Ahmad ibn Hanbal - Knowledge

670:. However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually played "no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism," as there is evidence, according to the same authors, "the older Hanbali authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis," due to medieval Hanbali literature being rich in references to saints, grave visitation, miracles, and relics. In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's own support for the use of relics as one of several important points on which the theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism. Other scholars maintain he was "the distant progenitor of Wahhabism", who also immensely inspired the similar conservative reform movement of 1015:"On the first day of the month of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year two hundred and forty-one, my father had a fever on Wednesday night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. I had known his illness, and I used to nurse him when he was sick. I said to him, "O father, how did you break your fast last night?" He said, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to get up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his legs weakened until he leaned on me. Other than doctors, all were Muslims. A doctor called Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was roasted and its water given to drink. This was on Tuesday, and he died on Friday." 2405:

Mu'tazilite ta'wil or figurative interpretation of the Qur'anic anthropomorphisms while concomitantly affirming the doctrine of the "incorporeal, transcendent deity"... although he argued for the acceptance of the literal meaning of the Qur'anic and prophetic statements about God, he was no fideist.' The imam was quite willing to engage in hermeneutical exercise.. The rise of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal during the Mihna resulted in the empowering and centering of corporealist ideas within the Sunni movement. When his ideas became the criterion of traditionalist orthodoxy..

1559:." According to the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in the negative, with Zakariyyā asking if two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same response from the jurist. Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number until, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that that should be sufficient." As a result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved of independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute masters in law and jurisprudence. 768:: mother of Salih). Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In the 30 (or 20) years we were together, we never had a disagreement." After her demise, Ahmad married his second wife, "Ummu ‘Abdillah Rayhana bintu ‘Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", and she bore him one son, "Abdullah". She known for having only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because he was impressed by her religious commitment. Reports suggest that they were together for seven years. He also had a 1873:, who at one time had sought to study under Ibn Hanbal, later stated that he did not consider Ibn Hanbal a jurist and gave his views in the field no weight, describing him as an expert in prophetic tradition only. However this must be seen in context of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still at its infancy and not followed by so many people yet compared to the other schools and the students had conflict with Al-Tabari's school. Consider how the 1671: 790: 809:. After completing his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Arabia to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom he narrated from. With this knowledge, he became a leading authority in the field, leaving behind an immense encyclopedia of narrations, 1071:, whence he held that proper belief in God constituted believing in the description which God had given of Himself in the Islamic scripture. To begin with, Ibn Hanbal asserted that God was both Unique and Absolute and absolutely incomparable to anything in the world of His creatures. As for the various 3204:

Speculative theologians (mutakalliman) from among the Sunni fold, finding this theomorphism objectionable yet unwilling to impugn the authenticity of the report, preferred to interpret the "form" as belonging to something other than God, such as the pseudodivinities (macbadat)-that is, the sun, moon,

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Ibn Hanbal appears to have been a formidable opponent of "private interpretation," and actually held that it was only the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret the holy texts. One of the creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be to God, who in every age and interval

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have asserted that this opinion is more partial than objective, for there is no proof that the Hanbali school " Sufism in itself any more than any other school," and it is evident that "during the first centuries some major Sufis ... followed the Hanbalite school of law." By the twelfth-century, the

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each month, which he spent on his family, and he was content with that, seeking the mercy of Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated that a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he made a house on. He replied: "This is something I inherited from my father. If

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or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic of Imām Ahmad now? It is also authentically established that Abd Allāh asked his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the wall of his room, and he said: 'I do not see any harm in it.' May

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Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry until he reached the age of forty. It is said that this was because he was busy with knowledge, or because he traveled a lot and was away from his country for a long time. When he reached the age of forty and became closer to settling down than before, and he thought

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relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled his father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father take one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his mouth, and kiss it. I may have seen him place it over his eyes, and dip it in water and then

593:—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam. The most highly influential and active scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history, who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the 857:

Ibn Hanbal is known to have been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert his religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili doctrine of the Quran being created, rather than uncreated. According to Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the

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and his sister as two exceptional devotees of God, and of his sending people with mystical questions to Bishr for guidance. It is also recorded that Ibn Hanbal said, with regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know of any people better than them." Moreover, there are accounts of Ibn Hanbal's son,

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Ibn Hanbal lost his father when he was a young child. His father died young at the age of thirty only. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father’s family. His father had left him a property in Baghdad in which he lived, and another which yielded him a small

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being the eternal, uncreated word of God. Living in poverty throughout his lifetime working as a baker, and suffering physical persecution under the caliphs for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding

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Scholars are almost unanimous in attributing to Ibn Hanbal the use of the ancient balkafa formula. Goldziher, Wensinck, Halkin, Laoust, Makdisi, Abrahamov, and Watt all find in the Imam an advocate of this mediating principle (balkafa), which reportedly allowed the traditionalists to deny the

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or "intercession" through Muhammad in every supplication, with the wording: "O God! I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Prophet of Mercy. O Muhammad! I am turning with you to my Lord for the fulfillment of my need." This report is repeated in many later Hanbali works, in the context of

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Be that as it may, the vast majority of other scholars do recognize Ibn Hanbal's prowess as a master jurist worthy of one whose methodology became foundation for its own school of jurisprudence. Imam Shafi'i said, among many other praises, "Ahmad is an Imam in eight fields: he is an imam in

1376:, saying: "He is one of the Substitute-Saints, and his supplication is answered." Of the same Sufi, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything else than what Maruf has achieved?" Additionally, there are accounts of Ibn Hanbal extolling the early ascetic saint 1019:

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at the age of 74–75 in Baghdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men and 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Islam on that day. His grave is located in the premises of the

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correct and abhorred that a jurist insist people follow his even if he considered them wrong and even if the truth is one in any given matter." As such, when Ibn Hanbal's student Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī had "compiled a book on juridicial differences ... which he had named

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and its collection". More than a century after Ahmad's death, Hanbali legalism would emerge as a distinct school; due to the efforts of jurists like Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d. 280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E),

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who lived around the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written compilation of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived around that same time. The more systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities only occurred after that point.

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about the main representatives of Sunni jurisprudence. However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He is very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of the ahl al-hadith and he is the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."

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said about this: "He, may God be pleased with him, was very keen on knowledge. He traveled far in search of it, and spend a long time on obtaining it. He did not occupy himself with earning or marriage until he achieved what he wanted from it."

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today, where his father and grandfather had also previously worked. While according to others he was born in Baghdad after his mother came pregnant with him from the city of Merv, where his father was. The latter opinion is the most accepted one.

1175:)" as a true attribute of God. He disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Form as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, moon, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God truly has a Form is 772:

named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", then twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Then she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih and Abdullah excelled in

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that Ibn Hanbal "used to seek blessings from the relics of the Prophet." Citing the aforementioned report of Ibn Hanbal's devotion towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī then goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the practices of

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Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi, Chapter Sixty-Two: Mentions the Number of His Wives, pp. 402-405, Chapter Sixty-Three Mantions His Concubines, pp. 406-408, and Chapter Sixty-Four Mentions the Number of His Children, pp.

1360:, forty major saints "whose number would remain constant, one always being replaced by some other on his death" and whose key role in the traditional Sufi conception of the celestial hierarchy would be detailed by later mystics such as 1348:: " used to greatly respect the Sūfīs and show them kindness and generosity. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly to which he replied, 'Knowledge made them sit.'" Furthermore, it is in Ibn Hanbal's 1413:, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence sound ... He had a firm belief in the principles of religion, and his creed was approved by all the ." Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Sufi hagiographers such as Hujwiri and 597:

perspective within Sunni Islam. One of the foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as the basis for Sunni Islamic law and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of the most significant Sunni hadith collections,

1447:, has continued to remain one of the most widespread Sufi orders up until the present day. Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing some of the "deviances" of certain heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as 1276:"I am amazed at those people who know that a chain of narration is authentic, and yet, in spite of this, they follow the opinion of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who oppose the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some 2623:

Founder of one of the four major Sunnī schools, the Ḥanbalī, he was, through his disciple Ibn Taymiyya , the distant progenitor of Wahhābism, and has inspired also in a certain degree the conservative reform movement of the

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in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE. This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard my father say: I was born in the month of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year 164 AH". Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from

1603:) elevated learned men possessing excellent qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way." It has been pointed out that this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal judgement ( 1425:, with Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When the Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried next to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed. His corpse had not putrified and the shroud was still whole and undecayed." 858:

foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's interference and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to the Hanbali school establishing itself firmly as not only a school of jurisprudence, but theology as well.

915:“I do not know that I have ever seen anyone who wore cleaner clothes, was more attentive to trimming his moustache and grooming the hair on his head and body, or wore purer and whiter garments than Ahmad bin Hanbal". 1388:

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, it is evident that he was "held in high regard" by all the major Sufis of the classical and medieval periods, and later Sufi chroniclers often designated the jurist as a

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became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this pursuit, banished Ibn Hanbal from Baghdad. It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent of his brother

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drink the water for a cure." In the same way, Ibn Hanbal also drunk from Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to seek blessings from it, and considered touching and kissing the sacred

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girl from the suburbs of Baghdad, and she lived with Ahmad ibn Hanbal for thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and bore him their son "Salih", and hence her she was known by her title Ummu

1126:) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, amongst whom he included, in the scope of his polemics, the Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists." Ibn Hanbal was also a critic of overt and unnecessary speculation in matters of 4192:

Livnat Holtzman, "Human choice, divine guidance and the fiṭra tradition. The use of ḥadīth in theological treatises by Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya," in Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed (eds.),

1146:(figurative interpretations) of the apparently anthropomorphic texts while concomitantly affirming the doctrine of the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Although he argued for literalist meanings of the 1624:

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his own life and afterwards for his "serene acceptance of juridicial divergences among the various schools of Islamic law". According to later notable scholars of the

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and stars. Ibn Hanbal disagreed... It is likely that Ibn Hanbal recognized this sura as a true attribute of God.. He states in his Aqida V: "God created Adam with His hand and in His image/form

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through them in religious veneration. Indeed, several accounts of Ibn Hanbal's life relate that he often carried "a purse ... in his sleeve containing ... hairs from the Prophet." Furthermore,

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As there exist historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety" and documented evidence of his amiable interactions with numerous early Sufi saints, including

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Because of Ibn Hanbal's refusal to accept the Mu'tazili doctrine, he was imprisoned in Baghdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun. In an incident during the rule of al-Ma'mun's successor,

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Entire bibliography is taken from Holtzman, Livnat, “Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson

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of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act. Ibn Hanbal later ordered that he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one on each eye and a third on his tongue."

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Roy Jackson, "Fifty key figures in Islam", Taylor & Francis, 2006. p 44: "Abu Abdallah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal ibn Hilal al-Shaybani was born in Baghdad in Iraq in 780"

1222:). By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just an abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in all its living reality, whose nature 2610: 1381:

Sālih, being exhorted by his father to go and study under the Sufis. According to one tradition, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever a self-denier or ascetic (

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Holtzman, Livnat, “Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson; cf. Ibn al-Jawzī,

1079:, such as hearing, sight, speech, omnipotence, will, wisdom, the vision by the believers on the day of resurrection etc., were to be literally affirmed as "realities" ( 6154: 492: 1397:, for example, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and piety ... Sufis of all orders regard him as blessed. He associated with great Shaykhs, such as 8403: 8068: 611:

Having studied jurisprudence and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the

865:, Ibn Hanbal was flogged to unconsciousness; however, this caused great upheaval in Baghdad and forced al-Mu'tasim to release him. After al-Mu'tasim's death, 2417:

Krawietz, Birgit; Tamer, Georges; Holtzman, Livnatz (2013). "Debating the Doctrine of jabr (Compulsion): Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Reads Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī".

