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his admiration for Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani, a revered Sufi saint. Ibn
Taymiyyah praised Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani for his adherence to the Sharia (Islamic law) and his deep spirituality, considering him a model of the correct practice of Sufism . Ibn Taymiyyah's writings reflect a balanced approach to Sufism. In his "Majmu' al-Fatawa," he acknowledges the importance of Tasawwuf when practiced in alignment with the Qur'an and Sunnah. He wrote about the legitimate spiritual practices that lead to purification of the soul (tazkiyah) and the cultivation of sincerity (ikhlas). Ibn Taymiyyah distinguished between genuine Sufi practices and those he considered deviations. For instance, he was critical of certain ecstatic utterances (shath) and practices he viewed as departures from orthodox Islam, but he appreciated the works of early Sufis like Junayd al-Baghdadi and Abdul Qadir Jilani who maintained a firm grounding in Sharia. Moreover, Ibn Taymiyyah himself was buried in a Sufi cemetery, which signifies his recognition and respect within the broader Sufi community . His respect for genuine Sufism is evident in his admiration for Abdul Qadir Jilani, whose teachings emphasized the importance of Sharia compliance along with spiritual devotion . This reverence is not merely theoretical; Ibn Taymiyyah's students and followers, such as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, also echoed his views, furthering the integration of Sufi spirituality with orthodox Islamic practice . Thus, Ibn Taymiyyah’s approach to Sufism was one of reform rather than outright rejection. He supported Sufi practices that stayed true to Islamic principles and critiqued those that strayed. This balanced perspective is crucial for understanding his relationship with Tasawwuf and dispelling the notion that he was entirely against Sufism .
2583:. Many scholars have argued that Ibn Taymiyya did not enjoy popularity among the intelligentsia of his day. Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed assert that he was a minority figure in his own times and the centuries that followed. Caterina Bori goes further, arguing that despite popularity Ibn Taymiyya may have enjoyed among the masses, he appears to have been not merely unpopular among the scholars of his day, but somewhat of an embarrassment. Khalid El-Rouayheb notes similarly that Ibn Taymiyya had "very little influence on mainstream Sunni Islam until the nineteenth century" and that he was "a little-read scholar with problematic and controversial views." He also comments "the idea that Ibn Taymiyya had an immediate and significant impact on the course of Sunni Islamic religious history simply does not cohere with the evidence that we have from the five centuries that elapsed between his death and the rise of Sunni revivalism in the modern period." It was only since the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries that the scholarly influence of Ibn Taymiyya has come to acquire an unprecedented prominence in Muslim societies, due to the efforts of Islamic revivalists like
1521:(legal verdict) on Assaf al-Nasrani, a Christian cleric who was accused of insulting Muhammad. He accepted the invitation and delivered his fatwa, calling for the man to receive the death penalty. Despite the fact that public opinion was very much on Ibn Taymiyya's side, the Governor of Syria attempted to resolve the situation by asking Assaf to accept Islam in return for his life, to which he agreed. This resolution was not acceptable to Ibn Taymiyya who then, together with his followers, protested against it outside the governor's palace, demanding that Assaf be put to death, on the grounds that any person—Muslim or non-Muslim—who insults Muhammad must be killed. His unwillingness to compromise, coupled with his attempt to protest against the governor's actions, resulted in him being punished with a prison sentence, the first of many such imprisonments which were to come. The French orientalist
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in interpretation of scriptural evidences, with later works focusing on refutation of Greek logic, questioning the prevalent practices of the time, and anti-Christian and anti-Shia polemics. Ibn
Taymiyya's total works have not all survived and his extant works of 35 volumes are incomplete. The ascendancy of scholastic interest in his medieval treatises would recommence through the gradual efforts by 18th-century Islamic reform movements. Salafi theologians of Syria, Iraq, and Egypt of the late 19th and early 20th centuries would edit, publish, and mass-circulate many of his censured manuscripts among the Muslim public, making Ibn Taymiyya the most-read classical Islamic theologian in the world; however, as his scholarly impact increased, dissensions and altercations over Ibn Taymiyya's viewpoints continue to escalate.
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the religious and political authorities in Syria and Egypt. He was arrested and released several more times, but while he was in prison, he was allowed to write Fatwas (advisory opinions on matters of law) in defense of his beliefs. Despite the controversy that surrounded him, Ibn
Taymiyya's influence grew and it spread from Hanbali circles to members of other Sunni legal schools and Sufi groups. Among his foremost students were Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), a leading medieval historian and a Quran commentator, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya (d. 1350), a prominent Hanbali jurist and a theologian who helped spread his teacher's influence after his teacher's death in 1328. Ibn Taymiyya died while he was a prisoner in the citadel of Damascus and he was buried in the city's Sufi cemetery.
1529:" Ibn Taymiyya, together with the help of his disciples, continued with his efforts against what, "he perceived to be un-Islamic practices" and to implement what he saw as his religious duty of commanding good and forbidding wrong. Yahya Michot says that some of these incidences included: "shaving children's heads", leading "an anti-debauchery campaign in brothels and taverns", hitting an atheist before his public execution, destroying what was thought to be a sacred rock in a mosque, attacking astrologers and obliging "deviant Sufi Shaykhs to make public acts of contrition and adhere to the Sunnah." Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples used to condemn wine sellers and they would attack wine shops in Damascus by breaking wine bottles and pouring them onto the floor.
1514:, "the real reasons were more trivial". Michot stated five reasons as to why Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned by the Mamluk government, they being: not complying with the "doctrines and practices prevalent among powerful religious and Sufi establishments, an overly outspoken personality, the jealousy of his peers, the risk to public order due to this popular appeal and political intrigues." Baber Johansen stated that the reasons for Ibn Taymiyya's incarcerations were, "as a result of his conflicts with Muslim mystics, jurists, and theologians, who were able to persuade the political authorities of the necessity to limit Ibn Taymiyya's range of action through political censorship and incarceration."
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allowed to remarry that person until and if that person marries and divorces another person. Only then could the man, who took the oath, remarry his previous wife. Ibn
Taymiyya accepted this but rejected the validity of three oaths taken under one sitting to count as three separate divorces as long as the intention was not to divorce. Moreover, Ibn Taymiyya was of the view that a single oath of divorce uttered but not intended, also does not count as an actual divorce. He stated that since this is an oath much like an oath taken in the name of God, a person must expiate for an unintentional oath in a similar manner.
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2334:. However, almost every modern Muslim nation-state has come to adopt Ibn Taymiyya's position on this issue of divorce. At the time he issued the fatwa, Ibn Taymiyya revived an edict by the sultan not to issue fatwas on this issue but he continued to do so, saying, "I cannot conceal my knowledge". As in previous instances, he stated that his fatwa was based on the Qur'an and hadith. His view on the issue was at odds with the Hanbali position. This proved controversial among the people in Damascus as well as the Islamic scholars who opposed him on the issue.
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3249:(ignorance)." The authors further state that his two famous students, Ibn Qayyim and Ibn Kathir, agreed with this ruling. He called for a defensive jihad to mobilize the people to kill the Mongol rulers and any one who supported them, Muslim or non-Muslim. Ibn Taymiyya when talking about those who support the Mongols said, "Everyone who is with them (Mongols) in the state over which they rule has to be regarded as belonging to the most evil class of men. He is either an atheist (
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2146:, during the proceedings. The scholars suggested that he accept that his creed was simply that of the Hanbalites and offered this as a way out of the charge. However, if Ibn Taymiyya ascribed his creed to the Hanbali school of law then it would be just one view out of the four schools which one could follow rather than a creed everybody must adhere to. Uncompromising, Ibn Taymiyya maintained that it was obligatory for all scholars to adhere to his creed.
2188:, his views on divine attributes, specifically whether a direction could be attributed to God, were debated by the Indian scholar Safi al-Din al-Hindi, in the presence of Islamic judges. Ibn Taymiyya failed to convince the judges of his position and so was incarcerated for the charge of anthropomorphism on the recommendation of al-Hindi. Thereafter, he together with his two brothers were imprisoned in the Citadel of the Mountain (
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3253:) or a hypocrite who does not believe in the essence of the religion of Islam. This means that he (only) outwardly pretends to be Muslim or he belongs to the worst class of all people who are the people of the bida` (heretical innovations)." Yahya Mochet says that, Ibn Taymiyya's call to war was not simply to cause a "rebellion against the political power in place" but to repel an "external enemy".
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1585:. Ibn Taymiyya believed that the Alawites were "more heretical than Jews and Christians", and according to Carole Hillenbrand, the confrontation with the Alawites occurred because they "were accused of collaborating with Christians and Mongols." Ibn Taymiyya had further active involvements in campaigns against the Mongols and their alleged Alawite allies.
2253:. He was freed when al-Nasir Muhammad retook the position of sultan on March 4, 1310. Having returned to Cairo a week later, he was received by al-Nasir. The sultan would sometimes consult Ibn Taymiyya on religious affairs and policies during the rest of his three-year stay in Cairo. During this time he continued to teach and wrote his famous book Al-
3081:) against a Muslim who does not obey Islam. But at the same time Ibn Taymiyya maintained that no one can question anothers faith and curse them as based on one's own desire, because faith is defined by God and the prophet. He said, rather than cursing or condemning them, an approach should be taken where they are educated about the religion.
3155:, as "Ibn Taymiyya and His children". Yossef Rapoport, a reader in Islamic history at Queen Mary, however, says this is not a probable narrative. Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual tradition and ideas such as his emphasis on the revival of pristine ideals and practices of early generations also made an intense impact on the leading ideologue of
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dirhams, and his skullcap fetched a full 500." A few mourners sought and succeeded in "drinking the water used for bathing his corpse." His tomb received "pilgrims and sightseers" for 600 years. His resting place is now "in the parking lot of a maternity ward", though as of 2009 its headstone was broken, according to author
1925:—among commanders of the military and non-commanders, their ruling is the same as theirs, and they have apostatized from the laws . If the righteous forbears have called the withholders from charity apostates despite their fasting, praying, and not fighting the Muslims, how about those who became murderers of the
3341:. The participants of the Mardin conference also rejected the categorization of the world into different domains of war and peace, stating that the division was a result of the circumstances at the time. The participants further stated that the division has become irrelevant with the existence of nation states.
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He incurred the wrath of some Shāfiʿī and other ʿulamāʿ (religious scholars) and theologians for some of his teachings on theology and law. He was persecuted and imprisoned in Syria and Egypt, for his tashbīh (anthropomorphism), several of his rulings derived through ijtihād (independent reason), and
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Ibn
Taymiyyah, often perceived as a critic of Sufism, had a more nuanced view than is commonly understood. While he critiqued certain practices he deemed innovations (bid'ah), he was an admirer of the spiritual path when it adhered to the foundational principles of Islam. A notable example of this is
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Aḥmad Taqī al-Dīn Ibn
Taymiyya, whose like has not been seen in mastery of both the traditional and rational sciences and in the power of argument. Egypt and India have revived his books and the books of his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, after a time when they were only available in Najd. Now, they
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When the
Mongols invaded Syria in 1300, he was among those who called for a Jihad against them and he ruled that even though they had recently converted to Islam, they should be considered unbelievers. He went to Egypt in order to acquire support for his cause and while he was there, he got embroiled
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was a blameworthy religious innovation. For this, Ibn
Taymiyya, was imprisoned in the Citadel of Damascus sixteen years later on July 18, 1326, aged 63, along with his student Ibn Qayyim. The sultan also prohibited him from issuing any further fatwas. Hanbali scholar Ahmad ibn Umar al-Maqdisi accused
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Ibn
Taymiyya had a simple life, most of which he dedicated to learning, writing, and teaching. He never married nor did he have a female companion throughout his years. Professor Al-Matroudi stated that this may be why he was able to engage fully with the political affairs of his time without holding
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says Ibn
Taymiyya produced some 700 works in the field of Islamic sciences. His scholarly output has been described as immense with a wide scope and its contents "bear the marks of brilliant insights hastily jotted down". In his early life, his work was mostly based on theology and the use of reason
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and others who put the religion of Islam similar to the religion of the Jews and Christians, and claiming that these are all ways to Allah.. Then among them are those who choose the religion of the Jews or Christians, and those who choose the religion of the Muslims. This phenomenon is increasing in
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Make sure you do not listen to what is in the books of Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and other such people who have taken their own whim as their God, and who have been led astray by God, and whose hearts and ears have been sealed, and whose eyes have been covered by Him... May
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In 1313, the Sultan allowed Ibn Taymiyya to return to Damascus, where he worked as a teacher and a jurist. He had supporters among the powerful, but his outspokenness and his nonconformity to traditional Sunni doctrines and his denunciation of Sufi ideals and practices continued to draw the wrath of
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when intercession in his view would be possible. At the time, the people did not restrict intercession to just the Day of Judgement but rather they said it was allowed in other cases. Due to this, Ibn Taymiyya, now aged 45, was ordered to appear before the Shafi'i judge Badr al-Din in March 1308 and
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upon Muslims to fight the Mongol armies to death, inflict a massive defeat and expel them from Syria in its entirety. Ibn Taymiyya also spoke to and encouraged the Governor of Damascus, al-Afram, to achieve victory over the Mongols. He became involved with al-Afram once more, when he was sent to get
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when they made an oath of allegiance to him as follows; "to obey within obedience to God, even if the one giving the order is unjust; to abstain from disputing the authority of those who exert it; and to speak out the truth, or take up its cause without fear in respect of God, of blame from anyone."
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at the Mardin conference argued that Ibn Taymiyya's famous fatwa about the residents of Mardin when it was under the control of the Mongols was misprinted into an order to "fight" the people living under their territory, whereas the actual statement is, "The Muslims living therein should be treated
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According to the scholars of the time, an oath of divorce counted as a full divorce and they were also of the view that three oaths of divorce taken under one occasion counted as three separate divorces. The significance of this was, that a man who divorces the same partner three times is no longer
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Ibn Taymiyya's own relationship, as a religious scholar, with the ruling apparatus was not always amicable. It ranged from silence to open rebellion. On occasions when he shared the same views and aims as the ruling authorities his contributions were welcomed, but when Ibn Taymiyya went against the
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During his imprisonment, he encountered opposition from the Maliki and Shafi'i Chief Justices of Damascus, Taḳī al-Dīn al-Ikhnāʾī. He remained in prison for over two years and ignored the sultan's prohibition, by continuing to deliver fatwas. During his incarceration Ibn Taymiyya wrote three works
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His denouncement of both the (high-church) ʿulamāʾ of the rival theological schools—particularly the Ash'aris, even as he muddied the waters by calling them anachronistic names such as 'Jahmis' after the heterodox theologian Jahm Ibn Safwan (d. 745)—and (low-church) folk religion steeped in local
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Oliver Leaman says that being deprived of the means of writing led to Ibn Taymiyya's death. It is reported that two hundred thousand men and fifteen to sixteen thousand women attended his funeral prayer. Ibn Kathir says that in the history of Islam, only the funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal received a
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What might be referred to as 'proto-Salafism', or creedal Salafism (al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādīyya), became emblematic in the scholarship of the fourteenth-century imam Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Halim al-Harrani (1263–1328)—better known by his matronymic Ibn Taymiyya—the most important medieval
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He fell ill in early September 1328 and died at the age of 65, on September 26 of that year, whilst in prison at the Citadel of Damascus. Once this news reached the public, there was a strong show of support for him from the people. After the authorities had given permission, it is reported that
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After his release in Damascus, the doubts regarding his creed seemed to have resolved but this was not the case. A Shafii scholar, Ibn al-Sarsari, was insistent on starting another hearing against Ibn Taymiyya which was held once again at the house of the Governor of Damascus, Al-Afram. His book
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The circle surrounding the paradigmatic proto-Salafi scholar Ibn Taymiyya and his influential disciple Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) played a central role among them. Ibn Taymiyya's theology,.. passionately opposed and polemicized against the Murjiʾite views of other Sunnis, particularly
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The reputation and stature of Ibn Taymiyya amongst non-Ḥanbalī Sunni scholars would significantly improve between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. From a little-read scholar considered controversial by many, he would become one of the most popular scholarly figures in the Sunni religious
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Ash'ari's and Ibn Taymiyya, "People are divided into two factions over the question of Ibn Taymiyya; for until the present, the latter has retained admirers and disciples in Syria and Egypt." Both his supporters and rivals grew to respect Ibn Taymiyya because he was uncompromising in his views.
3441:. "Far from saying has no place in Islam", Ibn Taymiyya was on the whole "sympathetic" towards what everyone at the time considered an important aspect of Islamic life. Various scholars have also asserted that Ibn Taymiyya had a deep reverence and appreciation for the works of such major Sufi
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university says that Ibn Taymiyya, "was perhaps the most eminent and influential Hanbali jurist of the Middle Ages and one of the most prolific among them. He was also a renowned scholar of Islam whose influence was felt not only during his lifetime but extended through the centuries until the
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Ibn Taymiyya is said to have "spent a lifetime objecting to tomb veneration, only to cast a more powerful posthumous spell than any of his Sufi contemporaries." On his death, his personal effects were in such demand "that bidders for his lice-killing camphor necklace pushed its price up to 150
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Due to his views and also by not abiding to the sultan's letter two years before forbidding him from issuing a fatwa on the issue, three council hearings were held, in as many years (1318, 1319 and 1320), to deal with this matter. The hearing were overseen by the Viceroy of Syria, Tankiz. This
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so that they could preserve their strength. Within two days the Mongols were severely crushed and the battle was won; thus ending Mongol control of Syria. These incidents greatly increased the scholarly prestige and social stature of Ibn Taymiyya amongst the masses, despite opposition from the
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who do not adhere to the Law of Islam is obligated even if they are not of harm to the people living in the cities, then how about these people? Yes, it is required to exhibit the laws in fighting them.. They call to the religion of Islam and praise the religion of these disbelievers over the
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of Iran, to plead clemency. By early January 1300, the Mongol allies, the Armenians and Georgians, had caused widespread damage to Damascus and they had taken Syrian prisoners. The Mongols effectively occupied Damascus for the first four months of 1303. Most of the military had fled the city,
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held prominent positions within the Islamic scholarly community in both Syria and Egypt, and they held a certain position on the divine attributes of God. Ibn Taymiyya in his book strongly disagreed with their views and this heavy opposition to the common Ash'ari position, caused considerable
2127:, caused him trouble with the authorities. Ibn Taymiyya adopted the view that God should be described as he was literally described in the Qur'an and in the hadith, and that all Muslims were required to believe this because according to him it was the view held by the early Muslim community (
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A few years later in 1296, he took over the position of one of his teachers (Zayn al-Din Ibn al-Munadjdjaal), taking the post of professor of Hanbali jurisprudence at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, the oldest such institution of this tradition in Damascus. This is seen by some to be the peak of his
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by the end of December 1299. Fearful of Mongol atrocities, many scholars, intellectuals and officers began to flee Damascus in panic. Ibn Taymiyya was one of those clerics who stood firm alongside the vulnerable Damascus citizens and called for an uncompromising and heroic resistance to the
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as well as an Islamic political activist. In his efforts he was persecuted and imprisoned on six occasions with the total time spent inside prison coming to over six years. Other sources say that he spent over twelve years in prison. His detentions were due to the pushback from the clerical
1063:, constitute the most popular classical reference for later Salafi movements. Throughout his treatises, Ibn Taymiyya asserted there is no contradiction between reason and revelation, and denounced the usage of philosophy as a pre-requisite in seeking religious truth. As a cleric who viewed
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Two separate councils were held a year later on January 22 and 28, 1306. The first council was in the house of the Governor of Damascus Aqqush al-Afram, who had protected him the year before when facing the Shafii scholars. A second hearing was held six days later where the Indian scholar
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Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad (d. 1328)... Tied Islam to politics and state formation... Issued fatwas against the Mongols as unbelievers at heart despite public claims to be Muslim... His authority has been used by some twentieth-century Islamist groups to declare jihad against ruling
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understandings of Sufism, earned him the authorities' wrath. He was imprisoned on charges of corporealism (tajsīm) and likening the attributes of God to those of His creation (tashbīḥ), a dual charge that his followers from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) onwards have also faced.
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In 1298, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his explanation for the ayat al-mutashabihat (the unclear verses of the Qur'an) titled Al-`Aqidat al-Hamawiyat al-Kubra (The creed of the great people of Hama). The book is about divine attributes and it served as an answer to a question from the city of
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the population included many Muslims. Believing Mardin was neither the domain of Islam, as Islam was not legally applied with an armed forces consisting of Muslims, nor the domain of war because the inhabitants were Muslim, Ibn Taymiyya created a new "composite" category, known as
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found him innocent of all charges and accepted that his creed was in line with the "Qur'an and the Sunnah". Regardless, in April 1306 the chief Islamic judges of the Mamluk state declared Ibn Taymiyya guilty and he was incarcerated. He was released four months later in September.
3068:; and the domain of war (dar al-harb) which is territory under the rule of unbelievers who are involved in an active or potential conflict with the domain of Islam. (Ibn Taymiyya included a fourth. When the Mongols, whom he considered unbelievers, took control of the city of
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was questioned on his stance regarding intercession. Thereafter, he was incarcerated in the prison of the judges in Cairo for some months. After his release, he was allowed to return to Syria, should he so wish. Ibn Taymiyya however stayed in Egypt for a further five years.
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in the Kasrawan region of the Lebanese mountains where they were defeated. The majority of the Alawis and Ismailis eventually converted to Twelver Shiism and settled in south Lebanon and the Bekaa valley, with a few Shia pockets that survived in the Lebanese mountains.
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which in some ways is similar to dar al-kufr (domain of unbelievers). Included in his verdict was declaring the Mongol ruler Ghazan and other Mongols who did not accept shari'a in full, as unbelievers. He was also asked whether Muslims living in Mardin had to emigrate
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A polarizing figure in his own times and the centuries that followed, Ibn Taymiyya has emerged as one of the most influential medieval scholars in late modern Sunni Islam. He is also noteworthy for engaging in fierce religious polemics that attacked various schools of
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outright as erroneous. While "the popular image of Ibn Taymiyya ... that he Sufism indiscriminately ... deadly against the Sufis, and ... no place for Sufism in Islam," it is historically known, according to the same scholar, that Ibn Taymiyya actually considered
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larger attendance. This is also mentioned by Ibn `Abd al-Hadi. Caterina Bori says that, "In the Islamic tradition, wider popular attendance at funerals was a mark of public reverence, a demonstration of the deceased's rectitude, and a sign of divine approbation."
