saudi citizens as early as 1997. In 2000
5631:
5353:
4855:
4271:, due to Wahhabi emphasis on the "purification of Islam"; the teaching becomes very repressive to the followers.
3993:
3609:
3581:
3467:
2984:, were trained in piety and military skills. These movements waged their reformist efforts through preaching and
2533:
9722:
7437:
on 25 August 1988, the board members recommended the death penalty for acts of terrorism. Moreover, the Wahhabi
4290:
Following the preaching and practice of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab that coercion should be used to enforce following of
3403:(religious innovation). Albani went as far as to castigate Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as a "Salafi in creed, but not in
3152:
18692:
17714:
17617:
17467:
17280:
17266:
17220:
17167:
16948:
16702:
16649:
16552:
16012:
14819:
14781:
14048:
Islam, Revival, and Reform: Redefining Tradition for the Twenty-First Century – Essays Inspired by John O. Voll
13931:
13906:
13704:
13631:
13506:
13317:
12982:
11791:
11742:
11542:
11212:, p. 174. "Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school." Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch,
10979:
10866:
8895:
7424:
7171:(righteous predecessors) which rejected much of the classical legal precedents; instead deriving directly from
7013:
7006:(1752–1826) was the head of Wahhabism after his father retired from public life in 1773. After the fall of the
6760:
5711:
response to contemporary challenges and modern ideologies. To intellectually counter the ideological spread of
5337:
5312:
5278:
5231:
3199:
2368:). Due to its perceived negative overtones, the members of the movement historically identified themselves as "
2010:
1360:
15612:"Did Ibn Saud's militants cause 400,000 casualties? Myths and evidence about the Wahhabi conquests, 1902–1925"
14571:
6964:
The "boundaries" of Wahhabism have been called "difficult to pinpoint", but in contemporary usage, the terms "
2301:
has been commonly invoked by various external observers to erroneously or pejoratively denote a wide range of
15495:
14075:(in Arabic). Translated by Abahsain, Muhammad M.; al-Furaih, Mohammad A. (First ed.). UK: Ithaca Press.
9923:
7162:
to be a foreign occupying power and took a powerful precedent from the Wahhabi rebellion against the Ottomans
6365:
which limited the scope of research: initially just to the past opinions, then to the rulings found in the 4
6240:
5704:
5336:
This defensive approach to warfare largely got abandoned after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's retirement in 1773. Emir
4413:(forbidden). Foreign non-Muslim troops are forbidden in Arabia, except when the king needed them to confront
3689:
3681:
3355:
3265:
2817:, Wahhabis were able spread their political power and consolidate their rule over the Islamic holy cities of
2225:
1084:
237:
17:
16449:"The Myths of Muslim Women Liberation: Why Islamists Resist the Western Concept of Universal Women's Rights"
14866:
11071:"The Myths of Muslim Women Liberation: Why Islamists Resist the Western Concept of Universal Women's Rights"
2076:
1124:
18740:
18128:
12797:. "Abdul-Wahhab was a proponent of Ijtihad, as were the leading reformers of the Salafi movement in Egypt."
11921:
11649:
10578:
8373:
8274:
7514:
6426:
5193:(Wahhabi) movement is highly influenced by the doctrines of the classical Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya (
3163:
who was considered as the "leader of Salafis". All these scholars would correspond with Arabian and Indian
3139:
reformers would maintain correspondence with Wahhabis and defend them against Sufi attacks. These included
2461:
2061:
12952:
12887:
9562:
7942:
said Wahhabis are not Muslims, and any Muslim who has difficulty understanding this, has also left Islam.
6996:) or related to another religious head. For example, Abd al-Latif was the son of Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan.
6521:
6341:(Principles of Jurisprudence). Based on one's expertise and knowledge, Ibn Mu'ammar ranked a hierarchy of
5311:
on military tactics; convincing him to pursue a largely defensive strategy and enjoining him to adhere to
5299:
as a sacred endeavour that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an
3706:
2037:
reform trend in the Islamic world that advocated the re-generation of the social and political prowess of
18329:
17902:
17649:
17644:
15472:
13015:
12763:
9750:
8398:
8115:
7697:
7660:
7458:
also reflected a non-Wahhabi heritage. Bin Laden's feud with the Saudi government intensified during the
6889:
6676:
6570:
5884:
5861:
5787:
5749:
On the other hand, some influential Wahhabi clerics had also been noteworthy for issuing various archaic
5696:
4837:
4751:
4116:}. (Surah An-Nisa': 59) Thus, it is forbidden to prefer the opinion of any of Allah's creatures over the
3473:
3084:
2930:
and socio-moral re-generation of the society through a direct return to the fundamental Islamic sources (
2814:
2245:
2088:
2033:
that lasted for more than 250 years. The Wahhabi movement gradually rose to prominence as an influential
1627:
569:
16660:
3423:
permitting women to uncover their face, which ran counter to Hanbali jurisprudence and Saudi standards.
277:
18713:
18682:
18113:
17699:
17105:
16943:. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
16787:
16378:
Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153–1351/1741–1932)
16249:"المركز الإعلامي بالأزهر الشريف: الإمام الأكبر نص على أن أهل السنة هم الأشاعرة والماتريدية وأهل الحديث"
13142:
Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153–1351/1741–1932)
11778:
Ibn Hasan Aal-Sheikh, 'Abdur-Rahman (2002). "38: Taking Scholars or Rulers as Partners Besides Allah".
10171:
8212:
8111:
7842:
7819:
7707:
7373:
Saudi religious transnationalism and assessing its actual magnitude even more confusing. Moreover, the
7255:
increasingly departed from the "localized" religious understanding of their parents and looked up to a
6993:
6610:
6459:
5864:
5318:
Throughout his letters and treatises, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb maintained that the military campaigns of the
4130:
The Wahhabis also advocated a principle in Islamic legal theory often referred to as "the rule against
3813:
3672:
creed. A number of Salafi and Wahhabi scholars have produced super-commentaries and annotations on the
3543:
3515:
3234:
methodology. Encouraged by their call for hadith re-evaluation and revival, he would invest himself in
2700:
2604:
2270:
2119:
1899:
1732:
1194:
862:
686:
512:
150:
120:
12770:. Vol. 2. Heirs of the Prophet: Authority and Power. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 55.
8019:
was said to have taken an uncompromising stand against Wahhabism by defining orthodox Sunnism as "the
7837:
was permissible, until Allah destroyed them (Wahhabi's) in the year 1233 AH by way of the Muslim army.
5402:
to violate the doctrine of monotheism. DeLong-Bas maintains that when Ibn Abd al-Wahhab denounced the
4122:
of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and this is because to do so is an act of
3230:
and also student of Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (disciple of Rida and Al-Qasimi), was an adherent to the
2655:(Oneness of Divine Names and Attributes); with a literal understanding of God's Names and Attributes.
18194:
17540:
13978:
11455:"Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām"
11271:
8408:
7741:
7518:
7487:
7102:
6578:
6418:
6121:. This entailed a rejection of all interpretations offered by the four legal schools – including the
6045:
5691:. Various preachers harmonise pious lifestyle with modern culture while simultaneously engaging with
4890:
4513:
2834: – gave Wahhabi ideals a "preeminent position of strength" in Islam around the world.
2510:. In any case, according to Lacey, none of the other terms have caught on, and so like the Christian
2354:
was synonymous with 'traitor' and 'rebel' ... The epithet became a term of religio-political abuse."
1843:
1455:
1413:
1353:
1308:
651:
247:
16823:. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts (1st English ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13948:
11388:
NAHOUZA, Namira (April 2009). "Chapter 3: Contemporary perceptions of the Salaf- the Wahhabi case".
9202:
Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C Edmund Bosworth; E J Van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs, eds. (2002).
8442:; it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers, who typically refer themselves as
6988:
There has traditionally been a recognized head of the Wahhabi "religious estate", often a member of
6804:. Contemporary European diplomats and observers who witnessed its emergence drew parallels with the
18570:
18184:
17744:
17704:
17075:
11405:
Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
11186:
Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
10526:
10351:
8403:
8208:
8032:
7032:
6836:
in the 18th and 19th centuries. The difference lied in their political language; wherein themes of
6735:
6178:, after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Moreover, in his writings, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab relied primarily only on
5614:
during the beginning of the 19th century; to aver that notions of absolute incompatibility between
5393:
5257:
5249:
5221:
4670:
3156:
3132:
2767:
2382:
2131:
211:
115:
13354:
Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab ke Khilaf Propaganda aur Hindustan Ke Ulema-e-Haq par uskay Asrat
11786:]. Translated by Al-Halawani, 'Ali As-Sayed. El Mansoura, Egypt: Dar al Manarah. p. 368.
11428:
Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism".
11363:
Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism".
9951:
9414:
6091:
since the classical period. Influenced by these scholars, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, fervently denounced
5572:
or Sufis as a group, but rather attacked specific practices which he saw as inconsistent with the
3538:
theology such as Divine Attributes and other creedal doctrines. Influenced by the scholars of the
2518:
for all opposition, legitimate and illegitimate, to justify massive repressions on any dissident.
2380:"the Wahhabis have always disliked the name customarily given to them" and preferred to be called
17827:
17739:
17734:
17694:
17624:
16571:
16413:
Daniel Ungureanu, Wahhabism, Salafism and the Expansion of Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology, p146.
15151:
12540:
9653:
7927:
6821:
6731:
6666:
5904:
5607:
5488:
4707:
4578:
4437:
3409:". He strongly attacked Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab on several points; claiming that the latter was not a
3075:
would make their way to India and study under Ahl-i-Hadith patronage. After the establishment of
2900:
2807:
1450:
1271:
252:
17852:
12612:
12606:
12412:
11454:
9627:
9047:
8526:
Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism". In
7970:
accuses Wahhabis of falling into anthropomorphic descriptions of God and imitating polytheists.
7545:, the Muslim dissidents were usually labelled with terms such as "Sufi" and "fanatic" employing
5352:. Condemning the military excesses committed during the Wahhabi conquest of Mecca in 1218–1803,
1011:
18268:
17982:
17907:
17764:
17674:
17612:
17430:
17402:
15895:
12642:
12428:
12119:
10771:
9254:
8248:
8224:
8028:
7600:
7070:
6263:
5931:, the legal bodies are conservative and generally prohibit them, viewing them as a contrary to
5892:
5739:
5215:
4602:
4568:
3646:
3514:
theologies. However, Wahhabis diverged in some points of theology from other Athari movements.
3335:
3144:
3015:
1971:
1876:
1750:
1435:
1139:
575:
294:
232:
90:
17322:
17089:
16767:
16563:
15688:
15086:
14836:
14527:
14248:
12602:
12261:
12234:
12177:
12009:
11682:
10817:
10634:
10605:
9890:
9360:
9177:
8237:
7541:
to denote any manifestation of Islamic assertion in neighbouring Muslim countries. During the
7055:'Abd al-Latif ibn 'Abd al-Rahman (1810–1876) Head of religious estate in 1860 and early 1870s.
5375:
as captives and will not practice that in the future. We did not initiate hostilities against
3226:
18708:
18585:
18371:
17837:
17634:
17373:
16893:
Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
16488:"Presiden Pertama RI Ir. Soekarno Ternyata Pernah Berbicara Tentang Wahabi! Apa Kata Beliau?"
15899:
15840:
15173:
14463:
14128:
12794:
12464:
12304:
12071:
11952:
11181:
10248:
8576:
8383:
7923:
7785:
7570:
7506:
7374:
7236:, allowed Saudi Arabia to successfully promote their interpretations of Islam throughout the
6105:, it was imitation of past judicial opinion in the face of clear contradictory evidence from
5587:
When he was asked on a religious matter, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab praised the pious Sufis, stating:
4746:
4585:
3761:(Worship) in Islam consists of conventional acts of devotion such as the five daily prayers (
3656:
2457:, "feeling it sets them apart and contradicts the notion that Islam is a monolithic faith".
2434:, maintaining that "one would be hard pressed to find individuals who refer to themselves as
1468:
1212:
1051:
852:
329:
12111:
7478:. Taliban's denial of Saudi requests to extradite Bin Laden led to a diplomatic row between
6323:("Treatise on Ijtihad and Taqlid") which became influential in the scholarly circles of the
5806:
also demonstrate a receptive outlook on visual media, medical field, economic affairs, etc.
18610:
18580:
18386:
18381:
18143:
17897:
17769:
16745:
Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism
16694:
16633:
16300:
15737:
Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints",
15387:
13113:
9497:
9270:
9201:
8200:
7740:. However, none of the sources state the exact nature of this disagreement. Salafi scholar
7219:
6897:
6249:
5975:
and was based on Ibn Taymiyya's broader theological call for a return to the values of the
5769:
5700:
5087:
4386:
3978:
3480:(traditionalist) school which represents the prevalent theological position of the Hanbali
3172:
3112:
2664:
2532:, has caused some confusion in North and sub-Saharan Africa, where the movement's leader –
1836:
1386:
1129:
923:
517:
443:
17882:
13358:
The Propaganda against Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab and Its Impact on the True Clerics
13061:
10742:
Mandaville, Peter (2022). "Chapter 2: Wahhabism and Salafism in global perspective".
7926:(1796–1861). By the late 19th century, the anti-Wahhabi campaign in South Asia was led by
6256:, and did not consider "the opinion of any law school to be binding". In the absence of a
6157:
were central themes of his doctrines, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not lay down his approach to
5348:(descendants of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab) who took care to condemn and religiously delegitimise
4530:
2758:
compared the Wahhabi movement with various Euro-American socio-political movements in the
2193:
Supporters of the Wahhabi movement characterize it as being "pure Islam", indistinct from
2126:/AH 1190, who declared the Wahhabi movement as the personal interpretation of its leader.
2095:
in 1744, has led to the official "uncoupling" of the religious clergy by the Saudi state.
1031:
8:
18656:
18541:
18091:
17977:
17498:
17259:
The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden
16227:"Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists"
16208:"Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists"
15343:
14769:
10690:
9648:
8378:
8104:
7922:
during the early 19th century; which was led by prominent Islamic scholar and theologian
7522:
7356:
7233:
7143:
7096:
6893:
6805:
5659:
4573:
3992:) prevalent amongst the masses and obliging them to directly engage with the Scriptures;
3982:
3954:
issue as well as join forces with Wahhabis to condemn various Sufi practices and orders (
3677:
3614:
3426:
In addition, Albani would also criticise Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab for his weakness in
3331:
3148:
3011:
2499:
2488:
2310:
2145:
2064:
1785:
1445:
1296:
1266:
497:
165:
17098:
Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change
16771:
16137:
11333:
The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
10493:
8156:
uncritical, and in matters of law it mainly falls back on the traditions of the Prophet.
7099:(1910–1999) has been called "the most prominent proponent" of Wahhabism during his time.
4162:
to remain autonomous. Opponents of Wahhabi movement harshly rebuked them for advocating
3083:, the Saudi Sheikhs would repay their debts by financing the Ahl-i-Hadith movement. The
18766:
18600:
18575:
18533:
18432:
18406:
18064:
17832:
17639:
17488:
17286:
16997:
16891:
16638:
15639:
14601:
13255:
11604:
10513:
9823:
9798:
9790:
9689:
9339:
8648:
8584:
8269:
to support Wahhabi scholars in their effort to reject various one thousand one kind of
8148:
7967:
7782:
7595:
7534:
7007:
6925:
6833:
6742:
6628:
6541:
5712:
5341:
5319:
5304:
4563:
4421:(KAUST). Until 2018, movie theaters and driving by women were forbidden, except at the
4382:
4358:
4181:
3123:; AH 1282–1354) made vital contributions in the rehabilitation of Wahhabism across the
3023:
2905:
2847:
2783:
2576:
2084:
2080:
2017:
in the 13th century; and would later serve as a revolutionary impetus for 19th-century
1430:
1241:
1217:
1079:
857:
842:
752:
605:
376:
155:
125:
14496:
12021:
9299:
8710:
The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times
8151:
that campaigned to put an end to the general stagnation of Muslims, while saying that
7895:
7792:); among them Ahmed Barakat Tandatawin, who in 1743 describes Wahhabism as ignorance (
7659:
found in violation of Wahhabi doctrines. According to some sources, during the second
7226:". This enabled the Wahhabis to exert great influence on Islamic culture and thinking;
6816:
clerical hierarchy and foreign imperialism; with some even labelling them as “Wahhabi
6405:
being derived from Hanbalite Ahl al-Hadith, scholars also take the rulings from other
6191:
and would lead many local Hanbalite detractors to accuse him of undermining classical
5412:. He criticized them for assigning greater authority to their current leaders than to
4055:
3861:
The disagreement between Wahhabis and their opponents over the definition of worship (
2168:
18771:
18687:
18525:
18442:
18437:
18416:
18411:
18138:
17957:
17917:
17892:
17867:
17857:
17800:
17574:
17508:
17395:
17344:
17334:
17307:
17276:
17262:
17237:
17216:
17208:
17195:
17163:
17146:
17117:
17052:
17033:
17014:
16966:
16963:
16944:
16927:
16917:
16898:
16866:
16847:
16840:
16824:
16791:
16749:
16719:
16698:
16684:
16666:
16645:
16610:
16579:
16548:
16518:
16400:
16324:
16279:
16171:
16091:
16008:
15981:
15935:
15903:
15860:
15786:
15662:
15643:
15631:
15524:
15276:
15268:
15247:
15179:
15119:
15094:
15011:
14922:
14897:
14842:
14815:
14777:
14723:
14531:
14520:
14467:
14456:
14289:"Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Fanaticism and Terror"
14275:
14252:
14243:
The Islamist: Why I joined Radical Islam in Britain, what I saw inside and why I left
14241:
14076:
14051:
13927:
13902:
13877:
13758:
13700:
13627:
13602:
13577:
13552:
13527:
13502:
13477:
13452:
13401:
13376:
13334:
13313:
13259:
13185:
13160:
13117:
13001:
The Islamist: Why I Joined Radical Islam in Britain, What I Saw Inside and Why I Left
12812:
12771:
12735:
12691:
12616:
12546:
12310:
12267:
12240:
12183:
12123:
12112:
12075:
12064:
12042:
11993:
11956:
11945:
11904:
11883:
11862:
11787:
11738:
11563:
11538:
11476:
11433:
11408:
11368:
11275:
11267:
11189:
11160:
11135:
11107:
11037:
11012:
10975:
10950:
10862:
10779:
10747:
10722:
10640:
10613:
10388:
10325:
10252:
10241:
10201:
10116:
10087:
10062:
10032:
9927:
9896:
9869:
9802:
9592:
9501:
9393:
9366:
9325:
9303:
9207:
8863:
8844:
8815:
8796:
8751:
8732:
8713:
8684:
8665:
8625:
8596:
8563:
8553:
8500:
8476:
8273:". It is argued by some that Sukarno was also influenced by Islamist figures such as
8165:
8076:
8060:
7491:
7466:
in 1991, before exiling him the same year. In 1994, Saudi Arabia revoked Bin Laden's
7392:
7307:, the tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of
7090:
7018:
6937:
6825:
6809:
6801:
6727:
6401:(Principles of jurisprudence) of the Hanbali school. Despite the main methodology of
6217:
6073:
6056:
only in cases of extreme necessity. He rejected deference to past juridical opinion (
6018:(analogical reasoning) – Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's writings emphasized the
5982:
5880:
5817:) through Scriptural precedents to sustain a legal system compatible with modernity.
5684:
5556:
5413:
5308:
5288:
5175:) so long as it is true to the essence of the Quran, Sunnah and understanding of the
4951:
4935:
4763:
4441:
3840:
3577:
2942:) and responded to the military, economic, social, moral, cultural stagnation of the
2891:
2795:
2759:
2744:
2690:
2674:
2298:
2241:
The term "Wahhabism" has frequently been used by external parties as a sectarian and
2202:
2109:
2026:
2014:
1914:
1727:
1705:
1565:
1301:
1251:
1179:
1144:
1119:
1099:
1016:
977:
953:
712:
664:
625:
615:
591:
507:
469:
160:
57:
17001:
10010:"Think tank funded by foreign extremists writes report on foreign extremist funding"
8862:. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 221, 277, 283–285.
7891:
7146:
listed four major factors that contributed to expansion of Wahhabi ideas across the
6422:
6292:
6084:
5891:
have been sanctioned. Employing the results from observatories to sight the monthly
5111:
Muslims. The primary Wahhabi doctrine is affirmation of the uniqueness and unity of
4126:(polytheism); since it constitutes obedience to other than Allah (Glorified be He)."
2005:-led revolt against the Turkish, Persian and foreign empires that had dominated the
18641:
18348:
18069:
17962:
17774:
17523:
17518:
17503:
17109:
16989:
16779:
16690:
16460:
15623:
15302:
15213:
14663:
13247:
13109:
11466:
11242:
11159:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 220.
11082:
10033:"Holy Warriors: Religion as military modus operandi in the Indian uprising of 1857"
9990:
9782:
9493:
8639:
Ahmad Khan, MU'ĪNUDDĪN (March 1968). "A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia".
8588:
8543:
8539:
8527:
7455:
7444:
7369:
7311:
in the 1974–1980 period, provided the source of much influence of Wahhabism in the
7244:
7155:
6901:
6837:
6776:
6517:
6473:
6245:
5916:
5872:
4729:
4328:; drawing human or animal figures; acting in a play or writing fiction; dissecting
3974:
2879:
2575:
According to Joas Wagemakers, associate professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at
2423:
was important for Wahhabism's authenticity, because during the Ottoman period only
2399:
2187:
2050:
1700:
1184:
1134:
742:
640:
635:
620:
386:
16063:
15627:
13597:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "6: Wahhabism Applied – Flexibility Towards Change".
13497:
E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "Two- Ijtihad as Law: Doctrines for Theory and Practice".
10541:
7689:(legal schools) and invoke the teachings and legacy of its founders to defend the
7296:
began co-operating with Wahhabis to a certain extent, despite doctrinal variations
2629:(creed), Wahhabis and Salafis resemble each other; particularly in their focus on
2597:– a term rejected by its adherents – refers to the specific brand of reformation (
1952:
661–728) who advocated for a return to the purity of the first three generations (
18718:
18661:
18391:
18376:
18300:
18244:
18133:
18001:
17862:
17847:
17709:
17629:
17460:
17455:
17227:
17183:
17172:
17113:
17079:
17011:
The Wahhabis Seen through European Eyes (1772–1830): Deists and Puritans of Islam
16743:
16713:
16575:
16118:
16085:
15891:
15780:
13982:
13547:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "6: Wahhabism Applied: Flexibility towards Change".
13447:
Mandaville, Peter; Hasan, Noorhaidi (2022). "7: Salafism, Education, and Youth".
13251:
11261:
8232:
8216:
7939:
7625:
7283:
7049:
7036:
6973:
6853:
6756:
6644:
6614:
6102:
5928:
5757:
5665:
5620:
5496:
5322:
were strictly defensive and rebuked his opponents as being the first to initiate
5080:
5030:
4885:
4790:
4682:
4348:
4309:
4268:
4077:
3946:
3685:
3140:
3116:
3102:
3068:
2855:
2803:
2682:
2294:
2198:
2156:
2136:
2042:
1867:
1801:
1791:
1710:
1440:
1343:
1094:
1006:
847:
757:
681:
552:
502:
436:
415:
324:
195:
143:
105:
73:
48:
15073:
Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience
14838:
Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Pacific: A Biographical Reference
8965:"Saudi Arabia for first time marks its founding, downplaying conservative roots"
8231:; which had distorted the pristine message of Islam. As a leading figure of the
7000:
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) was the founder of the Wahhabi movement.
2129:
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his movement's early followers referred to themselves as
18605:
18462:
18396:
18273:
18153:
18036:
17932:
17877:
17822:
17759:
17607:
17093:
16775:
16763:
16242:
16240:
15116:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
15008:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
14919:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
13449:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
13398:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
11157:
Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia
10744:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
10198:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
8922:"Saudi Arabia's Religious Reforms Are Touching Nothing but Changing Everything"
8323:
8181:
8144:
8125:
8064:
8016:
7990:
7903:
7815:
7808:
7778:
7641:
Among the criticism, or comments made by critics, of the Wahhabi movement are:
7624:
define it as a collection of restrictive dogmas, particularly for women, while
7586:
7323:
Estimates of Saudi spending on religious causes abroad include "upward of $ 100
7159:
6977:
6976:", contextualised as an ultra-conservative, Saudi brand of the wider movement.
6813:
6752:
5912:
5508:
5367:"As for the fact that some Bedouins destroyed books belonging to the people of
5283:
5125:
5040:
4985:
4914:
4865:
4825:
4741:
4638:
4456:
The uniformity of dress among men and women in Saudi Arabia (compared to other
4414:
3925:
3641:
3453:
3427:
3235:
3168:
3064:
2714:
2474:
2449:
2314:
2030:
1895:
1642:
1570:
1289:
1256:
1159:
1109:
1069:
1046:
1001:
935:
837:
808:
783:
737:
314:
205:
16993:
16931:
16434:
In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani and the Salafi Method
15175:
Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and ...
14989:
14050:(1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2022. pp. 3–29.
11471:
11430:
The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry
11365:
The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry
9786:
8548:
7664:
estimate the number of killed and wounded somewhere between 10,000 and 25,000.
6409:, as long they regard them as being verified through Hadith and traditions or
3805:, the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab referred themselves by the designation "
2338:
as part of a wider "Wahhabi" conspiracy which was portrayed as extending from
18760:
18615:
18283:
18158:
18079:
18074:
17942:
17927:
17872:
17842:
17754:
17569:
17552:
17513:
16680:
16465:
16448:
15635:
15305:: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February 2003. Archived from
15292:"Al-Qaeda: the misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence"
15216:: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February 2003. Archived from
15203:"Al-Qaeda: the misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence"
14326:
Al-Durar Al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwabatil Najdiyya (Sunni Pearls from Najdi Answers)
13971:
13310:
Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics
12608:
One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers Writing about the ...