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as the foundations of orthodox belief. He did, however, believe that it was only a select few who were properly authorized to interpret the sacred texts.

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Holtzman, Livnat, “Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.

7681: 1103:, etc. they were to be understood in the same manner. Ibn Hanbal treated those verses in the scriptures with apparently anthropomorphic descriptions as 797:

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, and later traveled to further his education. He started learning jurisprudence under the celebrated judge of

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Ibn Hanbal later came to be venerated as an exemplary figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric scholars and ascetic

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Ibn Hanbal became a judge in his old age. Through his students, the Hanbali school of jurisprudence was established, which is now most dominant in

1344:, it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many of the Sufis was one of mutual respect and admiration. Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in his 1179:(disbelief). He also believed that God created Adam "according to His form". Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of 662:

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become controversial in certain quarters of the Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as

2142:أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه أَحْمَد بْن مُحَمَّد بْن حَنْبَل بْن هِلَال بْن أَسَد بْن إِدْرِيس بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن حَيَّان ٱلشَّيْبَانيّ ٱلذُّهْلِيّ 8398: 6337: 659:, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh of Islam and imam of the Muslims in his time; the traditionist and proof of the religion'." 531: 2900: 8408: 8383: 3000: 4202:

Predestination (al-qaḍāʾ wa-l-qadar) and free will (al-ikhtiyār) as reflected in the works of the Neo-Ḥanbalites of the fourteenth century

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and of the blessedness of his grave. For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally held to have been blessed with the miracle of

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Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine is what later came to be known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of only the

4788: 4383: 813:. After several years of travel, he returned to Baghdad to study Islamic law under al-Shafi'i, with whom he formed a close bond with. 8443: 2339:

He chose to treat the anthropomorphic descriptions of God found in the scriptures as muhkamat, admitting to only a literal meaning,..

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Bearman, Bianquis, Bosworth, van Donzel, Heinrichs, P. , Th. , C.E. , E. , W.P. (1960). "Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal". In Laoust, Henri (ed.).

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Michael Cook, “On the Origins of Wahhābism,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jul., 1992), p. 198

2594: 891:"I requested to see Ahmad bin Hanbal. So, I greeted him, and he was an old man who dyed his hair. He was tall and extremely dark." 8438: 6849: 4910: 1942:

and there he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and his school of jurisprudence.

3392:, Beirut 1393/1973 and Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), pp. 355-56 1134:), and felt it was wise to leave to God the understanding of His own mystery. Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of the 901:

that was not too dark. He had black hairs in his beard, and I saw his clothes extremely white. When I saw him, he was wearing a

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As has been noted by scholars, it is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power of relics," and supported the seeking of

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Wesley Williams, "Aspects of the creed of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. A study of anthropomorphism in early Islamic discourse,"

3938:(Dr.) (in Indonesian). Translated by Usman Sya'roni. Koja, North Jakarta, Indonesia: Jakarta Islamic Centre. p. 697. 3405:, Vol. I, pp. 272-7; Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), p. 356 2921:

Tajalli Wa-Ru'ya: A Study of Anthropomorphic Theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an and early Sunni Islam

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Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal ibn Hilāl ibn Asad ibn Idrīs ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥayyān al-Shaybānī al-Dhuhlī

6692: 2176: 1294:. Maybe the rejection of some of his words would cause one to doubt and deviate in his heart, and thereby be destroyed." 2929: 4432: 4214:

Nimrod Hurvitz, "From scholarly circles to mass movements. The formation of legal communities in Islamic societies,"

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Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf","

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Daryl Champion (2002), The Paradoxical Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Momentum of Reform, Columbia University Press,

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The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi, Chapter Seventy-Nine: In Mention of His Illness, pp. 540-548

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Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal Shrine: Dargah Of: Imam Abu Abdullah Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Hanbal (Rahimahu Allahu Ta'ala)

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Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001); cf. Ibn al-Jawzī,

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Wilferd Madelung, "The origins of the controversy concerning the creation of the Koran," in J. M. Barral (ed.),

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This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority, pg. 20. Taken from

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Al-Sadah Al-Hanabilah wa Ikhtilafatuhum Ma'a Al-Salafiyah Al-Mu'ashirah fi al-'Aqidah wa al-Fiqh wa al-Tasawwuf

2759: 1696: 874:, who was much more tolerating of the traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back to Baghdad. 1524:(d. 716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not formulate a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with 1428:

Although there is a perception that Ibn Hanbal or his school were somehow adverse to Sufism, scholars such as

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Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the latter said: "If someone were to follow every

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cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability of Muhammad's intercession in every personal supplication in his

3731:, ed. Wasi Allah ibn Muhammad Abbas (Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Risāla, 1983), I:219; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, 8393: 8321: 7361: 6842: 6514: 6360: 6310: 5751: 5195: 4750: 1870: 1021: 1002: 883: 440: 4297:

John A. Nawas, "A reexamination of three current explanations for al-Maʾmūn's introduction of the miḥna,"

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rental income sufficient for his living. The reports are conflicting about whether it was large or small.

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A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh by Edward Granville Browne – Page 295

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in their hagiographies, praising him both for his legal work and for his appreciation of Sufi doctrine.

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Ibn Hasan Aal-Sheikh, 'Abdur-Rahman (2002). "38: Taking Scholars or Rulers as Partners Besides Allah".

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The prominent traditionalists, such as Abū ʿAmr al-Awzāʿī (d.157/774) and Ahmad b. Ḥanbal (d.241/855)..

2356:"Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad IBN Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse" 2291:"Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad IBN Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse" 1877:

of Imam Ahmad, i.e. the first written compilation of Ibn Hanbal's question and answers, was written by

1580:)." It is believed that he quoted this on account of the vast number of forged traditions of Muhammad. 1512:, Ibn Hanbal is said to have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law. 1433:

relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so close that one of the most prominent Hanbali jurists,

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In addition to his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in the war frontiers and performed

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Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal Shrine: Imam Abu Abdullah Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Hanbal (Rahimahu Allahu Ta'ala)

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Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), p. 356

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Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia

1681: 528: 435: 4144:

Michael Cooperson, "Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Bishr al-Ḥāfī. A case study in biographical traditions,"

3312:]. Translated by Al-Halawani, 'Ali As-Sayed. El Mansoura, Egypt: Dar al Manarah. p. 366. 8214: 8178: 6203: 6161: 6016: 5631: 5420: 5325: 5155: 5110: 4976: 4561: 2919: 2904: 1826: 1685: 600: 519: 258: 3522:, XXIV.2, trans. Michael Cooperson (New York: New York University Press, 2016), p. 89; Hujwiri, 1156:

and was willing to engage in hermeneutical exercises. The rise of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the

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except that they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed; despite praise from his contemporaries as well,

1838:

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively praised for both his work in the field of prophetic tradition (

1456: 555: 1986: 8119: 7778: 6950: 6867: 6613: 6583: 6140: 6036: 5583: 5410: 5160: 5070: 4490: 2885:

The Hanbalite madhhab, in contrast, largely maintained the traditionalist of Athari position.

2044: 1959: 1955: 1096: 590: 7819: 8433: 7565: 6972: 6830: 6755: 6600: 6415: 6263: 6168: 6147: 6006: 5961: 5946: 5495: 5345: 5335: 5320: 5140: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5065: 4602: 4502: 4496: 2858:

Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism

2048: 1967: 1919: 742:

a man comes to me and confirms that this is his, I will get rid of it and give it to him".

655:

and adhering to it." He was further praised by the 14th-century historian and traditionist

507: 1975: 8: 8373: 8368: 8232: 7999: 7799: 7570: 7301: 7178: 6817: 6117: 6043: 5385: 5035: 4849: 4725: 4567: 4455: 1963: 1890: 1878: 1866:

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted. Qur'anic

1532: 1521: 1215: 765: 628: 486: 355:ٱبْن مُحَمَّد بْن حَنْبَل بْن هِلَال بْن أَسَد بْن إِدْرِيس بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن حَيَّان 4361: 4130:

Binyamin Abrahamov, "The bi-lā kayfa doctrine and its foundations in Islamic theology,"

3100: 2740:

Ibn Hanbal – his life and his era – his jurisprudential opinions by Abu Zahra, pp. 75-77

2722:

Ibn Hanbal – his life and his era – his jurisprudential opinions by Abu Zahra, pp. 17-18

1130:; he believed that it was fair to worship God "without the 'mode' of the theologoumena ( 8163: 7046: 7002: 6747: 6560: 6447: 6221: 6182: 6096: 5931: 5894: 5856: 5778: 5653: 5425: 5210: 5085: 5060: 4882: 4869: 4543: 4467: 3649: 3246: 3238: 3183: 3175: 2630: 2383: 2375: 2318: 2310: 2010: 2006: 1935: 1855: 1843: 1460: 1434: 1402: 1377: 720: 501: 430: 386: 127: 8139: 2419:

Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya

1282:

should befall them, or a painful torment be inflicted on them.' Do you know what that

8428: 8423: 8189: 8155: 8099: 7342: 7281: 7188: 6896: 6760: 6609: 6555: 6451: 6086: 6053: 5981: 5976: 5936: 5924: 5909: 5889: 5790: 5766: 5592: 5415: 5255: 5190: 4678: 4555: 3939: 3686: 3596:, XXIV.2, trans. Michael Cooperson (New York: New York University Press, 2016), p. 89 3560:, XCV.7, trans. Michael Cooperson (New York: New York University Press, 2016), p. 298 3526:, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Leiden: Brill, 1911), pp. 117-118; Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 3313: 3281: 3250: 3187: 3081: 2925: 2862: 2826: 2688: 2600: 2422: 2387: 2322: 1768:: "The Book of Abstinence" ed. Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994 1398: 897:"I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, well-formed, and he dyed his hair with 715:

Historians differ about his place of birth. Some say he was said that he was born in

701: 688: 455: 7347: 3127: 2112: 666:

has cited him as a principal influence along with the 13th-century Hanbali reformer

8413: 7157: 7131: 6834: 6507: 6251: 6133: 5986: 5966: 5951: 5516: 5175: 4943: 4661: 3867: 3859: 3230: 3167: 3069: 2367: 2302: 1422: 1328:

where he attributes it to "Imām Ahmad and a group of the pious ancestors" from the

1119: 705: 623:

toward the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the

3855: 2592: 1429: 1076: 1072: 8227: 8114: 7701: 7051: 7036: 6998: 6965: 6940: 6854: 6801: 6702: 6697: 6673: 6587: 6490: 6437: 6432: 5919: 5822: 5817: 5800: 5761: 5701: 5658: 5465: 5395: 5200: 4948: 4637: 4508: 4185:

Wael B. Hallaq, "Was al-Shafiʿi the master architect of Islamic jurisprudence?,"

3933: 3799: 3653: 3077: 2137: 2023: 1962:

that Ibn Hanbal has memorized at least 750,000 hadith during his life, more than

1501:

God protect us and you from the opinion of the dissenters and from innovations!"