3264:. He also took issue with their non-religious approach to dealing with various communities such as Christians, Jews, Buddhists, etc. and employing a large chunk of their armies with non-Muslims. Citing these and various other reasons, Ibn Taymiyya pronounced:
2721:. So it is difficult to find a man in the whole world who possesses the qualities of Ibn Taimiyya. No one can come anywhere near him in the force of his speech and writing. People who harassed him did not possess even one-tenth of his scholarly excellence...
1329:. He also studied mathematics, algebra, calligraphy, speculative theology, philosophy, history, and heresiography. With the knowledge he gained from history and philosophy, he set to refute the prevalent philosophical discourses of his time, one of which was
2952:, Ibn Taymiyya is their exemplar scholar who revived the methodology of the Salaf, and also a social reformer who defiantly stood against foreign occupation. Today, Salafi Muslims constitute the most avid readers and promoters of the works of Ibn Taymiyya.
2709:)... He excelled in intelligence and brilliance. He argued in defence of Ahl al-Sunnah with great eloquence and force. No innovation or irreligious act is reported about him... there is not a single matter on which he is without his defence based on the
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Our assessment of Ibn Taimiyya after full investigation is that he was a scholar of the 'Book of God' and had full command over its etymological and juristic implications. He remembered by heart the traditions of the prophet and accounts of elders
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Ibn Taymiyya continued to face troubles for his views which were found to be at odds with those of his contemporaries. His strong opposition to what he believed to be religious innovations, caused upset among the prominent Sufis of Egypt including
2638:(d. 770/1369) famously wrote a work questioning Ibn Taymiyya's mental state. The possibility of psychological abnormalities not with-standing, Ibn Taymiyya's personality, by multiple accounts, was fiery and oftentimes unpredictable. The historian
1309:. Serajul Haque says, based on this, Ibn Taymiyya started to hear hadith from the age of five. One of Ibn Taymiyya's teachers was the first Hanbali Chief Justice of Syria, Shams al-Din al-Maqdisi, who held the newly created position instituted by
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Many of Ibn Taymiyya's books are thought to be lost. Their existence is only known through various reports written by scholars throughout history as well as some treatises written by Ibn Taymiyya himself. One particularly notable lost work is
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with their lives and wealth is prohibited upon them and it is required to abstain from that from whatever route possible.. if that is not possible except by undertaking migration, then it is obligatory... It is not of the category of the
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According to Nettler and Kéchichian, Ibn Taymiyya affirmed that Jihad against the Mongols, "was not only permissible but obligatory because the latter ruled not according to Sharīʿah but through their traditional, and therefore manmade,
3537:(1905–1983) have argued that such portrayals of Ibn Taymiyya are flawed inasmuch as they are often borne of a limited reading of the theologian's substantial corpus of works, many of which have not yet been translated from the original
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criticised Ibn Taymiyya for "contradicting the consensus of the Muslims by his anthropomorphism, by his claims that accidents exist in God, by suggesting that God was speaking in time, and by his belief in the eternity of the world."
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In the 21st century, Ibn Taymiyya is one of the most cited medieval authors and his treatises are regarded to be of central intellectual importance by several Islamic revivalist movements. Ibn Taymiyya's disciples, consisting of both
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Personally pious Muslims affiliated with the Mongol armies. Ibn Taymiyya harshly rebuked these people as the "most evil" faction; and argued that their piety was useless because of their decision to ally with non-Muslims who ruled by
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Hoover, J. (2018). Ibn Taymiyya's use of Ibn Rushd to refute the incorporealism of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. In A. Al Ghouz (Ed.), Islamic Philosophy from the 12th till the 14th Century (469-492). Goettingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck &
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Ibn Taymiyya's secular studies led him to devote attention to the Arabic language and literature by studying Arabic grammar and lexicography under Ali ibn Abd al-Qawi al-Tufi. He went on to master the famous book of Arabic grammar
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according to their rights as Muslims, while the non-Muslims living there outside of the authority of Islamic Law should be treated according to their rights." They have based their understanding on the original manuscript in the
3037:. Ibn Taymiyya's other major theological mission was to re-assert the primacy of armed jihad in Islamic faith, which played a major role in shaping future militant interpretations of Islam. Along with total, literal adherence to
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Despite political pressure, Ibn Taymiyya's directives were heeded by the Mamluk officer and Mongol negotiations to surrender the Citadel stalled. Shortly after, Ibn Taymiyya and a number of his acolytes and pupils took part in a
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the medieval theologian and proto-Salafi Ibn Taymiyya was a critic of Ash'arism. He argued that the approach relied too heavily on philosophy. Instead, he advocated an approach that looked to the Salaf for guidance on correct
2651:'s views towards Ibn Taymiyya were ambivalent. His praise of Ibn Taymiyya is invariably qualified with criticism and misgivings and he considered him to be both a "brilliant Shaykh" and also "cocky" and "impetuous". The
2620:
Ibn Taymiyya is a servant whom God has forsaken, led astray, made blind and deaf, and degraded. Such is the explicit verdict of the leading scholars who have exposed the rottenness of his ways and the errors of his
1888:. The reason being that the Mongols could not, in his opinion, be true Muslims despite the fact that they had converted to Sunni Islam because they ruled using what he considered 'man-made laws' (their traditional
3309:
has overtaken their thought... The viziers who spread the views of their leader ultimately lead them into the aforementioned class , they become these Philosopher Jews, ascribing to Islam what they have of their
2755:
Ibn Taymiyya's works served as an inspiration for later Muslim scholars and historical figures, who have been regarded as his admirers or disciples. In the contemporary world, he may be considered at the root of
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Several of Ibn Taymiyya's students became notable scholars in their own right. His students came from different backgrounds and belonged to various different schools of thought. The most well-known of them are
1809:
The second invasion lasted between October 1300 and January 1301. Ibn Taymiyya at this time began giving sermons on jihad at the Umayyad mosque. As the civilians began to flee in panic; Ibn Taymiyya pronounced
1258:
In 1269, Ibn Taymiyya, aged seven, left Harran together with his father and three brothers; however, the city was completely destroyed by the ensuing Mongol invasion. Ibn Taymiyya's family moved and settled in
1194:تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس أَحْمَد بْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن مُحَمَّد بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن إِبْرَاهِيم بْن عَلِيّ بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
3182:, they behaved unjustly with their subjects so the people of Mardin asked Ibn Taymiyya for a legal verdict regarding the classification of the territory under which they live. He categorized the territory as
7885:(died 1792), who took his ideas from Ibn Taymiyya's writings. Ibn Taymiyya also influenced various reform movements that have posed the problem of reformulating traditional ideologies by a return to sources.
2698:, became a hub of intellectual life in the country, and the ideas developed there quickly spread to wider academic circles. Making a powerful defense of Ibn Taymiyya and his doctrines, Shah Waliullah wrote:
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2249:. His reign, marked by economical and political unrest, only lasted a year. In August 1309, Ibn Taymiyya was taken into custody and placed under house arrest for seven months in the new sultan's palace in
4213:
1951:
in their use of violence against other Muslims whom they deemed as apostates. In his legal verdicts issued to inform the populace, Ibn Taymiyya classified the Tatars and their advocates into four types:
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What might be referred to as 'proto-Salafism', or creedal Salafism (al-salafiyya al iʿtiqādīyya), became emblematic in the scholarship of the fourteenth-century imam Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Halim
3136:, etc. drew upon these revolutionary ideas to justify armed Jihad against the contemporary nation-states. Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on Alawites as "more infidel than Christians and Jews" has been recited by
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was held in the citadel by scholar Muhammad Tammam, and a second was held in the mosque. A third and final funeral prayer was held by Ibn Taymiyya's brother, Zain al-Din. He was buried in Damascus, in
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of His messenger and follows the ruling of a ruler which contravenes a ruling of God and his messenger, he is a renegade, an unbeliever who deserves to be punished in this world and in the hereafter."
1381:
After his father died in 1284, he took up the then vacant post as the head of the Sukkariyya madrasa and began giving lessons on Hadith. A year later he started giving lessons, as chair of the Hanbali
3147:
Ibn Taymiyya's role in the Islamist movements of the twentieth and twenty first century have also been noted by the previous Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State,
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Three years after his arrival in the city, Ibn Taymiyya became involved in efforts to deal with the increasing Shia influence amongst Sunni Muslims. An agreement had been made in 1316 between the
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The most voluminous and vociferous intellectual opposition to the use of philosophical argumentation to establish religious doctrine was to come in the writings of Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymīyyah..
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Another concept attributed to Ibn Taymiyya is, "the duty to oppose and kill Muslim rulers who do not implement the revealed law (shari'a). Based on this doctrine, Ibn Taymiyya excommunicated the
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movements. The common understanding of his ideas have been filtered through the bits and pieces of his statements that have been misappropriated by alleged supporters and avowed critics alike."
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and his deputy attended the open meeting. Ibn Taymiyya was found innocent. Despite the open meeting, objections regarding his creed continued and he was summoned to the Citadel in Cairo for a
2204:, but he was not allowed to go back to Syria. He was then again summoned for a legal debate, but this time he convinced the judges that his views were correct and he was allowed to go free.
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broke new Islamic legal ground because "no jurist had ever before issued a general authorization for the use of lethal force against Muslims in battle", and would later influence modern-day
2346:. He was released about five months and 18 days later, on February 9, 1321, by order of the Sultan Al-Nasir. Ibn Taymiyya was reinstated as teacher of Hanbali law and he resumed teaching.
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he saw take place there. Ibn Taymiyya represented the Hanbali school of thought during this time. The Hanbali school was seen as the most traditional school out of the four legal systems (
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Identifying him, especially in regards to his comprehensive view, as a true philosopher, they describe him as an equal to or even superseding the most famous medieval Muslim philosophers.
3041:, he held that waging martial jihad was an Islamic religious obligation for all Muslims, when under foreign invasion. These ideas would be readily embraced in the 20th century by various
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1298:, as well as the works of his own grandfather, Majd al-Din. His study of jurisprudence was not limited to the Hanbali tradition, as he also studied the other schools of jurisprudence.
3418:)... in his religious zeal he is determined to abolish centuries of religious truth as they had been long before they became troubled by theological and philosophical controversies."
9297:. Texts translated, annotated and presented in relation to six modern readings of the Mardin fatwa. Foreword by James Piscatori. Oxford & London: Interface Publications, 2006.
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Taqī al-Din Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
4230:
2694:
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi would become the most prominent advocate of the doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya, and profoundly transformed the religious thought in South Asia. His seminary,
2397:
Ibn Taymiyya referred to his imprisonment as "a divine blessing". During his incarceration, he wrote that, "when a scholar forsakes what he knows of the Book of God and of the
2599:
In the pre-modern era, Ibn Taymiyya was considered a controversial figure within Sunni Islam and had a number of critics during his life and in the centuries thereafter. The
2429:(d. 1240), causing him to earn the enmity of leading Sufi shaykhs in Egypt and causing him to serve another prison sentence. In 1310, he was released by the Egyptian Sultan.
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school of Islamic theology, and in 1306, he was imprisoned for more than a year. Upon his release, he condemned popular Sufi practices and he also condemned the influence of
1305:
is said to number more than two-hundred, four of whom were women. Those who are known by name amount to forty hadith teachers, as recorded by Ibn Taymiyya in his work titled
833:
3648:– a refutation of the philosophers who claim the miracles of Muhammad are merely manifestations of the strength of inherent faculties, and who claim the universe is eternal
5050:
8596:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "5: The Compiled Fatwas, the Prophetic Way against the Shiʿites, and "Islamic Governance" on the Importance of Islamic Government".
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S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "5: The Compiled Fatwas, the Prophetic Way against the Shiʿites, and "Islamic Governance" on the Importance of Islamic Government".
1246:, Harran was also well-known since the early days of Islam for its tradition of adhering to the Hanbali school, to which Ibn Taymiyya's family belonged. His grandfather,
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Rudder, Daniel; Heffelfinger, Christopher (2022). "2: The Ideology Behind Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State". In Michael A. Sheehan; Erich Marquardt; Liam Collins (eds.).
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including most of the civilians. Ibn Taymiyya however, stayed and was one of the leaders of the resistance inside Damascus and he went to speak directly to the Ilkhan,
3571:
Ibn Taymiyya left behind a considerable body of work, ranging from 350 (according to his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya) to 500 (according to his student al-Dhahabi).
2268:
He spent his last fifteen years in Damascus. Aged 50, Ibn Taymiyya returned to Damascus via Jerusalem on February 28, 1313. Damascus was now under the governorship of
1266:
In Damascus, his father served as the director of the Sukkariyya Madrasa, a place where Ibn Taymiyya also received his early education. He acquainted himself with the
3207:) is unable to practice his religion, then he must emigrate. If this is not the case, then it remains preferable but not mandatory. The helping of the enemies of the
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into distinct territories: the domain of Islam (dar al-Islam), where the rule is of Islam and sharia law is enforced; the domain of unbelief (dar-al-kufr) ruled by
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status quo, he was seen as "uncooperative", and on occasions spent much time in prison. Ibn Taymiyya's attitude towards his own rulers was based on the actions of
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religion of the Muslims,.. and they legislate in what they dispute between themselves with the legislation of the time of ignorance, not with the legislation of
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against the Ilkhanid army; leading his disciples in the field with a sword. The battle began on April 20 of that year. On the same day, Ibn Taymiyya declared a
13873:
8273:
9116:"Withholding judgment on Islamic universalism: Ibn al-Wazir (d. 840/1436) on the duration and purpose of hell-fire. In: Locating Hell in Islamic traditions"
8896:
1218:, Mamluk Sultanate to a family of traditional Hanbali scholars. He had Arab and Kurdish lineages by way of his Arab father and Kurdish mother. His father,
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movements salute Ibn Taymiyya as "the architect of Salafism", which symbolises the concept of reviving the traditions and values of the Golden Age of the
14199:
828:
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8697:
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Frank Griffel, "Al-Ghazālī at His Most Rationalist. The Universal Rule for Allegorically Interpreting Revelation. (al-Qānūn al-Kullī fī t-Ta ʾwīl)" in
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1658:" (King of Islam), a title which Ghazan took to legitimise his military campaigns, Ibn Taymiyya denounced him as an "infidel king" and issued numerous
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1458:
A strong influence on Ibn Taymiyya was the founder of the Hanbali school itself, Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Ibn Taymiyya was trained in his school by studying
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6702:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
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Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
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Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
4730:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
4619:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
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Haynes, Jeffrey; Sheikh, Naveed S. (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
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Despite the prevalent condemnations of Ibn Taymiyya outside Hanbali school during the pre-modern period, many prominent non-Hanbali scholars such as
747:
709:
2734:(d. 1914) and Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (d. 1935). Praising Ibn Taymiyya as a central and heroic Islamic figure of the classical era, Rashid Rida wrote:
1701:. Ibn Taymiyya severely rebuked those Muslims escaping in the face of Mongol onslaught and compared their state to the withdrawal of Muslims in the
2117:. He was imprisoned several times for conflicting with the prevailing opinions of the jurists and theologians of his day. A judge from the city of
1455:
Ibn Taymiyya was taught by scholars who were renowned in their time; however, there is no evidence any of them had a significant influence on him.
8001:
6950:
Saleh, Walid (2010). "Ibn Tayimiyah and the Rise of Radical Hermeneutics: An Analysis of "An Introduction to the Foundation of Quranic Exegesis".
7053:. Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. p. 11.
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tribes allied to the Mongols in the peripheral regions of the city; thereby repelling the Mongol attack. Ibn Taymiyya went with a delegation of
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9337:. Edited by Nader EL-BIZRI. Foreword by Farhad DAFTARY (Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies,
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2686:(d. 1834), etc. would come to the defense of Ibn Taymiyya and advocate his ideas during this era. In the 18th century, influential South Asian
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Ibn Taymiyya's emergence in the public and political spheres began in 1293 when he was 30 years old, when the authorities asked him to issue a
280:ٱبْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن مُحَمَّد بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن إِبْرَاهِيم بْن عَلِيّ بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه
12142:
9918:
9282:. Texts translated, annotated and introduced. With a foreword by Bruce B. LAWRENCE. Beirut & Paris: Albouraq, 2012, xxxii & 334 p. —
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4013:
9315:
Michot, Yahya. "From al-Ma'mūn to Ibn Sab'īn, via Avicenna: Ibn Taymiyya's Historiography of Falsafa", in F. OPWIS & D. REISMAN (eds.),
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A key aspect of the legacy of Ibn Taymiyya is his opposition to the two dominant schools of Sunni theology (kalam), Ashaʿrism and Maturidism
14172:
8137:
Thomas, David (2010). "Apologetic and Polemic in the letter from Cyprus and Ibn Taymiyya's al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ li-man baddala dīn al-Masīḥ".
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was still not found at fault. At the conclusion of this hearing, Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Sarsari were sent to Cairo to settle the problem.
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1369:
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7881:"He has strongly influenced modern Islam for the last two centuries. He is the source of the Wahhābīyah, a reformist movement founded by
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in defense of Ibn Taymiyya. The treatise would make great impact on major scholars of the Salafiyya movement in Syria and Egypt, such as
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2131:). Within the space of two years (1305–1306) four separate religious council hearings were held to assess the correctness of his creed.
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Aigle, Denise (2015). "12: Ghazan Khan's Invasion of Syria- Polemics on his Conversion to Islam and the Christian Troops in His Army".
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On the arrival of Ibn Taymiyya and the Shafi'ite scholar in Cairo in 1306, an open meeting was held. The Mamluk sultan at the time was
1617:
1553:, and the destruction of Harran, the birthplace of Ibn Taymiyya, for that purpose, he urged Ibn Taymiyya to call the Muslims to Jihad.
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Aigle, Denise (2015). "13: A Religious Response to Ghazan Khan's Invasions of Syria- The Three "Anti-Mongol" fatwās of Ibn Taymiyya".
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3224:. It is a third division by which the Muslim is treated according to what he deserves, and outsiders are dealt with as they deserve."
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made him a contentious figure with many rulers and scholars of the time, which caused him to be imprisoned several times as a result.
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G. Rabil, Robert (2014). "1: The Creed, Ideology, and Manhaj (Methodology) of Salafism: A Historical and Contemporaneous Framework".
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726:
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7054:
3412:, "Ibn Taymiyah protests against the abuses of philosophy and theology and advocates a return to the orthodox ways of the ancients (
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Nettler, R. and Kéchichian, J.A., 2009. Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, 2, pp.502–4.
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Taqi al-Din al-Hisni condemned Ibn Taymiyya in even stronger terms by referring to him as the "heretic from Harran" and similarly,
1896:, whilst believing that the Yassa code was better than the Sharia law. Because of this, he reasoned they were living in a state of
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2372:. It is reported that in the book "he condemned the cult of saints" and declared that traveling with the sole purpose of visiting
1313:
as part of a reform of the judiciary. Al-Maqdisi later came to give Ibn Taymiyya permission to issue legal verdicts, making him a
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and Karim al-Din al-Amuli, and the locals who started to protest against him. Their main contention was Ibn Taymiyya's stance on
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Ibn Taymiyya was a fervent polemicist who zealously launched theological refutations against various religious sects such as the
1911:
political elites and its military disbelievers in the eyes of Ibn Taymiyya; but anybody who joined their ranks were as guilty of
1480:), which is displayed in his works where he would give preference to their opinions over those of his contemporaries. The modern
1219:
468:
3116:(pre-Islamic ignorance). Thus, he is widely regarded as the "spiritual forefather" of the Salafi-Jihadist thought. 20th century
2272:. There, Ibn Taymiyya continued his teaching role as professor of Hanbali fiqh. This is when he taught his most famous student,
1713:"Until there stands even a single rock, do everything in your power to not surrender the castle. There is great benefit for the
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scholarly career. The year when he began his post at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, was a time of political turmoil. The Mamluk sultan
1250:, and his uncle, Fakhr al-Din, were both reputable scholars of the Hanbali school, and their scholarly achievements well-known.
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his wife. Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on divorce was not accepted by the majority of scholars of the time and this continued into the
546:
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Rationalism in the School of Bahrain: A Historical Perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions
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3214:
2413:(The response to al-Ikhnāʾī). The last book was an attack on Taḳī al-Dīn al-Ikhnāʾī and explained his views on saints (wali).
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3841:تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس أَحْمَد بْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
2291:, brother of Ghazan Khan, to allow a favourable policy towards Shi'ism in the city. Around the same time the Shia theologian
276:
Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh
2295:, who had played a crucial role in the Mongol ruler's decision to make Shi'ism the state religion of Persia, wrote the book
1425:." He remained faithful throughout his life to this school, whose doctrines he had mastered, but he nevertheless called for
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13197:
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3377:"hater of logic" and a strict literalist who was responsible for the demise of rationalist tendencies within the classical
2789:
2276:, who went on to become a noted scholar in Islamic history. Ibn Qayyim was to share in Ibn Taymiyya's renewed persecution.
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The first invasion took place between December 1299 and April 1300 due to the military campaign by the Mamluks against the
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in great detail, having studied it multiple times. Though he spent much of his life following this school, he renounced
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3559:: "Ibn Taymiyya remains one of the most controversial Islamic thinkers today because of his supposed influence on many
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1092:
659:
8999:"Ibn Taymiyya's Critique of Shī'ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his "Minhāj al-Sunna", by Yahya Michot,
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tradition. The nineteenth-century Iraqi scholar Khayr al-Dīn al-Ālūsī (d. 1899) wrote an influential treatise titled
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8874:. Translated by Hamori, Andras; Hamori, Ruth. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 166, 240.
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7998:"جدل فقهي بعد استعانة داعش بفتوى لابن تيمية لتبرير إحراق الكساسبة: ماذا كان موقف النبي وهل فعلها أبوبكر وعمر وعلي؟"
7332:
Ozervarli, M. Sait (2010). "The Qur'anic Rational Theology of Ibn Taymiyya and his Criticism of the Mutakallimun".