11632:
Al-Durar Al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwabatil Najdiyya (Sunni Pearls from Najdi Answers)
11480:
11087:
11070:
10322:
The Clerics of Islam: Religious authority and political power in Saudi Arabia
8985:"Riyadh celebrates the state's founding, downplays the role of Wahhabi Islam"
8567:
8538:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston:
8298:
8161:
8101:
8082:
7846:
7834:
7683:
traditionalists strongly emphasize the necessity of taqlid to the four major
7582:
7578:
7400:
7115:
7082:
7048:'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780–1869) was head of the religious estate in the
6989:
6723:
6680:
6640:
6417:
according to modern contemporary Muslim scholars). Prominent Wahhabi scholar
6221:
5920:
5896:
5669:
5500:
5356:
5345:
5171:). Adherents of Wahhabism are favourable to derivation of new legal rulings (
5025:
4943:
4930:
4919:
4626:
4230:
This does not mean, however, that all adherents agree on what is required or
4195:
4094:
4081:
4050:
3789:
3729:
3718:
3547:
3485:
3244:
3043:
2943:
2276:
2251:
2034:
2006:
1941:
1652:
1585:
1560:
1555:
1261:
1169:
1154:
1104:
1089:
1041:
1021:
947:
693:
630:
371:
80:
16817:
16237:
16087:
The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East: Northern Lebanon from al-Qaeda to ISIS
12114:
The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State
8592:
7486:. Throughout the 1990s, mainstream Wahhabi clerics in the Kingdom supported
6307:
While Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself was not inclined to adhere to a particular
5137:
traditions, such as beliefs and practices associated with the veneration of
1970:
to legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and
18646:
18086:
18026:
17972:
17952:
17887:
17547:
17535:
17155:
16812:
13739:
Impact of the Ahl-e-Hadith Movement on Contemporary Muslim Society in India
11764:
Impact of the Ahl-e-Hadith Movement on Contemporary Muslim Society in India
10142:
9693:
8338:
8289:
8220:
8107:
7907:
7546:
7483:
7463:
7363:
7332:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7273:
7256:
7237:
7229:
7147:
6905:
6885:
6881:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6566:
6536:, etc. These included Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's own daughter Fatimah, a revered
5708:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5112:
5070:
5045:
4553:
4457:
3591:
3586:
3387:; in practice they almost solely relied on Hanbali jurisprudence for their
3249:
3181:
3076:
3053:
3007:
3000:
2826:
2740:
2483:
2377:
2306:
2242:
2160:(a term also used by followers of other Islamic reform movements as well).
2092:
2046:
2022:
1998:
1988:
1949:
1918:
1909:). The movement was initially established in the central Arabian region of
1826:
1806:
1720:
1634:
1332:
1313:
1189:
1174:
1114:
996:
803:
788:
747:
676:
647:
426:
381:
319:
284:
85:
13312:. Koninklijke Brill NV, Ledien, the Netherlands: Brill. pp. 145–152.
10082:
Davis, Rohan (2009). "Chapter 1: Wahhabism as a contested category".
7193:. This also appealed to the Islamic reformers who pushed for a revival of
5679:. While the Saudi ruling class spearheaded modernization drive across the
4807:
3664:
movement; who regarded it as a true representation of the work, free from
18625:
18620:
18401:
18189:
18163:
17937:
17922:
17912:
17790:
17138:
14552:
13373:
The Naqshbandi Sufi tradition: Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions
12354:
8662:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE Modern Middle East & North Africa: Second Edition
8388:
8088:
8069:
7467:
7123:
6921:
6909:
6877:
6792:
6545:
6297:
6125:'s own Hanbali school – wherein they contradict the two primary sources.
6002:
5986:
5888:
5742:, etc. were mass-distributed through Saudi publishing centres and during
5731:
5723:
5050:
5035:
4860:
4391:
4362:
3442:, Albani nonetheless censured his later followers for their harshness in
3306:
3280:
3160:
3135:
had defended the Wahhabi movement. From the 19th century, prominent Arab
3019:
2859:
2526:
2394:
and Unitarians are associated with other sects, both extant and extinct.
2335:
2230:
2150:'"one who professes God's oneness" or "Unitarians"' derived from
2054:
2018:
2001:
differences. Socio-politically, the movement represented the first major
1993:
1891:
1403:
1394:
1276:
1164:
1149:
1036:
960:
185:
170:
130:
15242:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "Appendix A: Translated Decisions of BSU".
15091:
Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American
13400:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38, 49, 58–59, 87–88, 96.
13235:
10719:
A Quietist Jihadi: The ideology and influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi
8652:
7251:
Societal factors:- With the influx of modernity, younger generations of
6296:
Compilation of ibn Mu'ammar's treatises and legal verdicts published by
5499:. From 1871, 'Abd al-Latif began to write tracts harshly condemning the
3071:. Suffering from the instabilities of 19th-century Arabia, many Wahhabi
2693:
during the early 18th century, whose adherents described themselves as "
1338:
410:
18452:
18324:
18312:
18148:
18031:
17947:
17530:
17448:
15782:
Kingdom without borders: Saudi political, religious and media frontiers
15523:. Cairo, EG: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 123–177.
13076:
12679:
Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism
11880:
Terrorism Revisited: Islamism, Political Violence and State-Sponsorship
11155:
Lacroix, Stéphane (2011). "Chapter 3: Resistance to Sahwa Ascendancy".
10037:
Mutiny at the Margins – New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857
9827:
9794:
9770:
8531:
8452:
8278:
8207:
during the 1890s; after reading about the movement in the histories of
8140:
8044:
8020:
7986:
7919:
7824:
7773:
7542:
7416:
7288:
7278:
6913:
6865:
6745:
in Islamic dominion over politics and government and the importance of
6498:. His thoughts reflected the major trends apparent in the 18th-century
5847:
5727:
5720:
5599:
Scholars like Esther Peskes point to the cordial relations between the
5504:
5399:
5389:
5157:
period. The movement emphasized reliance on the literal meaning of the
5134:
4643:
4317:
4200:
4106:
concerning an issue, he should examine the sayings and opinions of the
3908:
The Wahhabi scholars upheld the right of qualified scholars to perform
3507:
3124:
2875:
2709:
2695:
2587:
across the world who aspire to live according to the precedents of the
2537:
2529:
2072:
2002:
1638:
1246:
1026:
798:
545:
299:
200:
110:
100:
95:
16436:(Thesis). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. pp. 64–66.
15886:
Khaled Abou El Fadl, "9/11 and the Muslim Transformation". Taken from
14667:
14007:
12970:
The Battle for Saudi Arabia: Royalty, Fundamentalism, and Global Power
11246:
9994:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9811:
6197:
in general. Despite their conceptual doctrine based on repudiation of
3950:
reformers of 19th and 20th centuries would defend the Wahhabis on the
2978:
Members of the movement, like the early Muslims during the era of the
2411:("preaching of monotheism" for the school rather than the adherents),
18118:
18059:
17967:
17689:
17291:
Islam. L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation
17101:
13949:"Hujjah Qaul Shabat Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Huggah Qaul Sahabat"
10610:
The Arab Awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East
8860:
Unveiling Modernity in Twentieth-Century West African Islamic Reforms
8352:
8262:
8196:
7955:
7737:
7503:
7420:
6780:
6768:
6694:
6561:
6528:. Many women were influential in various reformist endeavours of the
6430:
5716:
5672:
5561:
5349:
5153:
4990:
4963:
4959:
4880:
4870:
4325:
4305:
4264:
4029:
3651:
3539:
3399:
3351:
3346:
3214:
3210:
3107:
2932:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2867:
2763:
2751:
2719:
1767:
1592:
610:
190:
17295:
Islam. The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization
15716:
Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood
15611:
13019:
11230:
10636:
On Saudi Arabia: Its people, past, religion, fault lines, and future
10542:"Saudi Crown Prince: Iran's Supreme Leader 'Makes Hitler Look Good'"
10320:
Mouline, Nabil (2014). "Introduction: The Ulema, clerics of Islam".
9982:
8887:
8270:
7259:
outlook authentically rooted in Scriptures and early generations of
6623:
5515:
and called upon Muslims to boycott them. Integrating the concept of
4144:(personal legal reasoning), rather than a clear textual source from
3962:
1960:
18338:
18221:
18217:
17749:
17602:
17438:
17418:
14441:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
14205:
Struggle between designated heir Abdullah and his half brother Saud
14166:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
14121:"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: History. Rulers of the first Saudi state"
13476:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. xiii–xxii, 81, 147–149.
12484:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
12443:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
10823:
9840:
8843:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–20.
8266:
8024:
8012:
7714:
7510:
7495:
7459:
7396:
7347:
7301:
7293:
7197:, and a direct return to the original sources for interpreting the
7028:
6618:
5924:
5851:
5836:
5826:
5772:
5735:
5546:
5145:. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab associated such practices with the culture of
5015:
4995:
4875:
4850:
4845:
4648:
4429:
3665:
3511:
3434:
3410:
3080:
3063:
practices such as visiting shrines and seeking aid at the tombs of
2755:
2553:
2492:
2194:
2068:
1648:
1515:
1508:
793:
669:
535:
477:
396:
334:
289:
17348:
16515:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
16158:"Islamic Radicalism: Its Wahhabi Roots and Current Representation"
14089:
14028:"أجازه" فقيه حنبلي قبل قرنين ورفضته جامعة باريس ومنعته كنائس الغرب
13182:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
13157:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
12768:
The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam
11859:
Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law
10148:(Report). CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service.
9987:
International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World
9983:"Traditionalist' Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs"
8750:. London: One World Publications. pp. 3, 11, 43, 68–69, 144.
8727:
W. Hughes, Aaron (2013). "Chapter 10: Encounters with Modernity".
8011:
In late 2016, at a conference of over a hundred Sunni scholars in
7875:
7517:, contrasting their portrayals of Wahhabism with attempts made by
7391:
Allegations of links between Wahhabism proper and the ideology of
6503:
6437:(reasoning) of Abu Hurairah was taken by al-Nawawi for rulings of
6343:
3518:
did not view the issue of God's Attributes and Names as a part of
3327:
2269:
has historically been expansive beyond the doctrinal followers of
18295:
18239:
18123:
17795:
17679:
17483:
17443:
17330:
16483:
14870:
14071:
Mukhlid al-Harbi, Dalal (2008). Ann Roberg-Abahsain, Jill (ed.).
11800:
10769:
10413:"A Few Saudis Defy a Rigid Islam to Debate Their Own Intolerance"
10168:
Student Center for African Research and Resolutions (scarrdc.org)
10086:. Cairo, EG: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 31.
8976:
8905:"Saudi First: How hyper-nationalism is transforming Saudi Arabia"
8244:
8192:
8170:
7951:
7931:
7685:
7675:
7656:
7252:
7189:
7074:
7023:
6917:
6912:
over the next hundred years... if we examine the social roots of
6869:
6817:
6665:, "in charge of political and military issues". Despite this, in
6532:; such as mass-education, communal activities, campaigns against
6516:(legal verdicts) on contemporary issues such as authorization of
6464:
6434:
6367:
6309:
6274:
6225:
6185:
6147:
6064:
5962:
5908:
5813:
5692:
5528:
5512:
5467:
5172:
5142:
5021:
4980:
4975:
4955:
4770:
4722:
4717:
4592:
4337:
4329:
4275:
4185:
4168:
4015:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3818:
3768:
3735:
3558:
3481:
3393:
3342:
3322:
3087:
3034:
2887:
2883:
2735:
2616:
2584:
2511:
2424:
2397:
Other terms Wahhabis have been said to use and/or prefer include
2364:
2174:
2038:
1937:
1933:
1544:
1475:
778:
540:
309:
180:
17030:
Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution
16865:. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts (New ed.). I.B. Tauris.
16323:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 121.
16278:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 121.
15661:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 125.
15520:
Western Imaginings: The intellectual contest to define Wahhabism
14722:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 121.
13472:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "4: Modern Wahhabi Jurisprudence".
11208:"From there he learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab." Bennett,
11106:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. pp. 75, 93, 152.
10972:
Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria
10111:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. pp.
10084:
Western Imaginings: The intellectual contest to define Wahhabism
6884:
and the decline of proper religious observance in the cities of
6639:
According to ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab; there are three objectives for
6248:, and thus they can be said to be of his 'school'. According to
5398:
Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab considered some beliefs and practices of the
5151:(imitation to established customs) adored by pagan-cults of the
4368:
4248:(i.e. judges who are religious legal scholars) in Saudi courts.
2837:
2430:
Other writers such as Quinton Wiktorowicz, urge use of the term
17557:
17372:
17009:
Bonacina, Giovanni (2015). "1:A Deistic Revolution in Arabia".
16980:
Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2006). "Anatomy of the Salafi Movement".
16941:
The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab
14317:
13205:
13203:
13201:
11715:
Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed (Facilitation of the Mighty Praise)
11623:
11009:
The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century
10383:
Haykel, Bernard; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (2015).
10306:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. p. 21.
10043:(3). Singapore: Sage Publications: 46 – via ResearchGate.
8439:
8413:
8257:
8228:
8176:
8056:
8048:
8040:
7994:
7963:
7959:
7935:
7872:
7811:
7746:
7669:
7651:
7448:
7215:
7203:
7179:
6872:
to invasion by military despots of the old order; Bayly wrote:
6856:. Tracing the movement's popularity to the wider phenomenon of
6832:
also had a revolutionary political programme comparable to the
6688:
6589:
6577:
Global movement would crystallise with the backing of a state.
6525:
6493:
6478:(regardless of the number of pronouncements). The outlawing of
6454:
6410:
6258:
6211:
6199:
6180:
6153:
6141:
6058:
6036:
5915:, etc. have been issued. In marital and gender-related issues,
5615:
5604:
5580:
5569:
5565:
5533:
5523:
5517:
5479:
5422:
5404:
5324:
5147:
5130:
5006:
4775:
4736:
4631:
4521:
4469:
4468:) to hold the head scarf in place. The warriors of the Wahhabi
4445:
4422:
4373:
4353:
4333:
4313:
4292:
4239:
4211:
4152:
4118:
4067:
4035:
3956:
3928:
3899:
3879:
3863:
3823:
3757:
3701:
3669:
3637:
3584:
scholars like Sīddïq Hasān Khán, an influential scholar of the
3552:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3502:
3496:
3477:
3444:
3373:
3206:
3039:
3028:
2968:
2959:
2938:
2927:
2922:
movement of late nineteenth century. These movements sought an
2895:
2822:
2799:
2729:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2603:) campaign that was initiated by the 18th century scholar
2498:
On the other hand, according to authors at Global Security and
2470:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2217:
2115:
1966:
1762:
1737:
1671:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1525:
1420:
699:
597:
304:
16365:. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House. p. 114.
16348:. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House. p. 135.
15144:
13876:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 5.
13853:
12946:"Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"
11367:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 81–82, 119.
10059:
Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ʿUlamaʾ in the Middle East
9812:"A Clear and Present Danger: "Wahhabism" as a Rhetorical Foil"
8712:. New York: LIVERIGHT PUBLISHING CORPORATION. pp. 15–16.
7649:(Islamic monotheistic tenets), and much too willing to commit
6317:) laid out a comprehensive legal theory in his treatises like
5379:
either, and we do not agree to killing of women and children."
2491:
asserted that the Western usage of the term itself has been a
2079:" of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's annual commemoration of its
18447:
18278:
17684:
17579:
17563:
17177:'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-State'
16735:
Al-Albani and Friends: A Concise Guide to the Salafi Movement
16119:"The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East"
14982:"Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism"
14602:"Wahabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"
13676:
13058:"Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism"
10949:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 73–74, 130–35.
8393:
8345:
8319:
8303:
8282:
8204:
8120:
7899:
7879:
7789:
7752:
7732:
7702:
7471:
7439:
7429:
7352:
7268:
7261:
7211:
7173:
7167:
7130:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region
7086:
6958:
6950:
6764:
6747:
6700:
6649:
6583:
6556:
6549:
6537:
6512:
6499:
6487:
6450:
6376:
6332:
6268:
6135:
6014:
5996:
5977:
5932:
5856:
5751:
5611:
5574:
5568:. DeLong-Bas writes that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not denounce
5492:
5487:
like 'Abd al-Latif ibn 'Abd al-Rahman (1810–1876) during the
5447:
5441:
5372:
5296:
5274:
5210:
5167:
5108:
5010:
4800:
4785:
4780:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4607:
4597:
4492:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region
4433:
4409:
4396:
4321:
4284:
4279:
4231:
4223:
4205:
4146:
4136:
4108:
4103:
4061:
4004:"... what the believer must do, if the Book of Allah and the
3932:
3873:
3849:
3763:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3605:
3600:
3490:
3419:
3384:
3367:
3190:
3048:
2986:
2980:
2923:
2871:
2863:
2831:
2818:
2724:
2686:
2599:
2589:
2466:
2387:
2318:
2302:
2211:
2083:
on 22 February since 2022, which marked the establishment of
1954:
1922:
1887:
1757:
1679:
1662:
1485:
1480:
718:
706:
658:
492:
17370:
15537:
14101:
13236:"The Political Context of Early Wahhabi Discourse of Takfir"
13198:
11994:
Saudi schools promoting hatred and violence on non-believers
9133:
9131:
9129:
8888:"Saudi Arabia seeks religious reset as clerical power wanes"
8174:
fanaticism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to
6524:
was widespread among the scientific and political elites of
4400:
and called on the religious police to prosecute its author.
3524:(monotheism), rather he viewed it in the broader context of
3014:
was a Sunni revivalist movement inspired by the thoughts of
2122:, a staunch opponent of his brother's views until 1776
17387:
16718:(2nd ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16380:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. p. 357.
16123:
The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East
15931:
Islamic Civilization in Thirty Lives: The First 1,000 Years
15001:
14999:
13901:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 66–67, 326–328.
13414:
13144:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. p. 244.
12807:
Schmidtke, Sabine; Hoover, Jon (2014). "Ḥanbalī Theology".
10892:
10890:
9771:"A Secular Islam: Nation, State and Religion in Uzbekistan"
9116:
9114:
9112:
8364:
Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
7979:
7680:
7581:
have in recent times resurfaced in various sections of the
7434:
6946:
6868:; and deciphering the sudden collapse of its revolutionary
6711:
6671:
6661:
6655:
6438:
6230:
6193:
6008:
5990:
5958:
5919:
is encouraged for incompitable marriages. On the issues of
5743:
5428:
5376:
5368:
4795:
4692:
4612:
4244:
4158:
4072:
4041:
3854:
3772:
3668:
influences and as a standard theological reference for the
3618:
3414:
3405:
3379:
3060:
2791:
2786:” tactics. Historian Loius Alexander Corancez in his book “
2326:
2201:
movement" seeking "a return to the pristine message of the
1929:
1910:
1675:
1548:
1520:
1495:
1490:
16960:
Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond
16188:
14896:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. pp. 70–72.
14753:
14751:
14749:
14747:
14745:
14743:
14336:
13926:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 66–67, 70, 73.
13664:
13159:. Madinah Publishers and Distributors. pp. 267, 276.
12179:
Canada in Crisis (2): An Agenda for Survival of the Nation
11734:
The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Vol. 4
11688:
11562:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. p. 1236.
10721:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–7.
10698:
8949:"The 'Conscious Uncoupling' of Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia"
8318:
is its impact on the intellectual and literary life among
7673:(imitation of juristic precedent) and advocate opening of
7628:
depictions portray "Wahhabis" as "savages" or "fanatics".
7109:
6961:. Estimates of the number of adherents to Wahhabism vary.
6820:” and its reformist efforts as a sort of “Protestantism”.
6722:
Wahhabis have traditionally given their allegiance to the
6486:
of qualified scholars in accordance with the teachings of
6083:
Historically, many established figures from Hanbalite and
5445:
debate should be carried out with the support of truthful
4215:, rejecting much material derived within Islamic culture.
3580:
and necrolatry. Ibn 'Atiq established correspondence with
3391:—acting therefore as undeclared partisans of a particular
16517:. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. pp. 416–417.
14682:"For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge"
14141:(note the first four Saudi monarchs have the title Imam.)
13652:
13640:
13360:] (in Urdu). Lucknow: Maktabat Al-Furqan. p. 85.
13266:
13215:
12709:
11514:
11432:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 87–89.
10914:
10686:"For conservative Muslims, goal of isolation a challenge"
10497:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9126:
8227:
was a result of the stagnation caused by the excesses of
7443:
of Saudi Arabia had ruled the illegality of all forms of
6327:. Ibn Mu'ammar believed that maintaining the practice of
6280:
4134:
reversal". This principle allows overturning a scholar's
4013:
The Wahhabis furthermore rejected the idea of closure of
3776:
3500:, and opposition to rational argumentation in matters of
2975:
Those who opposed the reform efforts were enemies of God.
2782:
as Arabian locals who resisted Turkish hegemony and its “
1530:
17013:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
15725:
Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation
15235:
14996:
14489:"Wahhabism vs. Wahhabism: Qatar Challenges Saudi Arabia"
14372:
14360:
14348:
13742:. Aligarh, India: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 79.
13526:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 65, 115–120.
12886:. A Conflicts Forum Monograph. p. 3. Archived from
12811:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 626, 636.
11784:
Divine Triumph: Explanatory Notes on the Book of Tawheed
11767:. Aligarh, India: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 79.
11726:
11724:
11050:
10887:
10765:
10763:
9109:
7871:
Another early rebuttal of Wahhabism came from the Sunni
7165:
Wahhabi calls for a return to the pristine Islam of the
5895:
is today permitted and preferred by the clerics. In the
5675:
until the mid-twentieth century, unlike the rest of the
4428:
More general rules of permissiveness changed over time.
4251:
3751:
In Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's major work, a small book called
3038:
based on scriptures. Founded in the mid-19th century in
17273:
Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values
16784:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
16362:
The Evolution of Fiqh (Islamic Law & The Madh-habs)
15570:
futuhat al-Islamiyya ba'd Mudiy al-Futuhat al-Nabawiyya
15549:
15132:
15033:
Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?'
14787:
14740:
14699:
12951:. Naval Postgraduate School. p. 13. Archived from
12648:
12285:
12283:
11717:] (in Arabic). Maktaba Al-Islami. pp. 546–547.
11011:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 70–80.
10438:"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"
10382:
10347:"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"
9895:. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. p. 331.
9365:. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. p. 331.
9302:> First published online: 2012 First print edition:
8000:
7788:. Redissi details refutations of Wahhabis by scholars (
7462:; prompting Saudi authorities to place Bin Laden under
6888:
should be regarded as a variety of world revolution...
6852:, etc. were conveyed to the local populace in terms of
6347:(Islamic jurists) for carrying out the duty of issuing
6331:
in every era was a religious obligation and tasked the
6174:), who would explicate a clarified Wahhabi position on
5944:"Birth control and contraception, due to fear of want (
3131:
During the early 19th century, Egyptian Muslim scholar
2540:. This movement is often mistakenly conflated with the
16662:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
16640:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
16346:
The Evolution of Fiqh(Islamic Law & The Madh-habs)
15955:
15830:
14812:
Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide
14152:
Islamic Law and Legal Systems: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13780:
Islamic Law and Legal Systems: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13757:. London: One World Publications. pp. 51, 56–57.
12165:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. p. 131.
11576:
10926:
10902:
10653:
10219:
10217:
9319:
9143:
8708:
DE BELLAIGUE, CHRISTOPHER (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo".
8007:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
7744:
noted that it probably was not concerning an issue of
7607:
published eighty-six articles that mentioned the word
5879:
In the financial sector, Wahhabi approach is based on
5458:
Although Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his son and successor
4444:, is now commonly heard on Saudi radios. Minarets for
4316:; non-religious television programs; smoking; playing
3484:. Athari theology is characterized by reliance on the
2552:
There is considerable confusion between Wahhabism and
2029:, establishing a politico-religious alliance with the
16416:
15680:
15678:
15269:"Osama bin Laden's Global Islamism and Wahhabi Islam"
15065:
14921:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12.
14193:
Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf Crisis
13924:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13899:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13697:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13624:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
13499:
Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia
12681:, by Zubair Qamar, condensed and edited by ASFA staff
12660:
12580:"An Unprecedented Uproar Over Saudi Religious Police"
12022:
Saudi Arabia's religious police 'contains extremists'
11721:
11706:
10861:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 64.
10797:
10795:
10760:
10746:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 43.
9997:– via Leiden University Scholarly Publications.
9962:
9833:
charged with treason and subversion against the state
9561:(briefing). Conflicts Forum Monograph. Archived from
9002:"The Saudi 'Founding Day' and the Death of Wahhabism"
8039:... followers of any of the four schools of thought (
6775:"For a very long time, since before the time of Imam
6548:
of 1818, subsequent persecution of Salafis and other
6216:, or theological positions". Professor of history at
5971:
radically challenged prevalent conventions of school
5555:
movement was characterised by a strong opposition to
4472:
religious militia wore a white turban in place of an
3973:
who backed Wahhabism included Khayr al-Din al-Alusi,
2916:, all of which are considered precursors to the Arab
2639:
movement historically were concerned primarily about
17304:
Les Egarés: Wahhabisme est-il un contre Islam ?
16308:. Lahore: Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. 231, 229.
16224:
16205:
15576:
15246:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 161–162.
15171:
15053:
15048:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
15010:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–10.
14438:
14163:
13699:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 62, 211.
13601:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 136–137.
13576:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 121–179.
13184:. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. p. 419.
13043:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
12440:
12280:
12148:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
12066:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
11924:. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1992
11777:
11224:
11222:
10243:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
9688:. Princeton University Press. pp. 271–72, 279.