1100: 1025: 546: 53: 7841: 8249: 8168: 8034: 8011: 7994: 7845: 7770: 7694: 7215: 7121: 6730: 6685: 6680: 6531: 6500: 6405: 6288: 6126: 5879: 5812: 5805: 5795: 5643: 5380: 5241: 5170: 5145: 5005: 4938: 4854: 4684: 4392: 3835:. Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Nur al-Mubin Li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi. pp. 108–109. 2087: 2062: 2014: 2002: 1923: 1589: 1418: 862: 605: 586: 362: 164: 8209: 8016: 7208: 3234: 3171: 2371: 2306: 351:

Ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal ibn Hilāl ibn Asad ibn Idrīs ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥayyān

8362: 8173: 8103: 8083: 8045: 7669: 7654: 7418:

Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī

7225: 7150: 6960: 6921: 6908: 6883: 6789: 6578: 6550: 6427: 6381: 6299: 5998: 5899: 5884: 5874: 5709: 5671: 5648: 5610: 5521: 5251: 5245: 5235: 5223: 4153:

Classical Arabic biography. The heirs of the prophets in the age of al-Maʾmūn

3845: 3418:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 387; see ; see Ibn Abī Ya'lā, 2172: 1927: 1633: 1608: 1505: 1488: 1321: 1268: 1158: 1088: 871: 774: 582: 489: 483: 480: 450: 203: 8135: 3932:

Nahrawi Abdus Salam Al-Indunisi, Ahmad (2008). Ahmad Nahrawi, Amirah (ed.).

2107: 1504:

When asked by his son Abdullah about the legitimacy of touching and kissing

1385:) visited him so I could look at him. He loved for me to become like this." 1187:"He who says that Allah created Adam according to the form of Adam, he is a 8201: 8130: 7918:

Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī

7858: 7836: 7827: 7727: 7204: 7020: 6955: 6648: 6545: 6536: 6442: 6196: 5864: 5783: 5714: 5578: 5075: 5015: 4990: 4971: 4631: 4549: 3991:, ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ and Ḥusayn al-Asad, 25 vols., Beirut 1401–9/1981–8 3280:. New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 15. 2842: 2687:. A-B. Vol. 1 (New ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 272. 2517: 2471:

1st ed., Cairo 1311; new edition by Aḥmad S̲h̲ākir in publ. since 1368/1948

1851: 1476: 1452: 1414: 1410: 1369: 1341: 1278: 1011:

He died due to being severely ill. His son Salih describes his illness as:

817: 752: 667: 648: 624: 620: 7868: 7366: 6986: 2001:, a rank that only reached by very few Hadith scholars in history such as 737:

mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen

8183: 7905: 7873: 7823: 7689: 7387: 7352: 7334: 7126: 6863: 6793: 6473: 6372: 5941: 5914: 5904: 5841: 5746: 5736: 5731: 5563: 5546: 5370: 5285: 5125: 5000: 4584: 4334:

Chapters on marriage and divorce. Responses of Ibn Ḥanbal and Ibn Rāhwayh

2699:

Aḥmad B. Ḥanbal was an Arab, belonging to the Banū Shaybān, of Rabī'a,...

1994: 1535:(d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts. 1448: 1406: 1313: 1118:) of the Quran and of tradition, and no less emphatically criticized the 604:, which has continued to exercise considerable influence on the field of 477: 306: 4320:

Muslim theology. A study of origins with reference to the Church Fathers

7832: 7629: 7410: 7356: 7254: 7192: 7143: 7109: 7062: 6983: 6916: 6903: 6821: 6797: 6726: 6631: 6573: 6495: 6398: 5771: 5535: 5531: 5365: 5290: 5266: 5231: 5185: 5120: 5080: 5055: 5010: 4995: 4985: 4649: 4619: 4473: 4438: 4409: 4404: 3914:

al-Dhahabī, Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān.

3242: 3179: 2379: 2314: 2097: 2067: 1911: 1886: 1492: 829: 806: 734: 697: 656: 574: 516: 314: 290: 5616:

Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)

5475:

Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

4055:, ed. Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Munʿim Aḥmad, 2 vols. in one, Alexandria 1401/1981 3534:(London: Islamic Texts Society, 2000), p. 153 (note by Timothy Winter) 3530:, trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as 3496:(London: Islamic Texts Society, 2000), p. 153 (note by Timothy Winter) 3492:, trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as 3218: 3155: 2355: 2290: 1914:, one of the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece 1895:

The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of the Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms

19:"Imam Ahmed" redirects here. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see 8087: 8075: 8053: 7984: 7897:

Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī

7888: 7794: 7739: 7664: 7318: 7313: 7239: 7183: 6929: 6784: 6777: 6653: 6564: 6478: 6458: 6303: 6244: 5756: 5724: 5679:

Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī

5567: 5445: 5360: 5355: 5165: 5130: 5025: 5020: 4655: 4625: 2018: 1990: 1931: 1444: 1365: 1208: 866: 802: 769: 663: 578: 510: 504: 445: 295: 8078: 4158:

Daniel Gimaret, "Theories de l'acte humain dans l'école ḥanbalite,"

3449:

Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood

1670: 8272: 8239: 8094: 7979: 7971: 7765: 7170: 7101: 7024: 7007: 6838: 6825: 6658: 6604: 6386: 5834: 5625: 5458: 5050: 4766: 4520: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2077: 2037: 1867: 1629: 1596: 1437:, was also simultaneously the most famous Sufi of his era, and the 1211: 1127: 671: 160: 4271:

The formation of the Sunni schools of law, 9th–10th centuries C.E.

4005:, ed. ʿAbdallāh b. Salmān b. Sālim al-Aḥmadī, 2 vols., Riyadh 1991 3777:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 313; see Ibn Abī Ya'lā, 3761:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 306; see Ibn Taymiyyah, 570: 285: 8277: 8257: 8218: 8063: 7910:

Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī

7854: 7811: 7658: 7648: 7373: 7322: 7276: 7114: 7011: 6912: 6891: 6770: 6765: 6640: 6591: 6519: 6468: 6189: 6068: 5741: 5555: 5487: 4877: 3003:(in Arabic). Al-Mada Supplements. 2 December 2012. Archived from 2082: 2041: 1733: 1637: 1625: 1544: 1472: 1394: 1361: 1244: 1204: 1153: 793:

A manuscript of Ibn Hanbal's legal writings, produced October 879

709: 616: 131: 72: 4234:

Henri Laoust, "Les premières professions de foi ḥanbalites," in

3927: 3925: 2655:

Ibn Hanbal – his life and his era – his jurisprudential opinions

2490: 1262:

by Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868). Comparing

8282: 8262: 8143: 8107: 7296: 7199: 7136: 7015: 6858: 6812: 6292: 5601:

Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)

5559: 5506: 4930: 4841: 4003:

al-Masāʾil wa-l-rasāʾil al-marwiyya ʿan al-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal

3931: 3863: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3685:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–160. 3430: 3428: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2102: 2092: 2072: 1908:

Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr

1572: 1548: 1526: 1509: 1481: 1439: 1353: 1316:, for example, recommends it for the obtainment of need in his 1250: 1237: 1191:(disbeliever). Which form did Adam have before He created him?" 1041: 996: 902: 833: 825: 798: 738: 652: 647:

in their hagiographies. The 12th-century jurist and theologian

594: 198: 193: 175: 5466:

Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī

4248:

George Makdisi, "Ḥanbalite Islam," in Merlin L. Swartz (ed.),

4044:, in ʿAlī Sāmī al-Nashshār and ʿAmmār Jumʿī al-Ṭālibī (eds.), 1842:), jurisprudence, and his defense of orthodox Sunni theology. 1816:: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973) 1114:) of the Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis ( 8267: 7308: 6933: 6734: 6722: 5524: 5499: 5470: 4859: 4255:

Christopher Melchert, "The adversaries of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal,"

3922: 3852:

Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies

3681:

B. Hallaq, Wael (2005). "7: The formation of legal schools".

2462:, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98 1556: 1552: 1373: 1368:. It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified 1357: 1201: 1188: 1164: 1148: 1068: 1058: 1037: 906: 898: 852: 821: 760: 693: 640: 632: 612: 566: 338: 280: 150: 100: 3699: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3425: 2683:

H. A. R. Gibb; et al., eds. (1986). "Aḥmad B. Ḥanbal".

2568: 2530: 1858:

noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about his achievements.

1417:, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own gifts as a 789: 7961:

Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

5510: 5505:

Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-

5435: 4095:

al-Shahāda al-zakiyya fī thanāʾ al-aʾimma ʿalā Ibn Taymiyya

3509:, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Leiden: Brill, 1911), pp. 117-118 2749:

The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi, p. 72

2548: 2546: 1847: 1390: 1180: 1176: 840: 778: 716: 644: 188: 76: 32: 7921:

Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī

4276:

Christopher Melchert, "The Ḥanābila and the early Ṣūfīs,"

1463:'s order themselves, and never condemned Sufism outright. 5869: 4737:

Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence

4391: 3790:

Foundations of the Sunnah, by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, pg 51-173

3563: 2845:

Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)

1958:

classification, as the title bestowment were approved by

1152:

and prophetic statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a

1110:

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected the negative theology (

1092: 1064: 5611:

Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī

4283:

Christopher Melchert, "The Musnad of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal,"

3484: 3482: 3451:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 158 3310:

Divine Triumph: Explanatory Notes on the Book of Tawheed

2543: 2021:. Ibn Hanbal's Musnad is not, however, ranked among the 1950:

It is reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of

1226:," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension. 631:, a view that contradicted the orthodox position of the 4019:(with a supplement comprising Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's 3292:

Ibn Hanbal articulated ijtihad in rejection of taqlid..

3037: 3035: 2780:

The Four Imams by Mustafa Al-Shakaa , Vol. 4, pp. 89-90

1576:

that is in the ḥadīth, he would become a transgressor (

4315:, ed. and revised by Abdal Hakim Murad, Cambridge 1993 4290:

Christopher Melchert, "The piety of the Hadith folk,"

4037:, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir, 20 vols., Cairo 1416/1995 4012:, ed. Waṣiyyallāh b. Muḥammad ʿAbbās, Bombay 1408/1988 3658:. Translated by Khalkhali, Zahra Musavi. Rafed Books. 3464:, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Leiden: Brill, 1911), p. 117 2731:

The Four Imams by Mustafa al-Shaka'a, Vol. 4, pp. 7-8.

2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 1744:: "Foundations of the Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)" 1207:

was the considerable role he played in bolstering the

88:

2 August 855 CE (12 Rabi' al-Awwal 241 AH; aged 74–75)

5663:

Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

5626:

Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī

4083:, ed. Muḥammad Rashād Sālim, 11 vols., Riyadh 1979–81 3479: 3016: 3014: 3001:"من مراقد بغداد واضرحتها - ملاحق جريدة المدى اليومية" 2711:

The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi,

2416: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 1938:, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book titled 1107:(clear) verses; admitting to only a literal meaning. 7893:

Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī

5496:

Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī

4107:

Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥajjāj al-Marwazī,

3899:

Ibn Abī Yaʻlá, Abū al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad.

3588: 3586: 3303: 3120: 3093: 3032: 1893:

did not include Ibn Hanbal or his views in his book

1312:

personal supplication as an issue of jurisprudence.

