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his admiration for Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani, a revered Sufi saint. Ibn
Taymiyyah praised Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani for his adherence to the Sharia (Islamic law) and his deep spirituality, considering him a model of the correct practice of Sufism . Ibn Taymiyyah's writings reflect a balanced approach to Sufism. In his "Majmu' al-Fatawa," he acknowledges the importance of Tasawwuf when practiced in alignment with the Qur'an and Sunnah. He wrote about the legitimate spiritual practices that lead to purification of the soul (tazkiyah) and the cultivation of sincerity (ikhlas). Ibn Taymiyyah distinguished between genuine Sufi practices and those he considered deviations. For instance, he was critical of certain ecstatic utterances (shath) and practices he viewed as departures from orthodox Islam, but he appreciated the works of early Sufis like Junayd al-Baghdadi and Abdul Qadir Jilani who maintained a firm grounding in Sharia. Moreover, Ibn Taymiyyah himself was buried in a Sufi cemetery, which signifies his recognition and respect within the broader Sufi community . His respect for genuine Sufism is evident in his admiration for Abdul Qadir Jilani, whose teachings emphasized the importance of Sharia compliance along with spiritual devotion . This reverence is not merely theoretical; Ibn Taymiyyah's students and followers, such as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, also echoed his views, furthering the integration of Sufi spirituality with orthodox Islamic practice . Thus, Ibn Taymiyyah’s approach to Sufism was one of reform rather than outright rejection. He supported Sufi practices that stayed true to Islamic principles and critiqued those that strayed. This balanced perspective is crucial for understanding his relationship with Tasawwuf and dispelling the notion that he was entirely against Sufism .
2594:. Many scholars have argued that Ibn Taymiyya did not enjoy popularity among the intelligentsia of his day. Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed assert that he was a minority figure in his own times and the centuries that followed. Caterina Bori goes further, arguing that despite popularity Ibn Taymiyya may have enjoyed among the masses, he appears to have been not merely unpopular among the scholars of his day, but somewhat of an embarrassment. Khalid El-Rouayheb notes similarly that Ibn Taymiyya had "very little influence on mainstream Sunni Islam until the nineteenth century" and that he was "a little-read scholar with problematic and controversial views." He also comments "the idea that Ibn Taymiyya had an immediate and significant impact on the course of Sunni Islamic religious history simply does not cohere with the evidence that we have from the five centuries that elapsed between his death and the rise of Sunni revivalism in the modern period." It was only since the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries that the scholarly influence of Ibn Taymiyya has come to acquire an unprecedented prominence in Muslim societies, due to the efforts of Islamic revivalists like
1532:(legal verdict) on Assaf al-Nasrani, a Christian cleric who was accused of insulting Muhammad. He accepted the invitation and delivered his fatwa, calling for the man to receive the death penalty. Despite the fact that public opinion was very much on Ibn Taymiyya's side, the Governor of Syria attempted to resolve the situation by asking Assaf to accept Islam in return for his life, to which he agreed. This resolution was not acceptable to Ibn Taymiyya who then, together with his followers, protested against it outside the governor's palace, demanding that Assaf be put to death, on the grounds that any person—Muslim or non-Muslim—who insults Muhammad must be killed. His unwillingness to compromise, coupled with his attempt to protest against the governor's actions, resulted in him being punished with a prison sentence, the first of many such imprisonments which were to come. The French orientalist
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in interpretation of scriptural evidences, with later works focusing on refutation of Greek logic, questioning the prevalent practices of the time, and anti-Christian and anti-Shia polemics. Ibn
Taymiyya's total works have not all survived and his extant works of 35 volumes are incomplete. The ascendancy of scholastic interest in his medieval treatises would recommence through the gradual efforts by 18th-century Islamic reform movements. Salafi theologians of Syria, Iraq, and Egypt of the late 19th and early 20th centuries would edit, publish, and mass-circulate many of his censured manuscripts among the Muslim public, making Ibn Taymiyya the most-read classical Islamic theologian in the world; however, as his scholarly impact increased, dissensions and altercations over Ibn Taymiyya's viewpoints continue to escalate.
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the religious and political authorities in Syria and Egypt. He was arrested and released several more times, but while he was in prison, he was allowed to write Fatwas (advisory opinions on matters of law) in defense of his beliefs. Despite the controversy that surrounded him, Ibn
Taymiyya's influence grew and it spread from Hanbali circles to members of other Sunni legal schools and Sufi groups. Among his foremost students were Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), a leading medieval historian and a Quran commentator, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya (d. 1350), a prominent Hanbali jurist and a theologian who helped spread his teacher's influence after his teacher's death in 1328. Ibn Taymiyya died while he was a prisoner in the citadel of Damascus and he was buried in the city's Sufi cemetery.
1540:" Ibn Taymiyya, together with the help of his disciples, continued with his efforts against what, "he perceived to be un-Islamic practices" and to implement what he saw as his religious duty of commanding good and forbidding wrong. Yahya Michot says that some of these incidences included: "shaving children's heads", leading "an anti-debauchery campaign in brothels and taverns", hitting an atheist before his public execution, destroying what was thought to be a sacred rock in a mosque, attacking astrologers and obliging "deviant Sufi Shaykhs to make public acts of contrition and adhere to the Sunnah." Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples used to condemn wine sellers and they would attack wine shops in Damascus by breaking wine bottles and pouring them onto the floor.
1525:, "the real reasons were more trivial". Michot stated five reasons as to why Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned by the Mamluk government, they being: not complying with the "doctrines and practices prevalent among powerful religious and Sufi establishments, an overly outspoken personality, the jealousy of his peers, the risk to public order due to this popular appeal and political intrigues." Baber Johansen stated that the reasons for Ibn Taymiyya's incarcerations were, "as a result of his conflicts with Muslim mystics, jurists, and theologians, who were able to persuade the political authorities of the necessity to limit Ibn Taymiyya's range of action through political censorship and incarceration."
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allowed to remarry that person until and if that person marries and divorces another person. Only then could the man, who took the oath, remarry his previous wife. Ibn
Taymiyya accepted this but rejected the validity of three oaths taken under one sitting to count as three separate divorces as long as the intention was not to divorce. Moreover, Ibn Taymiyya was of the view that a single oath of divorce uttered but not intended, also does not count as an actual divorce. He stated that since this is an oath much like an oath taken in the name of God, a person must expiate for an unintentional oath in a similar manner.
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2345:. However, almost every modern Muslim nation-state has come to adopt Ibn Taymiyya's position on this issue of divorce. At the time he issued the fatwa, Ibn Taymiyya revived an edict by the sultan not to issue fatwas on this issue but he continued to do so, saying, "I cannot conceal my knowledge". As in previous instances, he stated that his fatwa was based on the Qur'an and hadith. His view on the issue was at odds with the Hanbali position. This proved controversial among the people in Damascus as well as the Islamic scholars who opposed him on the issue.
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3260:(ignorance)." The authors further state that his two famous students, Ibn Qayyim and Ibn Kathir, agreed with this ruling. He called for a defensive jihad to mobilize the people to kill the Mongol rulers and any one who supported them, Muslim or non-Muslim. Ibn Taymiyya when talking about those who support the Mongols said, "Everyone who is with them (Mongols) in the state over which they rule has to be regarded as belonging to the most evil class of men. He is either an atheist (
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2157:, during the proceedings. The scholars suggested that he accept that his creed was simply that of the Hanbalites and offered this as a way out of the charge. However, if Ibn Taymiyya ascribed his creed to the Hanbali school of law then it would be just one view out of the four schools which one could follow rather than a creed everybody must adhere to. Uncompromising, Ibn Taymiyya maintained that it was obligatory for all scholars to adhere to his creed.
2199:, his views on divine attributes, specifically whether a direction could be attributed to God, were debated by the Indian scholar Safi al-Din al-Hindi, in the presence of Islamic judges. Ibn Taymiyya failed to convince the judges of his position and so was incarcerated for the charge of anthropomorphism on the recommendation of al-Hindi. Thereafter, he together with his two brothers were imprisoned in the Citadel of the Mountain (
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3264:) or a hypocrite who does not believe in the essence of the religion of Islam. This means that he (only) outwardly pretends to be Muslim or he belongs to the worst class of all people who are the people of the bida` (heretical innovations)." Yahya Mochet says that, Ibn Taymiyya's call to war was not simply to cause a "rebellion against the political power in place" but to repel an "external enemy".
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1596:. Ibn Taymiyya believed that the Alawites were "more heretical than Jews and Christians", and according to Carole Hillenbrand, the confrontation with the Alawites occurred because they "were accused of collaborating with Christians and Mongols." Ibn Taymiyya had further active involvements in campaigns against the Mongols and their alleged Alawite allies.
2264:. He was freed when al-Nasir Muhammad retook the position of sultan on March 4, 1310. Having returned to Cairo a week later, he was received by al-Nasir. The sultan would sometimes consult Ibn Taymiyya on religious affairs and policies during the rest of his three-year stay in Cairo. During this time he continued to teach and wrote his famous book Al-
3092:) against a Muslim who does not obey Islam. But at the same time Ibn Taymiyya maintained that no one can question anothers faith and curse them as based on one's own desire, because faith is defined by God and the prophet. He said, rather than cursing or condemning them, an approach should be taken where they are educated about the religion.
3166:, as "Ibn Taymiyya and His children". Yossef Rapoport, a reader in Islamic history at Queen Mary, however, says this is not a probable narrative. Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual tradition and ideas such as his emphasis on the revival of pristine ideals and practices of early generations also made an intense impact on the leading ideologue of
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dirhams, and his skullcap fetched a full 500." A few mourners sought and succeeded in "drinking the water used for bathing his corpse." His tomb received "pilgrims and sightseers" for 600 years. His resting place is now "in the parking lot of a maternity ward", though as of 2009 its headstone was broken, according to author
1936:—among commanders of the military and non-commanders, their ruling is the same as theirs, and they have apostatized from the laws . If the righteous forbears have called the withholders from charity apostates despite their fasting, praying, and not fighting the Muslims, how about those who became murderers of the
3352:. The participants of the Mardin conference also rejected the categorization of the world into different domains of war and peace, stating that the division was a result of the circumstances at the time. The participants further stated that the division has become irrelevant with the existence of nation states.
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He incurred the wrath of some Shāfiʿī and other ʿulamāʿ (religious scholars) and theologians for some of his teachings on theology and law. He was persecuted and imprisoned in Syria and Egypt, for his tashbīh (anthropomorphism), several of his rulings derived through ijtihād (independent reason), and
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Ibn
Taymiyyah, often perceived as a critic of Sufism, had a more nuanced view than is commonly understood. While he critiqued certain practices he deemed innovations (bid'ah), he was an admirer of the spiritual path when it adhered to the foundational principles of Islam. A notable example of this is
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Aḥmad Taqī al-Dīn Ibn
Taymiyya, whose like has not been seen in mastery of both the traditional and rational sciences and in the power of argument. Egypt and India have revived his books and the books of his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, after a time when they were only available in Najd. Now, they
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When the
Mongols invaded Syria in 1300, he was among those who called for a Jihad against them and he ruled that even though they had recently converted to Islam, they should be considered unbelievers. He went to Egypt in order to acquire support for his cause and while he was there, he got embroiled
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was a blameworthy religious innovation. For this, Ibn
Taymiyya, was imprisoned in the Citadel of Damascus sixteen years later on July 18, 1326, aged 63, along with his student Ibn Qayyim. The sultan also prohibited him from issuing any further fatwas. Hanbali scholar Ahmad ibn Umar al-Maqdisi accused
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Ibn
Taymiyya had a simple life, most of which he dedicated to learning, writing, and teaching. He never married nor did he have a female companion throughout his years. Professor Al-Matroudi stated that this may be why he was able to engage fully with the political affairs of his time without holding
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says Ibn
Taymiyya produced some 700 works in the field of Islamic sciences. His scholarly output has been described as immense with a wide scope and its contents "bear the marks of brilliant insights hastily jotted down". In his early life, his work was mostly based on theology and the use of reason
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and others who put the religion of Islam similar to the religion of the Jews and Christians, and claiming that these are all ways to Allah.. Then among them are those who choose the religion of the Jews or Christians, and those who choose the religion of the Muslims. This phenomenon is increasing in
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Make sure you do not listen to what is in the books of Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and other such people who have taken their own whim as their God, and who have been led astray by God, and whose hearts and ears have been sealed, and whose eyes have been covered by Him... May
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In 1313, the Sultan allowed Ibn Taymiyya to return to Damascus, where he worked as a teacher and a jurist. He had supporters among the powerful, but his outspokenness and his nonconformity to traditional Sunni doctrines and his denunciation of Sufi ideals and practices continued to draw the wrath of
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when intercession in his view would be possible. At the time, the people did not restrict intercession to just the Day of Judgement but rather they said it was allowed in other cases. Due to this, Ibn Taymiyya, now aged 45, was ordered to appear before the Shafi'i judge Badr al-Din in March 1308 and
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upon Muslims to fight the Mongol armies to death, inflict a massive defeat and expel them from Syria in its entirety. Ibn Taymiyya also spoke to and encouraged the Governor of Damascus, al-Afram, to achieve victory over the Mongols. He became involved with al-Afram once more, when he was sent to get
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when they made an oath of allegiance to him as follows; "to obey within obedience to God, even if the one giving the order is unjust; to abstain from disputing the authority of those who exert it; and to speak out the truth, or take up its cause without fear in respect of God, of blame from anyone."