9686:
Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900
8731:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 235.
8664:. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1625.
8147:
praised the movement as an influential endeavour of
8067:
allegedly excluded the "Salafists" from the term of
7906:
as well as reducing Islam strictly to Wahhabism and
7509:
have strongly opposed hysterical assertions made by
7331:
billion per year since 1975 (compared to the annual
6357:
who issues verdicts solely based on the principles (
3530:(theology). While his treatises strongly emphasised
1928:
The Wahhabi movement opposed rituals related to the
1881:
27:
Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement
16547:. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International.
16246:
16125:(7). Lebanese Center for Policy Studies: 124. 1994.
15977:
Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement
15118:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9.
14674:
13095:
13093:
13091:
12880:
Wahhabism, Salafism and Islamism: Who Is The Enemy?
10214:
10052:
10050:
9552:
Wahhabism, salafism and Islamism: Who is the enemy?
8577:"Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis"
8369:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
7120:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
7010:, Abd Allah went into exile in Cairo where he died.
6741:Wahhabis share the belief of Islamists such as the
6030:only "in conjunction with its corroboration of the
5887:system is encouraged and digital transactions like
4486:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
3059:The Wahhabi and Ahl-i-Hadith movements both oppose
2858:trends of the 18th and 19th centuries; such as the
2717:
as idolatrous impurities and innovations in Islam (
2521:(Another movement, whose adherents are also called
16890:
16839:
16816:
16637:
16139:Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam
16062:, Islam International Publications, archived from
14860:
14858:
14814:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Inc. pp. xlii.
14519:
14455:
14240:
13351:
12634:
12632:
12496:
12494:
12492:
12334:"A special day for mothers: Difference of opinion"
12063:
11974:
11972:
11944:
11756:
11754:
11737:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 308.
10792:
10770:Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof, eds. (2011).
10240:
9300:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1329
9169:
9167:
9165:
8975:from the original on 22 February 2022 – via
8795:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103.
7403:, have been disputed. Throughout the 20th century
6675:had not been a religious preacher or scholar, but
6627:Military campaigns and political expansion of the
6087:schools were noteworthy for their denunciation of
5664:Since the Arabian Peninsula was never occupied by
5432:) of the early Muslim community. In his treatise "
5344:were regularly rebuked by the traditional Wahhabi
4419:King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
4088:/AH 1196–1285) strongly condemned the practice of
3717:(Book on Monotheism) by 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hassan
15113:
15005:
14916:
13804:
13451:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 78.
12994:
12992:
12476:
12455:
11901:Twilight in the Kingdom: Understanding the Saudis
11654:Saudi Arabia, Library of Congress Country Studies
11537:. New York: Macmillan Reference US. p. 727.
11407:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 16.
11346:
11344:
11342:
11335:. State University of New York Press. p. 44.
11219:
11134:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43.
11125:
11123:
10315:
10313:
10200:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 35.
10195:
10143:The Islamic traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya
9863:
9416:Encyclopaedia of the Orient: Wahhabism/Muwahhidun
8920:Farouk, Yasmine; J. Brown, Nathan (7 June 2021).
8791:Lewis, Bernard (1994). "5: The Revolt of Islam".
8063:in doctrines, manners and purification." Sheikh
6840:, opposition to foreign aggression, promotion of
6828:noted that the religious movement of the Arabian
5768:To resolve the novel issues of the 20th century,
5426:, and for denying the validity of the consensus (
2350:"In the eyes of the British Government, the word
2317:had commonly employed the term to refer to those
18758:
17096:; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (eds.).
16884:. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Javonoich.
16321:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
16276:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
15656:
15244:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
14720:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
14550:
14070:
13977:
13599:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13574:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13549:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13524:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13474:Wahhābī Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
13285:al-Makki, Mawlana 'Abd al-Hafiz (January 2011).
13088:
12855:
12380:"The Wahhabi war against 'infidels' and flowers"
12306:The Politics of Truth Management in Saudi Arabia
12160:
10324:. London, UK: Yale University Press. p. 8.
10047:
9637:
9635:
7387:Debate over Wahhabi influence on Salafi-Jihadism
7207:, to seek solutions to the present day problems.
6506:like Ibn Mu'ammar (AH 1160–1225/ 1747–1810
16914:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
16060:Three in One, An Enemy – A Disbeliever – A Liar
15659:Russia and Islam: State, society and radicalism
15567:
14855:
13622:E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "Two: Ijtihad as Law".
13551:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 119.
13446:
13287:"Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and Sufism"
12926:
12806:
12629:
12489:
12328:
12326:
11969:
11914:
11751:
11263:Global Salafism: Islam's new religious movement
11132:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
11034:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
10947:Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement
9162:
8359:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
8306:and intellectual renewal, Taha Hussein states:
7845:considered the ideas of the Hanbali theologian
7713:That its rejection of the "orthodox" belief in
7380:
6659:, "responsible for religious matters", and the
6395:scholars implied directly adhering to the five
6128:
4140:(legal judgement) when he bases it on personal
3688:, etc. and is taught as a standard text at the
3660:proved popular with the later adherents of the
2453:journalist writes that Saudis "abhor" the term
18216:
17306:(4th French ed.). Alfortville-F: Sigest.
16446:
16298:
16145:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 530–31.
16111:
15888:"September 11 in History: A Watershed Moment?"
15087:"Cycles of Revolutionary Terrorism, Chapter 7"
15029:
15027:
14652:"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"
14570:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
14565:
13755:Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
13718:
13716:
13626:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 71.
13501:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 78.
13370:
13332:
12989:
12201:
12199:
12036:
11403:Ismail, Raihan (2021). "Chapter 1: Salafism".
11339:
11231:"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"
11120:
11068:
10840:
10838:
10310:
9892:The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of World Religions
9707:Center for Strategic and International Studies
9452:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9362:The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of World Religions
9246:
9244:
9242:
9204:The Encyclopedia of Islam: New Edition Vol. XI
8919:
8678:
8027:(adherents of the theological systems of Imam
7474:, the Al-Qaeda leader sought refuge under the
6287:
6262:, he encouraged following the examples of the
5107:Adherents to the Wahhabi movement identify as
3242:. He followed in the footsteps of the ancient
2802:excesses from Turkish and foreign influences.
17403:
16513:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
16403:on 20 February 2021 – via ResearchGate.
16358:
16343:
15856:Islam, Modernity, Violence, and Everyday Life
15754:(New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600
14979:
14864:
13180:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
13155:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
13055:
12515:
12097:Saudi Arabia: The Shape of a Client Feudalism
11492:
11490:
10141:Blanchard, Christopher M. (24 January 2008).
10061:. Boston, MA: Brill Publishers. p. 231.
10056:
9864:Safra, Jacob E.; Aguilar-Cauz, Jorge (2006).
9632:
9439:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 469–472.
9320:E. Safra, Aguilar-Cauz, Jacob, Jorge (2006).
9293:
9291:
8683:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 587–588.
8581:Political Islam in the Age of Democratization
8575:Bokhari, Kamran; Senzai, Farid, eds. (2013).
8574:
7636:
5243:
5088:
3713:(Divine Triumph); an explanatory treatise on
3052:, and later become prominent scholars in the
2838:Relations with other Islamic reform movements
2794:revolution that sought a powerful revival of
2699:" (Unitarians). A young Hanbali cleric named
2487:magazine in 2018, Saudi Arabian Crown Prince
2021:trends. In 1744, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab formed a
1844:
1361:
444:
17383:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 245.
16842:The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West
16369:
16247:al-Qaradawi, Yusuf; al-Tayib, Ahmad (2016).
15918:Hashiyya radd al-Mukhtar, Volume 3, Page 309
14891:
14634:Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith
14607:. Naval Post-Graduate School. pp. 3–4.
14127:. Government of Saudi Arabia. Archived from
13040:
12910:
12908:
12731:Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity
12323:
12302:
12263:Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah
12145:
12061:
11427:
11362:
11101:
10969:
10612:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 160.
10238:
10234:
10232:
9868:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Co. p. 761.
9775:International Journal of Middle East Studies
9700:
9683:
9591:. Theatre Communications. pp. 160–161.
9545:
9543:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9344:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9076:
8707:
8624:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245.
8251:, had openly expressed his view in his book
8095:
7138:
5726:; numerous works of classical scholars like
5531:to travel or stay in the lands of Ottomans,
3988:Condemning the doctrine of blind-following (
3960:) which they considered to be reprehensible
2825:. After the discovery of petroleum near the
2723:). His movement emphasized adherence to the
2041:. Its revolutionary themes inspired several
1958:) to rid Muslims of inauthentic outgrowths (
931:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
16979:
16938:
16478:
16476:
16422:Rashid Rida, al-Manar, vol 8. No. 731, 732.
16390:
16172:"On Islam and 500 most influential Muslims"
15824:
15774:
15772:
15763:
15727:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
15722:
15718:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
15713:
15597:Saudi Arabia: the Shape of Client Feudalism
15024:
14593:
13713:
13106:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
12355:Diana Marwan Al-Jassemand Ala'a Al-Twarib.
12196:
11730:
11594:
11446:
11253:
11210:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies
10856:
10835:
10704:
10671:
10606:"Saudi Arabia, elephant in the living room"
10410:
10387:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
10196:Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022).
10030:
9851:
9605:
9490:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
9443:
9239:
9027:
8857:
8729:Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam
8622:A New Introduction to Islam: Second Edition
6791:18th and 19th century European travellers,
6224:also states that early disputes with other
5626:Explaining the stance of early Wahhabis on
3159:, Muhammad Hamid al Fiqi and most notably,
2536:– lived and preached in the eighth century
2229:religion that differ from the main body of
18591:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
17410:
17396:
17285:
16882:The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Sa'ud
16658:
16632:
16302:Speeches, Writings and Statements of Iqbal
16090:. Princeton University Press. p. 88.
16037:"Fatwa bars Wahhabis from Barelvi mosques"
15778:
15241:
14962:
14960:
14834:
14805:
14265:
14107:
14013:
13989:commentary of The Meadows of the Righteous
13859:
13847:
13807:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
13786:
13682:
13670:
13658:
13646:
13596:
13571:
13546:
13521:
13471:
13395:
13272:
13221:
13209:
13099:
13082:
12998:
12734:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44.
12715:
12509:
12357:"Many celebrate Valentine's Day in secret"
12266:. Columbia University Press. p. 239.
12032:
12030:
11609:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11560:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
11535:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
11520:
11487:
10741:
10716:
10297:
10295:
9866:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
9781:(4). Cambridge University Press: 573–598.
9723:"The Wahhabi Myth: Debunking the Bogeyman"
9701:H. Cordesman, Anthony (31 December 2002).
9644:"The Mideast threat that's hard to define"
9642:Ibrahim, Youssef Michel (11 August 2002).
9623:
9522:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
9483:
9322:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
9288:
9265:
9263:
9043:
8926:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
8647:(1). Translated by Jones, Harford: 33–46.
8638:
8525:
8494:
8326:and Egypt, towards the Arabian Peninsula."
8265:. Sukarno also appreciated the "wisdom of
7415:which strongly condemned various forms of
7300:According to French scholar and critic of
7004:'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
6371:and finally to the views within one's own
6236:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
6052:of legal specialists after his time), and
5295:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab defined armed
5095:
5081:
3550:(polytheism). They also staunchly opposed
2651:movement placed an additional emphasis on
2544:movement of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.)
2224:Abdallah al Obeid, the former dean of the
1851:
1837:
1368:
1354:
451:
437:
17301:
17032:. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press.
16957:
16741:
16512:
16464:
16375:
16225:Ghulam Rasool Dehlvi (9 September 2016).
16206:Ghulam Rasool Dehlvi (9 September 2016).
16155:
16007:. Indiana University Press. p. 296.
15934:. University of California. p. 206.
15836:
15657:Dannreuther, Roland; March, Luke (2010).
15616:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
15078:
14584:
14330:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
13995:(in Indonesian). Darul Falah. p. 360
13871:
13341:. Authors Press – via ResearchGate.
13179:
13154:
13139:
13135:
13133:
13108:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
12905:
12876:
12790:
12754:
12141:
12139:
11861:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2005
11636:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
11557:
11532:
11470:
11452:
11350:
11318:
11306:
11294:
11086:
10229:
10140:
9549:
9540:
9524:. Macmillan Reference. 2004. p. 727.
9492:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
9423:
8902:
8726:
8547:
8499:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
8475:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
8472:Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and the Fable
8302:(polytheism). Acclaiming its role in the
7528:
6892:’s revolt began in the 1740s, before the
6599:Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Aal ash-Shaykh
3259:
2547:
1894:, based on the teachings of 18th-century
1225:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
243:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
17008:
16768:"Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92)"
16711:
16679:
16473:
16425:
16047:
15927:
15769:
15483:– via CA & C Press (ca-c.org).
15197:
15195:
15084:
14705:
14366:
13921:
13896:
13752:
13694:
13621:
13496:
13284:
13233:
13045:. Harper San Francisco. pp. 49, 50.
12377:
12371:
12232:
12109:
11678:
11006:
10881:
10829:
10659:
10539:
10406:
10404:
10136:
10134:
10132:
9945:
9943:
9761:from the original on 25 September 2021.
9514:
9456:
9324:. Encyclopedia Britannica. p. 761.
9227:Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (13 February 2015).
9173:
9120:
8748:Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn Taymiyya
8619:
7938:nationwide. The founder of the movement
7822:to be a modern-day manifestation of the
7631:
7411:in Saudi Arabia, were known for issuing
7059:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh
7017:
6936:
6622:
6291:
5875:primarily in schools and among society."
5840:(scholarly consensus) that the doors of
5282:
5185:
4367:
4340:, is sometimes discouraged by Wahhabis.
4217:
3705:
3590:movement in the Islamic principality of
3476:, Wahhabism is closely aligned with the
3106:
2841:
2668:
17720:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
17087:
16911:
16715:What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam
16623:
16599:
16482:
16431:
16083:
16077:
16034:
15980:. Oxford University Press. p. 58.
15961:
15812:
15599:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151–173.
15572:. Beirut: Dar Sidir. pp. 2:234–45.
15506:from the original on 18 September 2020.
15493:
15432:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
15403:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
15336:"Yemen still close to al-Qaeda's heart"
15333:
14957:
14793:
14757:
14649:
14480:
14453:
14426:
14414:
14402:
14390:
14232:
14226:
14214:
14178:
14095:
13946:
13792:
12809:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
12654:
12175:
12027:
11942:
11806:
11694:
11666:
11582:
11496:
11392:. University of Exeter. pp. 96–97.
11387:
11330:
11228:
11154:
11056:
10994:
10932:
10920:
10908:
10896:
10813:
10807:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10319:
10292:
10265:
10031:Bates, Crispin; Carter, Marina (2013).
9980:
9949:
9677:
9641:
9611:
9534:
9468:
9412:
9260:
9189:
8839:Motadel, David (2014). "Introduction".
8838:
8679:Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce (2009).
8536:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
8468:
7232:, especially after its boom during the
7110:International influence and propagation
5462:categorised various Shi'ite sects like
5383:
4098:(polytheism) in his treatises, writing:
3966:(innovations). Prominent amongst those
3797:(monotheism). Based on the doctrine of
1913:and later spread to other parts of the
14:
18759:
17725:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
17189:
17046:
17027:
16762:
16732:
16004:Philanthropy in the World's Traditions
15594:
14599:
14553:"Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights"
14378:
14354:
14342:
14238:
13819:
13735:
13724:Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam
13307:
13130:
13016:"Petro-Islam' is a nightmare scenario"
13013:
12943:
12861:
12600:
12538:
12500:
12136:
12099:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–59.
12094:
11978:
11760:
11402:
11259:
11179:
11129:
11031:
10944:
10801:
10683:
10603:
10373:According to author Abdul Aziz Qassim.
10283:
9968:
9768:
9733:from the original on 29 November 2020.
9716:from the original on 23 December 2020.
9703:"Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century"
9434:
9226:
9156:
9137:
8999:
8946:
8915:from the original on 6 September 2021.
8745:
8659:
7085:) and led Wahhabi forces in defending
6943:Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
5551:According to Jeffry R. Halverson, the
4222:Photo of a marketplace in the town of
4156:. In effect, this allowed the Wahhabi
3924:. This stance pitted them against the
3451:In spite of this, Albani's efforts at
2506:"a more politically correct term" for
2372:", Muslims, etc. and more recently as
2098:
1934:pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines
18483:
18215:
18180:International propagation of Salafism
17999:
17391:
17371:Wheeler Thatcher, Griffithes (1911).
17320:
17271:Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F.,
17225:
16916:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16888:
16879:
16860:
16837:
16811:
16644:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16561:
16542:
16459:. Leiden: Brill Publishers: 238–239.
16318:
16273:
16053:
15973:
15852:
15684:
15582:
15555:
15543:
15516:
15496:"An Anglo-American conspiracy theory"
15458:
15429:
15400:
15192:
15138:
15059:
15050:, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, pp. 48–64
14717:
14600:Dillon, Michael R. (September 2009).
14511:
14287:
14271:
14195:. London: Routledge. pp. 191–94.
13940:
13777:
13297:from the original on 21 January 2021.
12944:Dillon, Michael R. (September 2009).
12914:
12846:
12831:
12762:)". In Chih, Rachida; Jordan, David;
12727:
12666:
12638:
12577:
12565:
12470:
12424:
12408:
12005:
11780:Fath al-Majeed: Sharh Kitab al-Tawhid
11707:ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad, Sulayman.
11036:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10974:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10844:
10632:
10585:. Library of Congress Country Studies
10464:was coined by Saudi Arabia's enemies"
10401:
10344:
10271:
10223:
10129:
10106:
10081:
9940:
9915:
9809:
9748:
9385:
9250:
9229:"Wahhabism: Pure Islam or extremism?"
8793:The Shaping of the Modern Middle East
8790:
8516:
8438:The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an
7667:That the Wahhabi stances that reject
7073:was a Bedouin woman from the town of
6062:) in favor of independent reasoning (
5707:was established in 1961 to promote a
5653:
5540:
5477:) would articulate a new doctrine of
4252:Commanding right and forbidding wrong
3887:
3839:of whoever knows the religion of the
3488:(apparent or literal) meaning of the
3093:
2854:The Wahhabi movement was part of the
2770:, author of the well-received works “
2236:
2173:, which is the dominant creed within
2114:The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an
1917:, and is today followed primarily in
18284:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
17297:] (in French). Paris: Le Rocher.
17215:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
17145:, Kegan Paul International Limited,
17051:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
16695:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001
16626:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
16603:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
16000:
15609:
15494:Pirbhai, M. Reza (30 October 2007).
15334:Scheuer, Michael (7 February 2008).
14517:
14495:. Middle East Online. Archived from
14190:
13824:. AltaMira Press. pp. 469, 470.
13420:
13375:. Washington, DC: ISCA. p. 94.
13234:K. Firro, Tarik (2 September 2013).
13114:10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001
12975:
12877:Moussalli, Ahmad (30 January 2009).
12473:, chapter 48: "Death of a Princess".
12150:. Harper San Francisco. p. 160.
11642:
10859:The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?
10564:
10552:from the original on 18 January 2019
10301:
10007:
9720:
9586:
9559:Conflicts Forum (conflictsforum.org)
9498:10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001
8812:Arab nationalism: A Critical Enquiry
8809:
8168:" was deployed by the proponents of
8001:2016 Chechnya conference controversy
7725:
7569:, Associate Professor of History at
7500:American foreign policy in West Asia
6522:opposition to small-pox vaccinations
5645:), son of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab writes:
5165:, rejecting rationalistic theology (
4166:and not recognising the finality of
3604:, which was published via prints in
3594:. In his letters, Ibn 'Atiq praised
2067:have led to widespread crackdown on
392:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
18000:
17494:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
17323:"Militant Scholars and Strategists"
16982:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
16939:M. Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din (2005).
16863:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
16819:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
16689:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16359:Bilal Philips, Abu Ameenah (1990).
16344:Bilal Philips, Abu Ameenah (1990).
16035:Agarwal, Priyangi (29 March 2016).
15859:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164.
14568:"Shiite Muslims in the Middle East"
14073:Prominent Women from Central Arabia
13809:. Macmillan Reference. p. 728.
13060:. Global Politician. Archived from
12578:Ambah, Faiza Saleh (22 June 2007).
12259:
12161:Tripp, Harvey; Peter North (2003).
12118:. Oxford University Press. p.
10778:. Sage Publications. p. 1369.
10684:Murphy, Caryle (5 September 2006).
10158:
9888:
9462:
9358:
9000:Alamer, Sultan (23 February 2022).
8947:Hassan, Hassan (22 February 2022).
8495:Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (2015).
8288:According to notable Arab Linguist
7918:Opposition to Wahhabism emerged in
7040:
6709:does impose limits, such as giving
6425:jurisprudence in his commentary of
6272:(analogical reasoning), and taking
5668:, it wasn't directly challenged by
4258:Enjoining good and forbidding wrong
3120:
2846:Portrait of a "Saudi" musketeer of
2273:, who tend to all reject the label.
2140:
1871:
264:List of Salafi Islamic universities
24:
17234:University of North Carolina Press
17084:, H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830.
17068:
17049:War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830
15386:. 1 September 2007. Archived from
14551:Anees al-Qudaihi (24 March 2009).
14486:
13014:Khalid, Ahmad Ali (20 July 2011).
11453:Bruckmayr, Philipp (27 May 2020).
10540:Goldberg, Jeffrey (2 April 2018).
10411:MacFarquhar, Neil (12 July 2002).
10020:from the original on 5 March 2021.
8991:. 23 February 2022. Archived from
8932:from the original on 19 June 2021.
8898:from the original on 20 June 2021.
8681:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
8293:
7983:Islamic Supreme Council of America
7855:
7799:
7065:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
6983:
6632:
6507:
6314:
6301:
6169:
5777:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Aal Al-Shaykh
5640:
5360:
5199:
4085:
3997:
3793:and in violation of the tenets of
3722:
3571:
3315:
3300:
3289:
2707:/AH 1115-1206), the leader of the
2704:
2681:The Wahhabi movement started as a
2123:
1980:
1945:
943:Principles of State and Government
919:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
176:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
25:
18798:
18596:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
17364:
17261:, T.R.O.I.D. Publications, 2004,
17081:Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys
16391:Belén Soage, Ana (January 2008).
16135:
16056:"Chapter 9 The Kafir Controversy"
15266:
14980:Curtin Winsor (22 October 2007).
14650:Lacroix, Stephane (Spring 2008).
14614:from the original on 7 April 2014
13371:Hisham Kabbani, Muhammad (2009).
13352:Manzur Nu'mani, Muhammad (1978).
13056:Curtin Winsor (22 October 2007).
12582:. Washington Post Foreign Service
12516:Max Rodenbeck (21 October 2004).
12236:Falling Off the Edge of the World
12205:
11903:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006
10355:. Abu Dhabi, UAE. Abu Dhabi Media
9550:Moussalli, Ahmad (January 2009).
9392:. King Abdulaziz Public Library.
7818:declared the Wahhabi movement of
7603:" trends. Between 1931 and 2007,
7476:Taliban government in Afghanistan
7339:billion/year); and "at least $ 87
7224:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
7033:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Nāṣir al-Siʿdī
5903:legalising novel procedures like
5434:Risalah fi al-radd ala al-Rafidah
5179:, and they do not regard this as
4070:(Islamic law). Prominent Wahhabi
3994:Sulāyman ibn Ābd-Allah Aal-Shaykh
3914:on legal questions and condemned
3767:); fasting for the holy month of
2776:Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys
2739:. Eventually, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
868:List of Islamic political parties
63:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
18484:
17186:. New York: Masjid Darul Qur'an.
16782:; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.).
16506:
16440:
16407:
16384:
16352:
16337:
16312:
16292:
16267:
16255:(in Arabic). Al-Azhar University
16218:
16199:
16181:
16164:
16149:
16129:
16054:Memon, Naeem Osman (July 1994),
16028:
15994:
15967:
15921:
15912:
15880:
15846:
15818:
15806:
15757:
15744:
15731:
15707:
15702:In the Vicinity of the Righteous
15694:
15650:
15603:
15588:
15561:
15510:
15487:
15452:
15441:. pp. 90–92. Archived from
15423:
15394:
15372:
15350:
15327:
15284:
15260:
15165:
15107:
15075:, Simon and Schuster, 2002 p. 32
15040:
14973:
14935:
14910:
14885:
14828:
14799:
14763:
14711:
14643:
14626:
14578:
14559:
14544:
14447:
14432:
14420:
14408:
14396:
14384:
14328:] (in Arabic). Vol. 9.
14311:
14281:
14220:
14208:
14199:
14184:
14172:
14157:
14144:
14113:
14064:
14039:
14019:
13915:
13890:
13865:
13841:
13828:
13813:
13798:
13771:
13746:
13729:
13688:
13615:
13590:
13565:
13540:
13515:
13490:
13465:
13440:
13389:
13364:
13345:
13326:
13301:
13278:
13227:
13173:
13148:
13049:
13034:
13007:
12962:
12937:
12920:
12870:
12840:
12825:
12800:
12784:
12748:
12721:
12684:
12672:
12594:
12571:
12559:
12532:
12449:
12434:
12418:
12402:
12348:
12296:
12253:
12226:
12169:
12154:
12103:
12088:
12070:. Harper San Francisco. p.
12055:
12015:
11999:
11987:
11936:
11922:"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"
11893:
11878:Paulo Casaca, Siegfried O. Wolf
11872:
11851:
11825:
11812:
11771:
11700:
11672:
11660:
11634:] (in Arabic). Vol. 1.
11617:
11588:
11551:
11526:
11502:
11421:
11396:
11381:
11356:
11324:
11312:
11300:
11288:
11202:
11173:
11081:. Leiden: Brill Publishers: 34.