964:

One Who Gathered the Knowledge of the First and Last

560: 4204:, Ph.D. diss., Bar-Ilan University 2003 (in Hebrew) 4104:, ed. ʿAṭiyya al-Zahrānī, 7 vols., Riyadh 1410/1989 2760:"The wives of Imam Ahmad ibn Hambal (rahimahullah)" 1918:that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is alike 7937:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī 7885:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī 5604:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) 4097:, ed. Najm ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khalaf, Beirut 1404/1984 4076:, ed. ʿAwwād ʿAbdallāh al-Muʿtaq, Riyadh 1419/1999 3903:. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma'rifah. pp. 1/14. 3011: 2421:. Berlin, Germany: Walter De Gruyter. p. 63. 2215: 1940:Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, 1538: 1087:), such as those which spoke of God's hand, face, 565:; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Sunni Muslim 7430:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) 4111:, ed. Samīr b. Amīn al-Zuhayrī, Riyadh 1418/1997. 3583: 3049:, Department of General Sunni Shrines, p. 13 1982:700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence. 1978:mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 1200:One of Ibn Hanbal's most famous contributions to 8360: 6359: 5593:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām 4165:Ignáz Goldziher, "Aḥmed b. Muḥammad b. Ḥanbal," 4125:Islamic theology. Traditionalism and rationalism 3880: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2212:The History of Persia by John Malcolm – Page 245 2208: 2206: 1798: : "The Book of Obedience to the Messenger" 1731:The following books are found in Ibn al-Nadim's 1063:Ibn Hanbal understood the perfect definition of 16:Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian (780–855) 7757:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī 5607:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī 3998:ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī, 2 vols., Cairo 1952 3578:Introduction to Sufism: The Inner Path of Islam 3336:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389 . 1083:). As for those attributes called "ambiguous" ( 651:relates he "was the foremost in collecting the 3379:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389. 3349:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389. 3276:Ismail, Raihan (2021). "Chapter 1: Salafism". 2652: 1547:or independent reasoning in matters of law by 1138:formula. This mediating principle allowed the 8404:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 6338:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam 5688:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) 4782: 4377: 4325:Susan Spectorsky, "Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal's fiqh," 3748:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 313 3735:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 306 3718:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 306 3626:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 390 3438:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 387 3366:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389 2975:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 307 2752: 2682: 2583:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 390 2540:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 301 2438: 2203: 1303:It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his 759:His first wife was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", an 643:, with the latter often designating him as a 4209:The formation of Ḥanbalism. Piety into power 3223:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3160:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2848: 2635:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2360:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2295:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2051:" starring Mahyar Khaddour in the lead role. 1814:Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya 1649:)," Ibn Hanbal advised him to name the work 636:reputation" in the annals of Sunni history. 401: 377: 353: 329: 91:Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iraq) 7436:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) 3062: 1985:While according to the classification from 1699:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1543:Ibn Hanbal also had a strict criterion for 1242:Ibn Hanbal favoured independent reasoning ( 1075:, Ibn Hanbal believed that all the regular 7457:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) 4809: 4789: 4775: 4384: 4370: 4139:Ibn Ḥanbal. Ḥayātuhu wa-ʿaṣruhu wa-fiqhuhu 3830: 3784: 3166:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 2366:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 2301:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 1846:stated that a Muslim could not truly be a 745: 687:Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born in the month of 3898: 3680: 3580:(Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2010), p. 121 3545:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ 3528:Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib 3490:Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib 3390:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ 3360:Wasiyya al-Muwaffaq Ibn Quduma al-Maqdisi 3043:الدليل السياحي للأضرحة والمراقد في العراق 2995: 2993: 2854: 2799: 2563:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ 2257: 2196: 2194: 2036:Ahmad ibn Hanbal was largely depicted in 1719:Learn how and when to remove this message 1619: 1583: 1171:Ibn Hanbal also recognized "Divine Form ( 824:. Unlike the other three schools—Hanafi, 7059:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 5598:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm 4597:Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah 4030:, ed. Muḥammad Jalāl Sharaf, Beirut 1981 3683:The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law 3216: 3153: 2917: 2895: 2893: 2667: 2516: 2353: 2288: 1162:, whose cause he championed, during the 919: 788: 777:, while Saeed later became the judge of 700:tribe. His father was an officer in the 7282:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī 4341:The formative period of Islamic thought 4088:Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ wa-ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyāʾ 4062:, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ, Beirut 1393/19732 4023:), ed. Zakariyyā ʿAlī Yusūf, Cairo 1971 3648: 3022:دليل الجوامع والمساجد التراثية والأثرية 2924:. University of Michigan. p. 229. 1970:who each memorized 300,000 hadith, and 843:five times in his life, twice on foot. 805:, who was the student and companion of 69:November 780 CE (Rabi' al-Awwal 164 AH) 8361: 6639: 6282:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 3913: 3275: 3229:(3). Cambridge University Press: 443. 3068: 2990: 2596:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2349: 2347: 2284: 2282: 2191: 2167: 2165: 1307:that Ibn Hanbal preferred one to make 6358: 5431:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar 4808: 4770: 4393:Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School 4365: 4042:al-Radd ʿalā l-zanādiqa wa-l-Jahmiyya 3894: 3892: 3622:, IX.457; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, 3306:Fath al-Majeed: Sharh Kitab al-Tawhid 2890: 2648: 2646: 2030: 2027:, the six big collections of hadith. 1997:, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank of 1750:: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)" 832:—the Hanbali school remained largely 784: 708:and later settled with his family in 243:al-Radd ala al-Jahmiyya wa-l-Zanadiqa 8399:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam 4796: 3815: 3257:from the original on 7 November 2021 3194:from the original on 7 November 2021 2802:"Biography of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal" 2670:The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal 2613:from the original on 5 November 2021 2394:from the original on 7 November 2021 2329:from the original on 7 November 2021 1697:adding citations to reliable sources 1664: 1031: 967:Guardian of the Prophet's Narrations 8409:Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate 8384:9th-century Arabic-language writers 7070:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi 3655:Logical Analysis Of Wahhabi Beliefs 2344: 2279: 2179:from the original on 7 January 2019 2162: 2141: 1833: 1754:Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma‘rifat al-Rijal 1562: 895:Muhammad bin ‘Abbas an-Nahwi said: 550: 402: 378: 354: 330: 13: 4035:al-Musnad lil-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal 3968: 3889: 3831:Al-Ulayyan, Mustafa Hamdu (2017). 2987:, tr. Nicholson, chap. 21, p. 117. 2861:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 34. 2643: 1861: 265:Risala fi al-Salah li-Ahl al-Qibla 14: 8455: 7442:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) 4221:Henri Laoust, "Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal," 3401:H. Laoust, "Ahmad b. Hanbal," in 3136:from the original on 13 July 2020 3109:from the original on 16 July 2020 2250:H. Laoust, "Ahmad b. Hanbal," in 1810:: "The Book of Obligatory Duties" 1762:: "The Book of the Rites of Hajj" 877: 727: 8444:Biographical evaluation scholars 7460:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) 5682:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard 5554:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad- 5232:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit 4429:(founder of the school; 780–855) 4229:La profession de foi d'Ibn Baṭṭa 4180:The four imams and their schools 3952:from the original on 8 July 2022 3775:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3759:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3746:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3733:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3716:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3662:from the original on 8 July 2022 3624:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3436:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3416:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3377:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3364:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3347:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3334:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3217:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 3154:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 2973:The Four Imams and Their Schools 2875:from the original on 2 June 2021 2581:The Four Imams and Their Schools 2538:The Four Imams and Their Schools 2354:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 2289:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 1885:Likewise, some consider how the 1669: 1515: 1248:) and rejected blind following ( 75:, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day 8347: 8007:United Submitters International 7291:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir 6669:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 6022:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 4708:Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini 4306:Aḥmed ibn Ḥanbal and the miḥna, 3907: 3874: 3839: 3824: 3809: 3793: 3767: 3751: 3738: 3721: 3674: 3642: 3629: 3612: 3599: 3550: 3537: 3512: 3499: 3467: 3454: 3441: 3408: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3362:, p. 93; see Gibril F. Haddad, 3352: 3339: 3326: 3297: 3269: 3210: 3147: 3053: 2978: 2965: 2954: 2938: 2911: 2836: 2819: 2793: 2783: 2774: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2704: 2676: 2661: 2586: 2555: 2510: 2474: 2465: 2452: 2126: 1636:, Ibn Hanbal "considered every 1539:Independent reasoning by muftis 1298: 1254:). His staunch condemnation of 913:‘Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: 8439:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam 8301:Sunni schools of jurisprudence 7319:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād 6032:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 6027:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 5685:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) 5306:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 4433:Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani 4081:Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql 4074:Ijtimāʿ al-Jayesh al-Islamiyah 3074:Historical Dictionary of Islam 2410: 1974:who memorized 500,000 hadith. 