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1884:. Ibn Taymiyya declared that jihad against the Mongol attack on the Malmuk sultanate was not only permissible, but
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741:
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Yet Ibn Taymiyya remained unconvinced and issued three controversial fatwas to justify revolt against mongol rule.
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since the 1980s; and vast majority of Sunni intellectual circles adopted Ibn Taymiyya's rhetoric against Shi'ism.
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Michot, Yahya. "Misled and Misleading… Yet Central in their Influence: Ibn Taymiyya's Views on the Ikhwān al-Safā
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5637:
Bori, Caterina (2010). "Ibn Taymiyya wa-Jama`atuhu: Authority, Conflict and Consensus in Ibn Taymiyya's Circle".
3541:. According to Laoust, Ibn Taymiyya wanted to reform the practice of medieval Sufism as part of his wider aim to
3061:
1985:
1861:
1792:, a historical figure harshly rebuked by Ibn Taymiyya, mainly due to his constant state of hostility towards the
1134:
reform movement formed in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as other later Sunni scholars. Syrian Salafi theologian
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1510:, who opposed certain elements of his creed and his views on some jurisprudential issues. However, according to
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scholars and ideologues. Reviving Ibn Taymiyya's fatwas during the late 20th-century, Jihadist ideologues like
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reinforcements from Cairo. Narrating Ibn Taymiyya's fierce stance on fighting the Mongols, Ibn Kathir reports:
1650:, despite these laws being rarely enforced in Muslim majority regions in an extensive manner. Openly rejecting
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14719:
2442:
thousands of people came to show their respects. They gathered in the Citadel and lined the streets up to the
1071:
in Muslim societies, Ibn Taymiyya was also known for virulent anti-Shia polemics throughout treatises such as
15134:
14945:
14935:
14890:
14526:
11980:
11863:
11120:
10940:
9591:
3614:– a response to Christianity; seven volumes; in modern critical editions it amounts to more than 2,000 pages.
2660:
721:
10170:
9268:
Little, Donald P. "Did Ibn Taymiyya have a screw loose?", Studia Islamica, 1975, Number 41, pp. 93–111.
8295:
3548:(of which Sufism was a major aspect at the time) by divesting both these traditions of what he perceived as
1965:
Irreligious Muslims aligned with Ilkhanids whom Ibn Taymiyya analogized with renegade Arabian tribes of the
15159:
15104:
14126:
13166:
12647:
12319:
12165:
12115:
11556:
11000:
9904:
9880:
8934:
8322:
3587:
2575:
and shared his taste for activism and religious reform. Some of his unorthodox legal views in the field of
1243:
15079:
7641:
Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), 154.
1997:
establishment clergy. He would soon be appointed as the chief professor of the elite scholarly institute "
1541:
who then ruled from 1297 to 1299. Lajin desired to commission an expedition against the Christians of the
1152:
of the Mongol Ilkhanids and allowing jihad against other self-professed Muslims, were referenced by later
15139:
14498:
14290:
14272:
14225:
14204:
14158:
13794:
12684:
12548:
11896:
11210:
10720:
10697:
10692:
10602:
9644:
9308:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya's 'New Mardin Fatwa'. Is genetically modified Islam (GMI) carcinogenic?" in
8969:
Hakim Al-Matroudi, Abdul (2022). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn (1263–1328 ce)". In L. Esposito, John (ed.).
3129:
2052:
1669:
1627:
1621:
1542:
11258:
9462:
9438:
3833:
Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
3053:, etc. Scholars like Yahya Michot have noted that Ibn Taymiyya "has thus become a sort of forefather of
761:
15149:
14790:
14571:
13203:
12798:
12784:
12523:
12268:
12042:
11524:
11155:
11115:
10850:
10767:
10621:
10379:
9849:
9843:
7997:
7882:
3174:
One of Ibn Taymiyya's most famous fatwas are regarding the Mongols who had conquered and destroyed the
2368:. It dealt with the validity and permissibility of making a journey to visit the tombs of prophets and
2305:
1549:
and participated in the military campaign which lead to the destruction of Baghdad, the capital of the
1127:
634:
604:
463:
8407:
World of Faith and Freedom: Why International Religious Liberty Is Vital to American National Security
5111:
4969:
The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
3256:
In another series of fatwas, Ibn Taymiyya reiterated the religious obligation of Muslims to fight the
14995:
14805:
14116:
12750:
12468:
12119:
11881:
11105:
11010:
10985:
10835:
10579:
10369:
10270:
9720:
9499:
7514:
5747:
4293:
3591:– collected centuries after his death, and contains several of the works mentioned below; 36 volumes.
2912:
Ibn Taymiyya adamantly insisted that his theological doctrines constituted the original creed of the
1494:
1267:
731:
15124:
14028:
9452:
9428:
6547:"The Mongol Invasions of Bilād al-Shām by Ghāzān Khān and Ibn Taymīyah's Three "Anti-Mongol" Fatwas"
2454:("the cemetery of the Sufis"). His brother Sharafuddin had been buried in that cemetery before him.
44:
15154:
15119:
15084:
14985:
14336:
14131:
14121:
14111:
12881:
12401:
12015:
11634:
11205:
11135:
10516:
10329:
9885:
9875:
9870:
9169:
8412:
7542:
7020:
6825:
3603:
2123:
1247:
695:
599:
8731:. Authentic Statements Publications (published January 1, 2019). pp. Volume 11, Pages 15–20.
8569:
7886:
4211:
http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-959
4005:
3516:(religious innovations) and rejected all forms of philosophical influences, speculative theology,
2738:...after the power of the Ash‘aris reigned supreme in the Middle Ages (al-qurūn al-wusṭā) and the
978:
14622:
14531:
14454:
14019:
13983:
12008:
11966:
11821:
11436:
11225:
11130:
10960:
10915:
10781:
10419:
10057:
10032:
9691:
9388:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya's Critique of Shī'ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his
9196:'Associating with God in Islamic Thought': A Comparative Study of Muslim interpretations of shirk
9012:
Thomas E. Burmann, Foreword in Ian Christopher Levy, Rita George-Tvrtković, Donald Duclow (ed.),
5534:
2326:
In 1318, Ibn Taymiyya wrote a treatise that would curtail the ease with which a Muslim man could
2212:
1527:
al-Ṣārim al-maslūl ʿalā shātim al-Rasūl (The Drawn Sword against those who insult the Messenger).
1459:
1231:
736:
409:
10062:
9094:
7563:
From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon
5948:
State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory
4359:
All his works are full of condemnation of philosophy and yet he was a great philosopher himself.
2751:
have spread to both east and west, and will become the main support of the Muslims of the earth.
2142:. At the time Ibn Taymiyya was 42 years old. He was protected by the then Governor of Damascus,
1036:. This prompted rival clerics and state authorities to accuse Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples of
14955:
14905:
14900:
14866:
14734:
14561:
14551:
14383:
13701:
13655:
13049:
12730:
12225:
11886:
11816:
11776:
11761:
11441:
11195:
11100:
11085:
11076:
10955:
10920:
10845:
10562:
10536:
10521:
10501:
10399:
10394:
9820:
9773:
9667:
6858:
6792:
6546:
5864:
3656:— written in response to an incident in which Ibn Taymiyya heard a Christian insulting Muhammad
3560:
2675:
2487:
2273:
1774:
1418:
1350:
1106:
Within recent history, Ibn Taymiyya has been widely regarded as a major scholarly influence in
778:
716:
574:
438:
389:
9322:
Michot, Yahya. "Between Entertainment and Religion: Ibn Taymiyya's Views on Superstition", in
7942:
7936:
7650:
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part I: Scholarly Perceptions (Religion Compass, 2015), p. 105
7424:
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part I: Scholarly Perceptions (Religion Compass, 2015), p. 101
5973:
State Formation and the Structure of Politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250-1340 C.E
4160:
4044:
3802:, which was 40 volumes of Quranic exegesis that Ibn Taymiyya wrote in the prison of Damascus.
2742:
and the followers of the salaf were weakened, there appeared in the eighth century the great
14990:
14739:
14658:
13924:
13583:
12755:
12672:
12418:
12388:
11945:
11841:
11388:
11215:
10965:
10875:
10460:
10389:
9620:
7973:
7967:
7366:
7047:
From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis
5700:
5604:
5328:
4155:
Theology and Creed in Wahabi Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Wahabism
3803:
2504:
2475:
1781:
prisoners which the Mongols had taken in Syria, and after negotiation, secured their release.
813:
13624:
9344:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya's Commentary on the Creed of al-Hallâj", in A. SHIHADEH (ed.),
8561:
8404:
7913:
7012:
6850:
6817:
6784:
6294:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 135–136, 256–257, 296–298.
5856:
5526:
4152:
4036:
1588:
In 1305, Ibn Taymiyya took part in a second military offensive against the Alawites and the
15109:
15029:
15024:
14970:
14846:
14780:
14729:
14724:
14653:
14643:
13370:
12777:
12635:
12560:
12405:
12220:
12068:
11973:
11952:
11811:
11766:
11751:
11300:
11150:
11140:
11125:
10945:
10910:
10900:
10895:
10870:
10526:
10496:
10160:
10027:
10012:
9982:
9935:
9732:
9632:
9626:
5946:
K. S. Lambton, Ann (2004). "The extinction of the caliphate: Ibn Jama'a and Ibn Taymiyya".
4698:
3334:
3163:
2990:
can be attributed to Ibn Taymiyya. Ibn Taymiyya is highly revered in contemporary militant
2875:
movement as well as the Islamic reformist movement of Ibn al-Amīr Al-San’ani (d. 1768) and
2781:
2630:
2604:
2151:
2056:
1382:
927:
483:
9052:
Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary
4687:
Nettler, Ronald L. (2009). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad". In L. Esposito, John (ed.).
2764:
order and other later reformist movements. Ibn Taymiyya has been noted to have influenced
1984:
Ibn Taymiyya called on the Muslims to jihad once again and personally participated in the
8:
14930:
14861:
14841:
14800:
14277:
14242:
14037:
13804:
13604:
13375:
13106:
12983:
12622:
11922:
11848:
11190:
10840:
10654:
10511:
10280:
10201:
10052:
9927:
9855:
9697:
9585:
8562:
8405:
7045:
7013:
6818:
2731:
2522:
2390:
2343:
1706:
1291:
649:
9491:
2192:), in Cairo until September 25, 1307. He was freed due to the help he received from two
2121:, Iraq, requested that Ibn Taymiyya write a book on creed. His subsequent creedal work,
14940:
14795:
14556:
14328:
14181:
13968:
12851:
12807:
12552:
12365:
12252:
12026:
11987:
11901:
11736:
11699:
11661:
11583:
11458:
11230:
11015:
10890:
10865:
10687:
10674:
10364:
10236:
10216:
10085:
10047:
9977:
9957:
9673:
9597:
9173:
8619:
8484:
8349:
7852:
7756:
7748:
7686:
7678:
6684:
6643:
6518:
6477:
6431:
6390:
6346:
6239:
5527:
5374:
4927:
4350:
4313:
3712:
3556:
3456:
3397:
3137:
2973:
2824:
2626:
2373:
1959:(i.e, those original non-Muslims fighting in Tatar armies and who never embraced Islam)
1901:
1881:
1664:
condemning the political order of the Tatars. The Ilkhanate army managed to defeat the
1346:
1157:
1100:
982:
860:
639:
609:
335:
13944:
9381:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya on Astrology. Annotated Translation of Three Fatwas", in
7707:
Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
6661:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6620:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6495:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6454:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6408:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6367:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6323:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
4762:
Ibn Taymiyya on reason and revelation : a study of Darʾ ta'āruḍ al-ʻaql wa-l-naql
4373:
Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
3503:
2664:
58:
15074:
14856:
14775:
14699:
13994:
13960:
13904:
13147:
13086:
12993:
12701:
12565:
12414:
12360:
12256:
11891:
11858:
11786:
11781:
11741:
11729:
11714:
11694:
11595:
11571:
11397:
11220:
11060:
10995:
10349:
10255:
10180:
9808:
9685:
9319:. Studies in Honor of Dimitri Gutas (Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2012), pp. 453–475.
9298:
9283:
9246:
9227:
9185:
9148:
9100:
9031:
8976:
8906:
8875:
8832:
8807:
8782:
8757:
8732:
8650:
8623:
8609:
8573:
8540:
8515:
8488:
8474:
8441:
8416:
8380:
8355:
8253:
8228:
8203:
8202:. Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, N.Y., USA: Yale University Press. pp. 101–102.
8178:
8142:
8114:
8089:
8028:
7977:
7946:
7808:
7781:
7760:
7711:
7690:
7566:
7546:
7518:
7490:
7393:
7337:
7285:
7281:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...
7230:
7173:
7115:
7024:
6955:
6927:
6902:
6862:
6851:
6829:
6796:
6785:
6732:
6707:
6688:
6674:
6647:
6633:
6587:
6522:
6508:
6481:
6467:
6435:
6421:
6394:
6380:
6350:
6336:
6303:
6270:
6243:
6229:
6154:
6130:
6087:
6051:
6023:
5976:
5951:
5893:
5868:
5857:
5810:
5785:
5674:
5642:
5538:
5477:
5210:
5142:
5079:
5040:
5009:
4984:
4950:
4878:
4831:
4776:
4766:
4735:
4702:
4624:
4587:
4408:
4404:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...
4317:
4239:
4164:
4153:
4113:
4073:
4048:
4037:
3975:
3931:
3908:
3873:
3744:
3639:
3286:
3175:
3141:
3045:
movements and underpinned the theological justification for militancy of groups like
3042:
2941:
2793:
2671:
2331:
2296:
2197:
2177:
2064:
2024:
1904:
1745:
1550:
1342:
1138:, one of the major modern proponents of Ibn Taymiyya's works, designated him as the "
644:
541:
478:
76:
13152:
4931:
3268:"Fighting them is obligatory by consensus of the Muslims.. If fighting against the
1962:
Muslims of other ethnicities who became apostates due to their alliance with Mongols
1397:
and after returning 4 months later, he wrote his first book aged twenty nine called
15099:
15054:
14980:
14950:
14925:
14910:
14770:
14536:
14371:
12962:
12936:
12639:
12312:
12215:
12056:
11938:
11791:
11771:
11756:
11321:
10980:
10748:
10359:
10344:
10290:
10221:
10140:
10135:
9791:
9556:
9474:
9457:
9433:
9208:
9200:
9181:
8642:
8601:
8507:
8466:
7740:
7670:
7226:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia …
6666:
6625:
6500:
6459:
6413:
6372:
6328:
6295:
6262:
6221:
4919:
4694:
4664:
4305:
3425:
3374:
3329:
2679:
2418:
2327:
2292:
2233:
2232:. In his view, a person could not ask anyone other than God for help except on the
2216:
1694:
1665:
1534:
1507:
1287:
1227:
1145:
1040:, which eventually led to the censoring of his works and subsequent incarceration.
870:
379:
149:
89:
80:
8729:
Majmu Al-Fatawa Ibn Taymiyyah Regarding Life After Death And Affairs Of The Unseen
7082:
The Hanbali and Wahhabi Schools of Thought As Observed Through the Case of Ziyārah
5597:""Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics"
4309:
4070:
The Archetypal Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
2417:
in religious-political disputes. Ibn Taymiyya's enemies accused him of advocating
1569:
Once more, Ibn Taymiyya collaborated with the Mamluks in 1300, when he joined the
14965:
14960:
14915:
14376:
14361:
14356:
14032:
13919:
13506:
12856:
12841:
12803:
12770:
12745:
12659:
12606:
12507:
12502:
12478:
12392:
12295:
12242:
12237:
11724:
11627:
11622:
11605:
11566:
11506:
11463:
11270:
11200:
11005:
10753:
10175:
10150:
10095:
9767:
9638:
9478:
9221:
8535:
Youssef, Michael (1985). "11: The Link Between Muslim Brotherhood and Al-Jihad".
7892:
4217:
3969:
3848:
3836:
3526:
3460:
3452:
3421:
3405:
3204:
3148:
3133:
2969:
2937:
2853:
2803:
2785:
2777:
2691:
2593:
2509:
2201:
2143:
2060:
1825:
even if you see me on their side with a Qurʾan on my side, kill them immediately!
1481:
1338:
1330:
1189:
1111:
951:
920:
899:
808:
679:
627:
589:
557:
532:
502:
13646:
6706:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 180, 184, 189.
4110:
The Archetypal Sunni: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
3599:– four volumes; in modern critical editions it amounts to more than 2,000 pages.
3151:, who labels the chapter on the history of modern Islamic movements in his book
3094:(Islamic law); despite officially professing Islam. Ibn Taymiyya issued various
2245:
1309, the year after his release, saw a new Mamluk sultan accede to the throne,
1630:
who were allied with the Mongols. Due to the Mongol legal system that neglected
14895:
14871:
14851:
14831:
14366:
14247:
14054:
13973:
13839:
13816:
13799:
13650:
13575:
13499:
13020:
12926:
12535:
12490:
12485:
12336:
12305:
12210:
12093:
11931:
11684:
11617:
11610:
11600:
11448:
11185:
11046:
10975:
10950:
10810:
10743:
10659:
10409:
10310:
10231:
10226:
10115:
10100:
10067:
10022:
9951:
9814:
9522:
5195:
5191:
3294:
great number among them, even in their jurists and worshippers, especially the
3178:
in 1258 and had then converted to Islam. Once they were in control the town of
2443:
2356:
1736:
1702:
1386:
1374:
1223:
1161:
1005:
798:
689:
399:
287:
177:
14014:
13821:
13013:
9193:
Linhoff, Josef (2020). "III: Love, saints and shirk: Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328)".
8646:
8639:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
8511:
8504:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
7744:
6299:
6292:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
6266:
6259:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
4923:
4780:
1525:
says that during his incarceration, Ibn Taymiyya "wrote his first great work,
15018:
14785:
14709:
14683:
14617:
13978:
13908:
13888:
13850:
13474:
13459:
13223:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
13030:
12955:
12765:
12726:
12713:
12688:
12594:
12383:
12355:
12232:
12186:
12104:
11803:
11704:
11689:
11679:
11514:
11476:
11453:
11415:
11326:
11056:
11050:
11040:
11028:
10486:
10206:
10155:
10042:
10017:
10006:
9374:
of Ibn Taymiyya, with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices, Part II", in
5214:
5187:
3572:
3477:
3156:
3050:
3003:
2919:
2792:
used a fatwa of Ibn Taymiyya to justify the burning alive of Jordanian pilot
2463:
2225:
2032:
1589:
1582:
1546:
1271:
1169:
1123:
974:
855:
564:
13940:
9359:
of Ibn Taymiyya, with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices, Part I", in
7733:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
6257:
Aigle, Denise (2015). "7: Mongol Law versus Islamic Law- Myth and Reality".
3897:
Ibn Taymiyah lives up to his reputation as a fiercely polemical proto-Salafi
2932:(Islamic law) was best preserved through the teachings and practices of the
14975:
14920:
14673:
14429:
14414:
14252:
14006:
13935:
13723:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
13663:
13641:
13632:
13532:
13009:
12825:
12760:
12453:
12350:
12341:
12247:
12001:
11669:
11588:
11519:
11383:
10880:
10820:
10795:
10776:
10531:
10285:
10196:
10125:
10090:
9679:
8086:
Routledge Handbook of U.S Counterterrorism and Irregular Warfare Operations
8025:
The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Culture & Political History
7538:
7266:
Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques de Taki-d-Din Ahmad b Timiya
6127:
Lebanon Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
4095:
Makdisi, ', American Journal of Arabic Studies 1, part 1 (1973), pp. 118–28
3624:) – 11 volumes; in modern critical editions it amounts to some 4,000 pages.
3534:
3473:
3409:
3192:
3034:
2949:
2889:
2884:
2807:
2349:
2288:
2114:
2072:
1973:
1870:
of Syria by Ghazan Khan. What has been called Ibn Taymiyya's "most famous"
1761:
1726:
1647:
1522:
1511:
1422:
1283:
1173:
1096:
1068:
1025:
959:
910:
865:
803:
768:
497:
404:
110:
14607:
13673:
13171:
12791:
8641:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–305.
8605:
8470:
6670:
6629:
6610:
by Hunt Janin and Andre Kahlmeyer, McFarland and Co. Publishers, 2007 p.79
6504:
6463:
6417:
6376:
6332:
6261:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–305.
6225:
2612:
God forsake the one who follows them, and purify the earth of their likes.
1447:. An offer of an official position was made to him but he never accepted.
1172:, to justify social uprisings against the contemporary governments of the
14836:
14760:
14566:
13988:
13710:
13678:
13628:
13494:
13192:
13157:
13139:
12931:
12668:
12598:
12278:
12177:
11746:
11719:
11709:
11646:
11551:
11541:
11536:
11368:
11351:
11175:
11090:
10930:
10805:
10546:
10384:
10315:
10300:
10275:
10241:
10165:
10130:
10110:
10105:
10037:
9967:
9714:
8827:
Fakhry, Majid (2006). "Eleven: Theological Reaction and Reconstruction".
7863:
7843:
Ahmad Nizami, Khaliq (1990). "The Impact of Ibn Taymiyya on South Asia".
7731:
Bori, Caterina (2004). "A New Source for the Biography of Ibn Taymiyya".
3545:
3488:
schools as well as his creedal beliefs like three-fold classification of
3378:
3220:
3125:
3121:
3024:
3019:
against the apostate Mongol leaders and Muslim citizens who accepted the
3013:) and his assertion that it became obligatory for "true Muslims" to wage
2883:. In the nineteenth century, Taymiyyan tradition would expand across the
2876:
2837:
2773:
2765:
2683:
2635:
2584:
2118:
2048:
1789:
1651:
1235:
1135:
1008:, Ibn Taymiyya's condemnation of numerous folk practices associated with
993:
669:
654:
614:
473:
231:
9896:
9243:
The Emergence of Islam: Classical traditions in contemporary perspective
9014:
Nicholas of Cusa and Islam: Polemic and Dialogue in the Late Middle Ages
8806:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254, 413–414.