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at the Mardin conference argued that Ibn Taymiyya's famous fatwa about the residents of Mardin when it was under the control of the Mongols was misprinted into an order to "fight" the people living under their territory, whereas the actual statement is, "The Muslims living therein should be treated
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According to the scholars of the time, an oath of divorce counted as a full divorce and they were also of the view that three oaths of divorce taken under one occasion counted as three separate divorces. The significance of this was, that a man who divorces the same partner three times is no longer
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Ibn Taymiyya's own relationship, as a religious scholar, with the ruling apparatus was not always amicable. It ranged from silence to open rebellion. On occasions when he shared the same views and aims as the ruling authorities his contributions were welcomed, but when Ibn Taymiyya went against the
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During his imprisonment, he encountered opposition from the Maliki and Shafi'i Chief Justices of Damascus, Taḳī al-Dīn al-Ikhnāʾī. He remained in prison for over two years and ignored the sultan's prohibition, by continuing to deliver fatwas. During his incarceration Ibn Taymiyya wrote three works
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His denouncement of both the (high-church) ʿulamāʾ of the rival theological schools—particularly the Ash'aris, even as he muddied the waters by calling them anachronistic names such as 'Jahmis' after the heterodox theologian Jahm Ibn Safwan (d. 745)—and (low-church) folk religion steeped in local
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Oliver Leaman says that being deprived of the means of writing led to Ibn Taymiyya's death. It is reported that two hundred thousand men and fifteen to sixteen thousand women attended his funeral prayer. Ibn Kathir says that in the history of Islam, only the funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal received a
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What might be referred to as 'proto-Salafism', or creedal Salafism (al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādīyya), became emblematic in the scholarship of the fourteenth-century imam Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Halim al-Harrani (1263–1328)—better known by his matronymic Ibn Taymiyya—the most important medieval
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He fell ill in early September 1328 and died at the age of 65, on September 26 of that year, whilst in prison at the Citadel of Damascus. Once this news reached the public, there was a strong show of support for him from the people. After the authorities had given permission, it is reported that
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After his release in Damascus, the doubts regarding his creed seemed to have resolved but this was not the case. A Shafii scholar, Ibn al-Sarsari, was insistent on starting another hearing against Ibn Taymiyya which was held once again at the house of the Governor of Damascus, Al-Afram. His book
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The circle surrounding the paradigmatic proto-Salafi scholar Ibn Taymiyya and his influential disciple Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) played a central role among them. Ibn Taymiyya's theology,.. passionately opposed and polemicized against the Murjiʾite views of other Sunnis, particularly
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The reputation and stature of Ibn Taymiyya amongst non-Ḥanbalī Sunni scholars would significantly improve between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. From a little-read scholar considered controversial by many, he would become one of the most popular scholarly figures in the Sunni religious
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Ash'ari's and Ibn Taymiyya, "People are divided into two factions over the question of Ibn Taymiyya; for until the present, the latter has retained admirers and disciples in Syria and Egypt." Both his supporters and rivals grew to respect Ibn Taymiyya because he was uncompromising in his views.
3452:. "Far from saying has no place in Islam", Ibn Taymiyya was on the whole "sympathetic" towards what everyone at the time considered an important aspect of Islamic life. Various scholars have also asserted that Ibn Taymiyya had a deep reverence and appreciation for the works of such major Sufi
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university says that Ibn Taymiyya, "was perhaps the most eminent and influential Hanbali jurist of the Middle Ages and one of the most prolific among them. He was also a renowned scholar of Islam whose influence was felt not only during his lifetime but extended through the centuries until the
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Ibn Taymiyya is said to have "spent a lifetime objecting to tomb veneration, only to cast a more powerful posthumous spell than any of his Sufi contemporaries." On his death, his personal effects were in such demand "that bidders for his lice-killing camphor necklace pushed its price up to 150
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Due to his views and also by not abiding to the sultan's letter two years before forbidding him from issuing a fatwa on the issue, three council hearings were held, in as many years (1318, 1319 and 1320), to deal with this matter. The hearing were overseen by the Viceroy of Syria, Tankiz. This
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so that they could preserve their strength. Within two days the Mongols were severely crushed and the battle was won; thus ending Mongol control of Syria. These incidents greatly increased the scholarly prestige and social stature of Ibn Taymiyya amongst the masses, despite opposition from the
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who do not adhere to the Law of Islam is obligated even if they are not of harm to the people living in the cities, then how about these people? Yes, it is required to exhibit the laws in fighting them.. They call to the religion of Islam and praise the religion of these disbelievers over the
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of Iran, to plead clemency. By early January 1300, the Mongol allies, the Armenians and Georgians, had caused widespread damage to Damascus and they had taken Syrian prisoners. The Mongols effectively occupied Damascus for the first four months of 1303. Most of the military had fled the city,
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held prominent positions within the Islamic scholarly community in both Syria and Egypt, and they held a certain position on the divine attributes of God. Ibn Taymiyya in his book strongly disagreed with their views and this heavy opposition to the common Ash'ari position, caused considerable
2138:, caused him trouble with the authorities. Ibn Taymiyya adopted the view that God should be described as he was literally described in the Qur'an and in the hadith, and that all Muslims were required to believe this because according to him it was the view held by the early Muslim community (
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A few years later in 1296, he took over the position of one of his teachers (Zayn al-Din Ibn al-Munadjdjaal), taking the post of professor of Hanbali jurisprudence at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, the oldest such institution of this tradition in Damascus. This is seen by some to be the peak of his
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by the end of December 1299. Fearful of Mongol atrocities, many scholars, intellectuals and officers began to flee Damascus in panic. Ibn Taymiyya was one of those clerics who stood firm alongside the vulnerable Damascus citizens and called for an uncompromising and heroic resistance to the
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as well as an Islamic political activist. In his efforts he was persecuted and imprisoned on six occasions with the total time spent inside prison coming to over six years. Other sources say that he spent over twelve years in prison. His detentions were due to the pushback from the clerical
1074:, constitute the most popular classical reference for later Salafi movements. Throughout his treatises, Ibn Taymiyya asserted there is no contradiction between reason and revelation, and denounced the usage of philosophy as a pre-requisite in seeking religious truth. As a cleric who viewed
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Two separate councils were held a year later on January 22 and 28, 1306. The first council was in the house of the Governor of Damascus Aqqush al-Afram, who had protected him the year before when facing the Shafii scholars. A second hearing was held six days later where the Indian scholar
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Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad (d. 1328)... Tied Islam to politics and state formation... Issued fatwas against the Mongols as unbelievers at heart despite public claims to be Muslim... His authority has been used by some twentieth-century Islamist groups to declare jihad against ruling
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understandings of Sufism, earned him the authorities' wrath. He was imprisoned on charges of corporealism (tajsīm) and likening the attributes of God to those of His creation (tashbīḥ), a dual charge that his followers from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) onwards have also faced.
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In 1298, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his explanation for the ayat al-mutashabihat (the unclear verses of the Qur'an) titled Al-`Aqidat al-Hamawiyat al-Kubra (The creed of the great people of Hama). The book is about divine attributes and it served as an answer to a question from the city of
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the population included many Muslims. Believing Mardin was neither the domain of Islam, as Islam was not legally applied with an armed forces consisting of Muslims, nor the domain of war because the inhabitants were Muslim, Ibn Taymiyya created a new "composite" category, known as
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found him innocent of all charges and accepted that his creed was in line with the "Qur'an and the Sunnah". Regardless, in April 1306 the chief Islamic judges of the Mamluk state declared Ibn Taymiyya guilty and he was incarcerated. He was released four months later in September.
3079:; and the domain of war (dar al-harb) which is territory under the rule of unbelievers who are involved in an active or potential conflict with the domain of Islam. (Ibn Taymiyya included a fourth. When the Mongols, whom he considered unbelievers, took control of the city of
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was questioned on his stance regarding intercession. Thereafter, he was incarcerated in the prison of the judges in Cairo for some months. After his release, he was allowed to return to Syria, should he so wish. Ibn Taymiyya however stayed in Egypt for a further five years.
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in the Kasrawan region of the Lebanese mountains where they were defeated. The majority of the Alawis and Ismailis eventually converted to Twelver Shiism and settled in south Lebanon and the Bekaa valley, with a few Shia pockets that survived in the Lebanese mountains.
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which in some ways is similar to dar al-kufr (domain of unbelievers). Included in his verdict was declaring the Mongol ruler Ghazan and other Mongols who did not accept shari'a in full, as unbelievers. He was also asked whether Muslims living in Mardin had to emigrate
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A polarizing figure in his own times and the centuries that followed, Ibn Taymiyya has emerged as one of the most influential medieval scholars in late modern Sunni Islam. He is also noteworthy for engaging in fierce religious polemics that attacked various schools of
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outright as erroneous. While "the popular image of Ibn Taymiyya ... that he Sufism indiscriminately ... deadly against the Sufis, and ... no place for Sufism in Islam," it is historically known, according to the same scholar, that Ibn Taymiyya actually considered
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larger attendance. This is also mentioned by Ibn `Abd al-Hadi. Caterina Bori says that, "In the Islamic tradition, wider popular attendance at funerals was a mark of public reverence, a demonstration of the deceased's rectitude, and a sign of divine approbation."
3275:. He also took issue with their non-religious approach to dealing with various communities such as Christians, Jews, Buddhists, etc. and employing a large chunk of their armies with non-Muslims. Citing these and various other reasons, Ibn Taymiyya pronounced:
2732:. So it is difficult to find a man in the whole world who possesses the qualities of Ibn Taimiyya. No one can come anywhere near him in the force of his speech and writing. People who harassed him did not possess even one-tenth of his scholarly excellence...
1340:. He also studied mathematics, algebra, calligraphy, speculative theology, philosophy, history, and heresiography. With the knowledge he gained from history and philosophy, he set to refute the prevalent philosophical discourses of his time, one of which was
2963:, Ibn Taymiyya is their exemplar scholar who revived the methodology of the Salaf, and also a social reformer who defiantly stood against foreign occupation. Today, Salafi Muslims constitute the most avid readers and promoters of the works of Ibn Taymiyya.
2720:)... He excelled in intelligence and brilliance. He argued in defence of Ahl al-Sunnah with great eloquence and force. No innovation or irreligious act is reported about him... there is not a single matter on which he is without his defence based on the
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Our assessment of Ibn Taimiyya after full investigation is that he was a scholar of the 'Book of God' and had full command over its etymological and juristic implications. He remembered by heart the traditions of the prophet and accounts of elders
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Ibn Taymiyya continued to face troubles for his views which were found to be at odds with those of his contemporaries. His strong opposition to what he believed to be religious innovations, caused upset among the prominent Sufis of Egypt including
2649:(d. 770/1369) famously wrote a work questioning Ibn Taymiyya's mental state. The possibility of psychological abnormalities not with-standing, Ibn Taymiyya's personality, by multiple accounts, was fiery and oftentimes unpredictable. The historian
1320:. Serajul Haque says, based on this, Ibn Taymiyya started to hear hadith from the age of five. One of Ibn Taymiyya's teachers was the first Hanbali Chief Justice of Syria, Shams al-Din al-Maqdisi, who held the newly created position instituted by
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Many of Ibn Taymiyya's books are thought to be lost. Their existence is only known through various reports written by scholars throughout history as well as some treatises written by Ibn Taymiyya himself. One particularly notable lost work is
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with their lives and wealth is prohibited upon them and it is required to abstain from that from whatever route possible.. if that is not possible except by undertaking migration, then it is obligatory... It is not of the category of the
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According to Nettler and Kéchichian, Ibn Taymiyya affirmed that Jihad against the Mongols, "was not only permissible but obligatory because the latter ruled not according to Sharīʿah but through their traditional, and therefore manmade,
3548:(1905–1983) have argued that such portrayals of Ibn Taymiyya are flawed inasmuch as they are often borne of a limited reading of the theologian's substantial corpus of works, many of which have not yet been translated from the original
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criticised Ibn Taymiyya for "contradicting the consensus of the Muslims by his anthropomorphism, by his claims that accidents exist in God, by suggesting that God was speaking in time, and by his belief in the eternity of the world."