1326:Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla 846: 499:Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari 1: 7733:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi 6059:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid 4462:Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari 4053:Sīrat al-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal 4010:al-ʿIlal wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl 3918:(in Arabic). pp. 21/379. 3729:Al-'Ilal wa-Ma'rifat al-Rijāl 3637:Al-'Ilal wa Ma'rifat Ar-Rijal 3607:Al-'Ilal wa Ma'rifat Ar-Rijal 2855:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). 2843:Jurisprudence and Law – Islam 2155: 1792:: "Virtues of the Companions" 1520:According to Hanbali scholar 1332:of al-Marwazī as his source. 1220:kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ 958:Seal of the Independent Imams 946:founder of the Hanbali school 7421:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) 7362:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi 7343:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi 6361:Islamic schools and branches 5196:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad 5101:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 4116: 4090:, 10 vols., Beirut 1409/1988 2918:Williams, W. Wesley (2008). 2144:); he is known by the title 2119: 1871:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 1335: 1258:is reported in the treatise 1195: 889:Ibn Dharih al-’Ukbari said: 882:His appearance according to 682: 677: 7: 7353:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin 6049:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 5406:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi 5341:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi 4515:Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi 4069:, 16 vols., Cairo 1418/1998 2518:Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd ar-Rahman 2173:"مناهج أئمة الجرح والتعديل" 2055: 1047: 696:, and belonged to the Arab 561: 10: 8460: 8104:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir 7549:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī 7302:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī 6980:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani 6464:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5720:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5351:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 5311:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 5136:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 4720:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4714:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4216:American Historical Review 4195:Ibn Taymiyya and his times 4173:Vorlesungen über den Islam 4021:al-Ṣalāh wa-aḥkām tārikīhā 3973: 1999:Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith 1804:: "The Book of Abrogation" 1587: 1235: 1056: 981:Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate 961:Reinforcer of the Religion 850: 523:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 21:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 18: 8295: 8248: 8200: 8154: 8044: 8031: 7970: 7867: 7810: 7793: 7680: 7628: 7619: 7558: 7475: 7409: 7386: 7333: 7253: 7238: 7168: 7035: 6878: 6742: 6717: 6693:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects 6630: 6530: 6380: 6371: 6367: 6354: 6328: 6273: 6220: 6116: 6109: 6067: 6037:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine 5997: 5855: 5752:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 5700: 5670: 5577: 5545: 5486: 5444: 5265: 5219: 5206:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 5181:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 5031:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 4970: 4961: 4929: 4901: 4868: 4840: 4833: 4829: 4804: 4735: 4700: 4671: 4612: 4591:Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah 4577: 4530: 4483: 4448: 4419: 4399: 4238:(Damascus 1956–7), 3:7–35 4093:Marʿī b. Yūsuf al-Karmī, 4048:(Alexandria 1971), 51–103 3935:Ensiklopedia Imam Syafi'i 3235:10.1017/S0020743802003021 3172:10.1017/S0020743802003021 2372:10.1017/S0020743802003021 2307:10.1017/S0020743802003021 1945: 1614: 1466: 1352:that we find most of the 1229: 993: 985: 977: 933: 926: 467: 441:Abd al-Razzaq al-Sana'ani 418: 413: 409: 403:ٱلشَّيْبَانيّ ٱلذُّهْلِيّ 385: 361: 337: 313: 304: 273: 220: 212: 181: 171: 156: 146: 138: 123: 106: 96: 84: 65: 60: 49: 42: 30: 7722:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī 6597:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 6211:The Moderation in Belief 6092:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya 5830:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi 5401:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 5331:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 4493:(952–1020 CE/341–410 AH) 4236:Mélanges Louis Massignon 4086:Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, 4072:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 3763:Majmū' al-Fatāwā, 20:365 3488:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 2985:Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub 2901:"Imaam Ahmad ibn Hanbal" 2460:The Arab Studies Journal 1660: 1214:of the Quran being the " 1099:by the believers on the 1067:to be that given in the 608:up to the present time. 529:Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin 436:Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak 43: 8389:9th-century Arab people 8379:8th-century Arab people 8179:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 7575:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān 7493:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī 7265:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād 6204:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi 6162:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah 6017:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 5421:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 5326:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 5316:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 5156:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani 5111:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 5046:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini 4562:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi 4245:(Leiden 1974), 1:504–25 2961:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' 1954:of Hadith according to 1827:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1790:Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba 1356:reports concerning the 1183:, Ibn Hanbal asserted: 1022:Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque 1003:Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque 970:Confirmer of the Relics 746:His Wives and Childrens 526:Diya' al-Din al-Maqdisi 520:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi 493:Badr ad-Deen al Hanbali 7851:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu 7433:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) 6926:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 6421:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6082:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd 6077:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani 6012:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 5972:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi 5957:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 5637:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri 5632:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar 5391:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 5301:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 5296:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 5281:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 5151:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 5116:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 5041:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 4691:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali 4644:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 4538:Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra 4509:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 4269:Christopher Melchert, 4262:Christopher Melchert, 4218:108/4 (2003), 985–1008 3989:Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ 3818:Al-Madkhal Al-Mufassal 3594:The Life of Ibn Hanbal 3558:The Life of Ibn Hanbal 3520:The Life of Ibn Hanbal 3375:See Gibril F. Haddad, 3047:Sunni Endowment Office 3026:Sunni Endowment Office 2971:See Gibril F. Haddad, 2685:Encyclopaedia of Islam 1972:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 1786:: "The Book of Drinks" 1643:The Core of Divergence 1620:Differences of opinion 1584:Private interpretation 1457:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 1296: 1272:), Ibn Hanbal states: 1193: 1052: 1017: 884:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' 794: 8120:Wallace Fard Muhammad 7077:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya 6584:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 6333:Early Muslim scholars 6141:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 5411:Rahmatullah Kairanawi 5161:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi 5071:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 4491:Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi 4311:Muḥammad Z. Siddiqi, 4252:(Oxford 1981), 216–64 4134:42/1–3 (1995), 365–79 4100:Abū Bakr al-Khallāl, 4067:al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya 4060:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad 3916:Siyar a'lam al-nubala 3806:, vol. 18, pg. 57-58. 3532:The Invocation of God 3494:The Invocation of God 3403:Encyclopedia of Islam 2951:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala 2523:Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad 2252:Encyclopedia of Islam 1960:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 1956:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi 1796:Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul 1774:: "The Book of Faith" 1588:Further information: 1443:that he founded, the 1383:zāhid aw mutaqashshif 1274: 1185: 1057:Further information: 1013: 955:Proof of the Religion 949:Defender of Orthodoxy 920:His illness and Death 792: 591:Islamic jurisprudence 399:Al-Shaybānī al-Dhuhlī 7771:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya 7566:Al-Harith ibn Surayj 6756:Theology of Twelvers 6601:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 6148:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 5947:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5346:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 5336:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 5321:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 5141:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 5106:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 5096:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 5091:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5066:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 4603:Zayn al-Din al-Amidi 4503:Abu Ali ibn al-Banna 4243:Orientalia hispanica 4137:Muḥammad Abū Zahra, 4123:Binyamin Abrahamov, 3996:Ṭabaqāt al-ḥanābila, 3901:Tabaqat al-Hanabilah 3650:Tabassi, Najm Al-Din 3080:, pp. 136–137, 3007:on 3 September 2018. 2653:Muhammad Abu Zahra. 1968:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 1693:improve this section 952:True Shaykh of Islam 508:Ibn Battah al-Ukbari 8394:9th-century jurists 8000:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 7747:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī 7719:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya 7517:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī 7179:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah 6486:Other Salafi trends 6315:Musta'li Isma'ilism 6231:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya 5622:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr 5386:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 5036:Zakariyya al-Ansari 4726:Fatima al-Fudayliya 4568:Abdul-Razzaq Gilani 4456:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 4346:W. Montgomey Watt, 4339:W. Montgomey Watt, 4329:102/3 (1982), 461–5 4280:48/3 (2001), 352–67 4151:Michael Cooperson, 4148:86 (1997/2), 71–101 3779:Tabaqāt al-Hanābila 3420:Tabaqāt al-Hanābila 3202:– via JSTOR. 2762:. HadithAnswers.com 2402:– via JSTOR. 2337:– via JSTOR. 