7856:
6048:
Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam Among Palestinians in Lebanon
5112:"Lessons From Islamic History: Ibn Taymiyya and the Synthesis of Takfir"
4669:
4652:
4354:
4341:
Nadvi, Syed Suleiman (2012). "Muslims and Greek Schools of Philosophy".
3907:. Liberty Plaza, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
894:
14765:
14668:
14587:
14502:
14346:
13637:
13434:
13215:
13161:
13059:
12997:
12948:
12914:
12867:
12788:
12721:
12708:
12626:
12602:
12531:
12436:
12378:
12300:
12203:
11576:
11340:
11336:
11170:
11095:
11071:
11036:
10990:
10925:
10885:
10860:
10815:
10800:
10790:
10465:
10445:
10305:
10295:
9779:
9749:
9603:
9568:
9539:
9534:
7752:
7682:
3481:
3338:
3306:
3245:
3112:
3106:
2923:
2868:
2639:
2600:
2514:
2499:
2491:
2422:
2250:
2246:
2135:
2096:
1966:
1897:
1831:
1749:
1682:
1562:
1414:
1295:
1029:
783:
684:
594:
584:
579:
458:
453:
448:
394:
239:
220:
11421:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
11280:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
9212:
9204:
4760:
2171:
1230:, near what is today the border of Syria and Turkey, currently in the
14826:
14714:
14648:
14592:
14541:
14409:
14351:
14341:
14150:
13892:
13880:
13858:
13789:
13702:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
13693:
13599:
13544:
13469:
13123:
13118:
13044:
12988:
12734:
12589:
12582:
12458:
12369:
12283:
12263:
12108:
12049:
11561:
11529:
11484:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
11372:
11250:
11165:
11160:
10970:
10935:
10830:
10825:
10506:
10414:
10404:
10374:
9785:
9755:
9399:
Michot, Yahya. "An Important Reader of al-Ghazālī: Ibn Taymiyya", in
8852:
8850:
8848:
8506:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 273.
7938:
Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820–2001
7513:, pg. 40. Part of the Contemporary issues in the Middle East series.
4983:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 182.
4949:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180.
4734:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180.
4623:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180.
4612:
3930:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 179.
3521:
3465:
3386:
3299:
3257:
3085:
3006:
2872:
2857:
reform movement that differ from other Sunnis who adhere to the four
2757:
2711:
2629:
considered Ibn Taymiyya to be an innovator though not an unbeliever.
2426:
2342:
resulted in Ibn Taymiyya being imprisoned on August 26, 1320, in the
2309:
2020:
1908:
1765:
1606:
1358:
1326:
1131:
970:
823:
674:
489:
443:
414:
13883:
9194:
8377:
Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic state
7674:
7390:
The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyya: Conflict Or Conciliation
3512:
3250:
3243:
code. This essentially meant that Mongols were living in a state of
2596:, an honorific title with which he is sometimes still termed today.
2260:, a book noted for its account of the role of religion in politics.
1402:
1401:(Rites of the Pilgrimage), in which he criticized and condemned the
1270:
of his time. His religious studies began in his early teens when he
14663:
14602:
14597:
14521:
14419:
14077:
14044:
13899:
13784:
13776:
13570:
12975:
12906:
12829:
12812:
12643:
12630:
12463:
12409:
12191:
11639:
11430:
11263:
10855:
10571:
10470:
10455:
10440:
10435:
10354:
9962:
9650:
7044:
Beranek, Ondrej; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Sohrabi, Naghmeh (ed.).
4795:"Atheism and Radical Skepticism: Ibn Taymiyya's Epistemic Critique"
4653:"Post-Salafism: Religious Revisionism in Contemporary Saudi Arabia"
3895:. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California. p. 33.
3885:
Hanafis and the followers of Ashʿarite speculative theology (kalam)
3485:
3385:(Refutation of the Rationalists); Ibn Taymiyya zealously denounced
3159:
3117:
3054:
3046:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2656:
2229:
2044:
2040:
1948:
1784:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1574:
1393:(exegesis of Qur'an). In November 1292, Ibn Taymiyya performed the
1260:
1165:
1153:
1140:
1107:
1088:
1048:
1033:
989:
880:
818:
773:
384:
116:
8845:
8591:
8589:
8065:
7665:
Little, Donald P. (1975). "Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose?".
7406:
4294:"Sectarianism and the prevalence of 'othering' in Islamic thought"
3870:
Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia
2580:
2207:
1872:
1361:. In 1282, Ibn Taymiyya completed his education at the age of 20.
1043:
Nevertheless, Ibn Taymiyya's numerous treatises that advocate for
966:
14444:
14424:
14295:
14214:
14082:
14062:
14023:
13868:
13715:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
13659:
13616:
13463:
13453:
13178:
13127:
13081:
12919:
12816:
12717:
12696:
12575:
12570:
12445:
12396:
12324:
12273:
11994:
11873:
11546:
11360:
11292:
10682:
10120:
8781:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69, 82–83.
8296:"القرضاوي: النصيريون أكفر من اليهود ولو كنت قادرا لقاتلت بالقصير"
8248:
L. Esposito, John (2002). "2: Jihad and the Struggle for Islam".
8175:
The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace
8053:
7821:
5890:
slam and Inter-Faith Relations: The Gerald Weisfeld Lectures 2006
5075:
The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace
4209:
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.
3737:
3507:
3480:
has criticised Ibn Taymiyya over his sectarian discourse against
3311:
3302:
3277:
3208:
3101:
2858:
2843:
2769:
2761:
2648:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2304:
The Way of Charisma'), which dealt with the Shia doctrine of the
2139:
2109:, etc., labelling them as heretics responsible for the crisis of
2105:
1993:
1926:
1857:
1714:
1578:
1427:
1310:
1114:. Major aspects of his teachings, such as upholding the pristine
1076:
1052:
1013:
793:
664:
9348:(Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2007), pp. 123–136.
9028:
Razi: Master of Quranic Interpretation and Theological Reasoning
6731:. Washington, DC, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 26.
5807:
Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Futnture of Shari'a
1843:
1722:
1431:(independent reasoning by one who is qualified) and discouraged
1234:. At the beginning of the Islamic period, Harran was located in
14474:
14315:
14087:
14067:
13948:
13912:
13101:
13004:
12941:
12820:
12663:
12617:
12097:
11406:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
11364:
11311:
10735:
10646:
9987:
9366:
Michot, Yahya. "A Mamlûk Theologian's Commentary on Avicenna's
9351:
Michot, Yahya. "A Mamlûk Theologian's Commentary on Avicenna's
8586:
6729:
Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism
6362:
6360:
5595:
Nettler, Ronald L.; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (February 14, 2015).
4276:
The Garebeg Malud: Veneration of the Prophet as Imperial Ritual
3538:
3517:
3490:
3469:
3448:
3429:
3290:
3261:
3179:
3090:
3078:
3069:
3038:
2928:
2717:
2652:
2447:
2269:
2088:
2016:
1977:
1922:
1913:
1853:
1793:
1778:
1770:
1757:
1731:
1681:
invaders. Ibn Taymiyya drew parallels of their crisis with the
1678:
1642:
1632:
1472:
His work was most influenced by the sayings and actions of the
1466:
1433:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1334:
1302:
1275:
1215:
1149:
1115:
1064:
1060:
985:
788:
187:
94:
85:
11271:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
8756:(1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. pp. 105–110.
3864:
Sources describing Ibn Taymiyya as a proto-Salafi theologian:
2184:(legal debate), which took place on April 8, 1306. During the
2082:
1263:, Syria, which was ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate at the time.
14479:
14469:
14464:
14434:
14072:
13113:
12738:
12539:
12527:
11329:
11304:
11275:
10664:
8698:"A religious basis for violence misreads original principles"
8598:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
8463:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
8351:
The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam's War Against America
8252:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 44–46, 62.
7838:
7836:
7614:
6663:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6622:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6497:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6456:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6410:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6369:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6325:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6218:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6084:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
5293:. Vol. 34. Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Gregorian.
4910:
Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2005). "A Genealogy of Radical Islam".
4602:
4600:
3549:
3542:
3438:
3414:
3391:
3295:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3240:
3096:
3065:
3029:
3020:
3015:
3010:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2880:
2848:
2831:
2798:
2705:
2687:
2643:
2308:
and also served as a refutation of the Sunni doctrine of the
2284:
2100:
2092:
2076:
2075:
and called for their revolutionary overthrowal through armed
2036:
2011:
1889:
1812:
1797:
1753:
1718:
1660:
1637:
1538:
1518:
1502:
1473:
1314:
1239:
1119:
1084:
1080:
1056:
1021:
962:
311:
263:
167:
135:
122:
8972:
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection
8672:"The Mardin Conference – Understanding Ibn Taymiyya's Fatwa"
7660:
7658:
7656:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6357:
4830:. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–241.
2385:
14810:
14704:
14459:
14449:
14439:
14262:
13766:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
11315:
11310:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
11240:
6820:
New Political Religions, Or an Analysis of Modern Terrorism
6608:
Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present
4853:
4851:
3443:
2981:
2898:
2863:
2592:
present day." Ibn Taymiyya's followers often deemed him as
2588:
2576:
2369:
2219:, the place where Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned for 18 months
1980:
those "court scholars" who vindicated the Tatar authorities
1885:
1817:
1558:
1443:
1394:
1279:
1009:
25:
13726:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
9271:
Makdisi, G. "Ibn Taymiyya: A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order",
8539:. E. J Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 81.
8041:
7833:
4597:
3428:
contends the ubiquitous notion that Ibn Taymiyya rejected
3169:
2851:
movements over the last few centuries, and especially the
1377:
pictured in 1895, where Ibn Taymiyya used to give lessons.
11674:
9867:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
9521:
7653:
6704:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
6442:
6216:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "1: Introduction".
5392:
5390:
5289:
Michel, Thomas (1985). "Ibn Taymiyya: Islamic Reformer".
4981:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4947:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4732:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4621:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4091:
4089:
3928:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
3191:) to Islamic territories on account of implementation of
3077:.) A second concept is making a declaration of apostasy (
11416:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
8863:
4848:
3060:
One of main arguments put forth by Ibn Taymiyya was his
2421:, a view that was objectionable to the teachings of the
2350:
His risāla on visits to tombs and his final imprisonment
2321:
9062:
9060:
8225:
What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam: Second Edition
7777:
Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century
7139:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7015:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
5474:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
4292:
Ghobadzdeh, Naser; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (May 18, 2015).
9396:, 104/1–2, Hartford, Jan–April 2014, pp. 109–149.
9335:
The Ikhwān al-Safā' and their Rasā'il. An Introduction
8198:
Sivan, Emmanuel (1990). "Four: The Sunni revolution".
6924:
Medieval Islamic Historiography: Remembering Rebellion
6754:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
5387:
5319:
Al-Matroudi, Abdul Hakim Ibrahim (February 14, 2015).
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4146:
4144:
4086:
3381:
tradition. Through his polemical treatises such as al-
1646:
upon the Ilkhanid regime and its armies for ruling by
1596:
1278:. From his father, he learnt the religious science of
988:. He is known for his diplomatic involvement with the
11468:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
11431:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
8779:
The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic theology
8537:
Revolt Against Modernity: Muslim Zealots and the West
8227:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.
7969:
Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World
7511:
Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World
7489:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 315.
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5169:. Vol. 7. Morrison and Gibb Limited. p. 72.
4584:
The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
2263:
2071:(excommunication) of contemporary governments of the
1214:
Ibn Taymiyya was born on 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 661 AH in
13698:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
11301:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
9057:
8831:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 326.
8200:
Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics
7704:
Krawietz, Birgit; Tamer, Georges (August 29, 2013).
7182:
7128:
6968:
6764:
6151:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
5859:
The Law Applied: Contextualizing the Islamic Shari'a
4291:
3905:
Bureaucratizing Islam: Morocco and the War on Terror
3761:
Fundamentals of Enjoining Good & Forbidding Evil
3555:
According to James Pavlin, Professor of theology at
3110:(polytheists) similar to the people from the age of
2936:, the earliest three generations of Muslims. Modern
2563:
and non-Hanbalis, were attracted to his advocacy of
1487:
1222:, held the Hanbali chair in Harran and later at the
9220:Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (January 1, 2010).
6745:
6100:
5139:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
4141:
3867:
3510:zealot" who harshly denounced various practices as
3389:, which provided the rational foundations for both
2796:. After the Iranian revolution, conservative Sunni
2663:said that anyone that gives Ibn Taymiyya the title
2312:. In response, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his famous book,
2172:
His debate on anthropomorphism and his imprisonment
2039:; would form the theological basis of 20th century
1992:which exempted Mamluk soldiers from fasting during
13742:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
13690:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
11409:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
9403:, 103/1, Hartford, January 2013, pp. 131–160.
9317:Islamic Philosophy, Science, Culture, and Religion
9163:
8894:
8670:al-Turayri, Shaykh Abd al-Wahhab (June 29, 2010).
8083:
7319:|Rédigé par Yahya Michot | Jeudi 21 Septembre 2006
5989:
5719:
5560:
5557:see aqidatul-waasitiyyah daarussalaam publications
5349:
5236:
5181:
5008:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 130.
4433:
4287:
4285:
4112:. State University of New York Press. p. 91.
4072:. State University of New York Press. p. 45.
1148:. Ibn Taymiyya's doctrinal positions, such as his
13235:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
8968:
8023:Brunner, Rainer; Ende, Werner (2001). "Preface".
6153:. Cambridge University Press. 2010. p. 205.
6129:. Int'l Business Publications. 2012. p. 44.
5970:
5594:
3806:mentions the existence of this work in his work,
3337:, and the transmission by Ibn Taymiyya's student
2813:
2258:(Treatise on the Government of the Religious Law)
1705:. In a passionate letter to the commander of the
15016:
14497:
12164:
11398:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
8856:M. Abdul Haq-Ansari, "Ibn Taymiyya and Sufism",
8027:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. xii.
7592:
7590:
7456:
7454:
7203:Majallat al-Majma' al-'Ilmi al-'Arabi bi-Dimashq
6600:
5476:. Princeton University Press. pp. 238–241.
4238:. Philadelphia: Hikmah Publications. p. 5.
3033:and apply it on contemporary regimes across the
2867:(jurisprudence). These include the 17th century
2829:Ibn Taymiyya's appeals to the precedence of the
2579:were also regarded as a challenge by mainstream
2031:(Islamic law) and preference of the traditional
15145:Prisoners and detainees of the Mamluk Sultanate
13562:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
11412:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
8595:
8460:
7632:Little, Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose? 95
6899:The Formation of the Classical Tafsīr Tradition
6701:
6660:
6619:
6494:
6453:
6407:
6366:
6322:
6215:
4978:
4944:
4729:
4618:
4282:
2208:His trial for intercession and his imprisonment
1075:, wherein he denounced the Imami Shia creed as
8829:A History of Islamic Philosophy: Third Edition
8274:"Spotlight on Global Jihad (June 16-22, 2022)"
5887:
5699:Al-Matroudi, Abdul-Hakim (February 14, 2015).
4824:"8: Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Mutahhar al-Hilli"
4131:
4129:
3968:Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (1999).
1301:The number of scholars under which he studied
14166:
12143:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
11493:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
10587:
9912:
9507:
9219:
9096:Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism
8801:
8379:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 96–97.
8347:
8113:. Vol. 1. Isha Books. pp. 211–212.
8088:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 27–40.
8059:
7869:
7827:
7703:
7620:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7412:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
5945:
5933:
4826:. In Ahmed, Shahab; Rapoport, Yossef (eds.).
4646:
4644:
4606:
4135:
4000:
3998:
3611:Al-Jawab al-Sahih li-man Baddala Din al-Masih
3289:. Such is the case of the elders among their
2682:(d. 1573), Ibn al-Amīr Al-San'ani (d. 1768),
2240:
1929:with the enemies of Allah and His Messenger?"
958:; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328) was a
928:
8804:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy
7842:
7427:
7271:
7043:
4690:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
3967:
3925:
3893:Ijtihad and Renewal in Qurʼanic Hermeneutics
3868:James Fromherz, Allen; Samin, Nadav (2021).
2377:Ibn Taymiyya of apostasy over the treatise.
1337:and stated he had reflected on the works of
1122:and campaigns to uproot what he regarded as
350:
326:
302:
278:
254:
13241:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
9385:, 11/2, Oxford, May 2000, pp. 147–208.
9295:Ibn Taymiyya: Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule
9086:Imam Ibn Taimiya and his projects of reform
8895:Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad; Pavlin, James (2015).
8802:Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (2005).
8438:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies
8247:
8222:
8177:. Cambridge University Press. p. 200.
8022:
7773:
7484:
6327:. New York: Routledge. pp. 15–16, 24.
6086:. Cambridge University Press. p. 295.
5784:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 242.
5779:
5698:
5496:
5318:
5180:Canard, Marius & Cahen, Claude (1965).
5179:
5078:. Cambridge University Press. p. 200.
5039:. Georgetown University Press. p. 29.
4909:
4126:
3321:Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28: 501-506, 521-524
2083:Imprisonment on charges of anthropomorphism
14173:
14159:
13262:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
10614:
10594:
10580:
9919:
9905:
9514:
9500:
8669:
7780:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
7260:
7258:
7209:
6886:. Global Academic Publishing. p. 336.
5379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5364:
5201:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4641:
4228:
3995:
3579:
2587:. On the other hand, Prof. Al-Matroudi of
2569:outside the established boundaries of the
1721:declared it a sanctuary for the people of
935:
921:
43:
10492:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
9926:
8959:, Pakistan Philosophical Congress, p. 798
8869:
8860:, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring, 1985), pp. 1–12
8600:. New York: Routledge. pp. 153–158.
8465:. New York: Routledge. pp. 152–153.
8172:
8111:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Religion (A-F)
7965:
7912:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
7804:Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine
7565:, pg. 194. Transaction Publishers, 2011.
7365:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
7331:
7085:. Ohio State University. pp. 33–34.
6921:
6824:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
6050:. Harvard University Press. p. 162.
5746:
5603:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
5350:Al-Dimashqi al-Hanbali, Ibn `Abdul-Hadi.
5327:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
5209:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 347–348.
4758:
4668:
4586:Cambridge University Press, May 22, 2008
4396:
4394:
4370:
4150:
4034:
3902:
3027:would take up Ibn Taymiyya's anti-Mongol
2728:Jalā’ al-‘aynayn fi muḥākamat al-Aḥmadayn
1484:derives its name from these generations.
1095:himself, accusing Shias of acting as the
727:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
15095:Economists of the medieval Islamic world
12864:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
11403:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
9727:Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah
9240:
9145:Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn Taymiyya
9030:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
8872:Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law
8751:
8440:. Oxford University Press. p. 633.
8348:Benjamin, Daniel; Simon, Steven (2003).
7934:
7387:
7357:Nettler, Ronald L. (February 13, 2015).
6896:
6726:
5809:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
5804:
5668:
5164:
5071:
5032:
5003:
4821:
4103:
4101:
3781:Ibn Taymiyya against the Greek Logicians
3736:The Friends of Allah and the Friends of
3104:to fight the Mongols; declaring them as
2553:
2384:
2211:
1783:
1441:any official position such as that of a
1368:
1226:. At the time, Harran was a part of the
13087:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
10263:
9378:, 14:3, Oxford, 2003, pp. 309–363.
9370:. Being a Translation of a Part of the
9363:, 14:2, Oxford, 2003, pp. 149–203.
9355:. Being a Translation of a Part of the
9192:
8534:
8435:
8398:
8396:
8375:Jackson, Roy (2011). "7: The Salafis".
8374:
8250:Unholy War: Terror in the name of Islam
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8132:
8130:
7487:Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age
7356:
7327:
7325:
7255:
6945:
6943:
6782:
6581:
6371:. New York: Routledge. pp. 15–16.
6081:
6045:
6022:. Transaction Publishers. p. 160.
5929:
5854:
5673:. Oxford University Press. p. 45.
5671:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
5136:
4686:
4107:
4067:
3872:. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 182.
3728:
3195:. Ibn Taymiyya responded in a detailed
3170:Mardin fatwas and the Mardin Conference
2393:, the prison which Ibn Taymiyya died in
1220:Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya
15017:
14180:
12444:
12087:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
9472:
9312:, 101/2, April 2011, pp. 130–181.
9178:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9161:
9142:
9113:
9092:
9025:
8826:
8776:
8726:
8329:from the original on December 12, 2018
8323:"Why Sunni-Shia conflict is worsening"
8302:from the original on November 25, 2015
8136:
8108:
8071:
8047:
7800:
7664:
7078:
7010:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6881:
6815:
6197:from the original on February 15, 2015
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6013:
6011:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5227:
4650:
4570:
4391:
4016:from the original on February 13, 2015
3890:
3751:Diseases of the Hearts and their Cures
3653:Al-Sarim al-Maslul ala Shatim al-Rasul
3497:
3373:Ibn Taymiyya is widely regarded as an
3368:
3358:
2318:, as a refutation of Al-Hilli's work.
2004:
1976:. This rationale was also expanded to
1777:. He sought the release of Muslim and
1450:
211:al-Sarim al-Maslul ala Shatim al-Rasul
16:Islamic scholar and jurist (1263–1328)
15130:Theologians from the Mamluk Sultanate
14496:
14154:
12163:
11236:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
10613:
10575:
9900:
9523:Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School
9495:
9083:
9066:
8636:
8559:
8501:
8314:
8197:
7972:. Syracuse University Press. p.
7277:
7222:
7188:
7143:
7107:
6987:
6949:
6770:
6758:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6289:
6256:
6113:
6071:Ibn Taymiyya Majmoo` al-Fatawa 35/145
6041:
6039:
6002:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5734:
5571:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5160:
5158:
5072:Bassouni, Cherif (October 21, 2013).
4870:
4799:Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
4400:
4340:
4188:
4098:
3353:
3344:
2642:said, regarding the rift between the
2407:Kitāb Maʿārif al-wuṣūl, Rafʿ al-malām
2380:
2322:His fatwa on divorce and imprisonment
2138:scholars who accused Ibn Taymiyya of
10601:
10365:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
9326:, 99/1, January 2009, pp. 1–20.
8663:
8402:
8393:
8320:
8155:
8127:
8004:from the original on August 10, 2015
7903:
7851:. Oxford University Press: 136–137.