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In the 21st century, Ibn Taymiyya is one of the most cited medieval authors and his treatises are regarded to be of central intellectual importance by several Islamic revivalist movements. Ibn Taymiyya's disciples, consisting of both
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Personally pious Muslims affiliated with the Mongol armies. Ibn Taymiyya harshly rebuked these people as the "most evil" faction; and argued that their piety was useless because of their decision to ally with non-Muslims who ruled by
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Hoover, J. (2018). Ibn Taymiyya's use of Ibn Rushd to refute the incorporealism of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. In A. Al Ghouz (Ed.), Islamic Philosophy from the 12th till the 14th Century (469-492). Goettingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck &
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Ibn Taymiyya's secular studies led him to devote attention to the Arabic language and literature by studying Arabic grammar and lexicography under Ali ibn Abd al-Qawi al-Tufi. He went on to master the famous book of Arabic grammar
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according to their rights as Muslims, while the non-Muslims living there outside of the authority of Islamic Law should be treated according to their rights." They have based their understanding on the original manuscript in the
3048:. Ibn Taymiyya's other major theological mission was to re-assert the primacy of armed jihad in Islamic faith, which played a major role in shaping future militant interpretations of Islam. Along with total, literal adherence to
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Despite political pressure, Ibn Taymiyya's directives were heeded by the Mamluk officer and Mongol negotiations to surrender the Citadel stalled. Shortly after, Ibn Taymiyya and a number of his acolytes and pupils took part in a
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the medieval theologian and proto-Salafi Ibn Taymiyya was a critic of Ash'arism. He argued that the approach relied too heavily on philosophy. Instead, he advocated an approach that looked to the Salaf for guidance on correct
2662:'s views towards Ibn Taymiyya were ambivalent. His praise of Ibn Taymiyya is invariably qualified with criticism and misgivings and he considered him to be both a "brilliant Shaykh" and also "cocky" and "impetuous". The
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Ibn Taymiyya is a servant whom God has forsaken, led astray, made blind and deaf, and degraded. Such is the explicit verdict of the leading scholars who have exposed the rottenness of his ways and the errors of his
1899:. The reason being that the Mongols could not, in his opinion, be true Muslims despite the fact that they had converted to Sunni Islam because they ruled using what he considered 'man-made laws' (their traditional
3320:
has overtaken their thought... The viziers who spread the views of their leader ultimately lead them into the aforementioned class , they become these Philosopher Jews, ascribing to Islam what they have of their
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Ibn Taymiyya's works served as an inspiration for later Muslim scholars and historical figures, who have been regarded as his admirers or disciples. In the contemporary world, he may be considered at the root of
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Several of Ibn Taymiyya's students became notable scholars in their own right. His students came from different backgrounds and belonged to various different schools of thought. The most well-known of them are
1820:
The second invasion lasted between October 1300 and January 1301. Ibn Taymiyya at this time began giving sermons on jihad at the Umayyad mosque. As the civilians began to flee in panic; Ibn Taymiyya pronounced
1269:
In 1269, Ibn Taymiyya, aged seven, left Harran together with his father and three brothers; however, the city was completely destroyed by the ensuing Mongol invasion. Ibn Taymiyya's family moved and settled in
1205:تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس أَحْمَد بْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن مُحَمَّد بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن إِبْرَاهِيم بْن عَلِيّ بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
3193:, they behaved unjustly with their subjects so the people of Mardin asked Ibn Taymiyya for a legal verdict regarding the classification of the territory under which they live. He categorized the territory as
7896:(died 1792), who took his ideas from Ibn Taymiyya's writings. Ibn Taymiyya also influenced various reform movements that have posed the problem of reformulating traditional ideologies by a return to sources.
2709:, became a hub of intellectual life in the country, and the ideas developed there quickly spread to wider academic circles. Making a powerful defense of Ibn Taymiyya and his doctrines, Shah Waliullah wrote:
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2260:. His reign, marked by economical and political unrest, only lasted a year. In August 1309, Ibn Taymiyya was taken into custody and placed under house arrest for seven months in the new sultan's palace in
4224:
1962:
in their use of violence against other Muslims whom they deemed as apostates. In his legal verdicts issued to inform the populace, Ibn Taymiyya classified the Tatars and their advocates into four types:
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What might be referred to as 'proto-Salafism', or creedal Salafism (al-salafiyya al iʿtiqādīyya), became emblematic in the scholarship of the fourteenth-century imam Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Halim
3147:, etc. drew upon these revolutionary ideas to justify armed Jihad against the contemporary nation-states. Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on Alawites as "more infidel than Christians and Jews" has been recited by
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was held in the citadel by scholar Muhammad Tammam, and a second was held in the mosque. A third and final funeral prayer was held by Ibn Taymiyya's brother, Zain al-Din. He was buried in Damascus, in
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of His messenger and follows the ruling of a ruler which contravenes a ruling of God and his messenger, he is a renegade, an unbeliever who deserves to be punished in this world and in the hereafter."
1392:
After his father died in 1284, he took up the then vacant post as the head of the Sukkariyya madrasa and began giving lessons on Hadith. A year later he started giving lessons, as chair of the Hanbali
3158:
Ibn Taymiyya's role in the Islamist movements of the twentieth and twenty first century have also been noted by the previous Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State,
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Three years after his arrival in the city, Ibn Taymiyya became involved in efforts to deal with the increasing Shia influence amongst Sunni Muslims. An agreement had been made in 1316 between the
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The most voluminous and vociferous intellectual opposition to the use of philosophical argumentation to establish religious doctrine was to come in the writings of Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymīyyah..
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Another concept attributed to Ibn Taymiyya is, "the duty to oppose and kill Muslim rulers who do not implement the revealed law (shari'a). Based on this doctrine, Ibn Taymiyya excommunicated the
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movements. The common understanding of his ideas have been filtered through the bits and pieces of his statements that have been misappropriated by alleged supporters and avowed critics alike."
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and his deputy attended the open meeting. Ibn Taymiyya was found innocent. Despite the open meeting, objections regarding his creed continued and he was summoned to the Citadel in Cairo for a
2215:, but he was not allowed to go back to Syria. He was then again summoned for a legal debate, but this time he convinced the judges that his views were correct and he was allowed to go free.
1958:
broke new Islamic legal ground because "no jurist had ever before issued a general authorization for the use of lethal force against Muslims in battle", and would later influence modern-day
2357:. He was released about five months and 18 days later, on February 9, 1321, by order of the Sultan Al-Nasir. Ibn Taymiyya was reinstated as teacher of Hanbali law and he resumed teaching.
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he saw take place there. Ibn Taymiyya represented the Hanbali school of thought during this time. The Hanbali school was seen as the most traditional school out of the four legal systems (
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Identifying him, especially in regards to his comprehensive view, as a true philosopher, they describe him as an equal to or even superseding the most famous medieval Muslim philosophers.
3052:, he held that waging martial jihad was an Islamic religious obligation for all Muslims, when under foreign invasion. These ideas would be readily embraced in the 20th century by various
3621:
1309:, as well as the works of his own grandfather, Majd al-Din. His study of jurisprudence was not limited to the Hanbali tradition, as he also studied the other schools of jurisprudence.
3429:)... in his religious zeal he is determined to abolish centuries of religious truth as they had been long before they became troubled by theological and philosophical controversies."
9308:. Texts translated, annotated and presented in relation to six modern readings of the Mardin fatwa. Foreword by James Piscatori. Oxford & London: Interface Publications, 2006.
1197:
Taqī al-Din Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
4241:
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Shah Waliullah Dehlawi would become the most prominent advocate of the doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya, and profoundly transformed the religious thought in South Asia. His seminary,
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Ibn Taymiyya referred to his imprisonment as "a divine blessing". During his incarceration, he wrote that, "when a scholar forsakes what he knows of the Book of God and of the
2610:
In the pre-modern era, Ibn Taymiyya was considered a controversial figure within Sunni Islam and had a number of critics during his life and in the centuries thereafter. The
2440:(d. 1240), causing him to earn the enmity of leading Sufi shaykhs in Egypt and causing him to serve another prison sentence. In 1310, he was released by the Egyptian Sultan.
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school of Islamic theology, and in 1306, he was imprisoned for more than a year. Upon his release, he condemned popular Sufi practices and he also condemned the influence of
1316:
is said to number more than two-hundred, four of whom were women. Those who are known by name amount to forty hadith teachers, as recorded by Ibn Taymiyya in his work titled
844:
3659:– a refutation of the philosophers who claim the miracles of Muhammad are merely manifestations of the strength of inherent faculties, and who claim the universe is eternal
5061:
8607:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "5: The Compiled Fatwas, the Prophetic Way against the Shiʿites, and "Islamic Governance" on the Importance of Islamic Government".
8472:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "5: The Compiled Fatwas, the Prophetic Way against the Shiʿites, and "Islamic Governance" on the Importance of Islamic Government".
1257:, Harran was also well-known since the early days of Islam for its tradition of adhering to the Hanbali school, to which Ibn Taymiyya's family belonged. His grandfather,
8095:
Rudder, Daniel; Heffelfinger, Christopher (2022). "2: The Ideology Behind Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State". In Michael A. Sheehan; Erich Marquardt; Liam Collins (eds.).
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including most of the civilians. Ibn Taymiyya however, stayed and was one of the leaders of the resistance inside Damascus and he went to speak directly to the Ilkhan,
3582:
Ibn Taymiyya left behind a considerable body of work, ranging from 350 (according to his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya) to 500 (according to his student al-Dhahabi).
2279:
He spent his last fifteen years in Damascus. Aged 50, Ibn Taymiyya returned to Damascus via Jerusalem on February 28, 1313. Damascus was now under the governorship of
1277:
In Damascus, his father served as the director of the Sukkariyya Madrasa, a place where Ibn Taymiyya also received his early education. He acquainted himself with the
3218:) is unable to practice his religion, then he must emigrate. If this is not the case, then it remains preferable but not mandatory. The helping of the enemies of the
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into distinct territories: the domain of Islam (dar al-Islam), where the rule is of Islam and sharia law is enforced; the domain of unbelief (dar-al-kufr) ruled by
15155:
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status quo, he was seen as "uncooperative", and on occasions spent much time in prison. Ibn Taymiyya's attitude towards his own rulers was based on the actions of
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religion of the Muslims,.. and they legislate in what they dispute between themselves with the legislation of the time of ignorance, not with the legislation of
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against the Ilkhanid army; leading his disciples in the field with a sword. The battle began on April 20 of that year. On the same day, Ibn Taymiyya declared a
13884:
8284:
9127:"Withholding judgment on Islamic universalism: Ibn al-Wazir (d. 840/1436) on the duration and purpose of hell-fire. In: Locating Hell in Islamic traditions"
8907:
1229:, Mamluk Sultanate to a family of traditional Hanbali scholars. He had Arab and Kurdish lineages by way of his Arab father and Kurdish mother. His father,
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movements salute Ibn Taymiyya as "the architect of Salafism", which symbolises the concept of reviving the traditions and values of the Golden Age of the
14210:
839:
13497:
8708:
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Frank Griffel, "Al-Ghazālī at His Most Rationalist. The Universal Rule for Allegorically Interpreting Revelation. (al-Qānūn al-Kullī fī t-Ta ʾwīl)" in
8337:
8310:
1669:" (King of Islam), a title which Ghazan took to legitimise his military campaigns, Ibn Taymiyya denounced him as an "infidel king" and issued numerous
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1469:
A strong influence on Ibn Taymiyya was the founder of the Hanbali school itself, Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Ibn Taymiyya was trained in his school by studying
15105:
6713:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
4990:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
4956:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
4741:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
4630:
Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
3937:
Haynes, Jeffrey; Sheikh, Naveed S. (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations".