2254:, Vol. I, pp. 272-7 1964:Muhammad al-Bukhari 1879:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 1533:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 1320:. In the same way, 1101:day of resurrection 629:Quran being created 551:أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل 487:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 379:أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه 56:('Shaykh of Islam') 44:أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل 8299:Other scholars of 8190:Islamic modernists 8164:Modernist Salafism 7820:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 7779:Abdullah ibn Saba' 7714:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar 7599:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf 7587:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr 7578:Muhārīb ibn Dithār 7509:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī 6831:Astarabadi (Naimi) 6561:Abdullah al-Harari 6515:Muhammad bin Dawud 6448:Syed Nazeer Husain 6183:Tabsirat al-Adilla 6097:Al-Mansur al-Qasim 5932:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 5779:Syed Nazeer Husain 5702:Salafi Theologians 5454:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham 5426:Muhammad Abu Zahra 5211:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 5061:Abdul Qadir Gilani 4544:Abdul Qadir Gilani 4468:Abu Bakr al-Ajurri 4357:34 (2002), 441–63. 4332:Susan Spectorsky, 4304:Walter M. Patton, 4178:Gibril F. Haddad, 3881:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr. 3773:Gibril F. Haddad, 3757:Gibril F. Haddad, 3744:Gibril F. Haddad, 3727:Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 3714:Gibril F. Haddad, 3547:, Beirut 1393/1973 3434:Gibril F. Haddad, 3414:Gibril F. Haddad, 3345:Gibril F. Haddad, 3332:Gibril F. Haddad, 3265:– via JSTOR. 3132:, Dargahinfo.com, 3105:, Dargahinfo.com, 2833:, p. 23 footnote 7 2579:Gibril F. Haddad, 2565:, Beirut 1393/1973 2536:Gibril F. Haddad, 2031:In popular culture 2011:Hammad ibn Salamah 1993:which recorded by 1936:Muhammad Abu Zahra 1916:Siyar A'lam Nubala 1844:Abdul-Qadir Gilani 1780:: "Issues in Fiqh" 1651:The Book of Leeway 1461:Abdul Qadir Jilani 1459:, all belonged to 1435:Abdul Qadir Jilani 1378:Bishr the Barefoot 1026:al-Rusafa District 795: 785:Education and work 721:Mary, Turkmenistan 615:instituted by the 585:and eponym of the 502:Abdul Qadir Gilani 422:Influenced by 233:al-Asami wa-l-Kuna 128:Islamic Golden Age 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8291: 8290: 8100:Muhammad Jaunpuri 8027: 8026: 7953:Sumāma ibn Ashras 7789: 7788: 7640:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî 7615: 7614: 7485:Gaylān ibn Marwān 7382: 7381: 7234: 7233: 6897:Abdallah al-Aftah 6713: 6712: 6626: 6625: 6610:Necmettin Erbakan 6452:Siddiq Hasan Khan 6416:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6324: 6323: 6264:Tajrid al-I'tiqad 6258:Tashih al-I'tiqad 6169:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 6105: 6104: 6087:Al-Qasim al-Rassi 6054:Idris Imad al-Din 6007:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 5982:Ruhollah Khomeini 5962:Zurarah ibn A'yan 5937:Sharif al-Murtaza 5925:Muhammad al-Mahdi 5910:Muhammad al-Jawad 5890:Muhammad al-Baqir 5791:Siddiq Hasan Khan 5767:Rabee al-Madkhali 5416:Murtada al-Zabidi 5191:Ibrahim al-Bajuri 4957: 4956: 4764: 4763: 4556:Hammad al-Harrani 4497:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 4318:Morris S. Seale, 4313:Ḥadīth literature 4301:26 (1994), 615–29 4259:44 (1997), 234–53 4200:Livnat Holtzman, 4175:, Heidelberg 1910 4171:Ignáz Goldziher, 4162:29 (1977), 157–78 4051:Ṣāliḥ b. Ḥanbal, 4040:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4033:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4026:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4015:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4008:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4001:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 3820:. pp. 1/366. 3692:978-0-521-80332-8 3474:al-Ghiza al-Albab 3087:978-0-8108-6161-9 3070:Adamec, Ludwig W. 2831:978-0-231-12814-8 2672:. pp. 12–13. 2428:978-3-11-028534-5 1920:Al-Layth ibn Sa'd 1906:, jurisprudence, 1784:Kitab al-Ashribah 1729: 1728: 1721: 1647:Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf 1399:Dhul-Nun of Egypt 1077:attributes of God 1073:divine attributes 1032:Views and thought 1009: 1008: 986:Venerated in 836:in its theology. 559: 540: 539: 514:al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā 456:Ishaq ibn Rahuyah 431:Sufyan ibn Uyayna 395: 371: 347: 323: 253:Fada'il al-Sahaba 142:Abbasid Caliphate 8451: 8419:Hadith compilers 8354: 8351: 8042: 8041: 7808: 7807: 7626: 7625: 7602:Nusayr ibn Yahyā 7584:Awn ibn Abdullāh 7571:Sa'id ibn Jubayr 7541:Ubayd al-Mūktaib 7407: 7406: 7251: 7250: 7220:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus 7189:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī 7158:Khashabiyya Shia 7094:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān 7052:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān 6835:Imadaddin Nasimi 6740: 6739: 6637: 6636: 6508:Salafi Modernism 6411:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 6378: 6377: 6369: 6368: 6356: 6355: 6252:Awail Al Maqalat 6134:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 6114: 6113: 6044:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 5999:Isma'ili Shi'ism 5987:Wilayat al-faqih 5967:Hisham ibn Hakam 5952:Allamah Al-Hilli 5176:Muhammad Mayyara 4968: 4967: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4806: 4805: 4798:Islamic theology 4791: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4662:Haji Bayram Wali 4427:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 4386: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4350:, Edinburgh 1994 4343:, Edinburgh 1973 4287:82 (2005), 32–51 4264:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 4250:Studies on Islam 4207:Nimrod Hurvitz, 4189:, 25 (1993), 590 4155:, Cambridge 2000 4127:, Edinburgh 1998 4046:ʿAqāʾid al-salaf 3982:Kitāb al-Sharīʿa 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3868:Brill Publishers 3860:Sabine Schmidtke 3843: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3816:Abu Zayd, Bakr. 3813: 3807: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3697: 3696: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3581: 3574: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3018: 3009: 3008: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2958: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2903:. Archived from 2897: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2488: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2436: 2435: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2255: 2248: 2213: 2210: 2201: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2169: 2149: 2143: 2130: 1891:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr 1834:Historical views 1808:Kitab al-Fara'id 1778:Kitab al-Masa'il 1760:Kitab al-Manasik 1724: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1673: 1665: 1522:Najm al-Din Tufi 1506:Muhammad's grave 1423:incorruptibility 1120:anthropomorphism 999: 928:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 924: 923: 751:about marriage. 627:doctrine of the 564: 562:Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal 554: 552: 543:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 405: 404: 389: 381: 380: 365: 357: 356: 341: 333: 332: 317: 182:Main interest(s) 37:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 28: 27: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8331: 8287: 8244: 8215:Ahmed Raza Khan 8196: 8150: 8140:Fethullah Gülen 8115:Nation of Islam 8036: 8033: 8023: 7966: 7943:Ahmad ibn Hābīt 7871: 7863: 7801: 7797: 7785: 7706:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā 7676: 7611: 7596:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb 7554: 7471: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7378: 7329: 7242: 7230: 7164: 7038: 7031: 6999:Hassan-i Sabbah 6882: 6874: 6746: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6709: 6674:Hasan al-Utrush 6622: 6588:Ahmed Raza Khan 6534: 6526: 6433:Dawud al-Zahiri 6384: 6363: 6342: 6320: 6269: 6216: 6176:Kitab al-Tawhid 6101: 6063: 5993: 5920:Hasan al-Askari 5895:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5857:Twelver Shi'ism 5851: 5823:Salafi Jihadism 5818:Osama bin Laden 5801:Safar Al-Hawali 5762:Saleh Al-Fawzan 5696: 5666: 5659:Sahib ibn Abbad 5654:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 5619:Ja'far ibn Harb 5584:Wasil ibn 'Ata' 5581: 5573: 5541: 5502:ī (Muqātilīyya) 5482: 5440: 5396:Shah Abdul Aziz 5269: 5261: 5215: 5201:Ahmad al-Dardir 5086:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 4974: 4953: 4925: 4897: 4864: 4825: 4824: 4800: 4795: 4765: 4760: 4731: 4696: 4667: 4638:Ibn Abd al-Hadi 4608: 4573: 4526: 4479: 4444: 4415: 4395: 4390: 4360: 4231:, Damascus 1958 4119: 4114: 3994:Ibn Abī Yaʿlā, 3976: 3971: 3969:Further reading 3966: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3930: 3923: 3912: 3908: 3897: 3890: 3879: 3875: 3844: 3840: 3829: 3825: 3814: 3810: 3800:Yaqut al-Hamawi 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3739: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3700: 3693: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3576:Eric Geoffrey, 3575: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3524:Kashf al-Majhub 3517: 3513: 3507:Kashf al-Majhub 3504: 3500: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3462:Kashf al-Majhub 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3215: 3211: 3197: 3195: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3078:Scarecrow Press 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3033: 3020: 3019: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2907:on 16 May 2007. 2899: 2898: 2891: 2878: 2876: 2869: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2800:IslamicFinder. 2798: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2644: 2628: 2627: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2491: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2439: 2429: 2415: 2411: 2397: 2395: 2352: 2345: 2332: 2330: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2258: 2249: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2175:. Ibnamin.com. 2171: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2146:Shaykh al-Islam 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2058: 2033: 2024:Kutub al-Sittah 2007:Yahya ibn Ma'in 1948: 1864: 1856:Yahya ibn Ma'in 1836: 1742:Usool as-Sunnah 1725: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1690: 1674: 1663: 1622: 1617: 1592: 1586: 1568: 1541: 1518: 1469: 1338: 1301: 1266:to polytheism ( 1240: 1234: 1198: 1159:Ashab al-Hadith 1140:traditionalists 1061: 1055: 1050: 1034: 1005:, Baghdad, Iraq 994: 973: 929: 922: 880: 855: 849: 801:jurisprudence, 787: 748: 730: 685: 680: 536: 496:Asad al Hanbali 473: 472: 463: 460: 424: 423: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 340: 328: 316: 300: 269: 221:Notable work(s) 213:Notable idea(s) 208: 163:(eponym of the 119: 92: 89: 80: 70: 54:Shaykh al-Islam 45: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8457: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8356: 8355: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8221: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8169:Muhammad Abduh 8160: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8012:Rashad Khalifa 8004: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7995:Muhammad Iqbal 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7886: 7879: 7877: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7848: 7846:Bektashi Order 7839: 7830: 7816: 7814: 7805: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7695:Abu al-Khattab 7686: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7653:Abū Hulmān al- 7646: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7608:Amr ibn Murrah 7606: 7605:Ahmad ibn Hārb 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7593:Salm ibn Sālem 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7525:Sāleh ibn Umar 7520: 7519: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7501:Gassān al-Kūfī 7496: 7495: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7415: 7413: 7404: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7359: 7350: 7348:Jābir ibn Zayd 7345: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7259: 7257: 7248: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216:Tawussite Shia 7213: 7212: 7211: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7071: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7043: 7041: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7005: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6919: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6888: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6861: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6828: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6752: 6750: 6737: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6686:Imams of Yemen 6683: 6681:Yahya ibn Umar 