10579:"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"
10494:"Ingrid Mattson: What is Islam?"
10247:. Harper San Francisco. p.
9085:
9067:
9058:
8903:Alhussein, Eman (19 June 2019).
7973:
7966:leaders. The head of Al-Ahbash,
7134:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
6862:impacts of the French revolution
6601:would endorse female education.
6444:
6040:" (and giving preference to the
5952:
5064:
4529:
2071:in Saudi Arabia and rest of the
1991:worship". The Turkish newspaper
1820:
1402:
1337:
1326:
420:
409:
258:International Islamic University
56:
18652:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
17327:Terrorism and Homeland Security
17302:Vernochet, Jean-Michel (2013).
16535:
15610:Eden, Jeff (19 February 2018).
15568:bin Zini Dahlan, Ahmad (1997).
15364:. 27 April 2022. Archived from
15172:Kuan Yew Lee; Ali Wyne (2012).
15152:"Radical Islam in Central Asia"
14774:The Place of Tolerance in Islam
14566:Lionel Beehner (16 June 2006).
14321:الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية
13805:Richard C. Martin, ed. (2004).
12849:Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia
12834:Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia
11685:, "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab".
11627:الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية
11260:Meijer, Roel (1 October 2009).
11148:
11095:
11062:
11025:
11000:
10963:
10938:
10850:
10776:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
10735:
10710:
10677:
10665:
10626:
10597:
10533:
10486:
10460:"Saudi Prince Salman: The term
10452:
10430:
10376:
10367:
10338:
10277:
10189:
10152:
10100:
10075:
10024:
10001:
9974:
9909:
9882:
9857:
9739:
9668:
9617:
9580:
9528:
9477:
9406:
9379:
9352:
9313:
9220:
9195:
9052:
9036:
9018:
8938:
8878:
8830:
8782:
8766:
8519:Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia
7807:In the 18th century, prominent
7533:In contemporary discourse, the
6472:, counting it as only a single
6419:Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymeen
4193:movement has been described by
3985:, Mahmud Shukri Al-Alusi, etc.
3468:Traditionalist theology (Islam)
3356:Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani
2994:
2972:(Islamic law) is the objective;
2790:” described the movement as an
2750:18th and 19th century European
2647:(Oneness of Worship) while the
2583:consists of broad movements of
2534:Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman
18586:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
17715:Justice and Construction Party
16958:Valentine, Simon Ross (2015).
16686:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
16659:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2007).
16299:Ahmad Sherwani, Latif (1995).
15704:(Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6
15500:Dhafir Trial (dhafirtrial.net)
15461:"The rhetoric of islamophobia"
14970:| Paul Vallely 1 November 2007
14865:Caryle Murphy (15 July 2010).
13246:(5). Routledge: 776, 781–784.
12866:. AltaMira Press. p. 470.
12696:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
12505:. AltaMira Press. p. 470.
12378:Eltahawy, Mona (1 July 2004).
12041:. Routledge. pp. 62–113.
11983:. AltaMira Press. p. 470.
11599:. Cairo. pp. 467–71, 477.
11249:– via Lieden University.
10288:. AltaMira Press. p. 469.
9751:"The Rhetoric of Islamophobia"
9684:Daly Metcalf, Barbara (1982).
9587:Asad, Muhammad (10 May 1988).
9275:Encyclopedia Britannica Online
9183:
9180:, "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab"
8841:Islam and the European Empires
8699:
8611:
8459:
8432:
8055:... also the followers of the
7433:issued at its 32nd session in
7425:Islamic military jurisprudence
6734:and "Wahhabi scholars of the '
6555:With the resurgence of rising
6510:) would issue ground-breaking
6351:. At the top was the absolute
6284:(justice) into consideration.
5765:addressing modern challenges.
5279:Islamic military jurisprudence
4479:
4053:and consisted of consensus of
3598:, Khan's Salafi commentary on
2091:in 1727 and de-emphasized his
13:
1:
18657:Islamic response to modernity
16778:; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan;
16742:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
15785:. Columbia University Press.
15628:10.1080/13530194.2018.1434612
15465:Central Asia and the Caucasus
14968:Wahhabism: A deadly scripture
14892:Abou El Fadl, Khalid (2005).
14662:(1). Leiden University: 6–7.
14439:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
14164:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
13836:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
13822:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
13572:Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010).
13522:Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010).
13421:Wood, Graeme (3 March 2022).
13333:Liaqath Peeran, Syed (2022).
13041:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
13018:. Wisdom Blow. Archived from
12864:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
12542:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
12503:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
12441:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
12182:. Trafford. pp. 415–16.
12146:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
12062:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
11981:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
11595:Ibn Ghannam, Hussien (2009).
11102:Abou El Fadl, Khalid (2005).
10633:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
10345:Mahdi, Wael (18 March 2010).
10286:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
10239:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
10109:The Wahhabi Movement in India
9924:King Abdulaziz Public Library
9471:The Essentials of Ibadi Islam
9437:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
9206:. Leiden: Brill. p. 39.
8497:A Dictionary of World History
8420:
8164:asserted that the charge of "
7913:
6932:
6241:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
6095:and upheld that the Gates of
5527:, 'Abd al-Latif also forbade
5489:Ottoman annexation of Al-Hasa
4451:
4184:movement that works to bring
3690:Islamic University of Madinah
3682:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
3281:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Shawkani
3266:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
3218:
3127:during the early 20th-century
2427:was the legitimate doctrine.
2265: Labelling by the term
2180:
1903:
1085:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
238:Islamic University of Madinah
17417:
17192:Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam
17114:10.1017/CBO9781139047586.011
16846:. Harvard University Press.
16447:O'Sullivan, Justine (2013).
16189:"Naqshbandi | Sufi Way"
15412:. p. 91. Archived from
15384:Council on Foreign Relations
15358:"Osama bin Laden Fast Facts"
14869:. GlobalPost. Archived from
14841:. US: Xlibris. p. 141.
13726:, Vintage Books, 1982, p. 61
13252:10.1080/00263206.2013.811648
13085:, pp. 202–203, 241–242.
12757:
12728:Kabir, Nahid Afrose (2013).
12210:. net places. Archived from
11656:. Library of Congress. 1992.
11069:O'Sullivan, Justine (2013).
10970:Dean Commins, David (1990).
10468:Islam Daily (islamdaily.org)
10008:Butt, Salman (6 July 2017).
9102:
8858:Murzik Kobo, Ousman (2012).
8374:Islamic schools and branches
8275:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
7851:
7777:) in communications between
7381:Militant and political Islam
6427:The Meadows of the Righteous
6320:Risala al-Ijtihad wal Taqlid
6165:
6129:Perspective on other schools
6101:remained open. According to
5781:
5705:Islamic University of Medina
5636:
5472:
5195:
4175:
3827:, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab states:
3567:
3360:
3311:
3296:
3285:
3248:school and took the call of
2462:Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2226:Islamic University of Medina
2167:should not be confused with
2103:
2093:pact with Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
1976:
7:
18260:Militant Islamism based in
17903:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
17321:White, Jonathan R. (2017).
17194:. Oxford University Press.
16568:A New Introduction to Islam
16545:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
15779:Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2008).
14016:, pp. 8, 109–110, 173.
12603:"The Holy Cities of Arabia"
12176:Battram, Robert A. (2010).
12163:Culture Shock! Saudi Arabia
12037:Van der Meulen, D. (2000).
11558:C. Martin, Richard (2016).
11533:C. Martin, Richard (2004).
11188:. Oxford University Press.
10884:, p. , "Ahl-i Hadith".
10832:, pp. 5–10, 72–73, 97.
9956:Encyclopaedia of the Orient
8469:Knowles, Elizabeth (2005).
8399:Schools of Islamic theology
8330:
8199:Islamic revivalist scholar
8015:, Al-Azhar's current dean,
7843:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
7820:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
7721:... for over a millennium."
6994:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
6795:and writers considered the
6705:range of power, respecting
6692:). A Muslim must present a
6604:
6571:Unification of Saudi Arabia
6460:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
6413:authenticated by Sahabah. (
6288:Ibn Mu'ammar's Legal Theory
5865:ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āal al-Shaykh
5268:
5214:theology; and his disciple
4343:Wahhabism also emphasizes "
4242:, teachers in schools, and
4080:, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan
3516:Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
3461:
3433:. He distinguished between
3294:), Ibn al-Amir Al-San'ani (
3184:by the 1920s, a concept of
3085:Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
2950:Islam is the only solution;
2815:Unification of Saudi Arabia
2754:, scholars, travellers and
2733:, and advocated the use of
2701:Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
2673:An 18th century map of the
2605:Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
2271:Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab
1930:veneration of Muslim saints
1900:Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
1882:
879:Militant Islamism based in
10:
18803:
18714:Political aspects of Islam
18114:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
17700:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
17106:Cambridge University Press
16962:(First ed.). London:
16788:Princeton University Press
16733:Haddad, Gibril F. (2004).
16712:Esposito, John L. (2011).
15853:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2009).
15380:"Profile: Osama bin Laden"
15093:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
14835:M. Jackson, Guida (2009).
14806:M. Jackson, Guida (1999).
14098:, pp. 90–102, 111–13.
13979:ibn al-Uthaymeen, Muhammad
13947:Singgih, Muhammad (2018).
13753:Crawford, Michael (2014).
13396:Mandaville, Peter (2022).
13100:N. Stearns, Peter (2008).
12605:. In Michael Wolfe (ed.).
12456:Brooks, Geraldine (1995).
11731:L. Esposito, John (1995).
11229:Lacroix, Stéphane (2008).
10857:L. Esposito, John (1992).
10385:Saudi Arabia in Transition
10161:"Wahhabism and Boko Haram"
10107:Ahmed, Qeyamuddin (2020).
9721:Reem, Abu (1 April 2007).
9484:N. Stearns, Peter (2008).
8285:, his elementary teacher.
8253:"dibawah bendera revolusi"
8223:. Rida believed that the
8180:(excommunicate) the legal
8135:
8004:
7945:
7902:of conspiring against the
7637:Criticism by other Muslims
7589:. The earliest mention of
7454:The Yemeni origins of the
7384:
7318:
7127:
7113:
6611:Political aspects of Islam
6608:
6448:
5956:
5657:
5544:
5442:infallibility of the imams
5387:
5272:
5247:
5244:Loyalty and disassociation
4502:
4489:
4483:
4255:
4045:(consensus) was employed.
3897:
3787:to the dead – are acts of
3699:
3465:
3263:
3100:
2998:
2662:
2658:
2643:(Oneness of Lordship) and
2438:or organizations that use
2415:("the path of Muhammad"),
2403:("People of the Hadith"),
2390:. Additionally, the terms
2358:In general, the so-called
2281:Excessive citations inline
2256:Excessive citations inline
2120:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2107:
1890:religious movement within
1195:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
863:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
18735:
18701:
18670:
18634:
18571:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
18561:
18494:
18490:
18479:
18425:
18364:
18253:
18232:
18228:
18211:
18172:
18129:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
18104:
18050:
18019:
18012:
18008:
17995:
17813:
17783:
17670:Freedom and Justice Party
17660:
17595:
17588:
17476:
17429:
17425:
17213:A History of Saudi Arabia
16994:10.1080/10576100500497004
16562:Brown, Daniel W. (2009).
16084:Rougier, Bernard (2015).
15089:. In Rik Coolsaet (ed.).
14522:Engaging the Muslim World
14454:Bradley, John R. (2005).
14247:. Penguin Books. p.
13984:Syarah Riyadh as Shalihin
13872:H. Warren, David (2021).
12545:. AltaMira. p. 471.
12460:. Doubleday. p. 161.
12233:Anderson, Shelly (2013).
12110:Kostiner, Joseph (1993).
11943:Bradley, John R. (2005).
11833:"Ramadan in Saudi Arabia"
11809:, pp. 22–23, 115–16.
11472:10.1163/15700607-06023P06
11272:Columbia University Press
10717:Wagemakers, Joas (2010).
10604:Riedel, Bruce O. (2011).
9958:– via Google Books.
9936:– via Google Books.
9905:– via Google Books.
9810:Knysh, Alexander (2004).
9787:10.1017/S0020743803000242
9469:Hoffman, Valerie (2012).
8620:W. Brown, Daniel (2009).
8549:10.1163/9789004435544_019
8096:Non-religious motivations
8089:Ahl al-Sunnah Wal Jama'ah
7885:
7139:Explanation for influence
7103:Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen
7077:who rose to the rank of "
7041:عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي
6812:in Wahhabi opposition to
6421:derived rulings from the
6012:(juristic consensus) and
4056:Companions of the Prophet
3695:
3145:Muhammad Bahjat Al-Athari
2862:movement in 19th century
2413:al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiyya
2407:("Salafi preaching"), or
1628:Sunni schools of theology
1309:Islam and other religions
819:International propagation
558:International propagation
345:International propagation
248:Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad
116:Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi
18545:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
18344:in the Arabian Peninsula
18185:Islamic religious police
17745:Prosperous Justice Party
17705:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
17329:(9th ed.). Boston:
17090:"From Wahhabi to Salafi"
16469:– via tandfonline.
16466:10.1163/157005809X398636
16376:M. Bunzel, Cole (2018).
16319:Iqbal, Muhammad (2012).
16274:Iqbal, Muhammad (2013).
15928:Robinson, Chase (2017).
15646:– via tandfonline.
14718:Iqbal, Muhammad (2013).
14191:Abir, Mordechai (1993).
14027:
13922:E. Vogel, Frank (2000).
13897:E. Vogel, Frank (2000).
13695:E. Vogel, Frank (2000).
13262:– via Tandfonline.
13140:M. Bunzel, Cole (2018).
12927:Ruthven, Malise (1984).
12522:New York Review of Books
11091:– via tandfonline.
11088:10.1163/157005809X398636
11007:Lauzière, Henri (2016).
9952:"Wahhabism / Muwahhidun"
8425:
8255:, that the progressive "
8184:. According to Philips:
7616:revolutionaries. Common
7335:propaganda budget of $ 1
7247:lists two more reasons:
5313:Islamic rules of warfare
4764:Theology of the Ismailis
4730:Theology of the Twelvers
3133:Abd al Rahman al Jabarti
2912:movement (1803–1837) in
2778:” (1830), described the
2197:, and in fact "the true
971:Governance of the Jurist
365:Associated organizations
144:Founders and key figures
18787:Sunni Islamic movements
17828:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
17740:Malaysian Islamic Party
17735:National Iraqi Alliance
17695:Islamic Salvation Front
17625:Islamic Defenders Front
17380:Encyclopædia Britannica
17226:Moosa, Ebrahim (2015).
17190:Ismail, Raihan (2016).
17088:Commins, David (2015).
16624:Commins, David (2009).
16600:Commins, David (2006).
16572:Chichester, West Sussex
16432:Olidort, Jacob (2015).
15739:Journal of Sufi Studies
15430:Gause III, F. Gregory.
15401:Gause III, F. Gregory.
13778:Vogel, Frank E (2000).
13003:. Penguin. p. 250.
12933:. Penguin. p. 282.
11331:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
11180:Ismail, Raihan (2021).
9854:, p. 235 footnote.
9680:, pp. vi, 137, 192
8660:Mattar, Philip (2004).
8593:10.1057/9781137313492_5
8110:, the alliance between
7537:widely employ the term
7222:to take the mantle of "
7183:and the sayings of the
7158:, which considered the
7014:Sulayman ibn 'Abd Allah
6826:Christopher Allen Bayly
6732:Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi
6210:rules at all, but over
5363:/AH 1164–1244) stated:
4713:Forbidding what is evil
4708:Commanding what is just
4102:".. One who asks for a
3157:Muhibb al Din al Khatib
3056:Wahhabi establishment.
2953:A direct return to the
2653:Tawhid al-Asma wa Sifat
2334:, were targeted by the
2286:considered for deletion
2261:considered for deletion
1426:Prophets and Messengers
1075:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
253:Jamia Salafia, Varanasi
212:List of Salafi scholars
74:Theology and Influences
18782:Islamic fundamentalism
18777:Sunni Islamic branches
18269:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
17983:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
17908:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
17765:State of Law Coalition
17675:Green Algeria Alliance
17257:Oliver, Haneef James,
17076:Burckhardt, John Lewis
16889:Lacey, Robert (2009).
16880:Lacey, Robert (1981).
16861:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
16838:Kepel, Gilles (2004).
16748:. Palgrave Macmillan.
16564:"The Wahhābī Movement"
16393:"Rashid Rida's Legacy"
16001:Katz, Stanley (1998).
15595:Simons, Geoff (1998).
15459:Atkin, Muriel (2000).
15085:Coolsaet, Rik (2013).
15046:Abou al Fadl, Khaled,
14776:, p. 8. Beacon Press.
14640:, Spring 2008, No. 21.
14154:(Leiden, 2000), p. 207
13838:Altamira, 2001, p. 407
13820:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
13240:Middle Eastern Studies
12862:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
12847:Ahsan, Sayyid (1987).
12832:Ahsan, Sayyid (1987).
12601:Rutter, Eldon (1998).
12539:Glassé, Cyril (2003).
12501:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
12482:House, Karen Elliott,
12095:Simons, Geoff (1998).
12039:The Wells of Ibn Sa'ud
11979:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
11638:. pp. 82–83, 102.
10639:. Knopf. p. 150.
10284:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
9981:Metcalf, B.D. (2002).
9950:Kjeilen, Tore (2001).
9916:Rentz, George (2004).
9769:Khalid, Adeeb (2003).
9749:Atkin, Muriel (2000).
9435:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
9413:Kjeilen, Tore (2001).
9386:Rentz, George (2004).
8328:
8249:president of Indonesia
8190:
8158:
8029:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
7869:
7839:
7661:Wahhabi-Saudi conquest
7529:Contemporary discourse
7271:movements such as the
7071:Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya
7044:
6953:
6930:
6789:
6636:
6518:small-pox vaccinations
6304:
6278:(public interest) and
6264:companions of Muhammad
5994: – the
5950:
5877:
5773:'Abd al-Azeez ibn Saud
5651:
5632:Abdullah Aal al-Shaykh
5603:movement and the Sufi
5597:
5521:into his discourse of
5381:
5334:
5292:
5241:
5227:Al-Siyasa Al-Shar'iyya
5222:Al-Aqidah Al-Wasitiyya
5205:
4826:Theology of the Ibadis
4808:Theology of the Zaydis
4377:
4227:
4128:
4011:
3983:Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi
3859:
3749:
3726:
3320:), etc. advocated for
3260:Contemporary relations
3238:, becoming a renowned
3149:Jamal al Din al Qasimi
3141:Shihab al Din al Alusi
3128:
3016:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2851:
2768:John Ludwig Burckhardt
2678:
2548:Wahhabism and Salafism
2421:"People of the Sunnah"
2417:al-Tariqa al-Salafiyya
2409:al-da'wa ila al-tawhid
2356:
1694:Contemporary movements
1509:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
1436:Succession to Muhammad
1140:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
576:Islamic fundamentalism
295:Islamic fundamentalism
233:Umm al-Qura University
91:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
18372:Hibatullah Akhundzada
18195:Sufi–Salafi relations
17838:Hibatullah Akhundzada
17137:De Gaury, Gerald and
16634:DeLong-Bas, Natana J.
16543:Algar, Hamid (2002).
16253:Al Azhar Media center
15900:Duke University Press
15752:Encyclopedia of Islam
15517:Davis, Rohan (2009).
15299:Middle East Programme
15210:Middle East Programme
14526:. Macmillan. p.
14462:. Macmillan. p.
14443:. Knopf. p. 235.
13782:. Leiden. p. 76.
12611:Grove Press. p.
12303:Afshin Shahi (2013).
12260:Roy, Olivier (2004).
12239:. Lulu. p. 137.
11951:. Macmillan. p.
11032:Meijer, Roel (2013).
10945:Meijer, Roel (2013).
8810:Tibi, Bassam (1990).
8409:Sufi–Salafi relations
8308:
8186:
8153:
8114:and the tribal chief
8086:" school, and within
8033:Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari
7924:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
7865:
7830:
7632:Criticism and support
7571:Georgetown University
7405:Board of Senior Ulema
7385:Further information:
7267:Rise of other native
7128:Further information:
7097:'Abd al-Azeez ibn Baz
7021:
6940:
6874:
6773:
6726:, but a movement of "
6626:
6295:
5942:
5869:
5820:In opposition to the
5800:Board of Senior Ulema
5647:
5610:and his followers in
5589:
5365:
5354:Abdullah ibn Muhammad
5330:
5286:
5237:
5189:
5119:), and opposition to
4671:Basic Tenets of Faith
4586:Five Pillars of Islam
4490:Further information:
4371:
4221:
4100:
4002:
4000:/AH 1199–1233) wrote:
3829:
3741:
3709:
3657:Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya
3224:), an avid reader of
3200:Taqi al-Din al-Hilali
3175:, Salafiyya library,
3161:Muhammad Rasheed Rida
3110:
2845:
2743:with a local leader,
2672:
2348:
2305:movements across the
2108:Further information:
2025:with a local leader,
1213:Criticism of Islamism
1207:Criticism of Islamism
1125:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
1052:Hibatullah Akhundzada
330:Sufi-Salafi relations
285:Ahl-i Hadith movement
18611:September 11 attacks
18581:Grand Mosque seizure
18387:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
18382:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
18144:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
17853:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
17770:Islamic Action Front
17333:. pp. 252–253.
17182:28 June 2014 at the
17158:and Johns, Richard,
17108:. pp. 151–166.
17028:Coller, Ian (2022).
16737:. AQSA Publications.
16399:: 10. Archived from
15750:Juan Eduardo Campo,
15723:John Renard (2009).
15714:John Renard (2008).
15700:Christopher Taylor,
15475:on 25 September 2021
14458:Saudi Arabia Exposed
14168:. Knopf. p. 27.
12983:"analyses wahhabism"
12458:Nine Parts of Desire
12445:. Knopf. p. 50.
12024:BBC, 4 February 2014
11947:Saudi Arabia Exposed
10508:– via cnn.com.
9816:Modern Asian Studies
9140:, pp. 151, 235.
8971:. 22 February 2022.
8959:on 22 February 2022.
8746:Hoover, Jon (2019).
8404:Shia–Sunni relations
8201:Muhammad Rashid Rida
7962:against Wahhabi and
7816:Ibn 'Abidin Al-Shami
7708:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's
7693:-based legal system.
7575:"Wahhabi conspiracy"
7220:King of Saudi Arabia
7218:, which allowed the
7050:second Saudi emirate
6898:European revolutions
6834:European revolutions
5981:. Of the four major
5967:Wahhabi approach to
5697:Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi
5416:in interpreting the
5394:Shia–Sunni relations
5384:Criticism of Shi'ism
5258:al-wala` wa al-bara`
4547:Six Articles of Iman
4438:abolition of slavery
4182:religious revivalist
3979:Muhammad Rashid Rida
3814:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's
3654:'s creedal treatise
3307:Muhammad Rashid Rida
3256:" was consolidated.
3113:Muhammad Rashid Rida
2908:(1786–1831) and the
2906:Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi
2788:Histoire des Wahabis
2665:History of Wahhabism
2516:"Wahhabi extremists"
2053:activists as far as
1476:Declaration of Faith
1012:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
969:Islamic Government:
226:Notable universities
18543:Islamic Declaration
18092:Young Kashgar Party
17287:Saint-Prot, Charles
17275:, iUniverse, 2005,
16790:. pp. 231–32.
16578:. pp. 245–47.
15471:(1). Archived from
14867:"A Kingdom Divided"
14770:Khaled Abou El Fadl
14686:The Washington Post
14518:Cole, Juan (2009).
14499:on 3 September 2014
14345:, pp. 151–152.
14239:Husain, Ed (2007).
14131:on 19 December 2012
13862:, pp. 112–113.
12999:Husain, Ed (2007).
12518:"Unloved in Arabia"
12486:, Knopf, 2012, p. 9
12208:"What's a Wahhabi?"
11710:تيسير العزيز الحميد
11508:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab,
11459:Die Welt des Islams
10691:The Washington Post
10302:Gold, Dore (2003).
9830:– via JSTOR.
9656:on 4 September 2014
9649:The Washington Post
8587:. pp. 81–100.
8379:Muslim World League
8281:, and particularly
8105:Political Scientist
7861:Hadiyya al-Thaniyya
7698:Muhammad bin Saud's
7523:American patriotism
7519:far-right militants
7515:Bush administration
7234:1970s energy crisis
7144:Khaled Abou El Fadl
7008:first Saudi emirate
6860:, the far-reaching
6679:and the subsequent
6441:(ablution ritual).
5660:Islam and modernity
5320:Emirate of Dirʿiyya
4620:Schools of theology
4372:Open air mosque in
4345:Thaqafah Islamiyyah
3678:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
3615:Indian subcontinent
3506:(creed) favored by
3171:. They also opened
3079:and the subsequent
3012:Indian subcontinent
2645:Tawhid al-Uloohiyya
2641:Tawhid al-Rububiyya
2500:Library of Congress
2489:Mohammed bin Salman
2099:Name and definition
2085:Emirate of Dir'iyah
2065:Mohammed bin Salman
2043:Islamic revivalists
1344:Politics portal
1297:Islam and modernity
973:("Velayat-e faqih")
955:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
416:Politics portal
166:Jamal al-Din Qasimi
18601:Algerian Civil War
18576:Iranian Revolution
18535:Islamic Government
18433:Islam and violence
18407:Juhayman al-Otaybi
18320:Sub-Saharan Africa
18065:Authenticity Party
17833:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
17640:Muslim Brotherhood
17489:Islamic governance
17229:What Is a Madrasa?
17209:Al-Rasheed, Madawi
16964:C. Hurst & Co.
16041:The Times of India
15974:Yavuz, M. (2013).