2681:
Despite the prevalent condemnations of Ibn Taymiyya outside Hanbali school during the pre-modern period, many prominent non-Hanbali scholars such as
758:
720:
2745:(d. 1914) and Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (d. 1935). Praising Ibn Taymiyya as a central and heroic Islamic figure of the classical era, Rashid Rida wrote:
1712:. Ibn Taymiyya severely rebuked those Muslims escaping in the face of Mongol onslaught and compared their state to the withdrawal of Muslims in the
2128:. He was imprisoned several times for conflicting with the prevailing opinions of the jurists and theologians of his day. A judge from the city of
1466:
Ibn Taymiyya was taught by scholars who were renowned in their time; however, there is no evidence any of them had a significant influence on him.
8012:
6961:
Saleh, Walid (2010). "Ibn Tayimiyah and the Rise of Radical Hermeneutics: An Analysis of "An Introduction to the Foundation of Quranic Exegesis".
7064:. Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. p. 11.
1763:
tribes allied to the Mongols in the peripheral regions of the city; thereby repelling the Mongol attack. Ibn Taymiyya went with a delegation of
15140:
9348:. Edited by Nader EL-BIZRI. Foreword by Farhad DAFTARY (Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies,
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2697:(d. 1834), etc. would come to the defense of Ibn Taymiyya and advocate his ideas during this era. In the 18th century, influential South Asian
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Ibn Taymiyya's emergence in the public and political spheres began in 1293 when he was 30 years old, when the authorities asked him to issue a
291:ٱبْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن مُحَمَّد بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن إِبْرَاهِيم بْن عَلِيّ بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه
12153:
9929:
9293:. Texts translated, annotated and introduced. With a foreword by Bruce B. LAWRENCE. Beirut & Paris: Albouraq, 2012, xxxii & 334 p. —
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4024:
9326:
Michot, Yahya. "From al-Ma'mūn to Ibn Sab'īn, via Avicenna: Ibn Taymiyya's Historiography of Falsafa", in F. OPWIS & D. REISMAN (eds.),
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A key aspect of the legacy of Ibn Taymiyya is his opposition to the two dominant schools of Sunni theology (kalam), Ashaʿrism and Maturidism
14183:
8148:
Thomas, David (2010). "Apologetic and Polemic in the letter from Cyprus and Ibn Taymiyya's al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ li-man baddala dīn al-Masīḥ".
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was still not found at fault. At the conclusion of this hearing, Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Sarsari were sent to Cairo to settle the problem.
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1380:
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7892:"He has strongly influenced modern Islam for the last two centuries. He is the source of the Wahhābīyah, a reformist movement founded by
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in defense of Ibn Taymiyya. The treatise would make great impact on major scholars of the Salafiyya movement in Syria and Egypt, such as
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2142:). Within the space of two years (1305–1306) four separate religious council hearings were held to assess the correctness of his creed.
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9524:
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Aigle, Denise (2015). "12: Ghazan Khan's Invasion of Syria- Polemics on his Conversion to Islam and the Christian Troops in His Army".
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On the arrival of Ibn Taymiyya and the Shafi'ite scholar in Cairo in 1306, an open meeting was held. The Mamluk sultan at the time was
1628:
1564:, and the destruction of Harran, the birthplace of Ibn Taymiyya, for that purpose, he urged Ibn Taymiyya to call the Muslims to Jihad.
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8648:
Aigle, Denise (2015). "13: A Religious Response to Ghazan Khan's Invasions of Syria- The Three "Anti-Mongol" fatwās of Ibn Taymiyya".
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3235:. It is a third division by which the Muslim is treated according to what he deserves, and outsiders are dealt with as they deserve."
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made him a contentious figure with many rulers and scholars of the time, which caused him to be imprisoned several times as a result.
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14689:
10502:
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G. Rabil, Robert (2014). "1: The Creed, Ideology, and Manhaj (Methodology) of Salafism: A Historical and Contemporaneous Framework".
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3423:, "Ibn Taymiyah protests against the abuses of philosophy and theology and advocates a return to the orthodox ways of the ancients (
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Nettler, R. and Kéchichian, J.A., 2009. Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, 2, pp.502–4.
2636:
Taqi al-Din al-Hisni condemned Ibn Taymiyya in even stronger terms by referring to him as the "heretic from Harran" and similarly,
1907:, whilst believing that the Yassa code was better than the Sharia law. Because of this, he reasoned they were living in a state of
7786:
2383:. It is reported that in the book "he condemned the cult of saints" and declared that traveling with the sole purpose of visiting
1324:
as part of a reform of the judiciary. Al-Maqdisi later came to give Ibn Taymiyya permission to issue legal verdicts, making him a
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and Karim al-Din al-Amuli, and the locals who started to protest against him. Their main contention was Ibn Taymiyya's stance on
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Ibn Taymiyya was a fervent polemicist who zealously launched theological refutations against various religious sects such as the
1922:
political elites and its military disbelievers in the eyes of Ibn Taymiyya; but anybody who joined their ranks were as guilty of
1491:), which is displayed in his works where he would give preference to their opinions over those of his contemporaries. The modern
1230:
479:
3127:(pre-Islamic ignorance). Thus, he is widely regarded as the "spiritual forefather" of the Salafi-Jihadist thought. 20th century
2283:. There, Ibn Taymiyya continued his teaching role as professor of Hanbali fiqh. This is when he taught his most famous student,
1724:"Until there stands even a single rock, do everything in your power to not surrender the castle. There is great benefit for the
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scholarly career. The year when he began his post at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, was a time of political turmoil. The Mamluk sultan
1261:, and his uncle, Fakhr al-Din, were both reputable scholars of the Hanbali school, and their scholarly achievements well-known.
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his wife. Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on divorce was not accepted by the majority of scholars of the time and this continued into the
557:
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Rationalism in the School of Bahrain: A Historical Perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions
5193:
3225:
2424:(The response to al-Ikhnāʾī). The last book was an attack on Taḳī al-Dīn al-Ikhnāʾī and explained his views on saints (wali).
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3852:تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس أَحْمَد بْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
2302:, brother of Ghazan Khan, to allow a favourable policy towards Shi'ism in the city. Around the same time the Shia theologian
287:
Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh
2306:, who had played a crucial role in the Mongol ruler's decision to make Shi'ism the state religion of Persia, wrote the book
1436:." He remained faithful throughout his life to this school, whose doctrines he had mastered, but he nevertheless called for
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13208:
11847:
3388:"hater of logic" and a strict literalist who was responsible for the demise of rationalist tendencies within the classical
2800:
2287:, who went on to become a noted scholar in Islamic history. Ibn Qayyim was to share in Ibn Taymiyya's renewed persecution.
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The first invasion took place between December 1299 and April 1300 due to the military campaign by the Mamluks against the
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in great detail, having studied it multiple times. Though he spent much of his life following this school, he renounced
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3570:: "Ibn Taymiyya remains one of the most controversial Islamic thinkers today because of his supposed influence on many
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670:
9010:"Ibn Taymiyya's Critique of Shī'ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his "Minhāj al-Sunna", by Yahya Michot,
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tradition. The nineteenth-century Iraqi scholar Khayr al-Dīn al-Ālūsī (d. 1899) wrote an influential treatise titled
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8885:. Translated by Hamori, Andras; Hamori, Ruth. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 166, 240.
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8009:"جدل فقهي بعد استعانة داعش بفتوى لابن تيمية لتبرير إحراق الكساسبة: ماذا كان موقف النبي وهل فعلها أبوبكر وعمر وعلي؟"
7343:
Ozervarli, M. Sait (2010). "The Qur'anic Rational Theology of Ibn Taymiyya and his Criticism of the Mutakallimun".
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1895:. Ibn Taymiyya declared that jihad against the Mongol attack on the Malmuk sultanate was not only permissible, but
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752:
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Yet Ibn Taymiyya remained unconvinced and issued three controversial fatwas to justify revolt against mongol rule.
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since the 1980s; and vast majority of Sunni intellectual circles adopted Ibn Taymiyya's rhetoric against Shi'ism.
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Michot, Yahya. "Misled and Misleading… Yet Central in their Influence: Ibn Taymiyya's Views on the Ikhwān al-Safā
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5648:
Bori, Caterina (2010). "Ibn Taymiyya wa-Jama`atuhu: Authority, Conflict and Consensus in Ibn Taymiyya's Circle".
3552:. According to Laoust, Ibn Taymiyya wanted to reform the practice of medieval Sufism as part of his wider aim to
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1996:
1872:
1803:, a historical figure harshly rebuked by Ibn Taymiyya, mainly due to his constant state of hostility towards the
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reform movement formed in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as other later Sunni scholars. Syrian Salafi theologian
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1521:, who opposed certain elements of his creed and his views on some jurisprudential issues. However, according to
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scholars and ideologues. Reviving Ibn Taymiyya's fatwas during the late 20th-century, Jihadist ideologues like
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reinforcements from Cairo. Narrating Ibn Taymiyya's fierce stance on fighting the Mongols, Ibn Kathir reports:
1661:, despite these laws being rarely enforced in Muslim majority regions in an extensive manner. Openly rejecting
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14730:
2453:
thousands of people came to show their respects. They gathered in the Citadel and lined the streets up to the
1082:
in Muslim societies, Ibn Taymiyya was also known for virulent anti-Shia polemics throughout treatises such as
15145:
14956:
14946:
14901:
14537:
11991:
11874:
11131:
10951:
9602:
3625:– a response to Christianity; seven volumes; in modern critical editions it amounts to more than 2,000 pages.
2671:
732:
10181:
9279:
Little, Donald P. "Did Ibn Taymiyya have a screw loose?", Studia Islamica, 1975, Number 41, pp. 93–111.
8306:
3559:(of which Sufism was a major aspect at the time) by divesting both these traditions of what he perceived as
1976:
Irreligious Muslims aligned with Ilkhanids whom Ibn Taymiyya analogized with renegade Arabian tribes of the
15170:
15115:
14137:
13177:
12658:
12330:
12176:
12126:
11567:
11011:
9915:
9891:
8945:
8333:
3598:
2586:
and shared his taste for activism and religious reform. Some of his unorthodox legal views in the field of
1254:
15090:
7652:
Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), 154.
2008:
establishment clergy. He would soon be appointed as the chief professor of the elite scholarly institute "
1552:
who then ruled from 1297 to 1299. Lajin desired to commission an expedition against the Christians of the
1163:
of the Mongol Ilkhanids and allowing jihad against other self-professed Muslims, were referenced by later
15150:
14509:
14301:
14283:
14236:
14215:
14169:
13805:
12695:
12559:
11907:
11221:
10731:
10708:
10703:
10613:
9655:
9319:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya's 'New Mardin Fatwa'. Is genetically modified Islam (GMI) carcinogenic?" in
8980:
Hakim Al-Matroudi, Abdul (2022). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn (1263–1328 ce)". In L. Esposito, John (ed.).
3140:
2063:
1680:
1638:
1632:
1553:
11269:
9473:
9449:
3844:
Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
3064:, etc. Scholars like Yahya Michot have noted that Ibn Taymiyya "has thus become a sort of forefather of
772:
15160:
14801:
14582:
13214:
12809:
12795:
12534:
12279:
12053:
11535:
11166:
11126:
10861:
10778:
10632:
10390:
9860:
9854:
8008:
7893:
3185:
One of Ibn Taymiyya's most famous fatwas are regarding the Mongols who had conquered and destroyed the
2379:. It dealt with the validity and permissibility of making a journey to visit the tombs of prophets and
2316:
1560:
and participated in the military campaign which lead to the destruction of Baghdad, the capital of the
1138:
645:
615:
474:
8418:
World of Faith and Freedom: Why International Religious Liberty Is Vital to American National Security
5122:
4980:
The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
3267:
In another series of fatwas, Ibn Taymiyya reiterated the religious obligation of Muslims to fight the
15006:
14816:
14127:
12761:
12479:
12130:
11892:
11116:
11021:
10996:
10846:
10590:
10380:
10281:
9731:
9510:
7525:
5758:
4304:
3602:– collected centuries after his death, and contains several of the works mentioned below; 36 volumes.
2923:
Ibn Taymiyya adamantly insisted that his theological doctrines constituted the original creed of the
1505:
1278:
742:
17:
15135:
14039:
9463:
9439:
6558:"The Mongol Invasions of Bilād al-Shām by Ghāzān Khān and Ibn Taymīyah's Three "Anti-Mongol" Fatwas"
2465:("the cemetery of the Sufis"). His brother Sharafuddin had been buried in that cemetery before him.
55:
15165:
15130:
15095:
14996:
14347:
14142:
14132:
14122:
12892:
12412:
12026:
11645:
11216:
11146:
10527:
10340:
9896:
9886:
9881:
9180:
8423:
7553:
7031:
6836:
3614:
2134:
1258:
706:
610:
8742:. Authentic Statements Publications (published January 1, 2019). pp. Volume 11, Pages 15–20.