7774:El-Rouayheb, Khaled (July 8, 2015).
7730:
7350:
7322:
7114:. Infobase Publishing. p. 340.
7060:from the original on August 10, 2018
6940:
6017:
5707:from the original on August 13, 2018
5636:
5141:. New York: Routledge. p. 157.
4699:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
4273:
4232:Explanation Of Al-Qasidah Al-Lamiyah
4184:
4182:
4180:
3974:. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
3009:rulers (who were recent converts to
2847:system has inspired a wide range of
2790:Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
2494:, while his other students include:
2354:In 1310, Ibn Taymiyya had written a
2023:authorities and their supporters as
1685:(Apostate wars) fought by the first
1417:) because it was "suspicious of the
1364:
1286:. Ibn Taymiyya studied the works of
1272:committed the entire Quran to memory
876:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
469:Abdur-Rahman al-Mu'allimee al-Yamani
12875:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
9484:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9026:Jaffer, Tariq (November 28, 2014).
8708:from the original on April 10, 2012
8411:. Oxford University Press. p.
8223:L. Esposito, John (2011). "Faith".
7200:
6993:
6901:. Brill Academic Pub. p. 220.
6848:
6665:. New York: Routledge. p. 24.
6624:. New York: Routledge. p. 27.
6458:. New York: Routledge. p. 16.
6412:. New York: Routledge. p. 15.
6167:
6008:
5971:Williams Clifford, Winslow (2013).
5906:
5687:
5655:
5619:
5577:
5505:
5297:
5167:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
5036:Islamic Radicalism and Global Jihad
5033:Springer, Devin (January 6, 2009).
4912:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
4874:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
4752:
4747:reference for contemporary Salafism
4576:
4382:
4364:
4222:
4203:
3852:
3840:
2802:robustly championed Ibn Taymiyya's
2009:Ibn Taymiyya's three unprecedented
1597:Involvement in the Mongol invasions
1193:
1179:
1156:political movements, including the
1032:, while defending the doctrines of
955:
748:List of Salafi Islamic universities
351:
327:
303:
279:
255:
13:
9339:Epistles of the Brethren of Purity
9273:American Journal of Arabic Studies
9261:
9147:. London: One World Publications.
8354:. Random House Trade. p. VI.
7710:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 258.
6563:from the original on March 4, 2016
6556:. The University of Chicago: 105.
6529:
6220:. New York: Routledge. p. 7.
6188:
6036:
5823:
5805:An-Na`im, Abdullahi Ahmed (2010).
5782:The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
5758:
5402:
5259:
5155:
3961:
3533:Others such as the French scholar
3437:to be a significant discipline of
3363:
3260:on account of their negligence of
3023:code. Influenced by Ibn Taymiyya,
2955:
2264:Return to Damascus and later years
1880:issued against the Mongols in the
1804:
1474:first three generations of Muslims
660:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
225:Madrasa Dar al-Hadith al-Sukariyya
49:Calligraphy of Ibn Taymiyya's name
14:
15171:
15090:People who died in prison custody
13247:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
9408:
8678:from the original on July 5, 2011
7359:"Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad"
7298:from the original on July 1, 2020
7243:from the original on July 1, 2020
7205:. Vol. 27. pp. 11, 193.
7089:from the original on May 19, 2018
6018:Watt, William Montgomery (2008).
5975:. V&r Unipress. p. 163.
5701:"Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad"
5533:. Taylor & Francis. pp.
5497:Ibn Taimiya, Taqi ad-Din (1996).
5365:Al-Hanbali, Ibn al-`Imad (1932).
5092:from the original on July 1, 2020
5053:from the original on July 1, 2020
4891:from the original on July 1, 2020
4718:his idiosyncratic legal judgments
4651:Sinani, Besnik (April 10, 2022).
4421:from the original on July 1, 2020
4177:
4039:Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam
3843:); he is also known by the title
3231:Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28: 240-41
1892:code) rather than Islamic law or
1611:
1561:, Syria. At that particular time
1488:Relationship with the authorities
1333:. Ibn Taymiyya also learnt about
547:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
15115:Biographical evaluation scholars
13265:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
11487:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
11359:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
11037:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
9559:(founder of the school; 780–855)
9280:Ibn Taymiyya: Against Extremisms
9241:Reynolds, Gabrield Said (2012).
9186:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_3388
9120:Islamic History and Civilization
9088:. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
9044:
9019:
9006:
8993:
8962:
8949:
8923:
8888:
8820:
8795:
8770:
8745:
8720:
8690:
8630:
8553:
8528:
8495:
8454:
8429:
8368:
8341:
8288:
8266:
8241:
8216:
8191:
8102:
8077:
8016:
7990:
7959:
7928:
7897:
7875:
7794:
7767:
7724:
7697:
7644:
7635:
7626:
7555:
7527:
7503:
7478:
7418:
7381:
7310:
7194:
7162:
7149:
7101:
7072:
7037:
6915:
5369:. Cairo. pp. 385, 383, 404.
5228:Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad.
3745:Kitab al-Iman: The Book of Faith
3166:(1903–1979 C.E/ 1321–1399 A.H).
2364:or according to another source,
2166:
2134:The first hearing was held with
2027:over their neglect to govern by
1921:"Whoever joins them—meaning the
1725:—where it will remain a land of
1581:, in the Kasrawan region of the
1545:who formed an alliance with the
1355:Shihab al-Din Umar al-Suhrawardi
904:
893:
742:International Islamic University
540:
15050:13th-century Muslim theologians
15045:14th-century Muslim theologians
13812:United Submitters International
13096:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
12474:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
11827:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
9973:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
9838:Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini
9245:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
9168:. In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
8280:. June 23, 2022. Archived from
6890:
6875:
6842:
6809:
6776:
6720:
6695:
6654:
6613:
6575:
6488:
6401:
6316:
6283:
6250:
6209:
6143:
6119:
6075:
6064:
6020:Islamic Philosophy and Theology
5964:
5939:
5881:
5798:
5740:
5551:
5490:
5358:
5343:
5221:
5173:
5130:
5104:
5065:
5026:
4997:
4972:
4963:
4938:
4903:
4864:
4815:
4787:
4759:El-Tobgui, Carl Sharif (2022).
4723:
4680:
4334:
4267:
4193:
4159:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
3858:
3825:
2893:movement in South Asia and the
1862:Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)
1537:was deposed by his vice-sultan
14106:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
13124:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
11837:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
11832:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
11490:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
11111:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
10146:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
9563:Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani
9054:, volume 1, BRILL, 2005, p. 89
9003:, 104/1–2 (2014), pp. 109–149.
8957:A History of Muslim Philosophy
8905:]. Islamic Texts Society.
8321:Abdo, Geneive (June 7, 2013).
7485:QASIM ZAMAN, MUHAMMAD (2012).
7388:Matroudi, Abdul Hakim (2006).
6584:Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders
5888:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (2007).
5006:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
4229:Yahya An Najmi, Shaykh Ahmad.
4061:
4043:. Palgrave Macmillan. p.
4028:
3891:Medoff, Louis Abraham (2007).
2998:circles for his 1303 Fatwa of
2926:school. He also believed that
2814:Influence in the modern period
2315:Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah
1936:Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28, 530
1603:Mongol invasions of the Levant
1421:disciplines of philosophy and
1274:, and later came to learn the
1268:religious and secular sciences
1204:
1126:, had a profound influence on
1002:Mongol invasions of the Levant
155:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
107:26 September 1328 CE (aged 65)
1:
14946:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
14936:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
14527:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
13538:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
11864:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
9592:Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari
8727:Fawzan, Shykah Salih (2019).
8173:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2013).
7910:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
7801:Khafif, Ibn (June 25, 1999).
7363:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
5601:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
5499:Sharh Al-Aqeedat-il-Wasitiyah
5325:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
4877:. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
4310:10.1080/01436597.2015.1024433
4151:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
4035:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
3903:Wainscott, Ann Marie (2017).
3813:
3792:
3786:Muslims Under Non-Muslim Rule
3506:described Ibn Taymiyya as a "
2788:. The terrorist organization
2411:Kitāb al-Radd ʿala 'l-Ikhnāʾī
1091:and personally fought in the
722:Islamic University of Madinah
201:Minhaj al-sunnah al-Nabawiyya
14613:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
13226:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
13167:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
13148:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
12166:Islamic schools and branches
11001:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
10906:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
9463:Resources in other libraries
9439:Resources in other libraries
8568:. RAND Corporation. p.
7966:Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1995).
7157:A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order
7108:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
5780:Hillenbrand, Carole (1999).
3954:
3685:Iqtida' al-Sirat al-Mustaqim
3618:Dar Ta'arud al-Aql wa-l-Naql
3596:Minhaj al-Sunna al-Nabawiyya
3463:, etc., and was part of the
2255:Kitab al-Siyasa al-shar'iyya
1866:The year 1303 saw the third
1640:; Ibn Taymiyya had declared
1618:Mongol campaign of 1299-1300
1325:, written by the grammarian
1253:
1199:
1184:Ibn Taymiyya's full name is
7:
13158:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
11854:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
11211:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
11146:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
9645:Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi
9226:. Oxford University Press.
9199:. University of Edinburgh.
8975:. Oxford University Press.
8141:. Oxford University Press.
7883:Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
7336:. Oxford University Press.
7284:macmillan. pp. 177–8.
6954:. Oxford University Press.
6922:N. Keaney, Heather (2013).
5703:. Oxford University Press.
5641:. Oxford University Press.
5529:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
5321:"Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn"
4859:The Prophet and the Pharaoh
4693:. Oxford University Press.
4375:. De Gruyter. p. 218.
3395:(speculative theology) and
2818:
2519:Imad al-Din Ahmad al-Wasiti
2480:
1628:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1622:Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar
1543:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1045:al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādiyya
352:ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
10:
15176:
14891:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
14791:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
14705:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
13909:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
13354:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
13107:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
12785:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
12269:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
11525:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
11156:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
11116:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
10941:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
9850:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab
9844:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
9383:Journal of Islamic Studies
9376:Journal of Islamic Studies
9361:Journal of Islamic Studies
9341:), 2008, pp. 139–179.
9223:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
9076:
8139:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
8074:, p. 31, 33, 60, 140.
7872:, p. 6, 300–305, 311.
7845:Journal of Islamic Studies
7392:. Routledge. p. 203.
7334:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
7229:. macmillan. p. 135.
6952:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
6926:. Routledge. p. 108.
6787:Fifty Key Figures in Islam
6586:. Routledge. p. 116.
5950:. Routledge. p. 143.
5892:. SCM Press. p. 125.
5669:Esposito, John L. (2003).
5639:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
5501:. Dar-us-Salam. p. 9.
5004:Esposito, John L. (2003).
4828:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
4216:December 20, 2016, at the
3670:Al-Radd ala al-Mantiqiyyin
3002:(excommunication) against
2959:
2841:over the authority of the
2822:
2676:Shāh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawi
2473:
2241:House arrest in Alexandria
1851:
1615:
1600:
1469:near the end of his life.
1244:destruction by the Mongols
1128:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
464:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
15065:Muslim critics of atheism
14880:
14819:
14753:
14692:
14639:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
14631:
14580:
14514:
14510:
14492:
14402:
14327:
14192:
14188:
14100:
14053:
14005:
13959:
13849:
13836:
13775:
13672:
13615:
13598:
13485:
13433:
13424:
13363:
13280:
13214:
13191:
13138:
13058:
13043:
12973:
12840:
12683:
12547:
12522:
12498:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
12435:
12335:
12185:
12176:
12172:
12159:
12133:
12078:
12025:
11921:
11914:
11872:
11842:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
11802:
11660:
11557:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
11505:
11475:
11382:
11350:
11291:
11249:
11070:
11024:
11011:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
10986:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
10836:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
10775:
10766:
10734:
10706:
10673:
10645:
10638:
10634:
10609:
10559:
10479:
10451:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
10428:
10400:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
10360:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
10337:
10328:
10271:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
10254:
10189:
10076:
9996:
9943:
9934:
9865:
9830:
9801:
9742:
9721:Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah
9707:
9660:
9613:
9578:
9549:
9529:
9458:Resources in your library
9434:Resources in your library
9126:: 208–237. Archived from
8933:. Usc.edu. Archived from
8870:Goldziher, Ignaz (1981).
8647:10.1163/9789004280649_015
8512:10.1163/9789004280649_014
8436:Freeden, Michael (2013).
8060:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7941:. PublicAffairs. p.
7935:Makdisis, Ussama (2010).
7870:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7828:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7817:– via Google Books.
7745:10.1017/S0041977X04000229
7621:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7609:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7597:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7582:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7541:and Jean-pierre Milelli.
7535:Al Qaeda in Its Own Words
7515:Syracuse University Press
7473:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7461:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7446:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7434:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7413:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
6300:10.1163/9789004280649_015
6267:10.1163/9789004280649_015
6046:Rougier, Bernard (2008).
5934:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
5232:. Haidarabad. p. 48.
4924:10.1080/10576100590905057
4607:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
4371:Kokoschka, Alina (2013).
4136:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
3695:Risala fi al-Ruh wa-l-Aql
3588:Majmu' al-Fatawa al-Kubra
2988:modern Islamist movements
2542:Ibn Abd al-Salam al-Batti
1788:An artist illustrated of
1735:until the descent of the
1709:, Ibn Taymiyya appealed:
1317:at the age of seventeen.
1209:
1053:scholarly interpretations
829:International propagation
732:Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad
600:Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi
426:
367:
362:
358:
334:
310:
286:
262:
238:
229:
219:
193:
183:
173:
163:
141:
131:
103:
69:
64:
54:
42:
35:
23:
15040:14th-century Arab people
15035:13th-century Arab people
13527:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
12402:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
12016:The Moderation in Belief
11897:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
11635:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
11206:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
11136:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
10517:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
10410:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
10345:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
9623:(952–1020 CE/341–410 AH)
9016:, BRILL (2014), p. xviii
8752:Shihadeh, Ayman (2007).
8403:Farr, Thomas F. (2008).
7543:Harvard University Press
7268:, Cairo, 1939, pp.149–50
7079:Zargar, Cameron (2014).
7011:Winter, Michael (2004).
6897:A. Saleh, Walid (2004).
6582:Hawting, Gerald (2005).
6082:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012).
5165:Hastings, James (1908).
4822:al-Jamil, Tariq (2010).
4407:macmillan. p. 187.
3818:
3756:The Relief from Distress
3566:
3383:Radd ‘ala al-mantiqiyyın
3164:Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi
3153:The Age of Sacred Terror
2986:Various concepts within
2469:
2436:
2161:Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah
2124:Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah
1986:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
1854:Excommunication in Islam
1670:The Third Battle of Homs
1539:Al-Malik al-Mansur Lajin
1276:disciplines of the Quran
1248:Majd al-Din ibn Taymiyya
1120:early Muslim generations
1004:. A legal jurist of the
998:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
849:Associated organizations
628:Founders and key figures
36:
15070:Critics of Christianity
14623:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
14572:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
14532:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
13984:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
13380:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
13298:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
13070:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
12009:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
11967:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
11822:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
11226:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
11131:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
11121:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
10961:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
10916:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
10851:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
10380:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
10375:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
10058:Dominicus Gundissalinus
10033:Richard of Saint Victor
9692:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi
9084:Haque, Serajul (1982).
8109:Chopra, Ramesh (2005).
7278:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
7223:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
6853:Islam: The Key Concepts
6499:. New York: Routledge.
5863:. I.B.Tauris. pp.
5525:Leaman, Oliver (2006).
4401:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
4108:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
4068:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
4010:Encyclopædia Britannica
3700:Al-Tawassul wa-l-Wasila
3580:Extant books and essays
3218:nor of the category of
3203:"If he who resides in (
2871:movement, 18th century
2661:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
2287:and the Ilkhanid ruler
2230:tawassul (intercession)
1999:Kāmiliyya Dār al-Haḍīth
1693:, against the renegade
737:Jamia Salafia, Varanasi
696:List of Salafi scholars
558:Theology and Influences
410:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi
14956:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
14906:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
14867:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
14735:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
14562:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
14384:Transcendent theosophy
13656:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
13238:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
12731:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
12226:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
11887:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
11882:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
11817:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
11777:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
11762:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
11442:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
11437:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
11196:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
11106:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
11101:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
11086:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
10956:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
10921:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
10846:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
10563:Renaissance philosophy
10537:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
10522:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
9821:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali
9774:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
9668:Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra
9639:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
7891:July 10, 2013, at the
6882:Clarke, Lynda (2001).
6816:Cooper, Barry (2005).
6545:Aigle, Denise (2007).
6290:Aigle, Denise (2015).
5855:Bearman, Peri (2007).
5472:Michot, Yahya (2012).
5137:S. Rowe, Paul (2019).
4871:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
3713:Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
3690:Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya
3326:
3236:
3062:categorising the world
2753:
2732:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī
2723:
2623:
2614:
2536:Ibn Fadl Allah al-Amri
2488:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
2394:
2274:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
2220:
2015:(legal verdicts) that
1941:
1841:
1801:
1741:
1378:
1351:Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
1108:revolutionary Islamist
1103:and Mongol Ilkhanids.
779:Islamic fundamentalism
717:Umm al-Qura University
575:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
484:Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi
439:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
390:Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
15060:Critics of Shia Islam
14740:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
13925:Wallace Fard Muhammad
12882:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
12389:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
12138:Early Muslim scholars
11946:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
11216:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
10966:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
10876:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
10461:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
10456:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
9928:Medieval philosophers
9621:Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi
8919:on February 22, 2018.
8606:10.4324/9781003228035
8560:Aaron, David (2008).
8471:10.4324/9781003228035
8278:terrorism-info.org.il
7170:Encyclopedia of Islam
7111:Encyclopedia of Islam
6857:. Routledge. p.
6791:. Routledge. p.
6783:Jackson, Roy (2006).
6671:10.4324/9781003228035
6630:10.4324/9781003228035
6554:Mamluk Studies Review
6505:10.4324/9781003228035
6464:10.4324/9781003228035
6418:10.4324/9781003228035
6377:10.4324/9781003228035
6333:10.4324/9781003228035
6226:10.4324/9781003228035
5607:on September 25, 2020
4715:on November 1, 2022.
4298:Third World Quarterly
3804:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
3628:Al-Aqida al-Hamawiyya
3604:Al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya
3550:heretical innovations
3319:Ibn Taymiyya, in
3266:
3229:Ibn Taymiyya, in
3201:
2948:movements across the
2920:Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari
2918:, as well as that of
2736:
2700:
2618:
2616:He also stated that,
2609:
2554:Influence in his time
2505:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
2476:Views of Ibn Taymiyya
2474:Further information:
2388:
2215:
2053:Abd al-Salam al-Faraj
1934:Ibn Taymiyya, in
1919:
1836:al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya
1830:Ibn Taymiyya, in
1823:
1787:
1711:
1601:Further information:
1506:establishment of the
1495:Muhammad's companions
1403:religious innovations
1372:
1343:al-Junayd al-Baghdadi
1130:, the founder of the
1087:against the Shias of
814:Sufi-Salafi relations
769:Ahl-i Hadith movement
498:Ahl-i Hadith movement
348:Al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
206:al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya
15135:Critics of Ibn Arabi
14971:Reza Davari Ardakani
14847:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
14781:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
14730:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
14644:Afdal al-Din Kashani
13576:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
13371:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
12561:Theology of Twelvers
12406:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
11953:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
11752:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
11151:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
11141:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
11126:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
10946:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
10911:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
10901:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
10896:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
10871:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
10527:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
10497:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
10471:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
10446:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
10161:Godfrey of Fontaines
10063:Gilbert de la Porrée
10028:Hugh of Saint Victor
10013:Anselm of Canterbury
9983:John Scotus Eriugena
9733:Zayn al-Din al-Amidi
9633:Abu Ali ibn al-Banna
9143:Hoover, Jon (2019).
9130:on November 29, 2016
9114:Hoover, Jon (2016).
9093:Hoover, Jon (2007).
8989:on November 1, 2022.
8937:on February 20, 2009
8898:Risalat Al-'Ubudiyya
8777:Winter, Tim (2008).
8000:. February 4, 2015.
7509:R. Hrair Dekmejian,
7168:Juan Eduardo Campo,
3729:English translations
3718:Al-Hisba fi al-Islam
3705:Sharh Futuh al-Ghayb
3335:Al-Zahiriyah Library
3328:In 2010, a group of
3276:and others from the
3122:Muhammad Rashid Rida
2922:; the eponym of the
2877:Muḥammad al-Shawkānī
2806:polemics across the
2684:Muḥammad al-Shawkānī
2631:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
2605:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
2539:Muhammad ibn al-Manj
2247:Baibars al-Jashnakir
2152:Safi al-Din al-Hindi
1917:(apostasy) as them:
1423:speculative theology
1389:, on the subject of
1136:Muhammad Rashid Rida
1022:speculative theology
710:Notable universities
494:later Hanbali school
15160:Ibn Taymiyya family
15105:Sunni fiqh scholars
14931:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
14852:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
14842:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
14801:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
14311:Medieval psychology
14283:Natural philosophy
13805:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
13552:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
13524:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
13322:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
12984:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
12291:Other Salafi trends
12120:Musta'li Isma'ilism
12036:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
11427:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
11191:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
10841:Zakariyya al-Ansari
10436:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
10355:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
10281:Solomon ibn Gabirol
10202:Marsilius of Inghen
10053:Bernard of Chartres
9856:Fatima al-Fudayliya
9698:Abdul-Razzaq Gilani
9586:Abu Bakr al-Khallal
9346:Sufism and Theology
9162:Laoust, H. (2012).
8754:Sufism and Theology
7415:, p. 7, 15–16.
6849:Ali, Kecia (2007).
6191:"Taymiyyan Studies"
5367:Shadharat al-Dhahab
5331:on October 18, 2017
5230:Tadhkirat al-huffaz
4844:on August 12, 2021.