15721: •
15439:Hoover Institution
15410:Hoover Institution
14632:Stephane Lacroix,
14585:Vali Nasr (2006).
13959:(1). An Nab: 40–41
13874:Rivals in the Gulf
13722:Mortimer, Edward,
13685:, pp. 107–08.
13339:Islam & Sufism
12930:Islam in the World
11697:, pp. 132–33.
11669:, pp. 142–43.
11650:"Wahhabi Theology"
11274:. pp. 63–68.
11268:C. Hurst & Co.
10923:, pp. 144–45.
10521:Unknown parameter
10417:The New York Times
9889:Hay, Jeff (2007).
9805:– via JSTOR.
9359:Hay, Jeff (2007).
8969:The Economic Times
8585:Palgrave Macmillan
8233:Salafiyya movement
8225:decline of Muslims
8149:Islamic Golden Age
8112:Ibn 'Abd-al Wahhab
8061:Junaid al-Baghdadi
7968:Abdullah al-Harari
7950:The transnational
7890:The leader of the
7847:Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya
7700:agreement to wage
7605:The New York Times
7596:The New York Times
7535:post-Soviet states
7427:. In a well-known
7393:militant Islamists
7230:Saudi Oil industry
7091:Ottoman-Saudi Wars
7045:
7043:; AH 1307 – 1376)
6954:
6880:against intrusive
6810:French revolutions
6802:Age of Revolutions
6743:Muslim Brotherhood
6641:Islamic government
6637:
6631:(1744 – 1814
6629:Emirate of Diriyah
6542:Emirate of Diriyah
6305:
6300:in 1925–1926
6298:Sayyid Rashid Rida
6228:did not center on
5905:corneal transplant
5713:Western liberalism
5654:Views on modernity
5541:Views on mysticism
5342:Emirate of Diriyah
5305:Emirate of Diriyah
5293:
5250:Al-Wala' wal-Bara'
5206:
5046:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
4574:The Last Judgement
4430:Abdulaziz Ibn Saud
4383:Juhayman al Utaybi
4378:
4298:official committee
4296:(Islamic law), an
4228:
4078:Second Saudi State
4049:was restricted to
3867:) and monotheism (
3727:
3565:Hammad Ibn 'Atiq (
3556:and advocated for
3532:Tawhid al-ulūhiyya
3129:
3103:Salafiyya movement
3032:and advocated for
3024:Syed Ahmad Barelvi
2966:Implementation of
2898:, the South Asian
2856:Islamic revivalist
2852:
2848:Emirate of Diriyah
2760:Age of Revolutions
2679:
2577:Utrecht University
2237:Naming controversy
1733:Neo-traditionalism
1242:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
1218:Criticism of Islam
1080:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
898:Sub-Saharan Africa
858:Muslim Brotherhood
843:Iranian Revolution
753:Islamic Golden Age
606:Islamic governance
377:Authenticity Party
278:Related ideologies
156:Syed Nazeer Husain
151:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
121:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
18754:
18753:
18731:
18730:
18727:
18726:
18475:
18474:
18471:
18470:
18443:Islamic terrorism
18438:Islamic extremism
18417:Ayman al-Zawahiri
18412:Omar Abdel-Rahman
18218:Militant Islamism
18207:
18206:
18203:
18202:
18139:Rabee al-Madkhali
18100:
18099:
17991:
17990:
17958:Haji Shariatullah
17918:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
17898:Abul A'la Maududi
17893:Ruhollah Khomeini
17883:Alija Izetbegović
17868:Rached Ghannouchi
17858:Necmettin Erbakan
17815:Political leaders
17809:
17808:
17801:Islamic modernism
17730:National Congress
17662:Political parties
17575:Two-nation theory
17509:Islamic socialism
17499:Islamic democracy
17160:The House of Saud
17039:978-0-300-24336-9
17020:978-90-04-29301-4
16786:. Princeton, NJ:
16780:Stewart, Devin J.
16772:Böwering, Gerhard
16484:Sukarno, Muhammad
15766:, pp. 29–30.
15558:, pp. 33–34.
15390:on 18 March 2022.
15368:on 2 August 2022.
15312:on 4 January 2022
15277:McGill University
15267:Sozek, Jonathan.
15223:on 4 January 2022
15141:, pp. 69–75.
14986:Global Politician
14945:aired in the UK,
14487:Dorsey, James M.
14381:, pp. 31–32.
14357:, pp. 31–34.
14110:, pp. 34–35.
14035:. 11 August 2021.
13955:(in Indonesian).
13335:"Sufism in Islam"
13212:, pp. 84–87.
13123:978-0-19-517632-2
12958:on 18 April 2014.
12764:Reichmuth, Stefan
12367:on 12 March 2014.
12344:on 12 March 2014.
12206:Sharp, Arthur G.
11353:, pp. 48–49.
11059:, pp. 63–70.
10899:, pp. 60–62.
10847:, pp. 61–62.
10500:. 18 October 2001
9589:The Road to Mecca
9507:978-0-19-517632-2
9159:, pp. 21–41.
9123:, pp. 12–40.
8953:Newlines Magazine
8869:978-90-04-21525-2
8850:978-0-19-966831-1
8821:978-1-349-20804-3
8528:Cusack, Carole M.
8384:Ottoman–Saudi War
8116:Muhammad ibn Saud
8077:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
7854: 1328
7841:The followers of
7726:Initial criticism
7488:US-Saudi alliance
7375:post-Cold War era
7269:Islamic reformist
6992:(a descendant of
6902:Sufi brotherhoods
6761:economic equality
6677:Muhammad ibn Saud
6567:Third Saudi State
6550:Islamic reformers
6520:; at a time when
6429:book authored by
6379:programme of the
6218:Dickinson College
6168: 1811
6151:and rejection of
5946:khishyat al-imlāq
5881:Islamic economics
5860:on the internet,
5760:, once issued a
5701:Abul A'la Maududi
5685:modern technology
5639: 1829
5621:Islamic societies
5309:Muhammad ibn Saud
5289:third Saudi State
5198: 1328
5105:
5104:
4497:Da'wah Wahhabiyya
4442:summary execution
4104:religious verdict
3975:Tahir al-Jaza'iri
3755:, he states that
3650:(explanation) on
3570: 1883
3314: 1935
3299: 1810
3288: 1835
3182:Third Saudi State
3173:Zahiriyya library
3153:Tahir al Jaza'iri
3026:. They condemned
2892:Haji Shariatullah
2796:Arab civilisation
2772:Travels in Arabia
2745:Muhammad bin Saud
2691:Arabian Peninsula
2675:Arabian Peninsula
2186:the tradition of
2149:
2110:Wahhabi (epithet)
2089:Muhammad ibn Saud
2027:Muhammad bin Saud
2015:Abbasid Caliphate
1979: 1350
1915:Arabian Peninsula
1880:
1861:
1860:
1706:Deobandi movement
1378:
1377:
1252:Abdelwahab Meddeb
1180:Haji Shariatullah
1145:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
1130:Abul A'la Maududi
1120:Ruhollah Khomeini
1100:Rached Ghannouchi
1032:Alija Izetbegović
1017:Ruhollah Khomeini
924:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
824:by country/region
713:Two-nation theory
665:Islamic terrorism
626:Islamic socialism
616:Islamic democracy
592:Apostasy in Islam
563:by country/region
461:
460:
350:by country/region
161:Siddiq Hasan Khan
16:(Redirected from
18794:
18642:Anti-imperialism
18537:(Khomeini, 1970)
18513:(Khomeini, 1940)
18492:
18491:
18481:
18480:
18230:
18229:
18213:
18212:
18017:
18016:
18010:
18009:
17997:
17996:
17963:Hassan Al-Turabi
17775:United Arab List
17593:
17592:
17524:Islamic republic
17519:Islamic monarchy
17504:Islamic feminism
17427:
17426:
17412:
17405:
17398:
17389:
17388:
17384:
17376:
17374:"Wahhābis"
17359:
17357:
17355:
17331:Cengage Learning
17317:
17298:
17254:
17252:
17250:
17205:
17201:978-019-023331-0
17134:
17132:
17130:
17062:
17043:
17024:
17005:
16976:
16954:
16935:
16908:
16896:
16885:
16876:
16857:
16845:
16834:
16822:
16808:
16806:
16804:
16759:
16738:
16729:
16708:
16676:
16655:
16643:
16629:
16620:
16608:
16596:
16594:
16592:
16558:
16529:
16528:
16510:
16504:
16503:
16501:
16499:
16480:
16471:
16470:
16468:
16444:
16438:
16437:
16429:
16423:
16420:
16414:
16411:
16405:
16404:
16397:The Muslim World
16388:
16382:
16381:
16373:
16367:
16366:
16356:
16350:
16349:
16341:
16335:
16334:
16316:
16310:
16309:
16307:
16296:
16290:
16289:
16271:
16265:
16264:
16262:
16260:
16244:
16235:
16234:
16222:
16216:
16215:
16203:
16197:
16196:
16185:
16179:
16178:
16176:
16168:
16162:
16161:
16153:
16147:
16146:
16144:
16136:Kabha, Mustafa.
16133:
16127:
16126:
16115:
16109:
16108:
16106:
16104:
16081:
16075:
16074:
16073:
16071:
16051:
16045:
16044:
16032:
16026:
16025:
16023:
16021:
15998:
15992:
15991:
15971:
15965:
15959:
15953:
15952:
15950:
15948:
15925:
15919:
15916:
15910:
15884:
15878:
15877:
15875:
15873:
15850:
15844:
15834:
15828:
15825:M. Zarabozo 2005
15822:
15816:
15810:
15804:
15803:
15801:
15799:
15776:
15767:
15764:M. Zarabozo 2005
15761:
15755:
15748:
15742:
15741:1 (2012), p. 123
15735:
15729:
15728:
15719:
15711:
15705:
15698:
15692:
15682:
15673:
15672:
15654:
15648:
15647:
15607:
15601:
15600:
15592:
15586:
15580:
15574:
15573:
15565:
15559:
15553:
15547:
15541:
15535:
15534:
15514:
15508:
15507:
15491:
15485:
15484:
15482:
15480:
15456:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15436:
15427:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15407:
15398:
15392:
15391:
15376:
15370:
15369:
15354:
15348:
15347:
15342:. Archived from
15331:
15325:
15324:
15319:
15317:
15311:
15303:Washington, D.C.
15296:
15288:
15282:
15281:
15273:
15264:
15258:
15257:
15239:
15233:
15232:
15230:
15228:
15222:
15214:Washington, D.C.
15207:
15199:
15190:
15189:
15169:
15163:
15162:
15160:
15158:
15148:
15142:
15136:
15130:
15129:
15111:
15105:
15104:
15082:
15076:
15071:Murphy, Caryle,
15069:
15063:
15057:
15051:
15044:
15038:
15031:
15022:
15021:
15003:
14994:
14993:
14992:on 10 June 2008.
14988:. Archived from
14977:
14971:
14964:
14955:
14939:
14933:
14932:
14914:
14908:
14907:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14862:
14853:
14852:
14832:
14826:
14825:
14803:
14797:
14791:
14785:
14767:
14761:
14755:
14738:
14737:
14715:
14709:
14703:
14697:
14696:
14694:
14692:
14678:
14672:
14671:
14647:
14641:
14630:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14619:
14613:
14606:
14597:
14591:
14590:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14574:on 17 July 2006.
14563:
14557:
14556:
14548:
14542:
14541:
14525:
14515:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14504:
14484:
14478:
14477:
14461:
14451:
14445:
14444:
14436:
14430:
14424:
14418:
14412:
14406:
14400:
14394:
14388:
14382:
14376:
14370:
14364:
14358:
14352:
14346:
14340:
14334:
14333:
14315:
14309:
14308:
14306:
14304:
14295:. Archived from
14285:
14279:
14269:
14263:
14262:
14246:
14236:
14230:
14224:
14218:
14212:
14206:
14203:
14197:
14196:
14188:
14182:
14176:
14170:
14169:
14161:
14155:
14150:Vogel, Frank E,
14148:
14142:
14140:
14138:
14136:
14117:
14111:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14087:
14086:
14068:
14062:
14061:
14043:
14037:
14036:
14023:
14017:
14011:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13994:
13975:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13964:
13944:
13938:
13937:
13919:
13913:
13912:
13894:
13888:
13887:
13869:
13863:
13857:
13851:
13845:
13839:
13832:
13826:
13825:
13817:
13811:
13810:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13783:
13775:
13769:
13768:
13750:
13744:
13743:
13733:
13727:
13720:
13711:
13710:
13692:
13686:
13680:
13674:
13668:
13662:
13656:
13650:
13644:
13638:
13637:
13619:
13613:
13612:
13594:
13588:
13587:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13544:
13538:
13537:
13519:
13513:
13512:
13494:
13488:
13487:
13469:
13463:
13462:
13444:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13433:
13423:"ABSOLUTE POWER"
13418:
13412:
13411:
13393:
13387:
13386:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13349:
13343:
13342:
13330:
13324:
13323:
13305:
13299:
13298:
13282:
13276:
13270:
13264:
13263:
13231:
13225:
13219:
13213:
13207:
13196:
13195:
13177:
13171:
13170:
13152:
13146:
13145:
13137:
13128:
13127:
13097:
13086:
13080:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13069:
13064:on 27 April 2014
13053:
13047:
13046:
13038:
13032:
13031:
13029:
13027:
13022:on 23 March 2014
13011:
13005:
13004:
12996:
12987:
12986:
12985:. PBS Frontline.
12979:
12973:
12966:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12950:
12941:
12935:
12934:
12924:
12918:
12912:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12898:
12892:
12885:
12874:
12868:
12867:
12859:
12853:
12852:
12844:
12838:
12837:
12829:
12823:
12822:
12804:
12798:
12788:
12782:
12781:
12761:
12759:
12752:
12746:
12745:
12725:
12719:
12713:
12707:
12706:
12704:
12702:
12688:
12682:
12676:
12670:
12664:
12658:
12652:
12646:
12636:
12627:
12626:
12598:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12575:
12569:
12563:
12557:
12556:
12536:
12530:
12529:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12498:
12487:
12480:
12474:
12468:
12462:
12461:
12453:
12447:
12446:
12438:
12432:
12422:
12416:
12406:
12400:
12399:
12397:
12395:
12386:. Archived from
12375:
12369:
12368:
12363:. Archived from
12352:
12346:
12345:
12340:. Archived from
12330:
12321:
12320:
12300:
12294:
12287:
12278:
12277:
12257:
12251:
12250:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12214:on 21 March 2014
12203:
12194:
12193:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12143:
12134:
12133:
12117:
12107:
12101:
12100:
12092:
12086:
12085:
12069:
12059:
12053:
12052:
12034:
12025:
12019:
12013:
12003:
11997:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11976:
11967:
11966:
11950:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11918:
11912:
11899:Mark A. Caudill
11897:
11891:
11876:
11870:
11855:
11849:
11848:
11846:
11844:
11829:
11823:
11818:Lewis, Bernard,
11816:
11810:
11804:
11798:
11797:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11758:
11749:
11748:
11728:
11719:
11718:
11704:
11698:
11692:
11686:
11676:
11670:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11646:
11640:
11639:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11608:
11600:
11592:
11586:
11580:
11574:
11573:
11555:
11549:
11548:
11530:
11524:
11518:
11512:
11506:
11500:
11494:
11485:
11484:
11474:
11465:(2–3): 293–324.
11450:
11444:
11443:
11425:
11419:
11418:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11337:
11336:
11328:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11304:
11298:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11226:
11217:
11206:
11200:
11199:
11177:
11171:
11170:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11127:
11118:
11117:
11113:978-0-06-0563394
11099:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11066:
11060:
11054:
11048:
11047:
11029:
11023:
11022:
11004:
10998:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10942:
10936:
10930:
10924:
10918:
10912:
10906:
10900:
10894:
10885:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10854:
10848:
10842:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10811:
10805:
10799:
10790:
10789:
10767:
10758:
10757:
10739:
10733:
10732:
10714:
10708:
10705:Wiktorowicz 2006
10702:
10696:
10695:
10681:
10675:
10672:M. Zarabozo 2005
10669:
10663:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10630:
10624:
10623:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10575:
10562:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10524:
10519:
10517:
10509:
10507:
10505:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10474:on 4 August 2016
10470:. Archived from
10456:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10408:
10399:
10398:
10380:
10374:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10317:
10308:
10307:
10304:Hatred's Kingdom
10299:
10290:
10289:
10281:
10275:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10258:978-0-06-0563394
10246:
10236:
10227:
10221:
10212:
10211:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10176:
10170:. Archived from
10165:
10156:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10138:
10127:
10126:
10114:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10079:
10073:
10072:
10054:
10045:
10044:
10028:
10022:
10021:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9978:
9972:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9947:
9938:
9937:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9861:
9855:
9852:Wiktorowicz 2006
9849:
9838:
9835:
9806:
9765:
9743:
9737:
9734:
9717:
9715:
9709:. pp. 8–9.
9697:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9652:. Archived from
9639:
9630:
9621:
9615:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9567:
9556:
9547:
9538:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9466:
9460:
9454:
9441:
9440:
9432:
9421:
9420:
9410:
9404:
9403:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9343:
9335:
9317:
9311:
9295:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9281:
9267:
9258:
9248:
9237:
9236:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9199:
9193:
9187:
9181:
9171:
9160:
9154:
9141:
9135:
9124:
9118:
9096:
9094:
9089:
9083:
9080:
9074:
9071:
9065:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9040:
9034:
9031:
9025:
9022:
9016:
9013:
9012:on 4 March 2022.
9008:. Archived from
8996:
8995:on 3 March 2022.
8980:
8960:
8955:. Archived from
8942:
8936:
8933:
8916:
8899:
8894:. 20 June 2021.
8882:
8876:
8873:
8854:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8806:
8786:
8780:
8770:
8764:
8761:
8742:
8723:
8703:
8697:
8694:
8675:
8656:
8635:
8615:
8609:
8606:
8571:
8551:
8540:Brill Publishers
8522:
8513:
8489:
8463:
8457:
8436:
8295:
8292:(1889–1973
8241:printing press.
8160:Islamic scholar
8054:
8038:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7783:Egyptian Khedive
7771:) and outliers (
7720:
7655:(Excommunicate)
7626:neo-conservative
7507:F. Gregory Gause
7502:. Scholars like
7456:Bin Laden family
7445:suicide bombings
7370:Peter Mandaville
7342:
7338:
7330:
7326:
7287:movement in the
7245:Peter Mandaville
7156:Arab nationalism
7042:
6838:anti-imperialism
6785:al-imam al-a'zam
6634:
6509:
6403:Wahhabi movement
6333:Islamic scholars
6316:
6303:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6048:rather than the
5873:Internet studies
5834:) and claims an
5790:in 1953 to head
5785:
5783:
5738:, Ibn Taymiyya,
5644:
5642:
5638:
5476:
5474:
5362:
5359:(1751–1829
5287:Soldiers of the
5203:
5201:
5197:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5071:Islam portal
5069:
5068:
5067:
4533:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4458:Muslim countries
4236:religious police
4087:
4084:(1782–1868
3999:
3996:(1785–1818
3809:" (Unitarians).
3724:
3721:(1780–1868
3575:
3573:
3569:
3364:
3362:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3223:
3222: 1914–1999
3220:
3213:Islamic scholar
3122:
2880:Uthman Dan Fodio
2832:Islamic scholars
2706:
2703:(1703–1792
2689:movement in the
2623:In doctrines of
2614:and advocacy of
2289:
2264:
2144:
2142:
2125:
2077:post-Wahhabi era
2013:and the fall of
2011:Mongol invasions
1983:
1982:
1978:
1947:
1944:(1263–1328
1908:
1907: 1703–1792
1905:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1827:Islam portal
1825:
1824:
1823:
1701:Barelvi movement
1667:
1666:
1580:
1579:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1342:
1341:
1333:Islam portal
1331:
1330:
1329:
1235:in North America
1185:Hassan Al-Turabi
1135:Abul Hasan Nadwi
743:Anti-imperialism
641:Islamic republic
636:Islamic monarchy
621:Islamic feminism
480:
474:
473:
463:
462:
453:
446:
439:
427:Islam portal
425:
424:
423:
414:
413:
387:Takfir wal-Hijra
60:
51:
45:
44:
41:
32:
31:
21:
18802:
18801:
18797:
18796:
18795:
18793:
18792:
18791:
18757:
18756:
18755:
18750:
18723:
18719:Political Islam
18697:
18666:
18662:Islamic revival
18630:
18563:
18557:
18553:(Gaddafi, 1975)
18486:
18467:
18421:
18392:Osama bin Laden
18377:Anwar al-Awlaki
18360:
18354:in North Africa
18301:Lashkar-e-Taiba
18249:
18245:Salafi jihadism
18224:
18199:
18168:
18134:Safar al-Hawali
18096:
18046:
18004:
18002:Salafi movement
17987:
17863:Muammar Gaddafi
17848:Hassan al-Banna
17816:
17805:
17779:
17710:Jamiat-e Islami
17656:
17630:Jamaat-e-Islami
17618:in Central Asia
17596:Socio-political
17584:
17472:
17461:Salafi jihadism
17421:
17416:
17367:
17362:
17353:
17351:
17341:
17314:
17248:
17246:
17244:
17232:. Chapel Hill:
17202:
17184:Wayback Machine
17173:Imran N. Hosein
17128:
17126:
17124:
17123:978-1107-006294
17094:Haykel, Bernard
17071:
17069:Further reading
17066:
17059:
17040:
17021:
16973:
16951:
16924:
16905:
16904:978-0670-021185
16873:
16854:
16853:978-0674-015753
16831:
16802:
16800:
16798:
16797:978-069113484-0
16776:Crone, Patricia
16764:Haykel, Bernard
16756:
16726:
16705:
16673:
16665:. I.B. Tauris.
16652:
16617:
16616:978-184511-0802
16609:. I.B. Tauris.
16606:
16590:
16588:
16586:
16576:Wiley-Blackwell
16555:
16538:
16533:
16532:
16525:
16511:
16507:
16497:
16495:
16494:(in Indonesian)
16481:
16474:
16445:
16441:
16430:
16426:
16421:
16417:
16412:
16408:
16389:
16385:
16374:
16370:
16357:
16353:
16342:
16338:
16331:
16317:
16313:
16305:
16297:
16293:
16286:
16272:
16268:
16258:
16256:
16245:
16238:
16223:
16219:
16204:
16200:
16187:
16186:
16182:
16174:
16170:
16169:
16165:
16156:Administrator.
16154:
16150:
16142:
16134:
16130:
16117:
16116:
16112:
16102:
16100:
16098:
16082:
16078:
16069:
16067:
16066:on 12 June 2002
16052:
16048:
16033:
16029:
16019:
16017:
16015:
15999:
15995:
15988:
15972:
15968:
15960:
15956:
15946:
15944:
15942:
15926:
15922:
15917:
15913:
15892:Mary L. Dudziak
15885:
15881:
15871:
15869:
15867:
15851:
15847:
15835:
15831:
15823:
15819:
15811:
15807:
15797:
15795:
15793:
15777:
15770:
15762:
15758:
15749:
15745:
15736:
15732:
15720:
15712:
15708:
15699:
15695:
15683:
15676:
15669:
15655:
15651:
15608:
15604:
15593:
15589:
15581:
15577:
15566:
15562:
15554:
15550:
15542:
15538:
15531:
15515:
15511:
15492:
15488:
15478:
15476:
15457:
15453:
15448:on 7 June 2023.
15445:
15434:
15428:
15424:
15419:on 7 June 2023.
15416:
15405:
15399:
15395:
15378:
15377:
15373:
15356:
15355:
15351:
15346:on 2 July 2016.
15332:
15328:
15315:
15313:
15309:
15294:
15290:
15289:
15285:
15271:
15265:
15261:
15254:
15253:978-900418469 5
15240:
15236:
15226:
15224:
15220:
15205:
15201:
15200:
15193:
15186:
15170:
15166:
15156:
15154:
15150:
15149:
15145:
15137:
15133:
15126:
15112:
15108:
15101:
15083:
15079:
15070:
15066:
15058:
15054:
15045:
15041:
15032:
15025:
15018:
15004:
14997:
14978:
14974:
14965:
14958:
14952:The Independent
14940:
14936:
14929:
14915:
14911:
14904:
14894:The Great Theft
14890:
14886:
14876:
14874:
14863:
14856:
14849:
14833:
14829:
14822:
14804:
14800:
14792:
14788:
14768:
14764:
14756:
14741:
14730:
14716:
14712:
14704:
14700:
14690:
14688:
14680:
14679:
14675:
14648:
14644:
14631:
14627:
14617:
14615:
14611:
14604:
14598:
14594:
14583:
14579:
14564:
14560:
14549:
14545:
14538:
14516:
14512:
14502:
14500:
14485:
14481:
14474:
14452:
14448:
14437:
14433:
14425:
14421:
14413:
14409:
14401:
14397:
14389:
14385:
14377:
14373:
14369:, pp. 5–6.
14365:
14361:
14353:
14349:
14341:
14337:
14316:
14312:
14302:
14300:
14299:on 24 July 2018
14286:
14282:
14270:
14266:
14259:
14237:
14233:
14225:
14221:
14213:
14209:
14204:
14200:
14189:
14185:
14177:
14173:
14162:
14158:
14149:
14145:
14134:
14132:
14119:
14118:
14114:
14108:DeLong-Bas 2004
14106:
14102:
14094:
14090:
14083:
14069:
14065:
14058:
14045:
14044:
14040:
14029:
14025:
14024:
14020:
14014:DeLong-Bas 2004
14012:
14008:
13998:
13996:
13992:
13976:
13972:
13962:
13960:
13945:
13941:
13934:
13920:
13916:
13909:
13895:
13891:
13884:
13870:
13866:
13860:DeLong-Bas 2004
13858:
13854:
13848:DeLong-Bas 2004
13846:
13842:
13834:Glasse, Cyril,
13833:
13829:
13818:
13814:
13803:
13799:
13791:
13787:
13776:
13772:
13765:
13751:
13747:
13736:Naghma (2015).