8580:
7897:
4222:
http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-959
4016:
3527:(religious innovations) and rejected all forms of philosophical influences, speculative theology,
2749:...after the power of the Ash‘aris reigned supreme in the Middle Ages (al-qurūn al-wusṭā) and the
989:
14633:
14542:
14465:
14030:
13994:
12019:
11977:
11832:
11447:
11236:
11141:
10971:
10926:
10792:
10430:
10068:
10043:
9702:
9399:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya's Critique of Shī'ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his
9207:'Associating with God in Islamic Thought': A Comparative Study of Muslim interpretations of shirk
9023:
Thomas E. Burmann, Foreword in Ian Christopher Levy, Rita George-Tvrtković, Donald Duclow (ed.),
5545:
2337:
In 1318, Ibn Taymiyya wrote a treatise that would curtail the ease with which a Muslim man could
2223:
1538:
al-Ṣārim al-maslūl ʿalā shātim al-Rasūl (The Drawn Sword against those who insult the Messenger).
1470:
1242:
747:
420:
10073:
9105:
7574:
From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon
5959:
State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory
4370:
All his works are full of condemnation of philosophy and yet he was a great philosopher himself.
2762:
have spread to both east and west, and will become the main support of the Muslims of the earth.
2153:. At the time Ibn Taymiyya was 42 years old. He was protected by the then Governor of Damascus,
1047:. This prompted rival clerics and state authorities to accuse Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples of
14966:
14916:
14911:
14877:
14745:
14572:
14562:
14394:
13712:
13666:
13060:
12741:
12236:
11897:
11827:
11787:
11772:
11452:
11206:
11111:
11096:
11087:
10966:
10931:
10856:
10573:
10547:
10532:
10512:
10410:
10405:
9831:
9784:
9678:
6869:
6803:
6557:
5875:
3667:— written in response to an incident in which Ibn Taymiyya heard a Christian insulting Muhammad
3571:
2686:
2498:
2284:
1785:
1429:
1361:
1117:
Within recent history, Ibn Taymiyya has been widely regarded as a major scholarly influence in
789:
727:
585:
449:
400:
9333:
Michot, Yahya. "Between Entertainment and Religion: Ibn Taymiyya's Views on Superstition", in
7953:
7947:
7661:
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part I: Scholarly Perceptions (Religion Compass, 2015), p. 105
7435:
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part I: Scholarly Perceptions (Religion Compass, 2015), p. 101
5984:
State Formation and the Structure of Politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250-1340 C.E
4171:
4055:
3813:, which was 40 volumes of Quranic exegesis that Ibn Taymiyya wrote in the prison of Damascus.
2753:
and the followers of the salaf were weakened, there appeared in the eighth century the great
15001:
14750:
14669:
13935:
13594:
12766:
12683:
12429:
12399:
11956:
11852:
11399:
11226:
10976:
10886:
10471:
10400:
9631:
7984:
7978:
7377:
7058:
From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis
5711:
5615:
5339:
4166:
Theology and Creed in Wahabi Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Wahabism
3814:
2515:
2486:
1792:
prisoners which the Mongols had taken in Syria, and after negotiation, secured their release.
824:
13635:
9355:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya's Commentary on the Creed of al-Hallâj", in A. SHIHADEH (ed.),
8572:
8415:
7924:
7023:
6861:
6828:
6795:
6305:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 135–136, 256–257, 296–298.
5867:
5537:
4163:
4047:
1599:
In 1305, Ibn Taymiyya took part in a second military offensive against the Alawites and the
15120:
15040:
15035:
14981:
14857:
14791:
14740:
14735:
14664:
14654:
13381:
12788:
12646:
12571:
12416:
12231:
12079:
11984:
11963:
11822:
11777:
11762:
11311:
11161:
11151:
11136:
10956:
10921:
10911:
10906:
10881:
10537:
10507:
10171:
10038:
10023:
9993:
9946:
9743:
9643:
9637:
5957:
K. S. Lambton, Ann (2004). "The extinction of the caliphate: Ibn Jama'a and Ibn Taymiyya".
4709:
3345:
3174:
3001:
can be attributed to Ibn Taymiyya. Ibn Taymiyya is highly revered in contemporary militant
2886:
movement as well as the Islamic reformist movement of Ibn al-Amīr Al-San’ani (d. 1768) and
2792:
2641:
2615:
2162:
2067:
1393:
938:
494:
9063:
Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary
4698:
Nettler, Ronald L. (2009). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad". In L. Esposito, John (ed.).
2775:
order and other later reformist movements. Ibn Taymiyya has been noted to have influenced
1995:
Ibn Taymiyya called on the Muslims to jihad once again and personally participated in the
8:
14941:
14872:
14852:
14811:
14288:
14253:
14048:
13815:
13615:
13386:
13117:
12994:
12633:
11933:
11859:
11201:
10851:
10665:
10522:
10291:
10212:
10063:
9938:
9866:
9708:
9596:
8573:
8416:
7056:
7024:
6829:
2742:
2533:
2401:
2354:
1717:
1302:
660:
9502:
2203:), in Cairo until September 25, 1307. He was freed due to the help he received from two
2132:, Iraq, requested that Ibn Taymiyya write a book on creed. His subsequent creedal work,
14951:
14806:
14567:
14339:
14192:
13979:
12862:
12818:
12563:
12376:
12263:
12037:
11998:
11912:
11747:
11710:
11672:
11594:
11469:
11241:
11026:
10901:
10876:
10698:
10685:
10375:
10247:
10227:
10096:
10058:
9988:
9968:
9684:
9608:
9184:
8630:
8495:
8360:
7863:
7767:
7759:
7697:
7689:
6695:
6654:
6529:
6488:
6442:
6401:
6357:
6250:
5538:
5385:
4938:
4361:
4324:
3723:
3567:
3467:
3408:
3148:
2984:
2835:
2637:
2384:
1970:(i.e, those original non-Muslims fighting in Tatar armies and who never embraced Islam)
1912:
1892:
1675:
condemning the political order of the Tatars. The Ilkhanate army managed to defeat the
1357:
1168:
1111:
993:
871:
650:
620:
346:
13955:
9392:
Michot, Yahya. "Ibn Taymiyya on Astrology. Annotated Translation of Three Fatwas", in
7718:
Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
6672:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6631:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6506:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6465:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6419:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6378:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
6334:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "2: The Works: Their Author, and Significance".
4773:
Ibn Taymiyya on reason and revelation : a study of Darʾ ta'āruḍ al-ʻaql wa-l-naql
4384:
Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
3514:
2675:
69:
15085:
14867:
14786:
14710:
14005:
13971:
13915:
13158:
13097:
13004:
12712:
12576:
12425:
12371:
12267:
11902:
11869:
11797:
11792:
11752:
11740:
11725:
11705:
11606:
11582:
11408:
11231:
11071:
11006:
10360:
10266:
10191:
9819:
9696:
9330:. Studies in Honor of Dimitri Gutas (Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2012), pp. 453–475.
9309:
9294:
9257:
9238:
9196:
9159:
9111:
9042:
8987:
8917:
8886:
8843:
8818:
8793:
8768:
8743:
8661:
8634:
8620:
8584:
8551:
8526:
8499:
8485:
8452:
8427:
8391:
8366:
8264:
8239:
8214:
8213:. Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, N.Y., USA: Yale University Press. pp. 101–102.
8189:
8153:
8125:
8100:
8039:
7988:
7957:
7819:
7792:
7771:
7722:
7701:
7577:
7557:
7529:
7501:
7404:
7348:
7296:
7292:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...
7241:
7184:
7126:
7035:
6966:
6938:
6913:
6873:
6862:
6840:
6807:
6796:
6743:
6718:
6699:
6685:
6658:
6644:
6598:
6533:
6519:
6492:
6478:
6446:
6432:
6405:
6391:
6361:
6347:
6314:
6281:
6254:
6240:
6165:
6141:
6098:
6062:
6034:
5987:
5962:
5904:
5879:
5868:
5821:
5796:
5685:
5653:
5549:
5488:
5221:
5153:
5090:
5051:
5020:
4995:
4961:
4889:
4842:
4787:
4777:
4746:
4713:
4635:
4598:
4419:
4415:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...
4328:
4250:
4175:
4164:
4124:
4084:
4059:
4048:
3986:
3942:
3919:
3884:
3755:
3650:
3297:
3186:
3152:
3056:
movements and underpinned the theological justification for militancy of groups like
3053:
2952:
2804:
2682:
2342:
2307:
2208:
2188:
2075:
2035:
1915:
1756:
1561:
1353:
1149:, one of the major modern proponents of Ibn Taymiyya's works, designated him as the "
655:
552:
489:
87:
13163:
4942:
3279:"Fighting them is obligatory by consensus of the Muslims.. If fighting against the
1973:
Muslims of other ethnicities who became apostates due to their alliance with Mongols
1408:
and after returning 4 months later, he wrote his first book aged twenty nine called
15110:
15065:
14991:
14961:
14936:
14921:
14781:
14547:
14382:
12973:
12947:
12650:
12323:
12226:
12067:
11949:
11802:
11782:
11767:
11332:
10991:
10759:
10370:
10355:
10301:
10232:
10151:
10146:
9802:
9567:
9485:
9468:
9444:
9219:
9211:
9192:
8653:
8612:
8518:
8477:
7751:
7681:
7237:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia …
6677:
6636:
6511:
6470:
6424:
6383:
6339:
6306:
6273:
6232:
4930:
4705:
4675:
4316:
3436:
3385:
3340:
2690:
2429:
2338:
2303:
2244:
2243:. In his view, a person could not ask anyone other than God for help except on the
2227:
1705:
1676:
1545:
1518:
1298:
1238:
1156:
1051:, which eventually led to the censoring of his works and subsequent incarceration.
881:
390:
160:
100:
91:
8740:
Majmu Al-Fatawa Ibn Taymiyyah Regarding Life After Death And Affairs Of The Unseen
7093:
The Hanbali and Wahhabi Schools of Thought As Observed Through the Case of Ziyārah
5608:""Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics"
4320:
4081:
The Archetypal Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
2428:
in religious-political disputes. Ibn Taymiyya's enemies accused him of advocating
1580:
Once more, Ibn Taymiyya collaborated with the Mamluks in 1300, when he joined the
14976:
14971:
14926:
14387:
14372:
14367:
14043:
13930:
13517:
12867:
12852:
12814:
12781:
12756:
12670:
12617:
12518:
12513:
12489:
12403:
12306:
12253:
12248:
11735:
11638:
11633:
11616:
11577:
11517:
11474:
11281:
11211:
11016:
10764:
10186:
10161:
10106:
9778:
9649:
9489:
9232:
8546:
Youssef, Michael (1985). "11: The Link Between Muslim Brotherhood and Al-Jihad".
7903:
4228:
3980:
3859:
3847:
3537:
3471:
3463:
3432:
3416:
3215:
3159:
3144:
2980:
2948:
2864:
2814:
2796:
2788:
2702:
2604:
2520:
2212:
2154:
2071:
1836:
even if you see me on their side with a Qurʾan on my side, kill them immediately!
1492:
1349:
1341:
1200:
1122:
962:
931:
910:
819:
690:
638:
600:
568:
543:
513:
13657:
6717:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 180, 184, 189.
4121:
The Archetypal Sunni: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
3610:– four volumes; in modern critical editions it amounts to more than 2,000 pages.
3162:, who labels the chapter on the history of modern Islamic movements in his book
3105:(Islamic law); despite officially professing Islam. Ibn Taymiyya issued various
2256:
1309, the year after his release, saw a new Mamluk sultan accede to the throne,
1641:
who were allied with the Mongols. Due to the Mongol legal system that neglected
14906:
14882:
14862:
14842:
14377:
14258:
14065:
13984:
13850:
13827:
13810:
13661:
13586:
13510:
13031:
12937:
12546:
12501:
12496:
12347:
12316:
12221:
12104:
11942:
11695:
11628:
11621:
11611:
11459:
11196:
11057:
10986:
10961:
10821:
10754:
10670:
10420:
10321:
10242:
10237:
10126:
10111:
10078:
10033:
9962:
9825:
9533:
5206:
5202:
3305:
great number among them, even in their jurists and worshippers, especially the
3189:
in 1258 and had then converted to Islam. Once they were in control the town of
2454:
2367:
1747:
1713:
1397:
1385:
1234:
1172:
1016:
809:
700:
410:
298:
188:
14025:
13832:
13024:
9204:
Linhoff, Josef (2020). "III: Love, saints and shirk: Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328)".