6678: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6594: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6553: 6542: 6540: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6435: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6375: 6365: 6364: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6307: 6296: 6289:Kitab al-Majmu 6285: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6127:Asas al-Taqdis 6122: 6120: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5979: 5977:Ja'far Sobhani 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5880:Husayn ibn Ali 5877: 5872: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5813:Salman al-Ouda 5810: 5809: 5808: 5806:Sahwa movement 5798: 5796:Zubair Ali Zai 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5644:Al-Zamakhshari 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5589: 5587: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5503: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5381:Ahmad Sirhindi 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5242:Malik ibn Anas 5239: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Al-Shahrastani 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4835: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4722:(1699–1793/94) 4717: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679:Mar'i al-Karmi 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4348:Islamic creeds 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4294:(2002), 425–39 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4227:Henri Laoust, 4225: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4197:, Karachi 2009 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4109:Kitāb al-waraʿ 4105: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4079:Ibn Taymiyya, 4077: 4070: 4063: 4058:Ibn al-Jawzī, 4056: 4049: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017:Kitāb al-ṣalāh 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3944: 3921: 3906: 3888: 3885:. p. 107. 3873: 3838: 3823: 3808: 3792: 3783: 3766: 3750: 3737: 3720: 3698: 3691: 3673: 3641: 3628: 3611: 3598: 3592:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3582: 3562: 3556:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3549: 3543:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3536: 3518:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3511: 3498: 3478: 3466: 3453: 3440: 3424: 3407: 3394: 3381: 3368: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3318: 3296: 3286: 3268: 3209: 3146: 3119: 3092: 3086: 3061: 3052: 3031: 3010: 2989: 2977: 2964: 2953: 2937: 2931:978-0549816881 2930: 2910: 2889: 2867: 2847: 2835: 2818: 2792: 2782: 2773: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2703: 2693: 2675: 2668:Ibn al-Jawzi. 2660: 2642: 2605: 2585: 2567: 2554: 2542: 2529: 2526:. p. 192. 2509: 2489: 2473: 2464: 2451: 2437: 2427: 2409: 2343: 2278: 2256: 2214: 2202: 2190: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2113:Shafiʽi school 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2088:Malik ibn Anas 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2032: 2029: 2015:Ibn al-Mubarak 2003:Malik ibn Anas 1947: 1944: 1924:Malik ibn Anas 1863: 1860: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1727: 1726: 1677: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1585: 1582: 1567: 1561: 1540: 1537: 1517: 1514: 1468: 1465: 1419:miracle worker 1407:Sari al-Saqati 1372:as one of the 1337: 1334: 1300: 1297: 1233: 1228: 1218:Word of God" ( 1197: 1194: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1033: 1030: 1007: 1006: 1000: 991: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 975: 974: 972: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 934: 931: 930: 927: 921: 918: 879: 878:His appearance 876: 851:Main article: 848: 845: 786: 783: 747: 744: 729: 728:His upbringing 726: 689:Rabi’ al-Awwal 684: 681: 679: 676: 606:hadith studies 595:traditionalist 587:Hanbali school 538: 537: 535: 534: 476:All Hanbalis. 470: 469: 468: 465: 464: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 427: 421: 420: 419: 416: 415: 411: 410: 407: 406: 397: 383: 382: 375:Abū ʿAbd Allāh 373: 359: 358: 349: 335: 334: 325: 311: 310: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 275: 271: 270: 268: 267: 262: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 224: 222: 218: 217: 216:Hanbali school 214: 210: 209: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 165:Hanbali school 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 125: 121: 120: 118: 117: 114: 110: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 82: 81: 71: 67: 63: 62: 58: 57: 51: 47: 46: 40: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8456: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8350: 8346: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8250:Other beliefs 8247: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8224:Hilmi Tunahan 8222: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8174:Muhammad Asad 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8084:Sabbatai Zevi 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934:Ali al-Aswarī 7933: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7796: 7792: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7711:Muʿāmmarīyya 7710: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7226:Waqifite Shia 7224: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7151:Ishaq al-Turk 7149: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909:Hamdan Qarmat 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6806:Safavid Islam 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6790:Sheikh Haydar 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6383: 6382:Ahl al-Hadith 6379: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6069:Zaydi Shi'ism 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:Musa al-Kazim 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Ali al-Sajjad 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Hasan ibn Ali 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5846:Post-Salafism 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710:Ibn Taymiyyah 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5691:Mustadrakīyya 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Amr ibn Ubayd 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4336:, Austin 1993 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4322:, London 1964 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4273:, Leiden 1997 4272: 4268: 4266:, Oxford 2006 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4211:, London 2002 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4182:, London 2007 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4028:Kitāb al-zuhd 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3984:, Beirut 2000 3983: 3979: 3978: 3951: 3947: 3945:9789791142199 3941: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856:Gudrun Krämer 3851: 3847: 3846:Camilla Adang 3842: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3787: 3781:, I.111, etc. 3780: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3447:John Renard, 3444: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3321: 3319:977-6005-18-7 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3289: 3287:9780190948955 3283: 3279: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3048: 3045:(in Arabic), 3044: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3024:(in Arabic), 3023: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2868:9780230106581 2864: 2860: 2859: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2807: 2806:IslamicFinder 2803: 2796: 2786: 2777: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2694:90-04-08114-3 2690: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2657:. p. 14. 2656: 2649: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2606:9789004161214 2602: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:Marfu' Hadith 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1862:Jurisprudence 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802:Kitab Mansukh 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772:Kitab al-Iman 1770: 1767: 1766:Kitab al-Zuhd 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1723: 1720: 1712: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1678:This section 1676: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1655:Kitāb al-Sa'a 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1634:Ibn Taymiyyah 1631: 1627: 1612: 1610: 1609:jurisprudence 1606: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1516:Jurisprudence 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1491:reports from 1490: 1489:Gibril Haddad 1487:Sufi scholar 1485: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1430:Eric Geoffrey 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:Bishr al-Hafi 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:Ibn Taymiyyah 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1260:Fath al-Majid 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1001: 998: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 935: 932: 925: 917: 916: 911: 910: 908: 904: 900: 893: 892: 887: 885: 875: 873: 872:al-Mutawakkil 868: 864: 859: 854: 844: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 791: 782: 780: 776: 775:jurisprudence 771: 767: 762: 757: 754: 743: 740: 736: 725: 722: 719:, located in 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 675: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 653:prophetic way 650: 646: 642: 637: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 602: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 557: 548: 544: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 490:Ibn Khuzaymah 488: 485: 484:Ibn al Qayyim 482: 481:Ibn Taymiyyah 479: 475: 474: 466: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 426: 425: 417: 414:Muslim leader 412: 408: 398: 396: 393: 384: 374: 372: 369: 360: 350: 348: 345: 336: 326: 324: 321: 312: 309: 308: 303: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 276: 272: 266: 263: 261: 260: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:Usul al-Sunna 226: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Jurisprudence 187: 186: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 157:Jurisprudence 155: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 115: 112: 111: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 87: 83: 78: 74: 68: 64: 59: 55: 52: 48: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 8349: 8233:Other orders 8138: / 8131:Nur movement 8102: / 8059:Mirza Ghulam 7990:Tolu-e-Islam 7859:Galibi Order 7857: / 7842:Balım Sultan 7837:Babai revolt 7828:Qalandariyya 7826: / 7728:Mufaḍḍaliyya 7637:Jawārībīyya 7590:Umar ibn Zar 7559:Other Murjīs 7288:Bayhasīyyah 7205:Nuqta-yi Ula 7021:Pir Sadardin 7014: / 6928: / 6924: / 6841: / 6833: / 6820: / 6800: / 6796: / 6792: / 6649:Zayd ibn Ali 6599: / 6586: / 6537:Ilm al-Kalam 6450: / 6443:Ahl-i Hadith 6410: 6311:Umm al-kitab 6309: 6298: 6287: 6280: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6209: 6202: 6197:Fihi Ma Fihi 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 5865:Twelve Imams 5784:Ahl-i Hadith 5715:Ibnul Qayyim 5595:(Nazzāmīyya) 5076:Ibn al-Jawzi 5016:Al-Taftazani 4991:Al-Baqillani 4632:Ibn Taymiyya 4550:Ibn al-Jawzi 4426: 4403:by century ( 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4141:, Cairo 1947 4138: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4065:Ibn Kathīr, 4059: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3987:Al-Dhahabī, 3981: 3954:. Retrieved 3934: 3915: 3909: 3900: 3882: 3876: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3715: 3682: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3654: 3644: 3639:, II, p. 492 3636: 3635:Ibn Hanbal, 3631: 3623: 3619: 3618:Al-Dhahabī, 3614: 3609:, II, p. 492 3606: 3605:Imam Ahmad, 3601: 3593: 3577: 3557: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3448: 3443: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3358:Ibn Quduma, 3354: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3277: 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3226: 3222: 3212: 3203: 3196:. Retrieved 3163: 3159: 3149: 3138:, retrieved 3128: 3122: 3111:, retrieved 3101: 3095: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3042: 3028:, p. 69 3021: 3005:the original 2984: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2920: 2913: 2905:the original 2884: 2877:. Retrieved 2857: 2850: 2838: 2821: 2809:. 