13734:
13730:
13721:
13714:
13707:
13693:
13689:
13683:DeLong-Bas 2004
13681:
13677:
13671:DeLong-Bas 2004
13669:
13665:
13659:DeLong-Bas 2004
13657:
13653:
13647:DeLong-Bas 2004
13645:
13641:
13634:
13620:
13616:
13609:
13608:978-900418469 5
13595:
13591:
13584:
13583:978-900418469 5
13570:
13566:
13559:
13558:978-900418469 5
13545:
13541:
13534:
13533:978-900418469 5
13520:
13516:
13509:
13495:
13491:
13484:
13470:
13466:
13459:
13445:
13441:
13431:
13429:
13419:
13415:
13408:
13394:
13390:
13383:
13369:
13365:
13350:
13346:
13331:
13327:
13320:
13306:
13302:
13283:
13279:
13273:DeLong-Bas 2004
13271:
13267:
13232:
13228:
13222:DeLong-Bas 2004
13220:
13216:
13210:DeLong-Bas 2004
13208:
13199:
13192:
13178:
13174:
13167:
13153:
13149:
13138:
13131:
13124:
13098:
13089:
13083:DeLong-Bas 2004
13081:
13077:
13067:
13065:
13054:
13050:
13039:
13035:
13025:
13023:
13012:
13008:
12997:
12990:
12981:
12980:
12976:
12967:
12963:
12955:
12948:
12942:
12938:
12925:
12921:
12913:
12906:
12896:
12894:
12893:on 23 June 2014
12890:
12883:
12875:
12871:
12860:
12856:
12845:
12841:
12830:
12826:
12819:
12805:
12801:
12789:
12785:
12778:
12756:
12753:
12749:
12742:
12726:
12722:
12716:DeLong-Bas 2004
12714:
12710:
12700:
12698:
12690:
12689:
12685:
12677:
12673:
12665:
12661:
12653:
12649:
12637:
12630:
12623:
12599:
12595:
12585:
12583:
12576:
12572:
12564:
12560:
12553:
12537:
12533:
12514:
12510:
12499:
12490:
12481:
12477:
12469:
12465:
12454:
12450:
12439:
12435:
12423:
12419:
12407:
12403:
12393:
12391:
12390:on 26 July 2014
12376:
12372:
12353:
12349:
12332:
12331:
12324:
12317:
12301:
12297:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12258:
12254:
12247:
12231:
12227:
12217:
12215:
12204:
12197:
12190:
12174:
12170:
12159:
12155:
12144:
12137:
12130:
12108:
12104:
12093:
12089:
12082:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12035:
12028:
12020:
12016:
12004:
12000:
11992:
11988:
11977:
11970:
11963:
11941:
11937:
11927:
11925:
11920:
11919:
11915:
11898:
11894:
11877:
11873:
11856:
11852:
11842:
11840:
11831:
11830:
11826:
11820:The Middle East
11817:
11813:
11805:
11801:
11794:
11776:
11772:
11761:Naghma (2015).
11759:
11752:
11745:
11729:
11722:
11705:
11701:
11693:
11689:
11677:
11673:
11665:
11661:
11648:
11647:
11643:
11622:
11618:
11602:
11601:
11593:
11589:
11581:
11577:
11570:
11556:
11552:
11545:
11531:
11527:
11521:DeLong-Bas 2004
11519:
11515:
11510:Kitab al-Tawhid
11507:
11503:
11495:
11488:
11451:
11447:
11440:
11426:
11422:
11415:
11401:
11397:
11386:
11382:
11375:
11361:
11357:
11349:
11340:
11329:
11325:
11317:
11313:
11305:
11301:
11293:
11289:
11282:
11258:
11254:
11241:. Leiden: 6–7.
11227:
11220:
11214:Awakening Islam
11207:
11203:
11196:
11195:978-019-0948955
11178:
11174:
11167:
11166:978-0674-049642
11153:
11149:
11142:
11128:
11121:
11114:
11104:The Great Theft
11100:
11096:
11067:
11063:
11055:
11051:
11044:
11030:
11026:
11019:
11005:
11001:
10993:
10989:
10982:
10968:
10964:
10957:
10943:
10939:
10931:
10927:
10919:
10915:
10907:
10903:
10895:
10888:
10880:
10876:
10869:
10855:
10851:
10843:
10836:
10828:
10824:
10812:
10808:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10740:
10736:
10729:
10728:978-1107-022072
10715:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10682:
10678:
10670:
10666:
10658:
10654:
10647:
10631:
10627:
10620:
10602:
10598:
10588:
10586:
10577:
10576:
10565:
10555:
10553:
10538:
10534:
10522:
10520:
10511:
10510:
10503:
10501:
10492:
10491:
10487:
10477:
10475:
10458:
10457:
10453:
10443:
10441:
10440:. 18 March 2010
10436:
10435:
10431:
10421:
10419:
10409:
10402:
10395:
10381:
10377:
10372:
10368:
10358:
10356:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10318:
10311:
10300:
10293:
10282:
10278:
10270:
10266:
10259:
10237:
10230:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10194:
10190:
10180:
10178:
10177:on 27 July 2014
10174:
10163:
10159:Bederka, Alan.
10157:
10153:
10145:
10139:
10130:
10123:
10112:
10105:
10101:
10094:
10080:
10076:
10069:
10068:978-90-04169531
10055:
10048:
10029:
10025:
10006:
10002:
9979:
9975:
9967:
9963:
9948:
9941:
9934:
9914:
9910:
9903:
9887:
9883:
9876:
9862:
9858:
9850:
9841:
9744:
9740:
9713:
9673:
9669:
9659:
9657:
9640:
9633:
9624:DeLong-Bas 2004
9622:
9618:
9610:
9606:
9599:
9585:
9581:
9571:
9569:
9568:on 23 June 2014
9565:
9554:
9548:
9541:
9533:
9529:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9508:
9482:
9478:
9467:
9463:
9455:
9444:
9433:
9424:
9411:
9407:
9400:
9384:
9380:
9373:
9357:
9353:
9337:
9336:
9332:
9318:
9314:
9296:
9289:
9279:
9277:
9269:
9268:
9261:
9249:
9240:
9225:
9221:
9214:
9200:
9196:
9188:
9184:
9172:
9163:
9155:
9144:
9136:
9127:
9119:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9099:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9081:
9077:
9072:
9068:
9063:
9059:
9053:
9044:DeLong-Bas 2004
9041:
9037:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9019:
8983:
8963:
8943:
8939:
8886:
8883:
8879:
8870:
8851:
8835:
8831:
8822:
8803:
8787:
8783:
8771:
8767:
8758:
8739:
8720:
8704:
8700:
8691:
8672:
8641:Islamic Studies
8632:
8616:
8612:
8603:
8560:
8559:978-90-04435544
8542:. p. 341.
8507:
8483:
8464:
8460:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8333:
8219:throughout the
8217:Islamic revival
8182:non-conformists
8138:
8098:
8052:
8051:or Hanbali) and
8036:
8009:
8003:
7985:founded by the
7976:
7948:
7940:Ahmed Raza Khan
7928:Ahmed Raza Khan
7916:
7896:Fethullah Gülen
7888:
7850:
7802:
7800:Sunni criticism
7728:
7718:
7639:
7634:
7587:neo-colonialism
7573:, notions of a
7567:M. Reza Pirbhai
7531:
7521:to appropriate
7447:, including in
7423:, in line with
7389:
7383:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7327:billion"; $ 2–3
7324:
7321:
7141:
7136:
7126:
7114:Main articles:
7112:
6986:
6984:Notable leaders
6935:
6858:Ottoman decline
6757:anticolonialism
6621:
6615:Political Islam
6607:
6538:Islamic scholar
6457:
6447:
6415:Qaul Sahabiyyah
6290:
6164:
6131:
6103:Edward Mortimer
5965:
5957:Main articles:
5955:
5929:family planning
5913:organ donations
5885:Islamic banking
5832:Mujtahid Mutlaq
5780:
5758:Saleh Al-Fawzan
5666:colonial powers
5662:
5656:
5635:
5608:Ahmad Ibn Idris
5549:
5543:
5497:Emirate of Nejd
5471:
5396:
5386:
5281:
5273:Main articles:
5271:
5252:
5246:
5232:Minhaj al-Sunna
5194:
5101:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5031:Sulaymani Bohra
5000:
4969:
4940:
4924:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4886:Nation of Islam
4840:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4761:
4727:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4617:
4583:
4543:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4454:
4359:Valentine's Day
4349:Islamic culture
4310:fortune telling
4269:Lawrence Wright
4260:
4254:
4178:
4172:(law schools).
3906:
3896:
3853:have reached a
3812:The essence of
3803:Kitab al-Tawhid
3753:Kitab al-Tawhid
3715:Kitab al-Tawhid
3704:
3698:
3686:Saleh Al-Fawzan
3566:
3470:
3464:
3359:
3310:
3295:
3284:
3268:
3262:
3221:
3169:Hadith sciences
3111:Salafi scholar
3105:
3099:
3069:Shaykh al-Islam
3003:
2997:
2894:(1784–1840) in
2840:
2667:
2661:
2635:. However, the
2550:
2376:. According to
2332:mystical orders
2319:Muslim scholars
2299:Wahhabi epithet
2295:colonial period
2274:
2249:
2239:
2183:
2132:"al-muwahhidun"
2112:
2106:
2101:
2049:ideologues and
1975:
1906:
1872:ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة
1857:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1792:Kutub al-Sittah
1781:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1660:
1659:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1577:
1576:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1416:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1095:Hassan al-Banna
1065:
1057:
1056:
1007:Muammar Gaddafi
992:
984:
983:
970:
913:
905:
904:
848:Jamaat-e-Islami
771:
763:
762:
758:Islamic revival
733:
725:
724:
682:Political Islam
587:
579:
578:
572:
553:Salafi movement
531:
523:
522:
488:
476:
475:
467:
466:
457:
421:
419:
408:
402:
401:
367:
357:
356:
325:Salafi jihadism
280:
270:
269:
228:
218:
217:
146:
136:
135:
106:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
76:
66:
49:Salafi movement
47:
46:
39:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18800:
18790:
18789:
18784:
18779:
18774:
18769:
18752:
18751:
18749:
18748:
18743:
18736:
18733:
18732:
18729:
18728:
18725:
18724:
18722:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18705:
18703:
18702:Related topics
18699:
18698:
18696:
18695:
18693:United Kingdom
18690:
18685:
18680:
18674:
18672:
18668:
18667:
18665:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18644:
18638:
18636:
18632:
18631:
18629:
18628:
18623:
18618:
18613:
18608:
18606:Faith campaign
18603:
18598:
18593:
18588:
18583:
18578:
18573:
18567:
18565:
18559:
18558:
18556:
18555:
18551:The Green Book
18547:
18539:
18531:
18523:
18515:
18507:
18505:(Iqbal, 1930s)
18503:Reconstruction
18498:
18496:
18488:
18487:
18477:
18476:
18473:
18472:
18469:
18468:
18466:
18465:
18463:Talibanization
18460:
18455:
18450:
18445:
18440:
18435:
18429:
18427:
18423:
18422:
18420:
18419:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18399:
18397:Akhtar Mansour
18394:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18368:
18366:
18362:
18361:
18359:
18358:
18357:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18336:
18335:
18334:
18333:
18332:
18327:
18317:
18316:
18315:
18308:Southeast Asia
18305:
18304:
18303:
18298:
18288:
18287:
18286:
18281:
18276:
18274:Fatah al-Islam
18271:
18257:
18255:
18251:
18250:
18248:
18247:
18242:
18236:
18234:
18226:
18225:
18209:
18208:
18205:
18204:
18201:
18200:
18198:
18197:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18176:
18174:
18170:
18169:
18167:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18154:Salman al-Ouda
18151:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18131:
18126:
18121:
18116:
18110:
18108:
18102:
18101:
18098:
18097:
18095:
18094:
18089:
18084:
18083:
18082:
18072:
18067:
18062:
18056:
18054:
18048:
18047:
18045:
18044:
18039:
18037:Sahwa movement
18034:
18029:
18023:
18021:
18014:
18006:
18005:
17993:
17992:
17989:
17988:
17986:
17985:
17980:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17933:Ata Abu Rashta
17930:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17878:Muhammad Iqbal
17875:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17845:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17823:Muhammad Abduh
17819:
17817:
17814:
17811:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17804:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17787:
17785:
17781:
17780:
17778:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17760:Fatah Alliance
17757:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17707:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17672:
17666:
17664:
17658:
17657:
17655:
17654:
17653:
17652:
17647:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17615:
17608:Hizb ut-Tahrir
17605:
17599:
17597:
17590:
17586:
17585:
17583:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17560:
17555:
17550:
17545:
17544:
17543:
17533:
17528:
17527:
17526:
17521:
17511:
17506:
17501:
17496:
17491:
17486:
17480:
17478:
17474:
17473:
17471:
17470:
17465:
17464:
17463:
17453:
17452:
17451:
17441:
17435:
17433:
17423:
17422:
17415:
17414:
17407:
17400:
17392:
17386:
17385:
17366:
17365:External links
17363:
17361:
17360:
17340:978-1305633773
17339:
17318:
17313:978-2917329627
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17243:978-1469620138
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17151:978-0710306777
17143:Arabia Phoenix
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16754:
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16725:978-0199794133
16724:
16709:
16703:
16683:, ed. (2003).
16681:Esposito, John
16677:
16672:978-1845113223
16671:
16656:
16650:
16630:
16628:. I.B. Tauris.
16621:
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16329:
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16285:978-0804781466
16284:
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16198:
16193:naqshbandi.org
16180:
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16128:
16110:
16097:978-1400873579
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15987:978-0199927999
15986:
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15941:978-0520966277
15940:
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15911:
15908:978-0822332428
15879:
15866:978-0230619562
15865:
15845:
15837:Valentine 2015
15829:
15827:, p. 209.
15817:
15805:
15792:978-0231700689
15791:
15768:
15756:
15743:
15730:
15706:
15693:
15674:
15668:978-0415552455
15667:
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15622:(4): 519–534.
15602:
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15530:978-9774168642
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14927:
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14903:978-0060563394
14902:
14884:
14854:
14848:978-1441558442
14847:
14827:
14820:
14808:"Introduction"
14798:
14796:, p. 111.
14786:
14762:
14760:, p. 210.
14739:
14729:978-0804781466
14728:
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14589:. p. 236.
14577:
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14537:978-0230620575
14536:
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14472:
14446:
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14429:, p. 204.
14419:
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14407:
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14395:
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14310:
14280:
14264:
14258:978-0141030432
14257:
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14219:
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14183:
14181:, p. 180.
14171:
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13482:
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13457:
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13407:978-0197532577
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12839:
12824:
12818:978-0199696703
12817:
12799:
12791:Halverson 2010
12783:
12777:978-9004466746
12776:
12747:
12741:978-0748669936
12740:
12720:
12708:
12683:
12671:
12669:, p. 143.
12659:
12657:, p. 174.
12647:
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12315:
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11909:978-0275992521
11892:
11888:978-3319556901
11882:Springer 2017
11871:
11867:978-1461686903
11857:Paul Marshall
11850:
11839:. 11 June 2016
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11373:
11355:
11351:Halverson 2010
11338:
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11319:Halverson 2010
11311:
11307:Halverson 2010
11299:
11295:Halverson 2010
11287:
11281:978-1850659792
11280:
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11042:
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11018:978-0231175500
11017:
10999:
10987:
10980:
10962:
10956:978-0199333431
10955:
10937:
10935:, p. 147.
10925:
10913:
10911:, p. 145.
10901:
10886:
10874:
10867:
10849:
10834:
10822:
10806:
10791:
10785:978-1452266565
10784:
10759:
10753:978-0197532577
10752:
10734:
10727:
10709:
10707:, p. 216.
10697:
10676:
10674:, p. 217.
10664:
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10645:
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10393:
10375:
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10122:978-0367514839
10121:
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10092:
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9755:CA&C Press
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9727:Muslim Matters
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8689:
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8631:978-1405158077
8630:
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8608:
8607:
8602:978-1137313492
8601:
8572:
8558:
8532:Upal, M. Afzal
8523:
8514:
8505:
8492:
8490:
8481:
8458:
8430:
8429:
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8424:
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8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8304:Arab Awakening
8145:Muhammad Iqbal
8137:
8134:
8097:
8094:
8065:Ahmad al-Tayeb
8017:Ahmed el-Tayeb
8005:Main article:
8002:
7999:
7991:Hisham Kabbani
7975:
7972:
7958:movement uses
7947:
7944:
7915:
7912:
7904:Ottoman Empire
7892:Gulen movement
7887:
7884:
7801:
7798:
7736:activities in
7727:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7711:
7694:
7665:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7620:depictions of
7530:
7527:
7492:Ba'athist Iraq
7382:
7379:
7320:
7317:
7298:
7297:
7265:
7262:Salaf al-Salih
7242:
7241:
7227:
7208:
7168:Salaf al-Salih
7163:
7160:Ottoman Empire
7154:The appeal of
7140:
7137:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7079:Amira al-Umara
7068:
7062:
7056:
7053:
7046:
7011:
7001:
6985:
6982:
6978:Muhammad Iqbal
6934:
6931:
6878:Wahhabi revolt
6854:Islamic values
6753:social justice
6728:Salafi jihadis
6719:independence.
6681:Saudi dynastic
6606:
6603:
6593:, the Wahhabi
6500:Islamic reform
6446:
6443:
6433:, wherein the
6289:
6286:
6130:
6127:
6044:of Muhammad's
5978:Salaf al-Salih
5954:
5951:
5655:
5652:
5542:
5539:
5385:
5382:
5357:Aal Ash-Shaykh
5346:Aal al-Shaykhs
5270:
5267:
5245:
5242:
5183:(innovation).
5126:Salaf al-Salih
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5043:
5041:Hebtiahs Bohra
5038:
5033:
5028:
5019:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4952:Ja'fari school
4948:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4936:Shafi'i school
4933:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4915:Hanbali school
4911:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4838:Other variants
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
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4674:
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4662:
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4658:
4654:
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4652:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4582:
4581:
4579:Predestination
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4504:
4501:
4484:Main article:
4481:
4478:
4453:
4450:
4415:Saddam Hussein
4376:, Saudi Arabia
4256:Main article:
4253:
4250:
4238:", clerics in
4177:
4174:
4062:Salaf as-Salih
3940:and obligated
3895:
3886:
3835:, I only make
3719:Aal ash-Shaykh
3697:
3694:
3642:Ibn Abi al-Izz
3610:traditionalist
3463:
3460:
3385:Salaf al-salih
3261:
3258:
3236:Hadith studies
3101:Main article:
3098:
3092:
3065:Islamic saints
2999:Main article:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2976:
2973:
2964:
2951:
2924:Islamic Reform
2839:
2836:
2774:” (1829) and “
2715:cult of saints
2663:Main article:
2660:
2657:
2590:Salaf al-Salih
2564:, but not all
2549:
2546:
2525:but whom were
2475:Ingrid Mattson
2469:and Prophetic
2450:New York Times
2445:Salafi/Wahhabi
2315:British Empire
2238:
2235:
2182:
2179:
2135:(monotheists;
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2031:Saudi monarchy
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:Predestination
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1290:Related topics
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1257:Maryam Namazie
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Ata Abu Rashta
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Muhammad Iqbal
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:Muhammad Abduh
1066:
1064:Key ideologues
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:House of Thani
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Omar al-Bashir
999:
993:
991:Heads of state
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
964:
957:("Milestones")
951:
939:
927:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
900:
895:
893:Southeast Asia
890:
885:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
838:Hizb ut-Tahrir
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
811:
809:Sahwa movement
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
784:Dawat-e-Islami
781:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
738:Anti-communism
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
715:
710:
703:
696:
691:
690:
689:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
655:
645:
644:
643:
638:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
602:
601:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
574:
573:
567:
566:
565:
560:
550:
549:
548:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
459:
458:
456:
455:
448:
441:
433:
430:
429:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
353:
352:
347:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:Sahwa movement
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
208:
206:Zubair Ali Zai
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
126:Ismail Dehlavi
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18799:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18764:
18762:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18738:
18737:
18734:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18706:
18704:
18700:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18675:
18673:
18669:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18639:
18637:
18633:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18616:War on terror
18614:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18568:
18566:
18560:
18554:
18552:
18548:
18546:
18544:
18540:
18538:
18536:
18532:
18530:
18528:
18524:
18522:
18520:
18516:
18514:
18512:
18508:
18506:
18504:
18500:
18499:
18497:
18493:
18489:
18482:
18478:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18430:
18428:
18424:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18369:
18367:
18365:Major figures
18363:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18341:
18340:
18337:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18322:
18321:
18318:
18314:
18311:
18310:
18309:
18306:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18293:
18292:
18289:
18285:
18282:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18266:
18265:
18262:
18261:
18259:
18258:
18256:
18252:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18237:
18235:
18231:
18227:
18223:
18219:
18214:
18210:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18177:
18175:
18171:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18159:Ali al-Tamimi
18157:
18155:
18152:
18150:
18147:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18111:
18109:
18107:
18106:Major figures
18103:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18085:
18081:
18080:Islamist Bloc
18078:
18077:
18076:
18075:Al-Nour Party
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18057:
18055:
18053:
18049:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18024:
18022:
18018:
18015:
18011:
18007:
18003:
17998:
17994:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17943:Navvab Safavi
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17928:Tariq Ramadan
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17873:Safwat Hegazi
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17843:Muhammad Asad
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17820:
17818:
17812:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17788:
17786:
17782:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17755:Welfare Party
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17667:
17665:
17663:
17659:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17642:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17610:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17600:
17598:
17594:
17591:
17587:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17570:Turkish model
17568:
17566:
17565:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17553:Post-Islamism
17551:
17549:
17546:
17542:
17539:
17538:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17516:
17515:
17514:Islamic state
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17481:
17479:
17475:
17469:
17468:Shia Islamism
17466:
17462:
17459:
17458:
17457:
17454:
17450:
17447:
17446:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17436:
17434:
17432:
17428:
17424:
17420:
17413:
17408:
17406:
17401:
17399:
17394:
17393:
17390:
17382:
17381:
17375:
17369:
17368:
17350:
17346:
17342:
17336:
17332:
17328:
17324:
17319:
17315:
17309:
17305:
17300:
17296:
17292:
17288:
17284:
17282:
17278:
17274:
17270:
17268:
17264:
17260:
17256:
17245:
17239:
17235:
17231:
17230:
17224:
17222:
17218:
17214:
17210:
17207:
17203:
17197:
17193:
17188:
17185:
17181:
17178:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17165:
17162:, Pan, 1982,
17161:
17157:
17156:Holden, David
17154:
17152:
17148:
17144:
17140:
17136:
17125:
17119:
17115:
17111:
17107:
17103:
17099:
17095:
17091:
17086:
17083:
17082:
17077:
17074:
17073:
17060:
17058:9780230282698
17054:
17050:
17045:
17041:
17035:
17031:
17026:
17022:
17016:
17012:
17007:
17003:
16999:
16995:
16991:
16988:(3): 207–39.
16987:
16983:
16978:
16974:
16968:
16965:
16961:
16956:
16952:
16946:
16942:
16937:
16933:
16929:
16925:
16919:
16915:
16910:
16906:
16900:
16895:
16894:
16887:
16883:
16878:
16874:
16868:
16864:
16859:
16855:
16849:
16844:
16843:
16836:
16832:
16826:
16821:
16820:
16814:
16813:Kepel, Gilles
16810:
16799:
16793:
16789:
16785:
16781:
16777:
16773:
16769:
16765:
16761:
16757:
16751:
16747:
16746:
16740:
16736:
16731:
16727:
16721:
16717:
16716:
16710:
16706:
16700:
16696:
16692:
16688:
16687:
16682:
16678:
16674:
16668:
16664:
16663:
16657:
16653:
16647:
16642:
16641:
16635:
16631:
16627:
16622:
16618:
16612:
16605:
16604:
16598:
16587:
16581:
16577:
16573:
16569:
16565:
16560:
16556:
16550:
16546:
16541:
16540:
16526:
16520:
16516:
16509:
16493:
16489:
16485:
16479:
16477:
16467:
16462:
16458:
16454:
16450:
16443:
16435:
16428:
16419:
16410:
16402:
16398:
16394:
16387:
16379:
16372:
16364:
16363:
16355:
16347:
16340:
16332:
16326:
16322:
16315:
16304:
16303:
16295:
16287:
16281:
16277:
16270:
16254:
16250:
16243:
16241:
16232:
16228:
16221:
16213:
16209:
16202:
16194:
16190:
16184:
16173:
16167:
16159:
16152:
16141:
16140:
16132:
16124:
16120:
16114:
16099:
16093:
16089:
16088:
16080:
16065:
16061:
16057:
16050:
16042:
16038:
16031:
16016:
16010:
16006:
16005:
15997:
15989:
15983:
15979:
15978:
15970:
15964:, p. 59.
15963:
15958:
15943:
15937:
15933:
15932:
15924:
15915:
15909:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15890:, p. 87. Ed.
15889:
15883:
15868:
15862:
15858:
15857:
15849:
15842:
15838:
15833:
15826:
15821:
15815:, p. 22.
15814:
15809:
15794:
15788:
15784:
15783:
15775:
15773:
15765:
15760:
15753:
15747:
15740:
15734:
15726:
15717:
15710:
15703:
15697:
15690:
15686:
15681:
15679:
15670:
15664:
15660:
15653:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15633:
15629:
15625:
15621:
15617:
15613:
15606:
15598:
15591:
15585:, p. 42.