8657:
8650:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
8522:
8515:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
7755:
6310:
6303:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
6277:
6270:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
4934:
4791:
1536:
says that during his incarceration, Ibn Taymiyya "wrote his first great work,
15029:
14796:
14720:
14694:
14628:
13989:
13919:
13899:
13861:
13485:
13470:
13234:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
13041:
12966:
12776:
12737:
12724:
12699:
12605:
12394:
12366:
12243:
12197:
12115:
11814:
11715:
11700:
11690:
11525:
11487:
11464:
11426:
11337:
11067:
11061:
11051:
11039:
10497:
10217:
10166:
10053:
10028:
10017:
9385:
of Ibn Taymiyya, with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices, Part II", in
5225:
5198:
3583:
3488:
3167:
3061:
3014:
2930:
2803:
used a fatwa of Ibn Taymiyya to justify the burning alive of Jordanian pilot
2474:
2236:
2043:
1600:
1593:
1557:
1282:
1180:
1134:
985:
866:
575:
13951:
9370:
of Ibn Taymiyya, with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices, Part I", in
7744:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
6268:
Aigle, Denise (2015). "7: Mongol Law versus Islamic Law- Myth and Reality".
3908:
Ibn Taymiyah lives up to his reputation as a fiercely polemical proto-Salafi
2943:(Islamic law) was best preserved through the teachings and practices of the
14986:
14931:
14684:
14440:
14425:
14263:
14017:
13946:
13734:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
13674:
13652:
13643:
13543:
13020:
12836:
12771:
12464:
12361:
12352:
12258:
12012:
11680:
11599:
11530:
11394:
10891:
10831:
10806:
10787:
10542:
10296:
10207:
10136:
10101:
9690:
8097:
Routledge Handbook of U.S Counterterrorism and Irregular Warfare Operations
8036:
The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Culture & Political History
7549:
7277:
Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques de Taki-d-Din Ahmad b Timiya
6138:
Lebanon Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
4106:
Makdisi, ', American Journal of Arabic Studies 1, part 1 (1973), pp. 118–28
3635:) – 11 volumes; in modern critical editions it amounts to some 4,000 pages.
3545:
3484:
3420:
3203:
3045:
2960:
2900:
2895:
2818:
2360:
2299:
2125:
2083:
1984:
1881:
of Syria by Ghazan Khan. What has been called Ibn Taymiyya's "most famous"
1772:
1737:
1658:
1533:
1522:
1433:
1294:
1184:
1107:
1079:
1036:
970:
921:
876:
814:
779:
508:
415:
121:
14618:
13684:
13182:
12802:
8652:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–305.
8616:
8481:
6681:
6640:
6621:
by Hunt Janin and Andre Kahlmeyer, McFarland and Co. Publishers, 2007 p.79
6515:
6474:
6428:
6387:
6343:
6272:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–305.
6236:
2623:
God forsake the one who follows them, and purify the earth of their likes.
1458:. An offer of an official position was made to him but he never accepted.
1183:, to justify social uprisings against the contemporary governments of the
14847:
14771:
14577:
13999:
13721:
13689:
13639:
13505:
13203:
13168:
13150:
12942:
12679:
12609:
12289:
12188:
11757:
11730:
11720:
11657:
11562:
11552:
11547:
11379:
11362:
11186:
11101:
10941:
10816:
10557:
10395:
10326:
10311:
10286:
10252:
10176:
10141:
10121:
10116:
10048:
9978:
9725:
8838:
Fakhry, Majid (2006). "Eleven: Theological Reaction and Reconstruction".
7874:
7854:
Ahmad Nizami, Khaliq (1990). "The Impact of Ibn Taymiyya on South Asia".
7742:
Bori, Caterina (2004). "A New Source for the Biography of Ibn Taymiyya".
3556:
3499:
schools as well as his creedal beliefs like three-fold classification of
3389:
3231:
3136:
3132:
3035:
3030:
against the apostate Mongol leaders and Muslim citizens who accepted the
3024:) and his assertion that it became obligatory for "true Muslims" to wage
2894:. In the nineteenth century, Taymiyyan tradition would expand across the
2887:
2848:
2784:
2776:
2694:
2646:
2595:
2129:
2059:
1800:
1662:
1246:
1146:
1019:, Ibn Taymiyya's condemnation of numerous folk practices associated with
1004:
680:
665:
625:
484:
242:
9907:
9254:
The Emergence of Islam: Classical traditions in contemporary perspective
9025:
Nicholas of Cusa and Islam: Polemic and Dialogue in the Late Middle Ages
8817:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254, 413–414.
7867:
6059:
Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam Among Palestinians in Lebanon
5123:"Lessons From Islamic History: Ibn Taymiyya and the Synthesis of Takfir"
4680:
4663:
4365:
4352:
Nadvi, Syed Suleiman (2012). "Muslims and Greek Schools of Philosophy".
3918:. Liberty Plaza, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
905:
14776:
14679:
14598:
14513:
14357:
13648:
13445:
13226:
13172:
13070:
13008:
12959:
12925:
12878:
12799:
12732:
12719:
12637:
12613:
12542:
12447:
12389:
12311:
12214:
11587:
11351:
11347:
11181:
11106:
11082:
11047:
11001:
10936:
10896:
10871:
10826:
10811:
10801:
10476:
10456:
10316:
10306:
9790:
9760:
9614:
9579:
9550:
9545:
7763:
7693:
3492:
3349:
3317:
3256:
3123:
3117:
2934:
2879:
2650:
2611:
2525:
2510:
2502:
2433:
2261:
2257:
2146:
2107:
1977:
1908:
1842:
1760:
1693:
1573:
1425:
1306:
1040:
794:
695:
605:
595:
590:
469:
464:
459:
405:
250:
231:
11432:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
11291:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
9223:
9215:
4771:
2182:
1241:, near what is today the border of Syria and Turkey, currently in the
14837:
14725:
14659:
14603:
14552:
14420:
14362:
14352:
14161:
13903:
13891:
13869:
13800:
13713:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
13704:
13610:
13555:
13480:
13134:
13129:
13055:
12999:
12745:
12600:
12593:
12469:
12380:
12294:
12274:
12119:
12060:
11572:
11540:
11495:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
11383:
11261:
11176:
11171:
10981:
10946:
10841:
10836:
10517:
10425:
10415:
10385:
9796:
9766:
9410:
Michot, Yahya. "An Important Reader of al-Ghazālī: Ibn Taymiyya", in
8863:
8861:
8859:
8517:. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 273.
7949:
Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820–2001
7524:, pg. 40. Part of the Contemporary issues in the Middle East series.
4994:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 182.
4960:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180.
4745:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180.
4634:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180.
4623:
3941:. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 179.
3532:
3476:
3397:
3310:
3268:
3096:
3017:
2883:
2868:
reform movement that differ from other Sunnis who adhere to the four
2768:
2722:
2640:
considered Ibn Taymiyya to be an innovator though not an unbeliever.
2437:
2353:
resulted in Ibn Taymiyya being imprisoned on August 26, 1320, in the
2320:
2031:
1919:
1776:
1617:
1369:
1337:
1142:
981:
834:
685:
500:
454:
425:
13894:
9205:
8388:
Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic state
7685:
7401:
The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyya: Conflict Or Conciliation
3523:
3261:
3254:
code. This essentially meant that Mongols were living in a state of
2607:, an honorific title with which he is sometimes still termed today.
2271:, a book noted for its account of the role of religion in politics.
1413:
1412:(Rites of the Pilgrimage), in which he criticized and condemned the
1281:
of his time. His religious studies began in his early teens when he
14674:
14613:
14608:
14532:
14430:
14088:
14055:
13910:
13795:
13787:
13581:
12986:
12917:
12840:
12823:
12654:
12641:
12474:
12420:
12202:
11650:
11441:
11274:
10866:
10582:
10481:
10466:
10451:
10446:
10365:
9973:
9661:
7055:
Beranek, Ondrej; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Sohrabi, Naghmeh (ed.).
4806:"Atheism and Radical Skepticism: Ibn Taymiyya's Epistemic Critique"
4664:"Post-Salafism: Religious Revisionism in Contemporary Saudi Arabia"
3906:. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California. p. 33.
3896:
Hanafis and the followers of Ashʿarite speculative theology (kalam)
3496:
3396:(Refutation of the Rationalists); Ibn Taymiyya zealously denounced
3170:
3128:
3065:
3057:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2976:
2972:
2667:
2240:
2055:
2051:
1959:
1795:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1585:
1404:(exegesis of Qur'an). In November 1292, Ibn Taymiyya performed the
1271:
1176:
1164:
1151:
1118:
1099:
1059:
1044:
1000:
891:
829:
784:
395:
127:
8856:
8602:
8600:
8076:
7676:
Little, Donald P. (1975). "Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose?".
7417:
4305:"Sectarianism and the prevalence of 'othering' in Islamic thought"
3881:
Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia
2591:
2218:
1883:
1372:. In 1282, Ibn Taymiyya completed his education at the age of 20.
1054:
Nevertheless, Ibn Taymiyya's numerous treatises that advocate for
977:
14455:
14435:
14306:
14225:
14093:
14073:
14034:
13879:
13726:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
13670:
13627:
13474:
13464:
13189:
13138:
13092:
12930:
12827:
12728:
12707:
12586:
12581:
12456:
12407:
12335:
12284:
12005:
11884:
11557:
11371:
11303:
10693:
10131:
8792:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69, 82–83.
8307:"القرضاوي: النصيريون أكفر من اليهود ولو كنت قادرا لقاتلت بالقصير"
8259:
L. Esposito, John (2002). "2: Jihad and the Struggle for Islam".
8186:
The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace
8064:
7832:
5901:
slam and Inter-Faith Relations: The Gerald Weisfeld Lectures 2006
5086:
The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace
4220:
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.
3748:
3518:
3491:
has criticised Ibn Taymiyya over his sectarian discourse against
3322:
3313:
3288:
3219:
3112:
2869:
2854:
2780:
2772:
2659:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2315:
The Way of Charisma'), which dealt with the Shia doctrine of the
2150:
2120:, etc., labelling them as heretics responsible for the crisis of
2116:
2004:
1937:
1868:
1725:
1589:
1438:
1321:
1125:. Major aspects of his teachings, such as upholding the pristine
1087:
1063:
1024:
804:
675:
9359:(Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2007), pp. 123–136.
9039:
Razi: Master of Quranic Interpretation and Theological Reasoning
6742:. Washington, DC, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 26.
5818:
Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Futnture of Shari'a
1854:
1733:
1442:(independent reasoning by one who is qualified) and discouraged
1245:. At the beginning of the Islamic period, Harran was located in
14485:
14326:
14098:
14078:
13959:
13923:
13112:
13015:
12952:
12831:
12674:
12628:
12108:
11417:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
11375:
11322:
10746:
10657:
9998:
9377:
Michot, Yahya. "A Mamlûk Theologian's Commentary on Avicenna's
9362:
Michot, Yahya. "A Mamlûk Theologian's Commentary on Avicenna's
8597:
6740:
Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism
6373:
6371:
5606:
Nettler, Ronald L.; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (February 14, 2015).
4287:
The Garebeg Malud: Veneration of the Prophet as Imperial Ritual
3549:
3528:
3501:
3480:
3459:
3440:
3301:
3272:
3190:
3101:
3089:
3080:
3049:
2939:
2728:
2663:
2458:
2280:
2099:
2027:
1988:
1933:
1924:
1864:
1804:
1789:
1781:
1768:
1742:
1692:
invaders. Ibn Taymiyya drew parallels of their crisis with the
1689:
1653:
1643:
1483:
His work was most influenced by the sayings and actions of the
1477:
1444:
1421:
1417:
1401:
1345:
1313:
1286:
1226:
1160:
1126:
1075:
1071:
996:
799:
198:
105:
96:
11282:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
8767:(1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. pp. 105–110.
3875:
Sources describing Ibn Taymiyya as a proto-Salafi theologian:
2195:(legal debate), which took place on April 8, 1306. During the
2093:
1274:, Syria, which was ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate at the time.
14490:
14480:
14475:
14445:
14083:
13124:
12749:
12550:
12538:
11340:
11315:
11286:
10675:
8709:"A religious basis for violence misreads original principles"
8609:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
8474:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
8362:
The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam's War Against America
8263:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 44–46, 62.
7849:
7847:
7625:
6674:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6633:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6508:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6467:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6421:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6380:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6336:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6229:
Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya: Translation and Analysis
6095:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
5304:. Vol. 34. Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Gregorian.