4670:10.3390/rel13040340
3633:Al-Asma' wa-l-Sifat
3498:Western scholarship
3369:Islamic scholarship
3359:Pre-modern opinions
3140:affiliated scholar
2523:Najm al-Din al-Tufi
2391:Citadel of Damascus
2344:Citadel of Damascus
2067:, etc. made public
2005:Contemporary Impact
1848:of Ilkhanate Allies
1844:Third invasion and
1775:Rashid al-Din Tabib
1571:punitive expedition
1501:Ibn Taymiyya was a
1451:Possible influences
1292:Abu Bakr al-Khallal
1110:movements, such as
1014:visitation of tombs
900:Politics portal
650:Jamal al-Din Qasimi
119:, Mamluk Sultanate
15140:People from Harran
14941:Abdolkarim Soroush
14786:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
14700:Hajji Bektash Wali
14236:medieval astronomy
14182:Islamic philosophy
14104:Other scholars of
13995:Islamic modernists
13969:Modernist Salafism
13625:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
13584:Abdullah ibn Saba'
13519:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
13404:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
13392:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
13383:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
13314:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
12636:Astarabadi (Naimi)
12366:Abdullah al-Harari
12320:Muhammad bin Dawud
12253:Syed Nazeer Husain
11988:Tabsirat al-Adilla
11902:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
11737:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
11584:Syed Nazeer Husain
11507:Salafi Theologians
11259:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
11231:Muhammad Abu Zahra
11016:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
10866:Abdul Qadir Gilani
10237:Lambertus de Monte
10217:Francesc Eiximenis
10086:Robert Grosseteste
10048:Alexander of Hales
9978:Isidore of Seville
9958:Augustine of Hippo
9674:Abdul Qadir Gilani
9598:Abu Bakr al-Ajurri
8903:Epistle on Worship
8564:In Their Own Words
8062:, p. 304–305.
8050:, p. 88, 140.
7904:Esposito, John L.
7830:, p. 300–305.
7019:. BRILL. pp.
5352:Al-'Uqud ad-Dariat
5291:Studia missionalia
3808:al-Durar al-Kamina
3766:The Concise Legacy
3707:– a commentary on
3665:Fatawa al-Misriyya
3646:Kitab al-Safadiyya
3557:Rutgers University
3457:Abu Talib al-Makki
3354:Opinions about him
3345:His view on Sufism
3138:Muslim Brotherhood
3130:Abd al Salam Faraj
3088:for not ruling by
2974:Muslim Brotherhood
2938:Islamic revivalist
2887:; influencing the
2825:Salafiyya Movement
2696:Madrasah-i-Rahimya
2672:Ibrahim al-Kurrani
2667:is a disbeliever.
2405:which are extant;
2395:
2381:His life in prison
2360:(treatise) called
2221:
1802:
1748:targeting various
1583:Lebanese mountains
1385:on Fridays at the
1379:
1347:Abu Talib al-Makki
1242:tribe. Before its
1238:, the land of the
1232:Şanlıurfa Province
1158:Muslim Brotherhood
1093:Kisrawan campaigns
1000:, which ended the
861:Authenticity Party
762:Related ideologies
640:Syed Nazeer Husain
635:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
605:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
371:Influenced by
73:22 January 1263 CE
15150:Scholars of Islam
15012:
15011:
15008:
15007:
15004:
15003:
14857:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
14796:Mahmud Shabistari
14776:Jalaladdin Davani
14725:Nasir al-Din Tusi
14547:Abu Hatim al-Razi
14488:
14487:
14148:
14147:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14096:
14095:
13905:Muhammad Jaunpuri
13832:
13831:
13758:Sumāma ibn Ashras
13594:
13593:
13445:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
13420:
13419:
13290:Gaylān ibn Marwān
13187:
13186:
13039:
13038:
12702:Abdallah al-Aftah
12518:
12517:
12431:
12430:
12415:Necmettin Erbakan
12257:Siddiq Hasan Khan
12221:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
12155:
12154:
12151:
12150:
12129:
12128:
12069:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
12063:Tashih al-I'tiqad
11974:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
11910:
11909:
11892:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
11859:Idris Imad al-Din
11812:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
11787:Ruhollah Khomeini
11767:Zurarah ibn A'yan
11742:Sharif al-Murtaza
11730:Muhammad al-Mahdi
11715:Muhammad al-Jawad
11695:Muhammad al-Baqir
11596:Siddiq Hasan Khan
11572:Rabee al-Madkhali
11221:Murtada al-Zabidi
10996:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
10762:
10761:
10569:
10568:
10555:
10554:
10324:
10323:
10250:
10249:
10181:William of Ockham
9894:
9893:
9686:Hammad al-Harrani
9627:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
9415:Library resources
9172:; E. van Donzel;
9154:978-1-78607-689-2
9037:978-0-19-994799-7
8912:978-1-903682-48-7
8788:978-0-521-78058-2
8674:. MuslimMatters.
8656:978-90-04-27749-6
8615:978-1-032-13183-2
8579:978-0-8330-4402-0
8521:978-90-04-27749-6
8480:978-1-032-13183-2
8447:978-0-19-958597-7
8422:978-0-19-517995-8
8386:978-0-415-47411-5
8361:978-0-8129-6984-9
8284:on June 25, 2022.
8234:978-0-19-979413-3
8184:978-1-107-68417-1
8095:978-0-367-75836-3
7983:978-0-8156-2635-0
7952:978-1-58648-680-8
7916:on March 18, 2018
7571:978-1-4128-0913-9
7551:978-0-674-02804-3
7523:978-0-8156-2635-0
7496:978-1-107-09645-5
7399:978-0-415-58707-5
7343:978-0-19-547834-1
7291:978-0-09-952327-7
7236:978-0-09-952327-7
7121:978-1-4381-2696-8
6961:978-0-19-547834-1
6933:978-0-415-82852-9
6868:978-0-415-39639-4
6835:978-0-8262-1621-2
6802:978-0-415-35468-4
6738:978-1-62616-116-0
6713:978-0-367-41782-6
6680:978-1-032-13183-2
6639:978-1-032-13183-2
6593:978-0-7007-1393-6
6514:978-1-032-13183-2
6473:978-1-032-13183-2
6427:978-1-032-13183-2
6386:978-1-032-13183-2
6342:978-1-032-13183-2
6309:978-90-04-27749-6
6276:978-90-04-27749-6
6235:978-1-032-13183-2
6160:978-0-5217-6584-8
6136:978-0-7397-3913-6
6093:978-0-521-73298-7
6057:978-0-674-03066-4
6029:978-0-202-36272-4
5982:978-3-8471-0091-1
5957:978-0-19-713600-3
5899:978-0-334-04132-0
5874:978-1-84511-736-8
5816:978-0-674-03456-3
5791:978-0-7486-0630-6
5748:Al-Kutubi, Shakir
5680:978-0-19-516886-0
5648:978-0-19-547834-1
5544:978-0-415-32639-1
5483:978-0-691-13484-0
5399:, pp. 38–44.
5148:978-1-138-64904-0
4990:978-0-367-41782-6
4956:978-0-367-41782-6
4772:978-90-04-51101-9
4741:978-0-367-41782-6
4630:978-0-367-41782-6
4592:978-0-521-78058-2
4414:978-0-09-952327-7
4255:on March 26, 2023
4079:978-1-4384-5370-5
4054:978-0-230-10279-8
3981:978-967-5062-28-5
3937:978-0-367-41782-6
3914:978-1-316-51049-0
3879:978-90-04-43952-8
3722:Islamic economics
3447:(saints) such as
3305:and the like, as
3176:Abbasid caliphate
3142:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3043:militant Islamist
2794:Muath al-Kasasbeh
2770:Abul A`la Maududi
2533:Ibn Qadi al-Jabal
2298:Minhaj al-Karamah
2178:Al-Nasir Muhammad
2065:Ayman al-Zawahiri
1832:Ismail Ibn Kathir
1773:, and his vizier
1746:counter-offensive
1707:Damascene Citadel
1656:pādishāh al-islām
1551:Abbasid Caliphate
1503:religious scholar
1365:Life as a scholar
945:
944:
834:by country/region
645:Siddiq Hasan Khan
514:
513:
479:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
344:
320:
296:
272:
248:
15167:
15080:Shaykh al-Islāms
14986:Hasanzadeh Amoli
14981:Mostafa Malekian
14951:Taha Abdurrahman
14926:Ismail al-Faruqi
14884:
14806:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
14537:Abu Bakr al-Razi
14512:
14511:
14494:
14493:
14319:
14306:Medieval science
14301:
14286:
14268:
14258:
14221:
14210:
14190:
14189:
14175:
14168:
14161:
14152:
14151:
13847:
13846:
13613:
13612:
13431:
13430:
13407:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
13389:Awn ibn Abdullāh
13376:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
13346:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
13212:
13211:
13056:
13055:
13025:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
12994:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
12963:Khashabiyya Shia
12899:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
12857:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
12640:Imadaddin Nasimi
12545:
12544:
12442:
12441:
12313:Salafi Modernism
12216:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
12183:
12182:
12174:
12173:
12161:
12160:
12057:Awail Al Maqalat
11939:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
11919:
11918:
11849:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
11804:Isma'ili Shi'ism
11792:Wilayat al-faqih
11772:Hisham ibn Hakam
11757:Allamah Al-Hilli
10981:Muhammad Mayyara
10773:
10772:
10643:
10642:
10636:
10635:
10611:
10610:
10603:Islamic theology
10596:
10589:
10582:
10573:
10572:
10335:
10334:
10291:Abraham ibn Daud
10261:
10260:
10222:Nicholas of Cusa
10212:Albert of Saxony
10141:Boetius of Dacia
10136:Siger of Brabant
9941:
9940:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9898:
9897:
9792:Haji Bayram Wali
9557:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
9516:
9509:
9502:
9493:
9492:
9488:
9479:Zalta, Edward N.
9401:The Muslim World
9394:The Muslim World
9368:Risāla Aḍḥawiyya
9353:Risāla Aḍḥawiyya
9332:
9324:The Muslim World
9310:The Muslim World
9256:
9237:
9216:
9189:
9167:
9158:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9110:
9089:
9070:
9064:
9055:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9023:
9017:
9010:
9004:
9001:The Muslim World
8997:
8991:
8990:
8985:. Archived from
8966:
8960:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8915:. Archived from
8892:
8886:
8885:
8867:
8861:
8854:
8843:
8842:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8593:
8584:
8583:
8567:
8557:
8551:
8550:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8410:
8400:
8391:
8390:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8170:
8153:
8152:
8134:
8125:
8124:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7901:
7895:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7840:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7662:
7651:
7648:
7642:
7639:
7633:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7559:
7553:
7537:, pg. 360. Eds.
7531:
7525:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7449:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7369:on March 7, 2016
7354:
7348:
7347:
7329:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7275:
7269:
7262:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7220:
7207:
7206:
7201:`Anhuri, Salim.
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7166:
7160:
7155:George Makdisi,
7153:
7147:
7141:
7126:
7125:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7059:
7052:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7018:
7008:
6991:
6985:
6966:
6965:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6856:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6823:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6790:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6743:
6742:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6617:
6611:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6551:
6542:
6527:
6526:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6451:
6440:
6439:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6186:
6165:
6164:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6098:
6097:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5987:
5986:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5904:
5903:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5862:
5852:
5821:
5820:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5777:
5756:
5755:
5752:Fawat al-Wafayat
5744:
5738:
5732:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5696:
5685:
5684:
5666:
5653:
5652:
5634:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5592:
5575:
5569:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5532:
5522:
5503:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5469:
5400:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5316:
5295:
5294:
5286:
5257:
5251:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5185:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5153:
5152:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4868:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4840:. Archived from
4819:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4711:. Archived from
4684:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4398:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4274:Woodward, Mark.
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4248:. Archived from
4237:
4226:
4220:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4186:
4175:
4174:
4158:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4105:
4096:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4042:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3965:
3948:
3945:
3922:
3899:
3887:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3842:
3829:
3800:al-Bahr al-Muhit
3426:Abdul Haq Ansari
3375:anti-rationalist
3330:Islamic Scholars
3324:
3314:and philosophy."
3234:
3120:ideologues like
2419:anthropomorphism
2374:Muhammad's grave
2362:Ziyārat al-Qubūr
2234:Day of Judgement
2217:Citadel of Cairo
2140:anthropomorphism
2111:Mongol invasions
1939:
1907:. Not only were
1839:
1838:, vol. 14, 7–8,
1754:Islamic scholars
1666:Mamluk Sultanate
1636:and implemented
1607:Ilkhanate empire
1535:Al-Adil Kitbugha
1508:Mamluk Sultanate
1288:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1228:Mamluk Sultanate
1195:
1180:Name and lineage
1097:fifth-columnists
1051:), based on his
1038:anthropomorphism
1010:saint veneration
957:
937:
930:
923:
911:Islam portal
909:
908:
907:
898:
897:
871:Takfir wal-Hijra
544:
535:
529:
528:
525:
516:
515:
380:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
354:
353:
338:
330:
329:
314:
306:
305:
304:أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس
290:
282:
281:
266:
258:
257:
242:
150:High Middle Ages
126:
98:
90:Mamluk Sultanate
47:
21:
20:
15175:
15174:
15170:
15169:
15168:
15166:
15165:
15164:
15155:Salafi movement
15120:Proto-Salafists
15085:Offensive jihad
15015:
15014:
15013:
15000:
14966:Fouad Zakariyya
14961:Mohammed Arkoun
14916:Frithjof Schuon
14882:
14876:
14862:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
14815:
14749:
14688:
14627:
14576:
14506:
14484:
14398:
14357:Illuminationism
14323:
14317:
14299:
14284:
14267:(jurisprudence)
14266:
14256:
14219:
14208:
14184:
14179:
14149:
14136:
14092:
14049:
14020:Ahmed Raza Khan
14001:
13955:
13945:Fethullah Gülen
13920:Nation of Islam
13841:
13838:
13828:
13771:
13748:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
13676:
13668:
13606:
13602:
13590:
13511:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
13481:
13416:
13401:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
13359:
13276:
13205:
13202:
13199:
13195:
13183:
13134:
13047:
13035:
12969:
12843:
12836:
12804:Hassan-i Sabbah
12687:
12679:
12551:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12514:
12479:Hasan al-Utrush
12427:
12393:Ahmed Raza Khan
12339:
12331:
12238:Dawud al-Zahiri
12189:
12168:
12147:
12125:
12074:
12021:
11981:Kitab al-Tawhid
11906:
11868:
11798:
11725:Hasan al-Askari
11700:Ja'far al-Sadiq
11662:Twelver Shi'ism
11656:
11628:Salafi Jihadism
11623:Osama bin Laden
11606:Safar Al-Hawali
11567:Saleh Al-Fawzan
11501:
11471:
11464:Sahib ibn Abbad
11459:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
11424:Ja'far ibn Harb
11389:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
11386:
11378:
11346:
11307:ī (Muqātilīyya)
11287:
11245:
11201:Shah Abdul Aziz
11074:
11066:
11020:
11006:Ahmad al-Dardir
10891:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
10779:
10758:
10730:
10702:
10669:
10630:
10629:
10605:
10600:
10570:
10565:
10551:
10475:
10424:
10370:Matta ibn Yunus
10320:
10246:
10185:
10176:Petrus Aureolus
10151:Meister Eckhart
10096:Albertus Magnus
10078:
10072:
9998:
9992:
9930:
9925:
9895:
9890:
9861:
9826:
9797:
9768:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
9738:
9703:
9656:
9609:
9574:
9545:
9525:
9520:
9469:
9468:
9467:
9447:By Ibn Taymiyya
9444:
9443:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9406:
9390:Minhāj al-Sunna
9372:Dar' al-Ta'āruḍ
9357:Dar' al-Ta'āruḍ
9330:
9293:Michot, Yahya.
9278:Michot, Yahya.
9264:
9262:Further reading
9259:
9253:
9234:
9205:10.7488/era/236
9155:
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8858:Islamic Studies
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7893:Wayback Machine
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7675:10.2307/1595400
7667:Studia Islamica
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5016:
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4964:
4957:
4943:
4939:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4869:
4865:
4861:, (2003), p.194
4857:Kepel, Gilles,
4856:
4849:
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4392:
4387:
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4343:Islamic Studies
4339:
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4290:
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4218:Wayback Machine
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3966:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3915:
3880:
3863:
3859:
3845:Shaykh al-Islam
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3795:
3790:
3776:The Madinan Way
3771:The Goodly Word
3731:
3726:
3660:Fatawa al-Kubra
3582:
3569:
3527:Wahdat al-Wujud
3524:doctrines like
3504:Ignac Goldziher
3500:
3461:Bayazid Bastami
3453:Sahl al-Tustari
3422:Jamaat-e Islami
3371:
3366:
3364:Modern opinions
3361:
3356:
3347:
3325:
3318:
3235:
3228:
3172:
3162:in South Asia,
3149:Daniel Benjamin
3134:Usama bin Laden
2984:
2970:Salafi Jihadism
2958:
2956:Modern Islamism
2827:
2821:
2816:
2786:Osama bin Laden
2778:Hassan al-Banna
2748:Shaykh al-Islam
2688:Islamic scholar
2665:Shaykh al-Islām
2594:Sheikh ul-Islam
2556:
2551:
2548:Umar al-Harrani
2510:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
2483:
2478:
2472:
2452:Maqbara Sufiyya
2439:
2383:
2352:
2324:
2266:
2243:
2210:
2202:Muhanna ibn Isa
2190:Qal'at al-Jabal
2174:
2169:
2144:Aqqush al-Afram
2085:
2061:Usama bin Laden
2033:Mongol imperial
2007:
1940:
1933:
1905:pagan ignorance
1868:Mongol invasion
1864:
1850:
1840:
1829:
1807:
1805:Second invasion
1715:people of Syria
1697:that abandoned
1624:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1490:
1482:Salafi movement
1467:blind-following
1453:
1399:Manasik al-Hajj
1367:
1339:Sahl al-Tustari
1331:Aristotelianism
1307:Arba'un Haditha
1256:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1182:
1150:excommunication
1146:Islamic century
1112:Salafi jihadism
1101:Frank Crusaders
1073:Minhaj al-Sunna
1067:as a source of
956:ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة
941:
905:
903:
892:
886:
885:
851:
841:
840:
809:Salafi jihadism
764:
754:
753:
712:
702:
701:
630:
620:
619:
590:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
560:
550:
533:Salafi movement
531:
530:
523:
520:
519:
510:
507:
503:Salafi movement
432:
431:
422:
419:
373:
372:
349:
337:
325:
313:
301:
289:
277:
265:
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241:
221:Alma mater
215:
194:Notable work(s)
159:
127:
120:
114:
108:
99:
92:
83:
74:
59:Shaykh al-Islām
50:
38:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15173:
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15067:
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15027:
15010:
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15006:
15005:
15002:
15001:
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14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14896:Muhammad Iqbal
14893:
14887:
14885:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14874:
14872:Hādī Sabzavārī
14869:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14832:Mir Fendereski
14829:
14823:
14821:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14813:
14808:
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14578:
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14559:
14557:Ikhwan al-Safa
14554:
14549:
14544:
14539:
14534:
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14507:
14490:
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14452:
14447:
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14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14406:
14404:
14400:
14399:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14389:Traditionalist
14386:
14381:
14380:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14333:
14331:
14325:
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14288:
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14085:
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14070:
14065:
14059:
14057:
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14050:
14048:
14047:
14042:
14041:
14040:
14035:
14026:
14011:
14009:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13997:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13974:Muhammad Abduh
13965:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13933:
13932:
13931:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13897:
13896:
13895:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13855:
13853:
13844:
13834:
13833:
13830:
13829:
13827:
13826:
13825:
13824:
13819:
13817:Rashad Khalifa
13809:
13808:
13807:
13802:
13800:Muhammad Iqbal
13792:
13787:
13781:
13779:
13773:
13772:
13770:
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13761:
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13705:
13704:
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13684:
13682:
13670:
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13651:Bektashi Order
13644:
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13621:
13619:
13610:
13596:
13595:
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13553:
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13530:
13529:
13528:
13522:
13521:
13520:
13514:
13513:
13512:
13504:
13503:
13502:
13500:Abu al-Khattab
13491:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13479:
13478:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13458:Abū Hulmān al-
13451:
13448:
13447:
13446:
13439:
13437:
13428:
13422:
13421:
13418:
13417:
13415:
13414:
13413:Amr ibn Murrah
13411:
13410:Ahmad ibn Hārb
13408:
13405:
13402:
13399:
13398:Salm ibn Sālem
13396:
13393:
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13333:
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13330:Sāleh ibn Umar
13325:
13324:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13315:
13309:
13308:
13307:
13306:Gassān al-Kūfī
13301:
13300:
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13155:
13153:Jābir ibn Zayd
13150:
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13028:
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13026:
13021:Tawussite Shia
13018:
13017:
13016:
13002:
13001:
13000:
12986:
12980:
12978:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12967:
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12960:
12959:
12958:
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12946:
12945:
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12939:
12924:
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12922:
12904:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12894:
12893:
12892:
12889:
12888:
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12884:
12876:
12861:
12860:
12859:
12848:
12846:
12838:
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12834:
12833:
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12823:
12810:
12796:
12795:
12794:
12782:
12781:
12780:
12775:
12774:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12724:
12706:
12705:
12704:
12693:
12691:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12677:
12676:
12675:
12666:
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12651:
12650:
12633:
12615:
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12613:
12587:
12586:
12585:
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12579:
12578:
12573:
12557:
12555:
12542:
12520:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12513:
12512:
12511:
12510:
12505:
12495:
12494:
12493:
12491:Imams of Yemen
12488:
12486:Yahya ibn Umar
12483:
12482:
12481:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12450:
12448:
12439:
12433:
12432:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12425:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12421:
12412:
12399:
12376:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12372:
12358:
12347:
12345:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12329:
12328:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12316:
12315:
12310:
12309:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12288:
12287:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12261:
12260:
12259:
12240:
12230:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12208:
12207:
12206:
12197:
12195:
12180:
12170:
12169:
12157:
12156:
12153:
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12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12134:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12124:
12123:
12112:
12101:
12094:Kitab al-Majmu
12090:
12082:
12080:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12065:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12031:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12012:
12005:
11998:
11991:
11984:
11977:
11970:
11963:
11956:
11949:
11942:
11935:
11932:Asas al-Taqdis
11927:
11925:
11916:
11912:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
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11870:
11869:
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11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11845:
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11824:
11819:
11814:
11808:
11806:
11800:
11799:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11794:
11784:
11782:Ja'far Sobhani
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11685:Husayn ibn Ali
11682:
11677:
11666:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11652:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11632:
11631:
11630:
11620:
11618:Salman al-Ouda
11615:
11614:
11613:
11611:Sahwa movement
11603:
11601:Zubair Ali Zai
11598:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11533:
11532:
11522:
11517:
11511:
11509:
11503:
11502:
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11499:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11491:
11488:
11481:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11469:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11449:Al-Zamakhshari
11446:
11445:
11444:
11434:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11394:
11392:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11376:
11356:
11354:
11348:
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11332:
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11297:
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11238:
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11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11186:Ahmad Sirhindi
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11082:
11080:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11064:
11054:
11047:Malik ibn Anas
11044:
11033:
11031:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10811:Al-Shahrastani
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10756:
10751:
10746:
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10704:
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10695:
10690:
10685:
10679:
10677:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10651:
10649:
10640:
10632:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10619:
10615:
10607:
10606:
10599:
10598:
10591:
10584:
10576:
10567:
10566:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10553:
10552:
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10549:
10544:
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10534:
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10524:
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10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10341:
10339:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10313:
10311:Hasdai Crescas
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10267:
10265:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10232:Paul of Venice
10229:
10227:Vincent Ferrer
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10193:
10191:
10187:
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10183:
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10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10116:Thomas Aquinas
10113:
10108:
10103:
10101:Henry of Ghent
10098:
10093:
10088:
10082:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10068:Alain de Lille
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10023:Anselm of Laon
10020:
10015:
10010:
10002:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9952:Church Fathers
9947:
9945:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9924:
9923:
9916:
9909:
9901:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9859:
9853:
9852:(1699–1793/94)
9847:
9841:
9834:
9832:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9809:Mar'i al-Karmi
9805:
9803:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9789:
9783:
9777:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9736:
9730:
9724:
9718:
9711:
9709:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9701:
9695:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9671:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9648:
9642:
9636:
9630:
9624:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9601:
9595:
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9576:
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9566:
9560:
9553:
9551:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9543:
9537:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9519:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9475:"Ibn Taymiyya"
9466:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9409:External links
9407:
9405:
9404:
9397:
9386:
9379:
9364:
9349:
9342:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9306:
9291:
9276:
9269:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9238:
9232:
9217:
9190:
9174:W.P. Heinrichs
9165:"Ibn Taymiyya"
9159:
9153:
9140:
9111:
9106:978-9004158474
9105:
9090:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9056:
9043:
9036:
9018:
9005:
8992:
8981:
8961:
8948:
8931:"Ibn Taimiyah"
8922:
8911:
8887:
8880:
8862:
8844:
8837:
8819:
8812:
8794:
8787:
8769:
8763:978-0748626052
8762:
8744:
8738:978-1792309021
8737:
8719:
8689:
8662:
8655:
8629:
8614:
8585:
8578:
8552:
8545:
8527:
8520:
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8428:
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8360:
8340:
8313:
8287:
8265:
8258:
8240:
8233:
8215:
8208:
8190:
8183:
8154:
8148:978-0195478341
8147:
8126:
8120:978-8182052857
8119:
8101:
8094:
8076:
8064:
8052:
8040:
8033:
8015:
7989:
7982:
7958:
7951:
7927:
7906:"Ibn Taymiyah"
7896:
7874:
7862:
7832:
7820:
7813:
7793:
7786:
7766:
7739:(3): 321–348.