15584:
15579:
15571:
15564:
15557:
15552:
15546:, back cover.
15545:
15540:
15532:
15526:
15522:
15521:
15513:
15505:
15501:
15497:
15490:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15455:
15444:
15440:
15433:
15426:
15415:
15411:
15404:
15397:
15389:
15385:
15381:
15375:
15367:
15363:
15359:
15353:
15345:
15341:
15337:
15330:
15323:
15308:
15304:
15300:
15293:
15287:
15280:. p. 34.
15279:
15278:
15270:
15263:
15255:
15249:
15245:
15238:
15219:
15215:
15211:
15204:
15198:
15196:
15187:
15181:
15177:
15176:
15168:
15153:
15147:
15140:
15135:
15127:
15121:
15117:
15110:
15102:
15096:
15092:
15088:
15081:
15074:
15068:
15062:, p. 72.
15061:
15056:
15049:
15043:
15037:, 19 May 2003
15036:
15030:
15028:
15019:
15013:
15009:
15002:
15000:
14991:
14987:
14983:
14976:
14969:
14963:
14961:
14954:
14953:
14949:
14944:
14938:
14930:
14924:
14920:
14913:
14905:
14899:
14895:
14888:
14873:on 5 May 2014
14872:
14868:
14861:
14859:
14850:
14844:
14840:
14839:
14831:
14823:
14817:
14813:
14809:
14802:
14795:
14790:
14783:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14766:
14759:
14754:
14752:
14750:
14748:
14746:
14744:
14736:
14731:
14725:
14721:
14714:
14708:, p. 54.
14707:
14706:Esposito 2011
14702:
14687:
14683:
14677:
14669:
14665:
14661:
14657:
14653:
14646:
14639:
14635:
14629:
14610:
14603:
14596:
14588:
14581:
14573:
14569:
14562:
14554:
14547:
14539:
14533:
14529:
14524:
14523:
14514:
14498:
14494:
14490:
14483:
14475:
14469:
14465:
14460:
14459:
14450:
14442:
14435:
14428:
14423:
14416:
14411:
14404:
14399:
14393:, p. 41.
14392:
14387:
14380:
14375:
14368:
14367:Bonacina 2015
14363:
14356:
14351:
14344:
14339:
14331:
14327:
14323:
14322:
14314:
14298:
14294:
14290:
14284:
14277:
14273:
14268:
14260:
14254:
14250:
14245:
14244:
14235:
14228:
14223:
14217:, p. 62.
14216:
14211:
14202:
14194:
14187:
14180:
14175:
14167:
14160:
14153:
14147:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14116:
14109:
14104:
14097:
14092:
14084:
14078:
14074:
14067:
14059:
14053:
14049:
14042:
14034:
14030:
14022:
14015:
14010:
13990:
13986:
13985:
13980:
13974:
13958:
13954:
13950:
13943:
13935:
13929:
13925:
13918:
13910:
13904:
13900:
13893:
13885:
13879:
13875:
13868:
13861:
13856:
13849:
13844:
13837:
13831:
13823:
13816:
13808:
13801:
13795:, p. 12.
13794:
13789:
13781:
13774:
13766:
13760:
13756:
13749:
13741:
13740:
13732:
13725:
13719:
13717:
13708:
13702:
13698:
13691:
13684:
13679:
13672:
13667:
13661:, p. 96.
13660:
13655:
13649:, p. 97.
13648:
13643:
13635:
13629:
13625:
13618:
13610:
13604:
13600:
13593:
13585:
13579:
13575:
13568:
13560:
13554:
13550:
13543:
13535:
13529:
13525:
13518:
13510:
13504:
13500:
13493:
13485:
13479:
13475:
13468:
13460:
13454:
13450:
13443:
13428:
13424:
13417:
13409:
13403:
13399:
13392:
13384:
13378:
13374:
13367:
13359:
13355:
13348:
13340:
13336:
13329:
13321:
13315:
13311:
13304:
13296:
13292:
13288:
13281:
13275:, p. 84.
13274:
13269:
13261:
13257:
13253:
13249:
13245:
13241:
13237:
13230:
13224:, p. 90.
13223:
13218:
13211:
13206:
13204:
13202:
13193:
13187:
13183:
13176:
13168:
13162:
13158:
13151:
13143:
13136:
13134:
13125:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13096:
13094:
13092:
13084:
13079:
13063:
13059:
13052:
13044:
13037:
13021:
13017:
13010:
13002:
12995:
12993:
12984:
12978:
12971:
12965:
12954:
12947:
12940:
12932:
12929:
12923:
12917:, p. 20.
12916:
12911:
12909:
12889:
12882:
12881:
12873:
12865:
12858:
12850:
12843:
12835:
12828:
12820:
12814:
12810:
12803:
12796:
12792:
12787:
12779:
12773:
12769:
12765:
12751:
12743:
12737:
12733:
12732:
12724:
12718:, p. 62.
12717:
12712:
12697:
12693:
12687:
12680:
12675:
12668:
12663:
12656:
12651:
12644:
12640:
12635:
12633:
12624:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12609:
12604:
12597:
12581:
12574:
12568:, p. 12.
12567:
12562:
12554:
12548:
12544:
12543:
12535:
12527:
12523:
12519:
12512:
12504:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12485:
12479:
12472:
12467:
12459:
12452:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12426:
12421:
12414:
12410:
12405:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12374:
12366:
12362:
12361:Saudi Gazette
12358:
12351:
12343:
12339:
12338:Saudi Gazette
12335:
12329:
12327:
12318:
12312:
12309:. Routledge.
12308:
12307:
12299:
12292:
12286:
12284:
12275:
12269:
12265:
12264:
12256:
12248:
12242:
12238:
12237:
12229:
12213:
12209:
12202:
12200:
12191:
12185:
12181:
12180:
12172:
12164:
12157:
12149:
12142:
12140:
12131:
12125:
12121:
12116:
12115:
12106:
12098:
12091:
12083:
12077:
12073:
12068:
12067:
12058:
12050:
12044:
12040:
12033:
12031:
12023:
12018:
12011:
12007:
12002:
11995:
11990:
11982:
11975:
11973:
11964:
11958:
11954:
11949:
11948:
11939:
11923:
11917:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11896:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11875:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11854:
11838:
11837:The Economist
11834:
11828:
11821:
11815:
11808:
11803:
11795:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11774:
11766:
11765:
11757:
11755:
11746:
11740:
11736:
11735:
11727:
11725:
11716:
11712:
11711:
11703:
11696:
11691:
11684:
11680:
11679:Esposito 2003
11675:
11668:
11663:
11655:
11651:
11645:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11628:
11620:
11612:
11606:
11598:
11591:
11585:, p. 25.
11584:
11579:
11571:
11565:
11561:
11554:
11546:
11540:
11536:
11529:
11523:, p. 69.
11522:
11517:
11511:
11505:
11498:
11493:
11491:
11482:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11464:
11461:(in German).
11460:
11456:
11449:
11441:
11435:
11431:
11424:
11416:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11391:
11384:
11376:
11370:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11347:
11345:
11343:
11334:
11327:
11321:, p. 36.
11320:
11315:
11309:, p. 34.
11308:
11303:
11297:, p. 49.
11296:
11291:
11283:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11264:
11256:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11236:
11232:
11225:
11223:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11197:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11182:"1: Salafism"
11176:
11168:
11162:
11158:
11151:
11143:
11137:
11133:
11126:
11124:
11115:
11109:
11105:
11098:
11089:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11065:
11058:
11053:
11045:
11039:
11035:
11028:
11020:
11014:
11010:
11003:
10996:
10991:
10983:
10977:
10973:
10966:
10958:
10952:
10948:
10941:
10934:
10929:
10922:
10917:
10910:
10905:
10898:
10893:
10891:
10883:
10882:Esposito 2003
10878:
10870:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10841:
10839:
10831:
10830:Bonacina 2015
10826:
10819:
10815:
10810:
10803:
10798:
10796:
10787:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10766:
10764:
10755:
10749:
10745:
10738:
10730:
10724:
10720:
10713:
10706:
10701:
10693:
10692:
10687:
10680:
10673:
10668:
10662:, p. 55.
10661:
10660:Esposito 2011
10656:
10648:
10642:
10638:
10637:
10629:
10621:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10600:
10584:
10583:December 1992
10580:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10536:
10528:
10523:|people=
10515:
10499:
10496:(interview).
10495:
10489:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10463:
10455:
10439:
10433:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10405:
10396:
10390:
10386:
10379:
10370:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10341:
10333:
10327:
10323:
10316:
10314:
10305:
10298:
10296:
10287:
10280:
10273:
10268:
10260:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10244:
10235:
10233:
10226:, p. 56.
10225:
10220:
10218:
10209:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10173:
10169:
10162:
10155:
10144:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10124:
10118:
10110:
10103:
10095:
10089:
10085:
10078:
10070:
10064:
10060:
10053:
10051:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10027:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10004:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9977:
9970:
9965:
9957:
9953:
9946:
9944:
9935:
9933:9789960944364
9929:
9925:
9921:
9920:
9912:
9904:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9885:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9834:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9767:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9742:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9675:
9671:
9655:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9638:
9636:
9629:
9625:
9620:
9613:
9608:
9600:
9594:
9590:
9583:
9564:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9544:
9537:, p. viv
9536:
9531:
9523:
9517:
9509:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9480:
9473:. p. 19.
9472:
9465:
9459:, p. 333
9458:
9457:Esposito 2003
9453:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9438:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9418:
9417:
9409:
9401:
9399:9789960944364
9395:
9391:
9390:
9382:
9374:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9355:
9347:
9341:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9316:
9309:
9308:9789004161214
9305:
9301:
9294:
9292:
9276:
9272:
9266:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9234:
9230:
9223:
9215:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9191:
9186:
9179:
9175:
9174:Esposito 2003
9170:
9168:
9166:
9158:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9139:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9122:
9121:Bonacina 2015
9117:
9115:
9113:
9108:
9088:
9079:
9070:
9061:
9055:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9030:
9021:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8823:
8817:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8802:0-19-507281-2
8798:
8794:
8789:
8788:
8785:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8759:
8753:
8749:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8715:
8711:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8663:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8637:
8633:
8627:
8623:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8604:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8506:9780199685691
8502:
8498:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8484:
8482:9780198609810
8478:
8474:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8431:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8300:
8291:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8221:Islamic World
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8163:
8162:Bilal Philips
8157:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:According to
8093:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8084:
8083:Ahl al-Hadith
8078:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8008:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7974:United States
7971:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7868:
7864:
7862:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7836:
7835:Ahl as-Sunnah
7829:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7805:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7583:Western media
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7565:According to
7563:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7526:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7407:(BSU) of the
7406:
7402:
7401:Islamic State
7398:
7394:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7365:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7334:
7316:
7314:
7313:Islamic World
7310:
7306:
7303:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7239:
7238:Islamic World
7235:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:Islamic World
7145:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7116:Arab Cold War
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7083:generalissimo
7080:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6990:Al ash-Sheikh
6981:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6724:House of Saud
6720:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6667:Saudi history
6664:
6663:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6534:superstitions
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6445:Social reform
6442:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6312:
6311:
6299:
6294:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6222:David Commins
6219:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5953:Jurisprudence
5949:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5921:birth control
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5897:medical field
5894:
5893:Crescent moon
5890:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5677:Islamic World
5674:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5650:
5646:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5391:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5251:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Dawoodi Bohra
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4944:Hanafi school
4942:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Maliki school
4929:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4920:Zahiri school
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:Ahl al-Hadith
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:rebuked such
4393:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4196:The Economist
4192:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:as a form of
4091:
4083:
4082:Aal-Al Shaykh
4079:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4051:Ahl al-Sunnah
4048:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3884:is disputed.
3882:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3807:Al-Muwahhidun
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:David Commins
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:Fath al-Majid
3708:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:Nayl al-Maram
3593:
3589:
3588:
3587:Ahl al-Hadith
3583:
3579:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3308:
3282:
3279:leaders like
3278:
3273:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3254:Salafi Manhaj
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:Ahl al-Hadith
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3202:(1894–1987).
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3121:محمد رشيد رضا
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:Ahl al-Hadith
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:Islamic World
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
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2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2844:
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2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:formed a pact
2738:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:stated that "
2476:
2473:". Professor
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:Ahl al-Hadith
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:(saints) and
2329:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:. During the
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:anti-colonial
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:anti-colonial
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:Islamic world
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1942:Ibn Taymiyyah
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:al-Wahhābiyya
1878:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1653:Ahl al-Hadith
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Judgement Day
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Maajid Nawaaz
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Navvab Safavi
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Tariq Ramadan
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Safwat Hegazi
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Muhammad Asad
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:House of Saud
1040:
1038:
1037:Mohammed Omar
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Mohamed Morsi
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
988:
987:
979:
978:Khomeini 1970
975:
974:
972:
965:
962:
958:
956:
952:
949:
945:
944:
940:
937:
933:
932:
928:
925:
921:
920:
916:
915:
909:
908:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
876:
875:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
728:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:Post-Islamism
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:Islamic state
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
583:
582:
577:
571:
570:Shia Islamism
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
484:
483:
479:
471:
465:
464:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
432:
431:
428:
418:
417:
412:
406:
405:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Al-Nour Party
370:
369:
366:
361:
360:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
266:
265:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
222:
221:
214:
213:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:
140:
139:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Ahl al-Hadith
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
54:
50:
42:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Wahhabi Islam
18746:North Africa
18647:Anti-Zionism
18550:
18542:
18534:
18529:(Qutb, 1964)
18526:
18521:(Asad, 1961)
18518:
18511:Forty Hadith
18510:
18502:
18485:Other topics
18087:People Party
18041:
18027:Ahl-i Hadith
17973:Ahmed Yassin
17953:Ali Shariati
17888:Ali Khamenei
17562:
17548:Pan-Islamism
17541:of knowledge
17536:Islamization
17378:
17352:. Retrieved
17326:
17303:
17294:
17290:
17272:
17258:
17247:. Retrieved
17228:
17212:
17191:
17159:
17142:
17139:Stark, Freya
17127:. Retrieved
17097:
17080:
17048:
17029:
17010:
16985:
16981:
16959:
16940:
16913:
16892:
16881:
16862:
16841:
16818:
16801:. Retrieved
16783:
16744:
16734:
16714:
16685:
16661:
16639:
16625:
16602:
16589:. Retrieved
16567:
16544:
16536:Bibliography
16514:
16508:
16496:. Retrieved
16491:
16456:
16452:
16442:
16433:
16427:
16418:
16409:
16401:the original
16396:
16386:
16377:
16371:
16361:
16354:
16345:
16339:
16320:
16314:
16301:
16294:
16275:
16269:
16257:. Retrieved
16252:
16230:
16220:
16211:
16201:
16192:
16183:
16166:
16151:
16138:
16131:
16122:
16113:
16101:. Retrieved
16086:
16079:
16068:, retrieved
16064:the original
16059:
16049:
16040:
16030:
16018:. Retrieved
16003:
15996:
15976:
15969:
15962:Commins 2009
15957:
15945:. Retrieved
15930:
15923:
15914:
15882:
15870:. Retrieved
15855:
15848:
15832:
15820:
15813:Commins 2006
15808:
15798:17 September
15796:. Retrieved
15781:
15759:
15751:
15746:
15738:
15733:
15724:
15715:
15709:
15701:
15696:
15658:
15652:
15619:
15615:
15605:
15596:
15590:
15578:
15569:
15563:
15551:
15539:
15519:
15512:
15499:
15489:
15479:29 September
15477:. Retrieved
15473:the original
15468:
15464:
15454:
15443:the original
15438:
15425:
15414:the original
15409:
15396:
15388:the original
15383:
15374:
15366:the original
15361:
15352:
15344:the original
15339:
15329:
15321:
15314:. Retrieved
15307:the original
15298:
15286:
15275:
15262:
15243:
15237:
15225:. Retrieved
15218:the original
15209:
15174:
15167:
15155:. Retrieved
15146:
15134:
15115:
15109:
15090:
15080:
15072:
15067:
15055:
15047:
15042:
15034:
15007:
14990:the original
14985:
14975:
14951:
14947:
14942:
14941:documentary
14937:
14918:
14912:
14893:
14887:
14875:. Retrieved
14871:the original
14837:
14830:
14811:
14801:
14794:Commins 2009
14789:
14773:
14765:
14758:Commins 2009
14733:
14719:
14713:
14701:
14689:. Retrieved
14685:
14676:
14659:
14655:
14645:
14637:
14628:
14616:. Retrieved
14595:
14587:Shia Revival
14586:
14580:
14572:the original
14561:
14546:
14521:
14513:
14501:. Retrieved
14497:the original
14492:
14482:
14457:
14449:
14440:
14434:
14427:Commins 2009
14422:
14415:Commins 2009
14410:
14403:Commins 2009
14398:
14391:Commins 2009
14386:
14374:
14362:
14350:
14338:
14332:. p. 5.
14325:
14320:
14313:
14301:. Retrieved
14297:the original
14293:Zubair Qamar
14292:
14283:
14267:
14242:
14234:
14227:Commins 2009
14222:
14215:Commins 2009
14210:
14201:
14192:
14186:
14179:Commins 2009
14174:
14165:
14159:
14151:
14146:
14133:. Retrieved
14129:the original
14124:
14115:
14103:
14096:Commins 2006
14091:
14072:
14066:
14047:
14041:
14032:
14021:
14009:
13997:. Retrieved
13988:
13983:
13973:
13961:. Retrieved
13956:
13952:
13942:
13923:
13917:
13898:
13892:
13873:
13867:
13855:
13843:
13835:
13830:
13821:
13815:
13806:
13800:
13793:Commins 2006
13788:
13779:
13773:
13754:
13748:
13738:
13731:
13723:
13696:
13690:
13678:
13666:
13654:
13642:
13623:
13617:
13598:
13592:
13573:
13567:
13548:
13542:
13523:
13517:
13498:
13492:
13473:
13467:
13448:
13442:
13430:. Retrieved
13427:The Atlantic
13426:
13416:
13397:
13391:
13372:
13366:
13357:
13353:
13347:
13338:
13328:
13309:
13303:
13290:
13280:
13268:
13243:
13239:
13229:
13217:
13181:
13175:
13156:
13150:
13141:
13105:
13078:
13066:. Retrieved
13062:the original
13051:
13042:
13036:
13024:. Retrieved
13020:the original
13009:
13000:
12977:
12969:
12968:Abu Khalil,
12964:
12953:the original
12939:
12931:
12928:
12922:
12895:. Retrieved
12888:the original
12879:
12872:
12863:
12857:
12848:
12842:
12833:
12827:
12808:
12802:
12786:
12767:
12750:
12730:
12723:
12711:
12699:. Retrieved
12695:
12686:
12678:
12674:
12662:
12655:Commins 2009
12650:
12607:
12596:
12586:26 September
12584:. Retrieved
12573:
12561:
12541:
12534:
12525:
12521:
12511:
12502:
12483:
12478:
12466:
12457:
12451:
12442:
12436:
12420:
12404:
12392:. Retrieved
12388:the original
12383:
12373:
12365:the original
12360:
12350:
12342:the original
12337:
12305:
12298:
12291:The Islamist
12290:
12262:
12255:
12235:
12228:
12216:. Retrieved
12212:the original
12178:
12171:
12162:
12156:
12147:
12113:
12105:
12096:
12090:
12065:
12057:
12038:
12017:
12001:
11989:
11980:
11946:
11938:
11926:. Retrieved
11916:
11900:
11895:
11879:
11874:
11858:
11853:
11841:. Retrieved
11836:
11827:
11819:
11814:
11807:Commins 2006
11802:
11783:
11779:
11773:
11763:
11733:
11714:
11709:
11702:
11695:Commins 2006
11690:
11674:
11667:Commins 2009
11662:
11653:
11644:
11631:
11626:
11619:
11596:
11590:
11583:Commins 2009
11578:
11559:
11553:
11534:
11528:
11516:
11509:
11504:
11499:, p. x.
11497:Commins 2009
11462:
11458:
11448:
11429:
11423:
11404:
11398:
11389:
11383:
11364:
11358:
11332:
11326:
11314:
11302:
11290:
11266:. New York:
11262:
11255:
11238:
11234:
11213:
11209:
11204:
11185:
11175:
11156:
11150:
11131:
11103:
11097:
11078:
11074:
11064:
11057:Lacroix 2013
11052:
11033:
11027:
11008:
11002:
10995:Commins 2006
10990:
10971:
10965:
10946:
10940:
10933:Commins 2006
10928:
10921:Commins 2006
10916:
10909:Commins 2006
10904:
10897:Lacroix 2013
10877:
10858:
10852:
10825:
10814:Commins 2006
10809:
10775:
10743:
10737:
10718:
10712:
10700:
10689:
10679:
10667:
10655:
10635:
10628:
10609:
10599:
10587:. Retrieved
10582:
10554:. Retrieved
10546:The Atlantic
10545:
10535:
10502:. Retrieved
10488:
10476:. Retrieved
10472:the original
10467:
10461:
10454:
10442:. Retrieved
10432:
10420:. Retrieved
10416:
10384:
10378:
10369:
10357:. Retrieved
10352:The National
10350:
10340:
10321:
10303:
10285:
10279:
10267:
10242:
10197:
10191:
10179:. Retrieved
10172:the original
10167:
10154:
10108:
10102:
10083:
10077:
10058:
10040:
10036:
10026:
10014:Islam21C.com
10013:
10003:
9986:
9976:
9964:
9955:
9918:
9911:
9891:
9884:
9865:
9859:
9831:
9819:
9815:
9778:
9774:
9762:
9754:
9741:
9726:
9706:
9685:
9678:Commins 2006
9670:
9658:. Retrieved
9654:the original
9647:
9619:
9612:Commins 2009
9607:
9588:
9582:
9570:. Retrieved
9563:the original
9558:
9535:Commins 2009
9530:
9521:
9516:
9489:
9479:
9470:
9464:
9436:
9415:
9408:
9388:
9381:
9361:
9354:
9321:
9315:
9278:. Retrieved
9274:
9232:
9222:
9203:
9197:
9190:Commins 2006
9185:
9087:
9078:
9069:
9060:
9054:
9038:
9029:
9020:
9010:the original
9005:
8993:the original
8988:
8968:
8957:the original
8952:
8940:
8925:
8908:
8891:
8880:
8859:
8840:
8832:
8811:
8792:
8784:
8768:
8747:
8728:
8709:
8701:
8680:
8661:
8644:
8640:
8621:
8613:
8583:. New York:
8580:
8535:
8518:
8510:
8496:
8486:
8471:
8461:
8451:
8450:"Sunni" or "
8447:
8443:
8434:
8351:
8344:
8339:Ahl-i Hadith
8337:
8315:
8311:
8309:
8297:
8290:Taha Hussein
8287:
8256:
8252:
8247:, the first
8243:
8236:
8191:
8187:
8175:
8169:
8159:
8154:
8139:
8129:
8119:
8108:Gilles Kepel
8099:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8070:Ahl al-Sunna
8068:
8010:
7989:Sufi Shaykh
7977:
7949:
7917:
7889:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7840:
7831:
7823:
7806:
7803:
7793:
7786:Muhammad Ali
7772:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7742:Ibn Uthaymin
7731:
7729:
7701:
7690:
7684:
7674:
7668:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7621:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7601:anti-Western
7594:
7590:
7577:against the
7574:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7547:Islamophobic
7538:
7532:
7484:Saudi Arabia
7464:house arrest
7453:
7438:
7428:
7412:
7408:
7390:
7368:
7364:Lee Kuan Yew
7361:
7345:
7322:
7309:Saudi Aramco
7305:Gilles Kepel
7299:
7282:
7274:Ahl-e Hadith
7272:
7260:
7243:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7142:
7078:
7027:
7022:Influential
6987:
6969:
6965:
6963:
6955:
6886:Saudi Arabia
6882:Ottoman rule
6875:
6842:civic values
6829:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6781:greater imam
6774:
6746:
6740:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6670:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6638:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6574:
6560:
6559:currents of
6554:
6546:Wahhabi Wars
6529:
6511:
6494:
6488:
6483:
6480:triple talaq
6479:
6474:
6470:triple talaq
6469:
6458:
6414:
6406:
6402:
6398:Usul al-Fiqh
6396:
6392:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6338:Usul al-Fiqh
6336:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6257:
6253:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6198:
6192:
6187:
6179:
6176:Usul al-Fiqh
6175:
6160:Usul-al Fiqh
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6077:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5900:
5889:credit cards
5878:
5870:
5855:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5767:
5761:
5750:
5748:
5689:social media
5663:
5648:
5627:
5625:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5573:
5560:
5552:
5550:
5532:
5522:
5516:
5484:
5478:
5463:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5366:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5317:
5300:
5294:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5209:
5207:
5190:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5060:
4903:
4902:
4891:Unaffiliated
4824:
4806:
4762:
4728:
4669:
4618:
4584:
4545:
4496:
4495:
4473:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4427:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4379:
4352:
4344:
4342:
4303:
4291:
4289:
4274:While other
4273:
4261:
4243:
4229:
4210:
4204:
4194:
4190:
4179:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4071:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4005:
4003:
3989:
3987:
3970:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:who shunned
3931:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3801:espoused in
3798:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3714:
3710:
3676:, including
3673:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3482:legal school
3471:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3428:
3425:
3418:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3350:
3340:
3321:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3253:
3250:Ahl-i-Hadith
3243:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3204:
3196:Salafi da'wa
3195:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3165:Ahl-i-Hadith
3164:
3136:
3130:
3094:
3077:Saudi Arabia
3072:
3058:
3047:
3033:
3027:
3010:movement of
3008:Ahl-i Hadith
3004:
3001:Ahl-i Hadith
2995:Ahl-i-Hadith
2985:
2979:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2937:
2931:
2917:
2904:movement of
2899:
2890:movement of
2878:movement of
2870:movement in
2853:
2827:Persian Gulf
2812:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2694:
2680:
2677:circa. 1740s
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2541:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2484:The Atlantic
2482:
2478:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:Salafi dawah
2404:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2378:Robert Lacey
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2325:
2311:colonial era
2307:Muslim world
2292:
2279:
2266:
2254:
2243:Islamophobic
2240:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2184:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2081:founding day
2062:Crown Prince
2059:
2047:pan-Islamist
2045:, scholars,
1992:
1989:monotheistic
1986:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1927:
1919:Saudi Arabia
1863:
1862:
1790:
1721:Ahl-i Hadith
1715:
1661:In terms of
1658:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1469:Five Pillars
1324:
1314:Islamophobia
1190:Ahmed Yassin
1175:Ali Shariati
1115:Ali Khamenei
997:Ali Khamenei
968:
966:
954:
941:
929:
917:
873:
872:
831:
830:
813:
789:Ahl-i Hadith
773:
748:Anti-Zionism
717:
705:
698:
677:Pan-Islamism
657:
652:of knowledge
648:Islamization
596:
487:Fundamentals
407:
382:People Party
339:
320:Sailaifengye
262:
210:
86:Ibn Taymiyya
29:
18626:Arab Winter
18621:Arab Spring
18402:Mullah Omar
18264:MENA region
18190:Petro-Islam
18164:Al-Uthaymin
17938:Rashid Rida
17923:Sayyid Qutb
17913:Mullah Omar
17791:Ansar Allah
17635:Millî Görüş
16830:0674-008774
16498:19 December
16259:19 December
15839:, pp.