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Retrieved 2145: 2133: 2128: 2045:drama serial 2022: 1998: 1984: 1979: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1884: 1874: 1865: 1839: 1837: 1825: 1822:: "Exegesis" 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1715: 1706: 1691:Please help 1679: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1628:school like 1623: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1542: 1525: 1519: 1503: 1497: 1486: 1477:Ibn al-Jawzi 1470: 1453:Ibn al-Jawzi 1438: 1427: 1415:Ibn al-Jawzi 1411:Maruf Karkhi 1387: 1382: 1370:Maruf Karkhi 1349: 1345: 1342:Maruf Karkhi 1339: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299:Intercession 1291: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1199: 1186: 1172: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1093:omnipresence 1085:mutas̲h̲ābih 1084: 1080: 1062: 1035: 1018: 1014: 1010: 940:traditionist 914: 912: 896: 894: 890: 888: 881: 860: 856: 838: 818:Saudi Arabia 815: 810: 796: 758: 753:Ibn al-Jawzi 749: 731: 714: 686: 668:Ibn Taymiyya 661: 649:Ibn al-Jawzi 638: 610: 599: 579:traditionist 542: 541: 391: 367: 343: 319: 305: 296:traditionist 264: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 147:Denomination 25: 8434:Sunni imams 8184:Rashid Rida 8032:Independent 8017:Edip Yüksel 7980:Ahle Qur'an 7931:Nazzāmīyya 7928:Ikhshīdiyya 7915:Huzaylīyya 7906:Bahshamiyya 7882:Mā’marīyya 7874:Rationalism 7824:Malamatiyya 7744:Mānsūrīyya 7690:Khaṭṭābiyya 7621:Mu'shabbiha 7581:Sābit Kutna 7514:Sawbānīyya 7498:Gassānīyya 7482:Gaylānīyya 7476:Other sects 7271:Sa'labīyyah 7268:Maymunīyyah 7245:Arbitration 7127:Khurramites 7091:Sam‘ānīyya 6864:Bābā Rexheb 6794:Shah Ismail 6614:Millî Görüş 6532:Ahl ar-Ra'y 6474:Al-Uthaymin 6395:Kullabiyya 6373:Sunni Islam 6274:Independent 6118:Sunni books 5942:Shaykh Tusi 5915:Ali al-Hadi 5905:Ali al-Rida 5842:Yasir Qadhi 5747:Al-Uthaymin 5737:Rashid Rida 5732:Al-Shawkani 5628:(Jāhizīyya) 5613:(Jubbāīyya) 5517:Jawālikīyya 5371:Ali al-Qari 5286:Al-Sarakhsi 5272:Al-Maturidi 5146:Al-Sha'rani 5126:Ibn Khaldun 5001:Al-Qushayri 4963:Theologians 4944:Metaphysics 4850:Eschatology 4817:Theologians 4716:(1703–1792) 4710:(1701–1774) 4693:(1623–1679) 4687:(1592–1641) 4681:(1580–1624) 4664:(1352-1430) 4658:(1335–1393) 4652:(1310–1362) 4646:(1292–1350) 4640:(1305–1343) 4634:(1263–1328) 4628:(1242-1326) 4622:(1206–1295) 4599:(1230–1284) 4593:(1194–1255) 4587:(1147–1223) 4585:Ibn Qudamah 4570:(1134–1207) 4564:(1146–1203) 4552:(1116–1201) 4546:(1078–1166) 4540:(1105–1165) 4523:(1040–1119) 4517:(1013–1119) 4511:(1006–1088) 4308:Leiden 1897 3980:Al-Ājurrī, 3956:17 December 3476:, I, p. 120 2487:, pp. 13-24 2063:Ibn 'Ulayya 1995:Al-Tabarani 1709:August 2021 1657:) instead. 1590:Ahl ar-Ra'y 1449:Ibn Qudamah 1314:Ibn Qudamah 1136:bi-lā kayfa 989:Sunni Islam 863:al-Mu'tasim 847:Inquisition 532:Amir Bahjat 478:Ibn Qudamah 307:Arabic name 161:Independent 8374:855 deaths 8369:780 births 8363:Categories 8228:Süleymancı 8136:Said Nursî 8095:Mahdavīyya 8046:Messianism 7950:Sumamīyya 7940:Hābītīyya 7833:Baba Ishak 7775:Saba'īyya 7762:Mukhāmmīsa 7753:Mughīrīyya 7740:Ghurābīyya 7702:Bāzīghiyya 7670:Bārāq Bābā 7649:Hulmānīyya 7546:Ziyādīyya 7538:Ubaydīyya 7530:Shamrīyya 7522:Sālehīyya 7506:Tūmanīyya 7490:Yūnusīyya 7451:Sauwāqīyya 7427:Hakāiqīyya 7411:Karrāmīyya 7401:Hanafiyyah 7255:Kharijites 7193:Nuktawiyya 7144:al-Muqanna 7122:Muḥammirah 7110:Abu Muslim 7106:Rezāmīyya 7081:Hārithīyya 7073:Janāhiyya 7063:Hashimiyya 7037:Kaysanites 6984:Badakhshan 6917:Qarmatians 6904:Batiniyyah 6884:Isma'ilism 6855:Demir Bābā 6850:Baktāshism 6843:Bektashism 6822:ibn Nusayr 6818:al-Khaṣībī 6802:Kul Nesîmî 6798:Pir Sultan 6703:Khalafiyya 6698:Dukayniyya 6632:Shia Islam 6574:Maturidism 6496:Madkhalism 6399:Ibn Kullab 6222:Shia books 5772:Madkhalism 5672:Najjārīyya 5562:al-Qībtī ( 5536:Karramiyya 5532:Ibn Karram 5488:Mu'jassimā 5376:Al-Maydani 5366:Ali Qushji 5291:Al-Bazdawi 5267:Maturidism 5252:Al-Shafi'i 5121:Al-Baydawi 5081:Qadi Ayyad 5056:Ibn Tumart 5011:Al-Ghazali 4996:Al-Juwayni 4986:Al-Bayhaqi 4977:al-Ash'ari 4949:Philosophy 4870:Philosophy 4650:Ibn Muflih 4620:Ibn Hamdan 4499:(990–1066) 4474:Ibn Battah 4439:Abu Dawood 3261:5 November 3198:5 November 2879:15 October 2766:15 January 2624:Salafiyya. 2617:5 November 2485:Tard̲j̲ama 2398:5 November 2333:5 November 2156:References 2132:Full name 2108:Al-Shafiʽi 2098:Abu Hanifa 1976:Abu Zur'ah 1928:Al-Shafi'i 1912:Al-Dhahabi 1887:Andalusian 1607:) ... of 1493:al-Dhahabi 1236:See also: 943:theologian 841:pilgrimage 807:Abu Hanifa 735:Ibn Kathir 698:Banu Dhuhl 657:al-Dhahabi 575:theologian 517:Ibn Muflih 471:Influenced 451:al-Shafi'i 363:Teknonymic 339:Patronymic 291:theologian 274:Occupation 238:al-Ashriba 204:asceticism 8156:Modernism 8088:Sabbatean 8076:Kabbalist 8054:Ahmadiyya 7985:Kala Kato 7958:Kā‘bīyya 7889:Bishriyya 7869:Muʿtazila 7802:al-Juhani 7795:Qadariyah 7665:Kalandars 7645:Hāshwīyya 7533:Abū Shamr 7466:Zarībīyya 7463:Wāhidīyya 7454:Sūramīyya 7448:Razīnīyya 7424:Dhīmmīyya 7393:Hasan ibn 7367:Wahbiyyah 7314:Abu Qurra 7240:Muhakkima 7184:Hurufiyya 7171:Mahdiists 7086:Riyāhīyya 7067:Hārbīyya 7008:Aga Khans 7003:Assassins 6966:Sulaymani 6930:ad-Darazi 6868:Hārābātīs 6785:Qizilbash 6778:Shaykhism 6654:Jarudiyya 6565:Al-Ahbash 6546:Ash'arism 6479:Al-Albani 6459:Wahhabism 6304:Ahmadiyya 6245:Al-Khisal 6155:Al-Irshad 6110:Key books 5757:Al-Albani 5725:Wahhabism 5579:Mu'tazila 5568:Qadariyah 5446:Mu'attila 5361:Ibn Kemal 5356:Khidr Bey 5236:Hanafiyah 5171:Al-Bahūtī 5166:Ibn Ashir 5131:Ibn Arafa 5026:Ibn Furak 5021:Al-Maziri 4972:Ash'arism 4939:Cosmology 4916:Cosmology 4911:Astronomy 4883:Education 4728:(d. 1831) 4701:12th/18th 4685:Al-Buhūtī 4672:11th/17th 4656:Ibn Rajab 4626:Al-Yunini 4605:(d. 1312) 4558:(d. 1202) 4505:(d. 1079) 4464:(867–941) 4285:Der Islam 4117:Secondary 3883:Al-Intiqa 3505:Hujwiri, 3460:Hujwiri, 3251:162455371 3188:162455371 2631:cite book 2599:. Brill. 2388:162455371 2323:162455371 2120:Footnotes 2019:Al-Suyuti 1991:Ibn Abbas 1952:al Hafidh 1932:Abu Yusuf 1748:as-Sunnah 1680:does not 1563:Misusing 1445:Qadiriyya 1366:Ibn Arabi 1336:Mysticism 1286:is? That 1224:in itself 1216:uncreated 1196:The Quran 1132:bilā kayf 1124:tas̲h̲bīh 867:al-Wathiq 811:al-Musnad 803:Abu Yusuf 770:concubine 683:His Birth 678:Biography 664:Wahhabism 625:Mu'tazili 621:al-Ma'mun 601:al-Musnad 556:romanized 511:Ibn Manda 505:Ibn Rajab 446:Abu Thawr 387:Toponymic 259:al-Musnad 113:Abd Allah 8429:Mujaddid 8424:Hanbalis 8273:Tawakkul 8240:Tawassul 8202:Taṣawwuf 8124:doctrine 7972:Quranism 7766:Namiriya 7395:Muḥāmmad 7388:Murji'ah 7102:Rawendis 7025:Satpanth 6946:Musta'li 6941:Fatimids 6839:Hurufism 6826:Alawites 6731:Sects in 6723:Mahdiist 6659:Batriyya 6605:Deobandi 6556:Shafi'is 6491:Jihadism 6438:Salafism 6406:Hanbalis 6387:Atharism 6300:Malfūzāt 6238:Al-Amali 5835:Hazimism 5547:Murji'ah 5471:Jahmīyya 5459:Mu'jbira 5051:Ibn Aqil 4613:8th/14th 4578:7th/13th 4531:6th/12th 4521:Ibn Aqil 4484:5th/11th 4476:(d. 997) 4470:(d. 970) 4458:(d. 923) 4449:4th/10th 4441:(d. 889) 4435:(d. 872) 4292:IJMES 34 4102:al-Sunna 3950:Archived 3666:13 April 3660:Archived 3652:(2009). 3422:, II.279 3255:Archived 3192:Archived 3134:archived 3107:archived 3072:(2009), 2873:Archived 2790:409-410. 2611:Archived 2392:Archived 2327:Archived 2183:21 March 2177:Archived 2078:Maturidi 2056:See also 2049:The Imam 2040:'s 2017 2038:Qatar TV 1889:scholar 1630:Ibn Aqil 1597:prophets 1595:between 1551:and the 1498:tabarruk 1473:blessing 1309:tawassul 1212:doctrine 1209:orthodox 1173:Al-Şūrah 1149:Qur'anic 1142:to deny 1128:theology 1105:muhkamat 1048:Theology 706:Khorasan 704:army in 672:Salafism 315:Personal 194:theology 107:Children 97:Religion 61:Personal 8414:Atharis 8322:Shafi'i 8312:Hanbali 8278:Tewafuq 8258:Sadaqah 8219:Barelvi 8210:Ṭarīqah 8064:Qadiani 8037:beliefs 7812:Alevism 7659:Dimashq 7445:Nūnīyya 7439:Maʿīyya 7399:ibn al- 7374:Azzabas 7335:Ibadism 7323:Nukkari 7277:Azariqa 7262:Ajardi 7209:Bábīyya 7115:Sunpadh 7047:Mukhtār 7012:Nizaris 6987:Alevism 6961:Dawoodi 6951:Tayyibi 6913:Sevener 6892:Fathite 6766:Akhbari 6761:Ja'fari 6748:Twelver 6727:Shi'ite 6664:Imamate 6641:Zaydism 6592:Barelvi 6579:Hanafis 6551:Malikis 6520:Maqrizi 6469:Ibn Baz 6428:Zahiris 6190:Masnavi 5742:Ibn Baz 5556:Dimashq 5256:Shafi‘i 5186:'Illish 4921:Physics 4903:Science 4751:Shafi'i 4420:3rd/9th 4278:Arabica 4257:Arabica 4132:Arabica 3974:Primary 3870:, 2006. 3243:3879671 3180:3879671 3140:13 July 3113:13 July 2481:Manāḳib 2380:3879671 2315:3879671 2083:Hanbali 2068:Ash'ari 2042:Ramadan 1980:hadith, 1875:Masa'il 1868:exegete 1734:Fihrist 1701:removed 1686:sources 1638:madhhab 1626:Hanbali 1565:ahadith 1545:ijtihad 1395:Hujwiri 1362:Hujwiri 1346:Tabaqat 1318:Wasiyya 1245:ijtihad 1205:thought 1154:fideist 905:and an 830:Shafi'i 739:dirhams 710:Baghdad 702:Abbasid 619:caliph 617:Abbasid 583:ascetic 567:scholar 558:: 331:أَحْمَد 281:Scholar 248:al-Zuhd 132:Abbasid 130:(early 73:Baghdad 8327:Zahiri 8317:Maliki 8307:Hanafi 8283:Thawab 8263:Sunnah 8188:Other 8144:Hizmet 8108:Zikris 8079:Dönmes 8069:Lahori 8035:Muslim 7855:Rifa`i 7800:Ma'bad 7682:Tajsīm 7630:Tamsīl 7357:Ifrani 7297:Najdat 7200:Shayki 7169:Other 7137:Mazyar 7016:Khojas 6994:Nizari 6973:Hafizi 6934:Druzes 6915: 6859:Alians 6813:Ghulat 6293:Alawis 5560:Nabati 5525:Abdals 5507:Juzjan 5246:Maliki 4931:Sufism 4855:Ethics 4842:Aqidah 4834:Fields 4813:Fields 4756:Zahiri 4746:Maliki 4741:Hanafi 3942: 3864:Leiden 3854:. Ed. 3804:Irshad 3689: 3316: 3284: 3249: 3241: 3186: 3178: 3084: 2928: 2865: 2829: 2811:14 May 2691: 2603: 2425: 2386: 2378: 2321: 2313: 2138:Arabic 2103:Hanafi 2093:Maliki 2073:Athari 2017:, and 1946:Hadith 1930:, and 1904:hadith 1840:hadith 1820:Tafsir 1615:Ethics 1573:rukhṣa 1549:muftis 1527:hadith 1510:Medina 1482:minbar 1467:Relics 1455:, and 1440:Tariqa 1354:hadith 1350:Musnad 1330:Mansak 1305:Mansak 1264:taqlid 1256:taqlid 1251:taqlid 1238:Taqlid 1231:Taqlid 1144:ta'wil 1116:taʾwīl 1112:taʿṭīl 1097:vision 1091:, and 1089:throne 1042:hadith 997:shrine 995:Major 937:Jurist 903:turban 834:Athari 828:, and 826:Maliki 799:Hanafi 764:Salih( 571:jurist 547:Arabic 286:jurist 199:hadith 176:Athari 139:Region 8268:Taqwa 7657:ī ad- 7655:Fāris 7309:Sufri 7132:Babak 6956:Alavi 6922:Hamza 6880:Imami 6771:Usuli 6744:Imami 6735:Islam 6719:Imami 6501:Sahwa 5564:Murjī 5558:ī an- 5509:ī al- 5500:Balkh 5224:Sunni 5221:Early 4893:Peace 4888:Logic 4860:Kalam 4821:Books 4355:IJMES 4299:IJMES 4187:IJMES 3620:Siyar 3308:[ 3247:S2CID 3239:JSTOR 3184:S2CID 3176:JSTOR 2713:p. 14 2384:S2CID 2376:JSTOR 2319:S2CID 2311:JSTOR 1852:Allah 1661:Works 1601:fatra 1578:fāsiq 1557:mufti 1553:ulema 1391:saint 1374:abdal 1358:abdal 1292:shirk 1288:fitna 1284:fitna 1279:fitna 1269:shirk 1202:Sunni 1189:Jahmi 1165:Mihna 1069:Quran 1059:Jahmi 1038:Quran 899:henna 853:Mihna 822:Qatar 694:Basra 645:saint 641:Sufis 633:Quran 613:Mihna 392:Nisba 368:Kunya 344:Nasab 327:Aḥmad 172:Creed 151:Sunni 116:Salih 101:Islam 50:Title 7039:Shia 5436:Rumi 4878:‘Aql 4327:JAOS 3958:2021 3940:ISBN 3858:and 3687:ISBN 3668:2022 3314:ISBN 3282:ISBN 3263:2021 3200:2021 3142:2020 3115:2020 3082:ISBN 2926:ISBN 2881:2020 2863:ISBN 2827:ISBN 2813:2024 2768:2024 2689:ISBN 2637:link 2619:2021 2601:ISBN 2423:ISBN 2400:2021 2335:2021 2185:2010 1966:and 1848:wali 1684:any 1682:cite 1632:and 1605:raʾy 1364:and 1181:Adam 1177:Kufr 1081:ḥaqq 1040:and 978:Born 907:izar 886:is: 820:and 779:Kufa 761:Arab 717:Merv 85:Died 77:Iraq 66:Born 33:Imam 8122:'s 7355:al- 7321:al- 6313:of 6302:of 6291:of 5870:Ali 5522:Rum 5511:Kūf 5498:al- 4223:EI2 4167:EI1 4160:BEO 3231:doi 3168:doi 2368:doi 2303:doi 1989:of 1910:". 1850:of 1695:by 1611:." 1508:in 1290:is 1065:God 1053:God 1024:in 766:lit 589:of 320:Ism 124:Era 8365:: 8226:– 8217:– 8142:– 8106:– 8086:– 7853:– 7844:– 7835:– 7822:– 7207:– 7191:– 7061:– 7023:– 7010:– 7001:– 6982:– 6932:– 6911:– 6866:– 6857:– 6837:– 6824:– 6804:– 6612:– 6603:– 6590:– 6563:– 5513:ī 4410:CE 4405:AH 4146:SI 3948:. 3924:^ 3891:^ 3866:: 3862:. 3848:, 3802:, 3701:^ 3585:^ 3565:^ 3481:^ 3427:^ 3290:. 3253:. 3245:. 3237:. 3227:34 3225:. 3221:. 3190:. 3182:. 3174:. 3164:34 3162:. 3158:. 3076:, 3034:^ 3013:^ 2992:^ 2892:^ 2883:. 2871:. 2804:. 2697:. 2645:^ 2633:}} 2629:{{ 2621:. 2609:. 2570:^ 2545:^ 2520:. 2492:^ 2440:^ 2431:. 2390:. 2382:. 2374:. 2364:34 2362:. 2358:. 2346:^ 2325:. 2317:. 2309:. 2299:34 2297:. 2293:. 2281:^ 2259:^ 2217:^ 2205:^ 2193:^ 2164:^ 2140:: 2013:, 2009:, 2005:, 1934:. 1926:, 1922:, 1737:: 1451:, 1409:, 1405:, 1401:, 1095:, 1028:. 909:". 781:. 712:. 674:. 581:, 577:, 573:, 569:, 553:, 549:: 8303:: 7876:) 7872:( 7804:) 7798:( 7661:ī 7403:) 7391:( 7247:) 7243:( 6539:) 6535:( 6389:) 6385:( 5586:) 5582:( 5570:) 5566:- 5538:) 5534:( 5274:) 5270:( 5258:) 5254:( 5248:) 5244:( 5238:) 5234:( 4979:) 4975:( 4790:e 4783:t 4776:v 4412:) 4385:e 4378:t 4371:v 3960:. 3695:. 3670:. 3322:. 3233:: 3170:: 2940:' 2934:. 2815:. 2770:. 2639:) 2370:: 2305:: 2187:. 2148:. 2136:( 2047:" 1722:) 1716:( 1711:) 1707:( 1703:. 1689:. 1653:( 1645:( 1599:( 1122:( 545:( 394:) 390:( 370:) 366:( 346:) 342:( 322:) 318:( 167:) 134:) 79:) 23:.

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