7723:
7716:
7696:
7669:(41): 93–111.
7652:
7643:
7634:
7625:
7623:, p. 191.
7613:
7601:
7586:
7574:
7554:
7526:
7502:
7495:
7477:
7465:
7450:
7438:
7426:
7417:
7405:
7398:
7380:
7349:
7342:
7321:
7316:Yahya Michot,
7309:
7290:
7270:
7254:
7235:
7208:
7193:
7181:
7161:
7148:
7127:
7120:
7100:
7071:
7036:
7030:978-9004132863
7029:
6992:
6967:
6960:
6939:
6932:
6914:
6908:978-9004127777
6907:
6889:
6874:
6867:
6841:
6834:
6808:
6801:
6775:
6773:, p. VII.
6763:
6744:
6737:
6719:
6712:
6694:
6679:
6653:
6638:
6612:
6599:
6592:
6574:
6528:
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6472:
6441:
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6356:
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6315:
6308:
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6249:
6234:
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6159:
6142:
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6063:
6056:
6035:
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5988:
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5938:
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5873:
5822:
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5797:
5790:
5757:
5739:
5718:
5686:
5679:
5654:
5647:
5618:
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5550:
5543:
5504:
5489:
5482:
5401:
5386:
5357:
5342:
5296:
5258:
5235:
5220:
5172:
5154:
5147:
5129:
5103:
5084:
5064:
5046:978-1589015784
5045:
5025:
5014:
4996:
4989:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4937:
4902:
4883:
4863:
4847:
4836:
4814:
4786:
4771:
4751:
4740:
4722:
4707:
4679:
4640:
4629:
4611:
4596:
4575:
4432:
4413:
4390:
4381:
4363:
4333:
4304:(4): 691–704.
4281:
4278:. p. 170.
4266:
4244:
4221:
4202:
4192:
4176:
4170:978-0230102798
4169:
4140:
4125:
4119:978-1438453712
4118:
4097:
4085:
4078:
4060:
4053:
4027:
4006:"Ibn Taymiyya"
3994:
3980:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3923:
3913:
3900:
3888:
3878:
3857:
3823:
3822:
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3815:
3812:
3794:
3791:
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3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3709:Futuh al-Ghayb
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Naqd al-Ta'sis
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3568:
3565:
3561:fundamentalist
3502:Scholars like
3499:
3496:
3494:(monotheism).
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3316:
3226:
3171:
3168:
3086:Ilkhanid state
2957:
2954:
2849:Islamic reform
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2782:Abdullah Azzam
2680:Mehmet Birgiwi
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2482:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2448:funeral prayer
2444:Umayyad Mosque
2438:
2435:
2382:
2379:
2366:Shadd al-rihal
2351:
2348:
2323:
2320:
2265:
2262:
2242:
2239:
2209:
2206:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2084:
2081:
2057:Abdullah Azzam
2017:excommunicated
2006:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1931:
1876:was his third
1849:
1842:
1827:
1818:religious duty
1816:declaring the
1806:
1803:
1764:of the Mongol
1760:, who was the
1703:Battle of Uhud
1695:Arabian tribes
1613:
1612:First invasion
1610:
1598:
1595:
1489:
1486:
1452:
1449:
1387:Umayyad Mosque
1375:Umayyad Mosque
1366:
1363:
1284:its principles
1255:
1252:
1224:Umayyad Mosque
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1181:
1178:
1162:Hizb ut-Tahrir
1079:. He issued a
1006:Hanbali school
943:
942:
940:
939:
932:
925:
917:
914:
913:
888:
887:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
831:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:Sahwa movement
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
692:
690:Zubair Ali Zai
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
610:Ismail Dehlavi
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
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556:
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551:
545:
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441:
435:
429:
428:
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424:
423:
421:
420:
418:
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412:
407:
402:
400:Malik ibn Anas
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
356:
355:
346:
332:
331:
328:تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين
322:
308:
307:
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284:
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260:
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84:
77:Rabi' al-Awwal
71:
67:
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62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15172:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15022:
15020:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14888:
14886:
14879:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14824:
14822:
14818:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14758:
14756:
14752:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14697:
14695:
14691:
14685:
14684:Shams Tabrizi
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14636:
14634:
14630:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14618:Nasir Khusraw
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14593:Ibn Miskawayh
14591:
14589:
14586:
14585:
14583:
14579:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14513:
14509:
14504:
14500:
14495:
14491:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14401:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14364:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14330:
14326:
14320:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14298:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14265:
14261:
14259:
14255:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14228:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14218:
14213:
14211:
14207:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14197:
14195:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14176:
14171:
14169:
14164:
14162:
14157:
14156:
14153:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14107:
14103:
14102:
14099:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14060:
14058:
14056:
14055:Other beliefs
14052:
14046:
14043:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14030:
14029:Hilmi Tunahan
14027:
14025:
14021:
14018:
14017:
14016:
14013:
14012:
14010:
14008:
14004:
13996:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13979:Muhammad Asad
13977:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13964:
13962:
13958:
13950:
13946:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13937:
13934:
13930:
13926:
13923:
13922:
13921:
13918:
13914:
13910:
13906:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13889:Sabbatai Zevi
13887:
13886:
13885:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13861:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13835:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13814:
13813:
13810:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13797:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13778:
13774:
13765:
13764:
13762:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13747:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:Ali al-Aswarī
13738:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13725:
13724:
13722:
13721:
13719:
13714:
13713:
13712:
13709:
13703:
13700:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13675:
13671:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13630:
13626:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13601:
13597:
13585:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13566:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13526:
13525:
13523:
13518:
13517:
13516:Muʿāmmarīyya
13515:
13510:
13509:
13508:
13505:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13484:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13456:
13455:
13452:
13449:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13438:
13436:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13423:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13403:
13400:
13397:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13385:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13362:
13353:
13352:
13350:
13345:
13344:
13342:
13337:
13336:
13334:
13329:
13328:
13326:
13321:
13320:
13318:
13313:
13312:
13310:
13305:
13304:
13302:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13285:
13283:
13279:
13270:
13267:
13264:
13261:
13258:
13255:
13252:
13249:
13246:
13243:
13240:
13237:
13234:
13231:
13228:
13225:
13224:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13217:
13213:
13210:
13207:
13201:
13194:
13190:
13180:
13177:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13141:
13137:
13129:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13116:
13115:
13112:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13100:
13095:
13094:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13083:
13080:
13075:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13066:
13065:
13063:
13061:
13057:
13054:
13051:
13046:
13042:
13032:
13031:Waqifite Shia
13029:
13024:
13023:
13022:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13008:
13007:
13006:
13003:
12999:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12977:
12972:
12964:
12961:
12957:
12956:Ishaq al-Turk
12954:
12950:
12947:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12930:
12929:
12928:
12925:
12921:
12918:
12917:
12916:
12913:
12912:
12910:
12909:
12908:
12905:
12898:
12897:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12873:
12871:
12870:
12869:
12865:
12862:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12845:
12839:
12831:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12800:
12797:
12793:
12790:
12786:
12783:
12779:
12776:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12757:
12754:
12753:
12752:
12749:
12748:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12714:Hamdan Qarmat
12712:
12711:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12700:
12699:
12698:
12695:
12694:
12692:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12674:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12656:
12653:
12649:
12645:
12641:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12621:
12620:
12619:
12616:
12612:
12611:Safavid Islam
12608:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12595:Sheikh Haydar
12593:
12592:
12591:
12588:
12584:
12581:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12568:
12567:
12564:
12563:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12525:
12521:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12500:
12499:
12496:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12477:
12476:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12449:
12447:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12434:
12420:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12407:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12382:
12381:
12380:
12377:
12371:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12338:
12334:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12314:
12311:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12289:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12265:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12251:
12250:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12234:
12231:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12209:
12205:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12188:
12187:Ahl al-Hadith
12184:
12181:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12167:
12162:
12158:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12132:
12122:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12100:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12084:
12083:
12081:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12058:
12054:
12052:
12051:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12040:
12038:
12037:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12018:
12017:
12013:
12011:
12010:
12006:
12004:
12003:
11999:
11997:
11996:
11992:
11990:
11989:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11978:
11976:
11975:
11971:
11969:
11968:
11964:
11962:
11961:
11957:
11955:
11954:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11943:
11941:
11940:
11936:
11934:
11933:
11929:
11928:
11926:
11924:
11920:
11917:
11913:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11874:Zaydi Shi'ism
11871:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11843:
11840:
11839:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11801:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11705:Musa al-Kazim
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11690:Ali al-Sajjad
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11680:Hasan ibn Ali
11678:
11676:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11663:
11659:
11651:Post-Salafism
11650:
11649:
11648:
11645:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11582:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11515:Ibn Taymiyyah
11513:
11512:
11510:
11508:
11504:
11496:Mustadrakīyya
11495:
11492:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11474:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11454:Amr ibn Ubayd
11452:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11435:
11432:
11429:
11426:
11423:
11420:
11417:
11414:
11411:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11385:
11381:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11349:
11342:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11306:
11302:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11294:
11290:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11248:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11073:
11069:
11062:
11058:
11055:
11052:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11023:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10778:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10765:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10733:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10705:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10672:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10597:
10592:
10590:
10585:
10583:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10564:
10558:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10502:Rashid al-Din
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10427:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10390:Abd al-Jabbar
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10253:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10207:Nicole Oresme
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10188:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10156:Giles of Rome
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10075:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10043:Peter Lombard
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10018:Peter Abelard
10016:
10014:
10011:
10008:
10007:Scholasticism
10004:
10003:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9922:
9917:
9915:
9910:
9908:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9800:
9793:
9790:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9778:
9775:
9772:
9769:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9734:
9731:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9706:
9699:
9696:
9693:
9690:
9687:
9684:
9681:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9659:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9628:
9625:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9561:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9548:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9512:
9510:
9505:
9503:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9476:
9471:
9470:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9402:
9398:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9343:
9340:
9336:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9303:0-9554545-2-2
9300:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9288:9782841615551
9285:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9254:
9252:9780800698591
9248:
9244:
9239:
9235:
9233:9780195478341
9229:
9225:
9224:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9197:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9170:C.E. Bosworth
9166:
9160:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9141:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9112:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9081:
9069:, p. 16.
9068:
9063:
9061:
9053:
9047:
9039:
9033:
9029:
9022:
9015:
9009:
9002:
8996:
8988:
8984:
8982:9780197669419
8978:
8974:
8973:
8965:
8958:
8955:M.M. Sharif,
8952:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8891:
8883:
8881:0-691-07257-4
8877:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8840:
8838:0-231-13220-4
8834:
8830:
8823:
8815:
8813:0-521-81743-9
8809:
8805:
8798:
8790:
8784:
8780:
8773:
8765:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8740:
8734:
8730:
8723:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8677:
8673:
8666:
8658:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8633:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8590:
8581:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8565:
8556:
8548:
8546:90-04-07559-3
8542:
8538:
8531:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8498:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8432:
8424:
8418:
8414:
8409:
8408:
8399:
8397:
8388:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8344:
8333:September 12,
8328:
8324:
8317:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8261:
8259:0-19-515435-5
8255:
8251:
8244:
8236:
8230:
8226:
8219:
8211:
8209:0-300-04914-5
8205:
8201:
8194:
8186:
8180:
8176:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8150:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8131:
8122:
8116:
8112:
8105:
8097:
8091:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8068:
8061:
8056:
8049:
8044:
8036:
8034:90-04-11803-9
8030:
8026:
8019:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7985:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7962:
7954:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7939:
7931:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7878:
7871:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7837:
7829:
7824:
7816:
7814:9781930409019
7810:
7806:
7805:
7797:
7789:
7787:9781107042964
7783:
7779:
7778:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7717:9783110285406
7713:
7709:
7708:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7647:
7638:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7611:, p. 283
7610:
7605:
7599:, p. 271
7598:
7593:
7591:
7584:, p. 274
7583:
7578:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7561:David Bukay,
7558:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7498:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7475:, p. 270
7474:
7469:
7463:, p. 305
7462:
7457:
7455:
7448:, p. 269
7447:
7442:
7435:
7430:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7401:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7353:
7345:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7326:
7318:
7313:
7302:September 17,
7297:
7293:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7274:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7247:September 17,
7242:
7238:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7204:
7197:
7191:, p. 15.
7190:
7185:
7179:
7178:1-4381-2696-4
7175:
7171:
7165:
7158:
7152:
7146:, p. 14.
7145:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7123:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7104:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7075:
7056:
7049:
7048:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7016:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6990:, p. 12.
6989:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6845:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6812:
6804:
6798:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6761:, p. 11.
6760:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6606:Janin, Hunt.
6603:
6595:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6361:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6196:
6192:
6189:Hoover, Jon.
6185:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6116:, p. 10.
6115:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6072:
6067:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6004:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5754:. p. 35.
5753:
5749:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5554:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5382:
5376:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5183:"Diyār Mudar"
5176:
5168:
5161:
5159:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5091:
5087:
5085:9781107471153
5081:
5077:
5076:
5068:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5015:0-19-512558-4
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4884:9781845112578
4880:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4837:9780199402069
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4708:9780195305135
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4425:September 17,
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4270:
4251:
4247:
4245:9781495196805
4241:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4196:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4138:, p. 334
4137:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:Kitab Al-Iman
3964:
3960:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3916:
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3906:
3901:
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3861:
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3828:
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3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3787:
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3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
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3749:
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3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
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3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
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3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:Kitab al-Iman
3637:
3635:– two volumes
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:(also called
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3573:Oliver Leaman
3564:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3552:within them.
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:Hatem al-Awni
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3404:According to
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3336:
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3322:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:man-made laws
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:revolutionary
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:obliging all
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:Islamic World
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2950:Islamic World
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:Islamic World
2882:
2879:(d. 1834) in
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2859:legal schools
2856:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2811:
2809:
2808:Islamic World
2805:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:ahl al-ḥadīth
2735:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2697:
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2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2607:stated that,
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:Al-Ba'labakki
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2464:Sadakat Kadri
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:Ibn Ata Allah
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2167:Life in Egypt
2164:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2115:Islamic World
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1978:excommunicate
1975:
1974:man-made laws
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:Mahmud Ghazan
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1737:Prophet Jesus
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:Muslim Caliph
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:'s claim to "
1653:
1649:
1648:man-made laws
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1566:controversy.
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:Mongol Empire
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:jurisprudence
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:Islamic State
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:" of the 7th
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:prophetic way
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
953:
949:
938:
933:
931:
926:
924:
919:
918:
916:
915:
912:
902:
901:
896:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:Al-Nour Party
854:
853:
850:
845:
844:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
758:
757:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
706:
705:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Ahl al-Hadith
563:
562:
559:
554:
553:
548:
543:
539:
538:
534:
526:
518:
517:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
491:
490:traditionists
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:
425:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
375:
374:
366:
363:Muslim leader
361:
357:
347:
345:
342:
333:
323:
321:
318:
309:
300:Abū al-ʿAbbās
299:
297:
294:
285:
275:
273:
270:
261:
251:
249:
246:
237:
234:
233:
228:
224:
222:
218:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:Jurisprudence
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
153:
151:
147:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
124:
118:
112:
106:
102:
96:
91:
87:
82:
78:
72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
34:
27:
22:
19:
15125:Anti-Shi'ism
14996:Partawi Shah
14991:Javadi Amoli
14976:Ahmad Fardid
14921:Martin Lings
14771:Hajji Bayram
14745:Ibn Taymiyya
14744:
14674:Omar Khayyám
14659:Ayn-al-Quzat
14654:Ahmad Yasavi
14567:Ibn Masarrah
14501:by century (
14499:Philosophers
14394:Contemporary
14296:
14263:
14253:
14216:
14205:
14038:Other orders
13943: /
13936:Nur movement
13907: /
13864:Mirza Ghulam
13795:Tolu-e-Islam
13664:Galibi Order
13662: /
13647:Balım Sultan
13642:Babai revolt
13633:Qalandariyya
13631: /
13533:Mufaḍḍaliyya
13442:Jawārībīyya
13395:Umar ibn Zar
13364:Other Murjīs
13093:Bayhasīyyah
13010:Nuqta-yi Ula
12826:Pir Sadardin
12819: /
12733: /
12729: /
12646: /
12638: /
12625: /
12605: /
12601: /
12597: /
12454:Zayd ibn Ali
12404: /
12391: /
12342:Ilm al-Kalam
12255: /
12248:Ahl-i Hadith
12116:Umm al-kitab
12114:
12103:
12092:
12085:
12067:
12062:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12014:
12007:
12002:Fihi Ma Fihi
12000:
11993:
11986:
11979:
11972:
11965:
11958:
11951:
11944:
11937:
11930:
11670:Twelve Imams
11589:Ahl-i Hadith
11520:Ibnul Qayyim
11400:(Nazzāmīyya)
10881:Ibn al-Jawzi
10821:Al-Taftazani
10796:Al-Baqillani
10542:Ibn Taymiyya
10541:
10532:Ibn al-Nafis
10286:Judah Halevi
10197:Jean Buridan
10126:John Peckham
10091:Michael Scot
9762:Ibn Taymiyya
9761:
9680:Ibn al-Jawzi
9533:by century (
9482:
9473:Jon Hoover.
9453:Online books
9446:
9429:Online books
9420:Ibn Taymiyya
9419:
9400:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9334:
9323:
9316:
9309:
9294:
9279:
9272:
9242:
9222:
9195:
9177:
9144:
9134:November 29,
9132:. Retrieved
9128:the original
9123:
9119:
9095:
9085:
9051:
9046:
9027:
9021:
9013:
9008:
9000:
8995:
8987:the original
8971:
8964:
8956:
8951:
8939:. Retrieved
8935:the original
8925:
8917:the original
8902:
8897:
8890:
8871:
8865:
8857:
8828:
8822:
8803:
8797:
8778:
8772:
8753:
8747:
8728:
8722:
8710:. Retrieved
8702:The National
8701:
8692:
8680:. Retrieved
8665:
8638:
8632:
8597:
8563:
8555:
8536:
8530:
8503:
8497:
8462:
8456:
8437:
8431:
8406:
8376:
8370:
8350:
8343:
8331:. Retrieved
8316:
8304:. Retrieved
8290:
8282:the original
8277:
8268:
8249:
8243:
8224:
8218:
8199:
8193:
8174:
8138:
8110:
8104:
8085:
8079:
8067:
8055:
8043:
8024:
8018:
8006:. Retrieved
7992:
7968:
7961:
7937:
7930:
7920:February 13,
7918:. Retrieved
7914:the original
7909:
7899:
7877:
7865:
7848:
7844:
7823:
7803:
7796:
7776:
7769:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7706:
7699:
7666:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7616:
7604:
7577:
7562:
7557:
7539:Gilles Kepel
7534:
7529:
7510:
7505:
7486:
7480:
7468:
7441:
7436:, p. 41
7429:
7420:
7408:
7389:
7383:
7373:February 14,
7371:. Retrieved
7367:the original
7362:
7352:
7333:
7317:
7312:
7300:. Retrieved
7280:
7273:
7265:
7245:. Retrieved
7225:
7202:
7196:
7184:
7169:
7164:
7156:
7151:
7110:
7103:
7091:. Retrieved
7081:
7074:
7062:. Retrieved
7046:
7039:
7014:
6951:
6923:
6917:
6898:
6892:
6883:
6877:
6852:
6844:
6819:
6811:
6786:
6778:
6766:
6728:
6722:
6703:
6697:
6662:
6656:
6621:
6615:
6607:
6602:
6583:
6577:
6565:. Retrieved
6553:
6496:
6490:
6455:
6409:
6403:
6368:
6324:
6318:
6291:
6285:
6258:
6252:
6217:
6211:
6201:February 14,
6199:. Retrieved
6150:
6145:
6126:
6121:
6083:
6077:
6066:
6047:
6019:
6005:, p. 9.