15316:17 November
15227:17 November
15178:MIT Press.
15157:13 November
14691:13 November
14656:ISIM Review
14638:ISIM Review
14379:Bayley 2010
14355:Bayley 2010
14343:Coller 2022
14125:info.gov.sa
13999:15 December
13963:15 December
13850:, p. .
13291:Deoband.org
13102:"Wahhabism"
12760: 1792
12384:Islam Daily
11597:Tarikh najd
11235:ISIM Review
10997:, p. .
10802:Haykel 2013
10478:13 November
10444:13 November
9969:Haykel 2013
9822:(1): 9–13.
9694:j.ctt7zvmm2
9626:, pp.
9486:"Wahhabism"
9310:, 1960-2007
9280:12 December
9253:, pp.
9233:Daily Sabah
9213:90-04127569
9157:Bayley 2010
9138:Coller 2022
9046:, pp.
8671:0-028659872
8389:Petro-Islam
7828:. He said:
7618:neo-liberal
7613:"Wahhabism"
7609:"Wahhabism"
7591:"Wahhabism"
7539:"Wahhabism"
7494:during the
7480:Afghanistan
7468:citizenship
7409:Dar al-Ifta
7257:pan-Islamic
7210:Control of
7124:Petro-Islam
7089:during the
7026:jurist and
6926:Middle Ages
6922:Ibn Khaldun
6910:East Africa
6793:ambassadors
6738:' school".
5862:Grand Mufti
5808:Dar al-Ifta
5796:Dar al-Ifta
5792:Dar al-Ifta
5788:Grand Mufti
5784: 1969
5744:Pilgrimages
5724:nationalism
5709:pan-Islamic
5703:, etc. The
5513:polytheists
5475: 1818
5051:Qutbi Bohra
5036:Alavi Bohra
4639:Ahl al-Ra'y
4480:Propagation
4392:Grand Mufti
4363:Mothers Day
4278:might urge
4267:journalist
4226:circa. 1922
3944:. The Arab
3544:Al-Kawthari
3363: 1999
3186:"Salafiyya"
3020:al-Shawkani
2808:Mark Napier
2595:"Wahhabism"
2460:Saudi King
2388:not Muslims
2336:British Raj
2267:"Wahhabism"
2231:Sunni Islam
2207:"Wahhabism"
2055:West Africa
1999:hermeneutic
1994:Daily Sabah
1892:Sunni Islam
1807:Persecution
1643:Ahl al-Ra'y
1395:Sunni Islam
1277:Bassam Tibi
1272:Olivier Roy
1165:Rashid Rida
1150:Sayyid Qutb
936:Iqbal 1930s
883:MENA region
853:Millî Görüş
186:Al-Uthaymin
171:Rashid Rida
131:Al-Shawkani
18761:Categories
18741:South Asia
18683:Gaza Strip
18635:Influences
18562:Historical
18527:Milestones
18519:Principles
18453:Mujahideen
18330:al-Shabaab
18325:Boko Haram
18313:Abu Sayyaf
18291:South Asia
18149:Zakir Naik
18032:Madkhalism
18020:Scholastic
17978:Zia-ul-Haq
17948:Omar Bongo
17613:in Britain
17531:Islamistan
17449:Khomeinism
17349:2015951183
17281:0595672728
17267:0968905854
17221:0521644127
17168:0330268341
16950:9960295001
16932:5713616619
16897:. Viking.
16704:0195125584
16651:0195169913
16554:188999913X
16014:0253112923
15687:, p.
15685:Kepel 2004
15583:Algar 2002
15556:Algar 2002
15544:Algar 2002
15340:Asia Times
15139:Kepel 2002
15060:Kepel 2002
14950:review in
14948:The Qur'an
14943:The Qur'an
14821:1576070913
14782:0807002291
14668:1887/17210
14493:2013-09-08
14274:, p.
14272:Kepel 2002
14033:Al Jazeera
13933:9004110623
13908:9004110623
13706:9004110623
13633:9004110623
13508:9004110623
13319:9004113002
12915:Algar 2002
12793:, p.
12667:Kepel 2002
12641:, p.
12639:Lacey 2009
12566:Lacey 2009
12471:Lacey 1981
12427:, p.
12425:Lacey 2009
12411:, p.
12409:Lacey 2009
12008:, p.
12006:Kepel 2004
11793:9776005187
11744:0195096150
11681:, p.
11544:0028656032
11247:1887/17210
10981:0195061039
10868:0195102983
10845:Kepel 2006
10816:, p.
10772:"Wahhabis"
10556:26 January
10504:23 October
10272:Algar 2002
10224:Lacey 1981
9995:1887/10068
9251:Lacey 2009
9176:, p.
8453:Muwahhidun
8421:References
8279:Agus Salim
8209:Al-Jabartī
8021:Ash'arites
7987:Naqshbandi
7920:South Asia
7914:South Asia
7908:Arab norms
7825:Kharijites
7774:Kharijites
7706:to spread
7556:"Wahhabis"
7543:Soviet-era
7417:war crimes
7294:Deobandism
7289:Arab world
7279:South Asia
7187:; through
6933:Prevalence
6914:revolution
6866:Arab world
6830:Muwahhidun
6824:historian
6797:Muwahhidun
6609:See also:
6579:Ibn Saud's
6530:Muwahhidun
6449:See also:
6393:Muwahhidun
6381:Muwahhidin
6325:Muwahhidun
6250:DeLong-Bas
6246:Ibn Hanbal
6123:Muwahhidun
6046:companions
6026:. He used
5899:, various
5867:explains:
5848:television
5775:appointed
5740:Ibn Qayyim
5732:Ibn Qudama
5728:Ibn Kathir
5658:See also:
5566:Sufi order
5562:Qadiriyyah
5545:See also:
5485:Muwahhidun
5390:Shia Islam
5388:See also:
5350:war crimes
5248:See also:
5216:Ibn Qayyim
5191:Muwahhidun
4904:Including:
4856:Mujassimah
4564:Holy books
4452:Appearance
4318:backgammon
4191:Muwahhidun
3898:See also:
3700:See also:
3512:Maturidite
3466:See also:
3377:, and the
3336:Ibn Qayyim
3264:See also:
3125:Arab World
2813:After the
2806:historian
2784:Napoleonic
2780:Muwahhidun
2752:historians
2710:Muwahhidun
2696:Muwahhidun
2683:revivalist
2593:; whereas
2542:Muwahhidun
2530:Kharijites
2392:Muwahhidun
2383:Muwahhidun
2370:Muwahhidun
2293:Since the
2188:Ibn Hanbal
2181:Definition
2073:Arab world
2009:since the
1984:/AH 751).
1972:Ibn Qayyim
1786:Literature
1751:Holy sites
1639:Maturidism
1496:Pilgrimage
1431:Holy books
1267:Sam Harris
1247:Farag Foda
1027:Zia ul-Haq
888:South Asia
799:Madkhalism
774:Scholastic
732:Influences
546:Khomeinism
530:Ideologies
518:Secularism
300:Madkhalism
201:Ibn Jibrin
111:Ibn Muflih
101:Al-Dhahabi
96:Ibn Kathir
18767:Wahhabism
18739:Islam in
18709:Criticism
18671:by region
18254:Movements
18119:Al-Albani
18060:Al Asalah
18052:Political
18042:Wahhabism
18013:Movements
17968:Malcolm X
17690:Hezbollah
17589:Movements
17102:Cambridge
16231:Firstpost
16212:Firstpost
15947:7 January
15872:9 January
15644:149088619
15636:1353-0194
14303:4 October
14135:20 August
13260:144357200
13068:4 October
11605:cite book
11481:1570-0607
10525:ignored (
10514:cite news
9803:162710583
9745:Sources:
9674:Sources:
9660:21 August
9340:cite book
9271:"Wahhabi"
9103:Citations
8989:Asia News
8568:1874-6691
8465:Sources:
8353:Salafiyya
8263:Indonesia
8213:Al-Nāṣiri
8141:Pakistani
8126:Hobbesian
8031:and Imam
8025:Muturidis
7956:Al-Ahbash
7760:efforts.
7738:Huraymila
7622:Wahhabism
7560:"Wahhabi"
7551:"Wahhabi"
7511:war hawks
7504:Professor
7421:terrorism
7284:Salafiyya
6822:Cambridge
6769:Caliphate
6765:reformist
6575:Salafiyya
6562:Salafiyya
6431:al-Nawawi
6377:reformist
5925:abortions
5909:autopsies
5827:Mujtahids
5786:) as the
5717:socialism
5673:modernity
5601:Muwahidun
5557:mysticism
5553:Muwahidun
5491:in 1871.
5460:'Abdullah
5377:non-Arabs
5338:Abdulaziz
5154:Jahiliyya
4991:Qizilbash
4881:Ahmadiyya
4876:Quraniyya
4871:Qadariyya
4866:Mu'tazila
4820:Muhakkima
4385:declared
4232:forbidden
4176:Practices
3968:Salafiyya
3947:Salafiyya
3922:Mujtahids
3855:consensus
3841:Messenger
3785:Istigāthā
3662:Muwahidun
3652:Al-Tahawi
3540:Salafiyya
3508:Ash'arite
3352:Muhaddith
3277:Salafiyya
3272:Salafiyya
3270:Original
3240:Muhaddith
3232:Salafiyya
3215:Al-Albani
3137:Salafiyya
3095:Salafiyya
2919:Salafiyya
2914:Indonesia
2901:Mujahidin
2764:Calvinist
2756:diplomats
2649:Salafiyya
2637:Muwahidun
2566:salafists
2562:salafists
2523:"Wahhabi"
2455:Wahhabism
2374:"Salafis"
2284:is being
2259:is being
2165:"Wahhabi"
2163:The term
2104:Etymology
2069:Islamists
1888:reformist
1877:romanized
1864:Wahhabism
1768:Jerusalem
1728:Modernism
1716:Wahhabism
1676:al-Wijdan
1635:Ash'arism
1302:Modernism
1230:in Europe
961:Qutb 1965
948:Asad 1961
912:Key texts
832:Political
814:Wahhabism
770:Movements
611:Caliphate
508:Economics
340:Wahhabism
196:Al-Fawzan
191:Al-Albani
18772:Islamism
18339:al-Qaeda
18233:Ideology
18222:Jihadism
18070:Al-Islah
17750:Al Wefaq
17650:in Syria
17645:in Egypt
17603:Deobandi
17477:Concepts
17456:Salafism
17439:Islamism
17419:Islamism
17289:(2008).
17180:Archived
17175:(1996).
17002:20873920
16815:(2002).
16766:(2013).
16636:(2004).
16492:Assunnah
16486:(2020).
15504:Archived
15035:Al-Hayat
14772:(2002),
14609:Archived
14503:28 April
13981:(2020).
13295:Archived
12897:2 August
12766:(eds.).
12394:22 March
12289:Husain,
12218:20 March
11928:17 March
11822:, p. 333
10589:17 March
10550:Archived
10181:4 August
10018:Archived
9759:Archived
9731:Archived
9711:Archived
8973:Archived
8930:Archived
8913:Archived
8896:Archived
8653:20832903
8534:(eds.).
8331:See also
8324:Ash-Sham
8267:Ibn Saud
8238:Al-Manar
8197:Egyptian
8171:Madh'hab
8118:to wage
8059:of Imam
8013:Chechnya
7898:accuses
7814:scholar
7779:Ottomans
7691:madh'hab
7686:madhhabs
7496:Gulf War
7490:against
7460:Gulf War
7397:al-Qaeda
7395:such as
7357:Al Azhar
7348:madrasas
7302:Islamism
7281:and the
7029:Mufassir
6974:Salafism
6894:American
6890:Ibn Saud
6818:Jacobins
6806:American
6736:Shu'aybi
6689:Shari'ah
6683:rulers.
6619:Islamism
6605:Politics
6423:Shafiite
6407:Madhhabs
6354:Mujtahid
6186:Hanbali
6172:/AH 1225
6139:and the
6111:Qur'anic
6085:Shafiite
6074:Muhammad
5933:Qur'anic
5852:internet
5736:Ibn Hazm
5643:/AH 1244
5628:Tasawwuf
5547:Tasawwuf
5505:Shi'ites
5501:Ottomans
5414:Muhammad
5269:On Jihad
5139:Prophets
5016:Satpanth
4986:Bektashi
4846:Jabriyya
4747:Prophecy
4649:Maturidi
4559:Prophets
4514:a series
4512:Part of
4387:football
4330:cadavers
4265:American
4169:mad'habs
3957:tariqats
3831:"As for
3666:Maturidi
3640:scholar
3638:Hanafite
3578:idolatry
3574:/AH 1301
3474:theology
3462:Theology
3435:Salafism
3431:sciences
3411:mujtahid
3347:Albanian
3328:juristic
3318:/AH 1354
3303:/AH 1225
3292:/AH 1250
3227:Al-Manar
3211:Albanian
3177:Al Manar
3097:movement
3081:oil boom
2957:and the
2804:Scottish
2766:scholar
2581:Salafism
2570:Wahhabis
2558:Wahhabis
2554:Salafism
2493:misnomer
2479:Wahhbism
2436:Wahhabis
2432:"Salafi"
2360:Wahhabis
2277:template
2252:template
2199:Salafist
2195:Salafism
2157:"Salafi"
2141:الموحدون
2019:pan-Arab
1940:scholar
1711:Salafism
1680:al-Kashf
1649:Atharism
1516:Abu Bakr
1387:a series
1385:Part of
874:Militant
794:Deobandi
670:Jihadism
586:Concepts
536:Islamism
513:Politics
478:Islamism
470:a series
468:Part of
397:al-Qaeda
335:Hazimism
290:Islamism
40:a series
37:Part of
18678:Balkans
18458:Slavery
18426:Related
18349:in Iraq
18296:Taliban
18240:Qutbism
18173:Related
18124:Ibn Baz
17796:Taliban
17784:Related
17680:Ennahda
17484:Emirate
17444:Qutbism
17431:Outline
17129:15 June
16803:15 June
16103:17 July
16070:23 July
16020:7 March
14618:2 April
13993:(Ebook)
13953:An Naba
13432:4 March
13026:1 April
12972:, p. 50
12692:"Allah"
11843:11 June
11216:, p. 85
10462:Wahhabi
10359:12 June
9828:1571334
9795:3879864
8977:Reuters
8446:Salafi"
8316:madhhab
8312:madhhab
8245:Sukarno
8166:Wahhabi
8136:Support
8045:Shafi'i
7954:-based
7952:Lebanon
7946:Lebanon
7936:mosques
7932:Barelvi
7809:Ottoman
7747:'Aqidah
7676:Ijtihad
7657:Muslims
7513:in the
7319:Funding
7253:Muslims
7195:ijtihad
7190:Ijtihad
7075:Turubah
7024:Hanbali
6968:" and "
6966:Wahhabi
6924:in the
6918:bedouin
6870:Emirate
6864:on the
6814:Ottoman
6707:shari'a
6645:society
6544:in the
6504:jurists
6495:Hadeeth
6484:Ijtihad
6465:Diriyah
6435:Ijtihad
6386:Ijtihad
6368:madhabs
6363:Ijtihad
6329:Ijtihad
6275:Maslaha
6226:Muslims
6188:mad'hab
6148:ijtihad
6098:Ijtihad
6078:Ijtihad
6065:ijtihad
5983:sources
5963:Madhhab
5917:divorce
5843:Ijtihad
5814:Madhabs
5721:secular
5693:Muslims
5681:Kingdom
5670:Western
5534:Rafidis
5529:Muslims
5509:British
5493:Al-Hasa
5464:Raafida
5438:Raafida
5410:Rafidah
5405:Rafidah
5291:, 1920s
5202:/AH 728
5173:ijtihad
5022:Mustali
4964:Shaykhi
4960:Akhbari
4771:Walayah
4757:Qiyamah
4723:Tabarra
4718:Tawalla
4644:Ash'ari
4593:Shahada
4503:Beliefs
4446:mosques
4338:Taliban
4314:amulets
4276:Muslims
4240:mosques
4224:Al-Hasa
4201:Shari'a
4186:Muslims
4164:Ijtihad
4142:Ijtihad
4132:Ijtihad
4076:of the
4021:Ijtihad
4016:Ijtihad
3952:Ijtihad
3942:Taqleed
3938:Ijtihad
3926:Ottoman
3917:Taqleed
3911:Ijtihad
3904:Ijtihad
3889:Ijtihad
3769:Ramadan
3758:'Ibādah
3736:shahada
3633:, etc.
3559:Ijtihad
3503:'Aqidah
3349:Salafi
3332:Purists
3323:Ijtihad
3088:Ibn Baz
3035:ijtihad
2928:renewal
2888:Faraizi
2884:Nigeria
2868:Senussi
2860:Mahdist
2792:Asiatic
2736:ijtihad
2659:History
2617:ijtihad
2585:Muslims
2512:Quakers
2508:Wahhabi
2471:Hadiths
2440:Wahhabi
2425:Sunnism
2365:madhhab
2327:Awliyaa
2290:
2203:Prophet
2175:Ibadism
2148:
2039:Muslims
1938:Hanbali
1898:cleric
1896:Hanbali
1886:) is a
1879::
1802:History
1571:Hanbali
1566:Shafi'i
1545:schools
1491:Fasting
1486:Charity
1414:Beliefs
779:Barelvi
687:aspects
650: (
541:Qutbism
503:Culture
498:History
310:Qutbism
181:Ibn Baz
65:, Qatar
18564:events
17558:Sharia
17354:1 June
17347:
17337:
17310:
17279:
17265:
17249:1 June
17240:
17219:
17198:
17166:
17149:
17120:
17055:
17036:
17017:
17000:
16969:
16947:
16930:
16920:
16901:
16869:
16850:
16827:
16794:
16752:
16722:
16701:
16669:
16648:
16613:
16591:1 June
16582:
16551:
16521:
16453:Arabic
16327:
16282:
16094:
16011:
15984:
15938:
15906:
15902:2003.
15896:Durham
15863:
15789:
15665:
15642:
15634:
15527:
15250:
15182:
15122:
15097:
15014:
14925:
14900:
14845:
14818:
14780:
14726:
14555:. BBC.
14534:
14470:
14255:
14079:
14054:
13991:]
13930:
13905:
13880:
13761:
13703:
13630:
13605:
13580:
13555:
13530:
13505:
13480:
13455:
13404:
13379:
13316:
13258:
13188:
13163:
13120:
12815:
12774:
12738:
12701:28 May
12619:
12549:
12313:
12270:
12243:
12186:
12126:
12078:
12045:
11959:
11911:p. 132
11907:
11890:p. 159
11886:
11865:
11790:
11741:
11566:
11541:
11479:
11436:
11411:
11371:
11278:
11192:
11163:
11138:
11110:
11075:Arabic
11040:
11015:
10978:
10953:
10865:
10782:
10750:
10725:
10643:
10616:
10391:
10328:
10255:
10204:
10119:
10090:
10065:
9930:
9899:
9872:
9826:
9801:
9793:
9692:
9628:123–24
9595:
9572:8 June
9504:
9396:
9369:
9328:
9306:
9210:
9093:
9048:123–24
8866:
8847:
8818:
8799:
8754:
8735:
8716:
8687:
8668:
8651:
8628:
8599:
8566:
8556:
8503:
8479:
8440:exonym
8414:Aqidah
8271:Bidʻah
8258:Tajdid
8229:Sufism
8193:Syrian
8177:Takfir
8102:French
8057:Sufism
8053:
8049:Maliki
8041:Hanafi
8037:
7995:takfir
7964:Salafi
7960:takfir
7886:Turkey
7876:jurist
7812:Hanafi
7794:Jahala
7790:muftis
7758:da'wah
7719:
7715:saints
7670:Taqlid
7652:Takfir
7647:Tawhid
7449:Israel
7413:fatawa
7341:
7337:
7333:Soviet
7329:
7325:
7216:Medina
7204:Sunnah
7199:Qur'an
7180:Hadith
7174:Qur'an
7122:, and
7037:Arabic
6970:Salafi
6850:rights
6848:&
6846:duties
6748:da'wah
6717:qadi's
6695:bay'ah
6669:; the
6617:, and
6590:Ikhwan
6557:reform
6526:Europe
6513:fatwas
6489:Qur'an
6455:Tajdid
6411:Sunnah
6373:madhab
6349:fatwas
6344:Fuqaha
6310:madhab
6259:hadith
6213:'Aqida
6200:Taqlid
6181:hadith
6154:taqlid
6142:Sunnah
6136:Qur'an
6119:Hadith
6115:Qur'an
6107:hadith
6093:Taqlid
6089:Taqlid
6070:Qur'an
6059:taqlid
6037:hadith
6032:Qur'an
6020:Qur'an
6000:, the
5997:Qur'an
5973:Taqlid
5901:fatwas
5822:Taqlid
5804:fatwas
5756:2022,
5752:fatawa
5616:Sufism
5605:Shaykh
5581:hadith
5575:Qur'an
5570:Sufism
5524:Takfir
5480:Takfir
5468:Zaydis
5453:hadith
5423:sharia
5418:Qur'an
5325:Takfir
5181:bid'ah
5163:hadith
5148:Taqlid
5143:saints
5135:Shiite
5117:Tawhid
5007:Nizari
4996:Ishiki
4776:Tawhid
4752:Imamah
4742:Adalah
4737:Tawhid
4632:Athari
4569:Angels
4522:Aqidah
4470:Ikhwan
4423:ARAMCO
4397:fatwas
4374:Jeddah
4354:Sunnah
4334:mawlid
4293:sharia
4212:Hadith
4206:Qur'an
4153:Hadith
4147:Qur'an
4119:Sunnah
4090:Taqlid
4068:sharia
4036:Hadith
4030:Qur'an
4025:Taqlid
4006:Sunnah
3990:Taqlid
3963:Bid'ah
3900:Taqlid
3893:Taqlid
3880:Sunnah
3874:Qur'an
3869:Tawhid
3864:Ibadah
3845:takfir
3837:takfir
3833:takfir
3824:Takfir
3819:Muslim
3799:Tawhid
3795:Tawhid
3702:Tawhid
3696:Tawhid
3670:Athari
3601:Qur'an
3592:Bhopal
3582:Athari
3553:Taqlid
3536:Athari
3527:aqāʾid
3521:Tawhīd
3497:hadith
3491:Qur'an
3478:Athari
3454:hadith
3445:Takfir
3429:hadith
3400:bid'ah
3394:madhab
3389:fatwas
3374:Hadith
3371:, the
3368:Qur'an
3343:Syrian
3207:Syrian
3117:Arabic
3040:Bhopal
3029:taqlid
3022:, and
2969:Sharia
2960:Sunnah
2939:Hadith
2933:Qur'an
2896:Bengal
2876:Fulani
2823:Medina
2730:hadith
2720:bid'ah
2687:reform
2632:Tawhid
2626:'Aqida
2611:taqlid
2527:Ibaadi
2504:Salafi
2447:)". A
2352:Wahabi
2344:Punjab
2340:Bengal
2313:, the
2303:reform
2297:, the
2218:hadith
2212:Qur'an
2152:Tawhid
2137:Arabic
2116:exonym
1967:Taqlid
1961:bidʻah
1868:Arabic
1763:Medina
1738:Farahi
1614:Jariri
1607:Laythi
1600:Thawri
1593:Awza'i
1586:Zahiri
1578:Others
1561:Maliki
1556:Hanafi
1543:Sunni
1526:Uthman
1481:Prayer
1456:Sahaba
1441:Angels
700:Sharia
598:Takfir
305:Manhaj
18688:Sudan
18495:Texts
18448:Jihad
18279:Hamas
17685:Hadas
17580:Ummah
17564:Shura
17293:[
17092:. In
16998:S2CID
16770:. In
16607:(PDF)
16306:(PDF)
16175:(PDF)
16143:(PDF)
15841:16–17
15640:S2CID
15446:(PDF)
15435:(PDF)
15417:(PDF)
15406:(PDF)
15310:(PDF)
15301:(1).
15295:(PDF)
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