4921:
Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2005). "A Genealogy of Radical Islam".
4613:
4611:
3560:
3553:
3449:
3425:
3402:
3306:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3251:
3107:
3076:
3040:
3031:
3026:
3021:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2891:
2859:
2842:
2809:
2716:
2698:
2654:
2319:
and also served as a refutation of the Sunni doctrine of the
2295:
2111:
2103:
2087:
2086:
and called for their revolutionary overthrowal through armed
2047:
2022:
1900:
1823:
1808:
1764:
1729:
1671:
1648:
1549:
1529:
1513:
1484:
1325:
1250:
1130:
1095:
1091:
1067:
1032:
973:
322:
274:
178:
146:
133:
8983:
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection
8683:"The Mardin Conference – Understanding Ibn Taymiyya's Fatwa"
7671:
7669:
7667:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6368:
4841:. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–241.
2396:
14821:
14715:
14470:
14460:
14450:
14273:
13777:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
11326:
11321:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
11251:
6831:
New Political Religions, Or an Analysis of Modern Terrorism
6619:
Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present
4864:
4862:
3454:
2992:
2909:
2874:
2603:
present day." Ibn Taymiyya's followers often deemed him as
2599:
2587:
2380:
2230:, the place where Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned for 18 months
1991:
those "court scholars" who vindicated the Tatar authorities
1896:
1828:
1569:
1454:
1405:
1290:
1020:
36:
13737:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
9282:
Makdisi, G. "Ibn Taymiyya: A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order",
8550:. E. J Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 81.
8052:
7844:
4608:
3439:
contends the ubiquitous notion that Ibn Taymiyya rejected
3180:
2862:
movements over the last few centuries, and especially the
1388:
pictured in 1895, where Ibn Taymiyya used to give lessons.
11685:
9878:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
9532:
7664:
6715:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
6453:
6227:
S. Islam, Jaan; Eryiğit, Adem (2022). "1: Introduction".
5403:
5401:
5300:
Michel, Thomas (1985). "Ibn Taymiyya: Islamic Reformer".
4992:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4958:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4743:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4632:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
4102:
4100:
3939:
The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology
3202:) to Islamic territories on account of implementation of
3088:.) A second concept is making a declaration of apostasy (
11427:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
8874:
4859:
3071:
One of main arguments put forth by Ibn Taymiyya was his
2432:, a view that was objectionable to the teachings of the
2361:
His risāla on visits to tombs and his final imprisonment
2332:
9073:
9071:
8236:
What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam: Second Edition
7788:
Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century
7150:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7026:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
5485:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
4303:
Ghobadzdeh, Naser; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (May 18, 2015).
9407:, 104/1–2, Hartford, Jan–April 2014, pp. 109–149.
9346:
The Ikhwān al-Safā' and their Rasā'il. An Introduction
8209:
Sivan, Emmanuel (1990). "Four: The Sunni revolution".
6935:
Medieval Islamic Historiography: Remembering Rebellion
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
5398:
5330:
Al-Matroudi, Abdul Hakim Ibrahim (February 14, 2015).
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4157:
4155:
4097:
3392:
tradition. Through his polemical treatises such as al-
1657:
upon the Ilkhanid regime and its armies for ruling by
1607:
1289:. From his father, he learnt the religious science of
999:. He is known for his diplomatic involvement with the
11479:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
11442:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
8790:
The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic theology
8548:
Revolt Against Modernity: Muslim Zealots and the West
8238:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46.
7980:
Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World
7522:
Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World
7500:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 315.
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5180:. Vol. 7. Morrison and Gibb Limited. p. 72.
4595:
The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
2274:
2082:(excommunication) of contemporary governments of the
1225:
Ibn Taymiyya was born on 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 661 AH in
13709:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
11312:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
9068:
8842:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 326.
8211:
Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics
7715:
Krawietz, Birgit; Tamer, Georges (August 29, 2013).
7193:
7139:
6979:
6775:
6162:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
5870:
The Law Applied: Contextualizing the Islamic Shari'a
4302:
3916:
Bureaucratizing Islam: Morocco and the War on Terror
3772:
Fundamentals of Enjoining Good & Forbidding Evil
3566:
According to James Pavlin, Professor of theology at
3121:(polytheists) similar to the people from the age of
2947:, the earliest three generations of Muslims. Modern
2574:
and non-Hanbalis, were attracted to his advocacy of
1498:
1233:, held the Hanbali chair in Harran and later at the
9231:Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (January 1, 2010).
6756:
6111:
5150:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
4152:
3878:
3521:zealot" who harshly denounced various practices as
3400:, which provided the rational foundations for both
2807:. After the Iranian revolution, conservative Sunni
2674:said that anyone that gives Ibn Taymiyya the title
2323:. In response, Ibn Taymiyya wrote his famous book,
2183:
His debate on anthropomorphism and his imprisonment
2050:; would form the theological basis of 20th century
2003:which exempted Mamluk soldiers from fasting during
13753:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
13701:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
11420:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
9414:, 103/1, Hartford, January 2013, pp. 131–160.
9328:Islamic Philosophy, Science, Culture, and Religion
9174:
8905:
8681:al-Turayri, Shaykh Abd al-Wahhab (June 29, 2010).
8094:
7330:|Rédigé par Yahya Michot | Jeudi 21 Septembre 2006
6000:
5730:
5571:
5568:see aqidatul-waasitiyyah daarussalaam publications
5360:
5247:
5192:
5019:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 130.
4444:
4298:
4296:
4123:. State University of New York Press. p. 91.
4083:. State University of New York Press. p. 45.
1159:. Ibn Taymiyya's doctrinal positions, such as his
13246:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
8979:
8034:Brunner, Rainer; Ende, Werner (2001). "Preface".
6164:. Cambridge University Press. 2010. p. 205.
6140:. Int'l Business Publications. 2012. p. 44.
5981:
5605:
3817:mentions the existence of this work in his work,
3348:, and the transmission by Ibn Taymiyya's student
2824:
2269:(Treatise on the Government of the Religious Law)
1716:. In a passionate letter to the commander of the
15027:
14508:
12175:
11409:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
8867:M. Abdul Haq-Ansari, "Ibn Taymiyya and Sufism",
8038:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. xii.
7603:
7601:
7467:
7465:
7214:Majallat al-Majma' al-'Ilmi al-'Arabi bi-Dimashq
6611:
5487:. Princeton University Press. pp. 238–241.
4249:. Philadelphia: Hikmah Publications. p. 5.
3044:and apply it on contemporary regimes across the
2878:(jurisprudence). These include the 17th century
2840:Ibn Taymiyya's appeals to the precedence of the
2590:were also regarded as a challenge by mainstream
2042:(Islamic law) and preference of the traditional
15156:Prisoners and detainees of the Mamluk Sultanate
13573:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
11423:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
8606:
8471:
7643:Little, Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose? 95
6910:The Formation of the Classical Tafsīr Tradition
6712:
6671:
6630:
6505:
6464:
6418:
6377:
6333:
6226:
4989:
4955:
4740:
4629:
4293:
2219:His trial for intercession and his imprisonment
1086:, wherein he denounced the Imami Shia creed as
8840:A History of Islamic Philosophy: Third Edition
8285:"Spotlight on Global Jihad (June 16-22, 2022)"
5898:
5710:Al-Matroudi, Abdul-Hakim (February 14, 2015).
4835:"8: Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Mutahhar al-Hilli"
4142:
4140:
3979:Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (1999).
1312:The number of scholars under which he studied
14177:
12154:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
11504:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
10598:
9923:
9518:
9230:
9107:Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism
8812:
8390:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 96–97.
8358:
8124:. Vol. 1. Isha Books. pp. 211–212.
8099:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 27–40.
8070:
7880:
7838:
7714:
7631:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7423:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
5956:
5944:
4837:. In Ahmed, Shahab; Rapoport, Yossef (eds.).
4657:
4655:
4617:
4146:
4011:
4009:
3622:Al-Jawab al-Sahih li-man Baddala Din al-Masih
3300:. Such is the case of the elders among their
2693:(d. 1573), Ibn al-Amīr Al-San'ani (d. 1768),
2251:
1940:with the enemies of Allah and His Messenger?"
969:; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328) was a
939:
8815:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy
7853:
7438:
7282:
7054:
4701:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
3978:
3936:
3904:Ijtihad and Renewal in Qurʼanic Hermeneutics
3879:James Fromherz, Allen; Samin, Nadav (2021).
2388:Ibn Taymiyya of apostasy over the treatise.
1348:and stated he had reflected on the works of
1133:and campaigns to uproot what he regarded as
361:
337:
313:
289:
265:
13252:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
9396:, 11/2, Oxford, May 2000, pp. 147–208.
9306:Ibn Taymiyya: Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule
9097:Imam Ibn Taimiya and his projects of reform
8906:Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad; Pavlin, James (2015).
8813:Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (2005).
8449:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies
8258:
8233:
8188:. Cambridge University Press. p. 200.
8033:
7784:
7495:
6338:. New York: Routledge. pp. 15–16, 24.
6097:. Cambridge University Press. p. 295.
5795:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 242.
5790:
5709:
5507:
5329:
5191:Canard, Marius & Cahen, Claude (1965).
5190:
5089:. Cambridge University Press. p. 200.
5050:. Georgetown University Press. p. 29.
4920:
4137:
3332:Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28: 501-506, 521-524
2094:Imprisonment on charges of anthropomorphism
14184:
14170:
13273:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
10625:
10605:
10591:
9930:
9916:
9525:
9511:
8680:
7791:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
7271:
7269:
7220:
6897:. Global Academic Publishing. p. 336.
5390:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5375:
5212:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4652:
4239:
4006:
3590:
2598:. On the other hand, Prof. Al-Matroudi of
2580:outside the established boundaries of the
1732:declared it a sanctuary for the people of
946:
932:
54:
10503:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
9937:
8970:, Pakistan Philosophical Congress, p. 798
8880:
8871:, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring, 1985), pp. 1–12
8611:. New York: Routledge. pp. 153–158.
8476:. New York: Routledge. pp. 152–153.
8183:
8122:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Religion (A-F)
7976:
7923:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
7815:Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine
7576:, pg. 194. Transaction Publishers, 2011.
7376:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
7342:
7096:. Ohio State University. pp. 33–34.
6932:
6835:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
6061:. Harvard University Press. p. 162.
5757:
5614:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
5361:Al-Dimashqi al-Hanbali, Ibn `Abdul-Hadi.
5338:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
5220:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 347–348.
4769:
4679:
4597:Cambridge University Press, May 22, 2008
4407:
4405:
4381:
4161:
4045:
3913:
3038:would take up Ibn Taymiyya's anti-Mongol
2739:Jalā’ al-‘aynayn fi muḥākamat al-Aḥmadayn
1495:derives its name from these generations.
1106:himself, accusing Shias of acting as the
738:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
15106:Economists of the medieval Islamic world
12875:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
11414:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
9738:Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah
9251:
9156:Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn Taymiyya
9041:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
8883:Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law
8762:
8451:. Oxford University Press. p. 633.
8359:Benjamin, Daniel; Simon, Steven (2003).
7945:
7398:
7368:Nettler, Ronald L. (February 13, 2015).
6907:
6737:
5820:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
5815:
5679:
5175:
5082:
5043:
5014:
4832:
4114:
4112:
3792:Ibn Taymiyya against the Greek Logicians
3747:The Friends of Allah and the Friends of
3115:to fight the Mongols; declaring them as
2564:
2395:
2222:
1794:
1452:any official position such as that of a
1379:
1237:. At the time, Harran was a part of the
13098:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
10274:
9389:, 14:3, Oxford, 2003, pp. 309–363.
9381:. Being a Translation of a Part of the
9374:, 14:2, Oxford, 2003, pp. 149–203.
9366:. Being a Translation of a Part of the
9203:
8545:
8446:
8409:
8407:
8386:Jackson, Roy (2011). "7: The Salafis".
8385:
8261:Unholy War: Terror in the name of Islam
8179:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8143:
8141:
7498:Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age
7367:
7338:
7336:
7266:
6956:
6954:
6793:
6592:
6382:. New York: Routledge. pp. 15–16.
6092:
6056:
6033:. Transaction Publishers. p. 160.
5940:
5865:
5684:. Oxford University Press. p. 45.
5682:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
5147:
4697:
4118:
4078:
3883:. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 182.
3739:
3206:. Ibn Taymiyya responded in a detailed
3181:Mardin fatwas and the Mardin Conference
2404:, the prison which Ibn Taymiyya died in
1231:Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya
14:
15028:
14191:
12455:
12098:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
9483:
9323:, 101/2, April 2011, pp. 130–181.