5972:
5966:
5947:
5941:
5889:
5883:
5858:
5806:
5800:
5781:
5751:
5742:
5737:, p. 7.
5711:February 14,
5709:. Retrieved
5670:
5638:
5611:February 14,
5609:. Retrieved
5605:the original
5600:
5574:, p. 8.
5553:
5528:
5498:
5492:
5473:
5366:
5360:
5354:. p. 3.
5351:
5345:
5335:February 14,
5333:. Retrieved
5329:the original
5324:
5290:
5256:, p. 6.
5229:
5223:
5206:
5199:
5175:
5166:
5138:
5132:
5120:. Retrieved
5115:
5106:
5094:. Retrieved
5074:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5035:
5028:
5021:governments.
5019:
5005:
4999:
4980:
4974:
4965:
4946:
4940:
4918:(2): 75–97.
4915:
4911:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4873:
4866:
4858:
4842:the original
4827:
4817:
4809:
4802:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4731:
4725:
4716:
4713:the original
4689:
4682:
4674:
4660:
4656:
4634:
4620:
4614:
4609:, p. 6.
4583:
4578:
4423:. Retrieved
4403:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4321:. Retrieved
4301:
4297:
4275:
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4250:the original
4231:
4224:
4205:
4195:
4154:
4109:
4069:
4063:
4038:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4009:
3985:. Retrieved
3970:
3963:
3941:
3927:
3918:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3869:
3860:
3844:
3832:
3827:
3807:
3799:
3796:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3720:– a book on
3717:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3570:
3554:
3535:Henri Laoust
3532:
3525:
3511:
3501:
3489:
3464:
3442:
3434:
3420:
3413:
3410:Majid Fakhry
3408:philosopher
3403:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3372:
3348:
3327:
3320:
3267:
3262:Islamic laws
3255:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3219:
3215:Dar al-Islam
3213:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3152:
3146:
3111:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3059:
3028:
3014:
2999:
2985:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2913:
2911:
2897:movement in
2894:
2890:Ahl-i Hadith
2888:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2797:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2669:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2598:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2545:Ibn al-Wardi
2484:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2440:
2431:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2244:
2222:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2104:
2086:
2073:Muslim world
2068:
2028:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1956:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1920:
1912:
1893:
1882:Mamluk's war
1877:
1871:
1865:
1845:
1835:
1824:
1811:
1808:
1742:
1730:
1712:
1698:
1659:
1655:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1587:
1573:against the
1568:
1555:
1531:
1526:
1523:Henri Laoust
1516:
1512:Yahya Michot
1500:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1398:
1380:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1265:
1257:
1213:
1185:
1183:
1174:Muslim world
1139:
1105:
1072:
1044:
1042:
1024:, primarily
1018:
983:iconoclastic
979:proto-Salafi
971:traditionist
960:Sunni Muslim
948:Ibn Taymiyya
947:
946:
891:
866:People Party
804:Sailaifengye
746:
694:
570:Ibn Taymiyya
569:
405:al-Barbahari
340:
316:
292:
268:
244:
230:
210:
205:
200:
164:Denomination
121:(modern-day
111:Dhu al-Qa'da
93:(modern-day
30:Ibn Taymiyya
18:
15110:Sunni imams
15030:1328 deaths
15025:1263 births
14911:René Guénon
14901:Gohar Shahi
14837:Mulla Sadra
14761:Ibn Khaldun
14372:metaphysics
14318:(mysticism)
14300:(education)
14278:Metaphysics
14257:(dialectic)
14243:Eschatology
14220:(intellect)
13989:Rashid Rida
13837:Independent
13822:Edip Yüksel
13785:Ahle Qur'an
13736:Nazzāmīyya
13733:Ikhshīdiyya
13720:Huzaylīyya
13711:Bahshamiyya
13687:Mā’marīyya
13679:Rationalism
13629:Malamatiyya
13549:Mānsūrīyya
13495:Khaṭṭābiyya
13426:Mu'shabbiha
13386:Sābit Kutna
13319:Sawbānīyya
13303:Gassānīyya
13287:Gaylānīyya
13281:Other sects
13076:Sa'labīyyah
13073:Maymunīyyah
13050:Arbitration
12932:Khurramites
12896:Sam‘ānīyya
12669:Bābā Rexheb
12599:Shah Ismail
12419:Millî Görüş
12337:Ahl ar-Ra'y
12279:Al-Uthaymin
12200:Kullabiyya
12178:Sunni Islam
12079:Independent
11923:Sunni books
11747:Shaykh Tusi
11720:Ali al-Hadi
11710:Ali al-Rida
11647:Yasir Qadhi
11552:Al-Uthaymin
11542:Rashid Rida
11537:Al-Shawkani
11433:(Jāhizīyya)
11418:(Jubbāīyya)
11322:Jawālikīyya
11176:Ali al-Qari
11091:Al-Sarakhsi
11077:Al-Maturidi
10951:Al-Sha'rani
10931:Ibn Khaldun
10806:Al-Qushayri
10768:Theologians
10749:Metaphysics
10655:Eschatology
10622:Theologians
10547:Ibn Khaldun
10385:Ibn Masarra
10316:Joseph Albo
10301:Nachmanides
10276:Saadia Gaon
10242:John Hennon
10166:Duns Scotus
10131:Ramon Llull
10111:Bonaventure
10106:Roger Bacon
9968:Cassiodorus
9846:(1703–1792)
9840:(1701–1774)
9823:(1623–1679)
9817:(1592–1641)
9811:(1580–1624)
9794:(1352-1430)
9788:(1335–1393)
9782:(1310–1362)
9776:(1292–1350)
9770:(1305–1343)
9764:(1263–1328)
9758:(1242-1326)
9752:(1206–1295)
9729:(1230–1284)
9723:(1194–1255)
9717:(1147–1223)
9715:Ibn Qudamah
9700:(1134–1207)
9694:(1146–1203)
9682:(1116–1201)
9676:(1078–1166)
9670:(1105–1165)
9653:(1040–1119)
9647:(1013–1119)
9641:(1006–1088)
8072:Hoover 2019
8048:Hoover 2019
6567:January 29,
5936:, p. 4
5196:Schacht, J.
5192:Pellat, Ch.
5096:December 4,
5057:December 3,
4582:Tim Winter
4571:Laoust 2012
4020:January 16,
3987:January 16,
3853:شيخ الإسلام
3680:Al-Ubudiyya
3622:al-Muwafaqa
3546:Sunni Islam
3522:pantheistic
3221:Dar al-Harb
3184:dar al-`ahd
3126:Sayyid Qutb
3075:dar al-`ahd
3066:unbelievers
3025:Sayyid Qutb
2774:Sayyid Qutb
2766:Rashid Rida
2678:(d. 1762),
2636:Ibn Battūta
2621:statements.
2585:Rashid Rida
2332:Ottoman era
2113:across the
2049:Sayyid Qutb
1967:Riddah wars
1957:Kaafir Asli
1902:pre-Islamic
1790:Ghazan Khan
1758:Ghazan Khan
1756:to talk to
1683:Riddah wars
1652:Ghazan Khan
1236:Diyar Mudar
1205:Early years
994:Ghazan Khan
670:Al-Uthaymin
655:Rashid Rida
615:Al-Shawkani
474:Sayyid Qutb
324:Taqī al-Dīn
232:Arabic name
15019:Categories
14766:Yunus Emre
14710:Ibn Sab’in
14679:Suhrawardi
14669:Ibn Tufail
14588:Al-Ghazali
14542:Apharabius
14377:psychology
14347:Avicennism
14209:(theology)
14033:Süleymancı
13941:Said Nursî
13900:Mahdavīyya
13851:Messianism
13755:Sumamīyya
13745:Hābītīyya
13638:Baba Ishak
13580:Saba'īyya
13567:Mukhāmmīsa
13558:Mughīrīyya
13545:Ghurābīyya
13507:Bāzīghiyya
13475:Bārāq Bābā
13454:Hulmānīyya
13351:Ziyādīyya
13343:Ubaydīyya
13335:Shamrīyya
13327:Sālehīyya
13311:Tūmanīyya
13295:Yūnusīyya
13256:Sauwāqīyya
13232:Hakāiqīyya
13216:Karrāmīyya
13206:Hanafiyyah
13060:Kharijites
12998:Nuktawiyya
12949:al-Muqanna
12927:Muḥammirah
12915:Abu Muslim
12911:Rezāmīyya
12886:Hārithīyya
12878:Janāhiyya
12868:Hashimiyya
12842:Kaysanites
12789:Badakhshan
12722:Qarmatians
12709:Batiniyyah
12689:Isma'ilism
12660:Demir Bābā
12655:Baktāshism
12648:Bektashism
12627:ibn Nusayr
12623:al-Khaṣībī
12607:Kul Nesîmî
12603:Pir Sultan
12508:Khalafiyya
12503:Dukayniyya
12437:Shia Islam
12379:Maturidism
12301:Madkhalism
12204:Ibn Kullab
12027:Shia books
11577:Madkhalism
11477:Najjārīyya
11367:al-Qībtī (
11341:Karramiyya
11337:Ibn Karram
11293:Mu'jassimā
11181:Al-Maydani
11171:Ali Qushji
11096:Al-Bazdawi
11072:Maturidism
11057:Al-Shafi'i
10926:Al-Baydawi
10886:Qadi Ayyad
10861:Ibn Tumart
10816:Al-Ghazali
10801:Al-Juwayni
10791:Al-Bayhaqi
10782:al-Ash'ari
10754:Philosophy
10675:Philosophy
10512:al-Qazwini
10487:Ibn Sab'in
10466:Ibn Tufayl
10420:al-Kirmani
10306:Gersonides
10296:Maimonides
9780:Ibn Muflih
9750:Ibn Hamdan
9629:(990–1066)
9604:Ibn Battah
9569:Abu Dawood
9213:1842/36935
9067:Haque 1982
8712:October 4,
8306:August 23,
8008:August 18,
7533:Index of
7189:Haque 1982
7144:Haque 1982
6988:Haque 1982
6771:Haque 1982
6759:Haque 1982
6114:Haque 1982
6003:Haque 1982
5735:Haque 1982
5572:Haque 1982
5397:Haque 1982
5254:Haque 1982
5205:Volume II:
4895:August 12,
4781:1296947160
4663:(4): 344.
4349:(2): 218.
4189:Haque 1982
3943:al-Harrani
3831:Full name
3814:References
3793:Lost works
3486:Maturidite
3470:Sufi order
3339:Ibn Muflih
3307:philosophy
2960:See also:
2869:Kadizadeli
2823:See also:
2692:revivalist
2674:(d.1690),
2640:Al-Maqrizi
2515:Ibn Muflih
2500:Al-Dhahabi
2492:Ibn Kathir
2251:Alexandria
2097:Ash'arites
1898:jahiliyyah
1886:obligatory
1852:See also:
1672:and reach
1616:See also:
1563:Ash'arites
1296:Ibn Qudama
1124:polytheism
1116:monotheism
1069:corruption
1030:Maturidism
986:theologian
784:Madkhalism
685:Ibn Jibrin
595:Ibn Muflih
585:Al-Dhahabi
580:Ibn Kathir
459:Ibn Kathir
454:al-Dhahabi
449:Ibn Muflih
430:Influenced
395:Ibn Qudama
288:Teknonymic
264:Patronymic
14827:Mir Damad
14820:17th–19th
14754:14th–16th
14720:al-Abharī
14715:Ibn Arabi
14649:Ahi Evren
14608:Bahmanyār
14367:cosmology
14352:Averroism
14285:(physics)
14231:astrology
14226:Cosmology
13961:Modernism
13893:Sabbatean
13881:Kabbalist
13859:Ahmadiyya
13790:Kala Kato
13763:Kā‘bīyya
13694:Bishriyya
13674:Muʿtazila
13607:al-Juhani
13600:Qadariyah
13470:Kalandars
13450:Hāshwīyya
13338:Abū Shamr
13271:Zarībīyya
13268:Wāhidīyya
13259:Sūramīyya
13253:Razīnīyya
13229:Dhīmmīyya
13198:Hasan ibn
13172:Wahbiyyah
13119:Abu Qurra
13045:Muhakkima
12989:Hurufiyya
12976:Mahdiists
12891:Riyāhīyya
12872:Hārbīyya
12813:Aga Khans
12808:Assassins
12771:Sulaymani
12735:ad-Darazi
12673:Hārābātīs
12590:Qizilbash
12583:Shaykhism
12459:Jarudiyya
12370:Al-Ahbash
12351:Ash'arism
12284:Al-Albani
12264:Wahhabism
12109:Ahmadiyya
12050:Al-Khisal
11960:Al-Irshad
11915:Key books
11562:Al-Albani
11530:Wahhabism
11384:Mu'tazila
11373:Qadariyah
11251:Mu'attila
11166:Ibn Kemal
11161:Khidr Bey
11041:Hanafiyah
10976:Al-Bahūtī
10971:Ibn Ashir
10936:Ibn Arafa
10831:Ibn Furak
10826:Al-Maziri
10777:Ash'arism
10744:Cosmology
10721:Cosmology
10716:Astronomy
10688:Education
10561:See also
10507:Ibn Arabi
10415:al-Biruni
10405:Miskawayh
10350:al-Nazzam
9936:Christian
9858:(d. 1831)
9831:12th/18th
9815:Al-Buhūtī
9802:11th/17th
9786:Ibn Rajab
9756:Al-Yunini
9735:(d. 1312)
9688:(d. 1202)
9635:(d. 1079)
9594:(867–941)
9180:. Brill.
9099:. Brill.
8624:249087588
8489:249087588
7761:161811279
7691:170132816
7172:, p 340.
7159:, p. 123.
7064:August 6,
6689:249087588
6648:249087588
6523:249087588
6482:249087588
6436:249087588
6395:249087588
6351:249087588
6244:249087588
5375:cite book
5215:495469475
5188:Lewis, B.
5122:August 3,
4804:March 21,
4765:. Brill.
4657:Religions
4318:145364873
4259:April 13,
3955:Citations
3508:Hanbalite
3482:Ash'arite
3472:himself.
3466:Qadiriyya
3387:syllogism
3300:Pharaonic
3298:from the
3287:Messenger
3258:Ilkhanids
3246:jāhilīyah
3113:Jahiliyya
3107:mushrikun
3007:Ilkhanate
2946:Salafiyya
2924:Ash'arite
2895:Salafiyya
2854:Salafiyya
2804:anti-Shia
2758:Wahhabism
2530:Al-Bazzar
2427:Ibn Arabi
2310:caliphate
2025:apostates
1949:Jihadists
1909:Ilkhanate
1858:Takfirism
1766:Ilkhanate
1590:Isma`ilis
1419:Hellenist
1359:Ibn Arabi
1327:Sibawayhi
1254:Education
1200:Biography
1132:Wahhabism
1077:heretical
1047:(creedal
1026:Ash'arism
824:Wahhabism
680:Al-Fawzan
675:Al-Albani
444:Ibn Rajab
415:Ibn Rushd
336:Toponymic
37:ابن تيمية
15075:Hanbalis
14664:Averroes
14603:Ibn Hazm
14598:Avicenna
14552:Al Amiri
14522:Al-Kindi
14515:9th–10th
14425:ʼIjtihād
14410:ʻAṣabīya
14403:Concepts
14342:Farabism
14297:Madrasah
14078:Tawakkul
14045:Tawassul
14007:Taṣawwuf
13929:doctrine
13777:Quranism
13571:Namiriya
13200:Muḥāmmad
13193:Murji'ah
12907:Rawendis
12830:Satpanth
12751:Musta'li
12746:Fatimids
12644:Hurufism
12631:Alawites
12536:Sects in
12528:Mahdiist
12464:Batriyya
12410:Deobandi
12361:Shafi'is
12296:Jihadism
12243:Salafism
12211:Hanbalis
12192:Atharism
12105:Malfūzāt
12043:Al-Amali
11640:Hazimism
11352:Murji'ah
11276:Jahmīyya
11264:Mu'jbira
10856:Ibn Aqil
10441:Ibn Hazm
10395:Al-Amiri
10264:Medieval
10171:Durandus
10038:Roscelin
9963:Boethius
9743:8th/14th
9708:7th/13th
9661:6th/12th
9651:Ibn Aqil
9614:5th/11th
9606:(d. 997)
9600:(d. 970)
9588:(d. 923)
9579:4th/10th
9571:(d. 889)
9565:(d. 872)
9176:(eds.).
8706:Archived
8676:Archived
8327:Archived
8300:Archived
8002:Archived
7889:Archived
7857:26195671
7807:. ISCA.
7545:, 2008.
7517:, 1995.
7296:Archived
7241:Archived
7087:Archived
7055:Archived
6558:Archived
6195:Archived
5750:(1881).
5705:Archived
5198:(eds.).
5116:HuffPost
5090:Archived
5051:Archived
4932:55948737
4889:Archived
4419:Archived
4355:23643961
4214:Archived
4200:Ruprecht
4014:Archived
3920:beliefs.
3476:scholar
3435:Tasawwuf
3415:al-salaf
3406:Lebanese
3317:—
3303:Atheists
3296:Jahmites
3285:and His
3278:Bedouins
3272:and the
3227:—
3160:Islamism
3118:Islamist
3055:al-Qaeda
3047:Al-Qaeda
2996:Jihadist
2992:Islamist
2978:Al Qaeda
2966:Jihadism
2962:Islamism
2844:madh'hab
2835:and the
2819:Salafism
2744:mujaddid
2715:and the
2659:scholar
2657:Maturidi
2603:scholar
2561:Hanbalis
2481:Students
2293:Al-Hilli
2186:munazara
2182:munazara
2093:Jahmites
2045:Jihadist
2041:Islamist
2035:code of
2021:Ilkhanid
1932:—
1828:—
1691:Abu Bakr
1674:Damascus
1575:Alawites
1460:Ahmad's
1323:al-Kitab
1261:Damascus
1166:al-Qaeda
1154:Islamist
1141:Mujaddid
1089:Kisrawan
1083:to wage
1049:Salafism
1034:Atharism
990:Ilkhanid
881:al-Qaeda
819:Hazimism
774:Islamism
524:a series
521:Part of
385:Ibn Hazm
240:Personal
132:Religion
117:Damascus
65:Personal
15100:Salafis
15055:Atharis
14883:present
14445:Maslaha
14329:Schools
14316:Sufism
14200:Alchemy
14127:Shafi'i
14117:Hanbali
14083:Tewafuq
14063:Sadaqah
14024:Barelvi
14015:Ṭarīqah
13869:Qadiani
13842:beliefs
13617:Alevism
13464:Dimashq
13250:Nūnīyya
13244:Maʿīyya
13204:ibn al-
13179:Azzabas
13140:Ibadism
13128:Nukkari
13082:Azariqa
13067:Ajardi
13014:Bábīyya
12920:Sunpadh
12852:Mukhtār
12817:Nizaris
12792:Alevism
12766:Dawoodi
12756:Tayyibi
12718:Sevener
12697:Fathite
12571:Akhbari
12566:Ja'fari
12553:Twelver
12532:Shi'ite
12469:Imamate
12446:Zaydism
12397:Barelvi
12384:Hanafis
12356:Malikis
12325:Maqrizi
12274:Ibn Baz
12233:Zahiris
11995:Masnavi
11547:Ibn Baz
11361:Dimashq
11061:Shafi‘i
10991:'Illish
10726:Physics
10708:Science
10330:Islamic
10121:Vitello
10079:century
10077:13–14th
9999:century
9997:11–12th
9881:Shafi'i
9550:3rd/9th
9481:(ed.).
9077:Sources
8941:June 9,
8682:May 29,
8325:. CNN.
7753:4145798
7683:1595400
7093:May 19,
4323:June 6,
3738:Shaytan
3444:Awliyaa
3424:leader
3398:Falsafa
3312:Judaism
3291:viziers
3209:Muslims
3102:Muslims
2942:prophet
2873:Wahhabi
2762:Senussi
2649:Dhahabi
2601:Shafi'i
2572:madhabs
2566:ijtihad
2423:Ash'ari
2328:divorce
2306:Imamate
2289:Öljaitü
2136:Ash'ari
2106:Falsafa
1994:Ramadan
1927:Muslims
1794:Mamluks
1579:Shiites
1428:ijtihad
1415:Shafi'i
1311:Baibars
1118:of the
1099:of the
1055:of the
996:at the
975:ascetic
963:scholar
794:Qutbism
665:Ibn Baz
549:, Qatar
312:Epithet
256:أَحْمَد
178:Hanbali
14475:Tawḥīd
14435:ʻIrfān
14248:Ethics
14206:Aqidah
14193:Fields
14132:Zahiri
14122:Maliki
14112:Hanafi
14088:Thawab
14068:Sunnah
13993:Other
13949:Hizmet
13913:Zikris
13884:Dönmes
13874:Lahori
13840:Muslim
13660:Rifa`i
13605:Ma'bad
13487:Tajsīm
13435:Tamsīl
13162:Ifrani
13102:Najdat
13005:Shayki
12974:Other
12942:Mazyar
12821:Khojas
12799:Nizari
12778:Hafizi
12739:Druzes
12720:
12664:Alians
12618:Ghulat
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