9189:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9172:
9153:
9124:
9103:
9036:
8837:
8787:
8737:
8340:from the original on December 12, 2018
8334:"Why Sunni-Shia conflict is worsening"
8313:from the original on November 25, 2015
8147:
8119:
8082:
8058:
7811:
7675:
7089:
7021:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6892:
6826:
6208:from the original on February 15, 2015
6195:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6024:
6022:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5238:
4661:
4581:
4402:
4027:from the original on February 13, 2015
3901:
3762:Diseases of the Hearts and their Cures
3664:Al-Sarim al-Maslul ala Shatim al-Rasul
3508:
3384:Ibn Taymiyya is widely regarded as an
3379:
3369:
2329:, as a refutation of Al-Hilli's work.
2015:
1987:. This rationale was also expanded to
1788:. He sought the release of Muslim and
1461:
222:al-Sarim al-Maslul ala Shatim al-Rasul
27:Islamic scholar and jurist (1263–1328)
15141:Theologians from the Mamluk Sultanate
14507:
14165:
12174:
11247:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
10624:
10586:
9911:
9534:Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School
9506:
9094:
9077:
8647:
8570:
8512:
8325:
8208:
7983:. Syracuse University Press. p.
7288:
7233:
7199:
7154:
7118:
6998:
6960:
6781:
6769:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6300:
6267:
6124:
6082:Ibn Taymiyya Majmoo` al-Fatawa 35/145
6052:
6050:
6013:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5745:
5582:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5171:
5169:
5083:Bassouni, Cherif (October 21, 2013).
4881:
4810:Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
4411:
4351:
4199:
4109:
3364:
3355:
2653:said, regarding the rift between the
2418:Kitāb Maʿārif al-wuṣūl, Rafʿ al-malām
2391:
2333:His fatwa on divorce and imprisonment
2149:scholars who accused Ibn Taymiyya of
10612:
10376:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
9337:, 99/1, January 2009, pp. 1–20.
8674:
8413:
8404:
8331:
8166:
8138:
8015:from the original on August 10, 2015
7914:
7862:. Oxford University Press: 136–137.
7785:El-Rouayheb, Khaled (July 8, 2015).
7741:
7361:
7333:
7125:. Infobase Publishing. p. 340.
7071:from the original on August 10, 2018
6951:
6028:
5718:from the original on August 13, 2018
5647:
5152:. New York: Routledge. p. 157.
4710:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
4284:
4243:Explanation Of Al-Qasidah Al-Lamiyah
4195:
4193:
4191:
3985:. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
3020:rulers (who were recent converts to
2858:system has inspired a wide range of
2801:Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
2505:, while his other students include:
2365:In 1310, Ibn Taymiyya had written a
2034:authorities and their supporters as
1696:(Apostate wars) fought by the first
1428:) because it was "suspicious of the
1375:
1297:. Ibn Taymiyya studied the works of
1283:committed the entire Quran to memory
887:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
480:Abdur-Rahman al-Mu'allimee al-Yamani
12886:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
9495:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9037:Jaffer, Tariq (November 28, 2014).
8719:from the original on April 10, 2012
8422:. Oxford University Press. p.
8234:L. Esposito, John (2011). "Faith".
7211:
7004:
6912:. Brill Academic Pub. p. 220.
6859:
6676:. New York: Routledge. p. 24.
6635:. New York: Routledge. p. 27.
6469:. New York: Routledge. p. 16.
6423:. New York: Routledge. p. 15.
6178:
6019:
5982:Williams Clifford, Winslow (2013).
5917:
5698:
5666:
5630:
5588:
5516:
5308:
5178:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
5047:Islamic Radicalism and Global Jihad
5044:Springer, Devin (January 6, 2009).
4923:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
4885:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
4763:
4758:reference for contemporary Salafism
4587:
4393:
4375:
4233:
4214:
3863:
3851:
2813:robustly championed Ibn Taymiyya's
2020:Ibn Taymiyya's three unprecedented
1608:Involvement in the Mongol invasions
1204:
1190:
1167:political movements, including the
1043:, while defending the doctrines of
966:
759:List of Salafi Islamic universities
362:
338:
314:
290:
266:
24:
9350:Epistles of the Brethren of Purity
9284:American Journal of Arabic Studies
9272:
9158:. London: One World Publications.
8365:. Random House Trade. p. VI.
7721:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 258.
6574:from the original on March 4, 2016
6567:. The University of Chicago: 105.
6540:
6231:. New York: Routledge. p. 7.
6199:
6047:
5834:
5816:An-Na`im, Abdullahi Ahmed (2010).
5793:The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
5769:
5413:
5270:
5166:
3972:
3544:Others such as the French scholar
3448:to be a significant discipline of
3374:
3271:on account of their negligence of
3034:code. Influenced by Ibn Taymiyya,
2966:
2275:Return to Damascus and later years
1891:issued against the Mongols in the
1815:
1485:first three generations of Muslims
671:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
236:Madrasa Dar al-Hadith al-Sukariyya
60:Calligraphy of Ibn Taymiyya's name
25:
15182:
15101:People who died in prison custody
13258:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
9419:
8689:from the original on July 5, 2011
7370:"Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad"
7309:from the original on July 1, 2020
7254:from the original on July 1, 2020
7216:. Vol. 27. pp. 11, 193.
7100:from the original on May 19, 2018
6029:Watt, William Montgomery (2008).
5986:. V&r Unipress. p. 163.
5712:"Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad"
5544:. Taylor & Francis. pp.
5508:Ibn Taimiya, Taqi ad-Din (1996).
5376:Al-Hanbali, Ibn al-`Imad (1932).
5103:from the original on July 1, 2020
5064:from the original on July 1, 2020
4902:from the original on July 1, 2020
4729:his idiosyncratic legal judgments
4662:Sinani, Besnik (April 10, 2022).
4432:from the original on July 1, 2020
4188:
4050:Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam
3854:); he is also known by the title
3242:Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28: 240-41
1903:code) rather than Islamic law or
1622:
1572:, Syria. At that particular time
1499:Relationship with the authorities
1344:. Ibn Taymiyya also learnt about
558:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
15126:Biographical evaluation scholars
13276:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
11498:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
11370:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
11048:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
9570:(founder of the school; 780–855)
9291:Ibn Taymiyya: Against Extremisms
9252:Reynolds, Gabrield Said (2012).
9197:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_3388
9131:Islamic History and Civilization
9099:. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
9055:
9030:
9017:
9004:
8973:
8960:
8934:
8899:
8831:
8806:
8781:
8756:
8731:
8701:
8641:
8564:
8539:
8506:
8465:
8440:
8379:
8352:
8299:
8277:
8252:
8227:
8202:
8113:
8088:
8027:
8001:
7970:
7939:
7908:
7886:
7805:
7778:
7735:
7708:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7566:
7538:
7514:
7489:
7429:
7392:
7321:
7205:
7173:
7160:
7112:
7083:
7048:
6926:
5380:. Cairo. pp. 385, 383, 404.
5239:Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad.
3756:Kitab al-Iman: The Book of Faith
3177:(1903–1979 C.E/ 1321–1399 A.H).
2375:or according to another source,
2177:
2145:The first hearing was held with
2038:over their neglect to govern by
1932:"Whoever joins them—meaning the
1736:—where it will remain a land of
1592:, in the Kasrawan region of the
1556:who formed an alliance with the
1366:Shihab al-Din Umar al-Suhrawardi
915:
904:
753:International Islamic University
551:
15061:13th-century Muslim theologians
15056:14th-century Muslim theologians
13823:United Submitters International
13107:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
12485:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
11838:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
9984:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
9849:Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini
9256:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
9179:. In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
8291:. June 23, 2022. Archived from
6901:
6886:
6853:
6820:
6787:
6731:
6706:
6665:
6624:
6586:
6499:
6412:
6327:
6294:
6261:
6220:
6154:
6130:
6086:
6075:
6031:Islamic Philosophy and Theology
5975:
5950:
5892:
5809:
5751:
5562:
5501:
5369:
5354:
5232:
5184:
5141:
5115:
5076:
5037:
5008:
4983:
4974:
4949:
4914:
4875:
4826:
4798:
4770:El-Tobgui, Carl Sharif (2022).
4734:
4691:
4345:
4278:
4204:
4170:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
3869:
3836:
2904:movement in South Asia and the
1873:Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)
1548:was deposed by his vice-sultan
14117:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
13135:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
11848:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
11843:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
11501:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
11122:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
10157:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
9574:Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani
9065:, volume 1, BRILL, 2005, p. 89
9014:, 104/1–2 (2014), pp. 109–149.
8968:A History of Muslim Philosophy
8916:]. Islamic Texts Society.
8332:Abdo, Geneive (June 7, 2013).
7496:QASIM ZAMAN, MUHAMMAD (2012).
7399:Matroudi, Abdul Hakim (2006).
6595:Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders
5899:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (2007).
5017:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
4240:Yahya An Najmi, Shaykh Ahmad.
4072:
4054:. Palgrave Macmillan. p.
4039:
3902:Medoff, Louis Abraham (2007).
3009:circles for his 1303 Fatwa of
2937:school. He also believed that
2825:Influence in the modern period
2326:Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah
1947:Majmu’ al-fatawa, vol. 28, 530
1614:Mongol invasions of the Levant
1432:disciplines of philosophy and
1285:, and later came to learn the
1279:religious and secular sciences
1215:
1137:, had a profound influence on
1013:Mongol invasions of the Levant
166:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
118:26 September 1328 CE (aged 65)
13:
1:
14957:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
14947:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
14538:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
13549:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
11875:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
9603:Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari
8738:Fawzan, Shykah Salih (2019).
8184:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2013).
7921:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
7812:Khafif, Ibn (June 25, 1999).
7374:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
5612:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
5510:Sharh Al-Aqeedat-il-Wasitiyah
5336:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
4888:. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
4321:10.1080/01436597.2015.1024433
4162:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
4046:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010).
3914:Wainscott, Ann Marie (2017).
3824:
3803:
3797:Muslims Under Non-Muslim Rule
3517:described Ibn Taymiyya as a "
2799:. The terrorist organization
2422:Kitāb al-Radd ʿala 'l-Ikhnāʾī
1102:and personally fought in the
733:Islamic University of Madinah
212:Minhaj al-sunnah al-Nabawiyya
14624:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
13237:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
13178:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
13159:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
12177:Islamic schools and branches
11012:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
10917:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
9474:Resources in other libraries
9450:Resources in other libraries
8579:. RAND Corporation. p.
7977:Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1995).
7168:A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order
7119:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
5791:Hillenbrand, Carole (1999).
3965:
3696:Iqtida' al-Sirat al-Mustaqim
3629:Dar Ta'arud al-Aql wa-l-Naql
3607:Minhaj al-Sunna al-Nabawiyya
3474:, etc., and was part of the
2266:Kitab al-Siyasa al-shar'iyya
1877:The year 1303 saw the third
1651:; Ibn Taymiyya had declared
1629:Mongol campaign of 1299-1300
1336:, written by the grammarian
1264:
1210:
1195:Ibn Taymiyya's full name is
7:
13169:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
11865:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
11222:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
11157:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
9656:Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi
9237:. Oxford University Press.
9210:. University of Edinburgh.
8986:. Oxford University Press.
8152:. Oxford University Press.
7894:Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
7347:. Oxford University Press.
7295:macmillan. pp. 177–8.
6965:. Oxford University Press.
6933:N. Keaney, Heather (2013).
5714:. Oxford University Press.
5652:. Oxford University Press.
5540:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
5332:"Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn"
4870:The Prophet and the Pharaoh
4704:. Oxford University Press.
4386:. De Gruyter. p. 218.
3406:(speculative theology) and
2829:
2530:Imad al-Din Ahmad al-Wasiti
2491:
1639:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1633:Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar
1554:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1056:al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādiyya
363:ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
10:
15187:
14902:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
14802:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
14716:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
13920:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
13365:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
13118:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
12796:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
12280:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
11536:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
11167:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
11127:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
10952:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
9861:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab
9855:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
9394:Journal of Islamic Studies
9387:Journal of Islamic Studies
9372:Journal of Islamic Studies
9352:), 2008, pp. 139–179.
9234:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
9087:
8150:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
8085:, p. 31, 33, 60, 140.
7883:, p. 6, 300–305, 311.
7856:Journal of Islamic Studies
7403:. Routledge. p. 203.
7345:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
7240:. macmillan. p. 135.
6963:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
6937:. Routledge. p. 108.
6798:Fifty Key Figures in Islam
6597:. Routledge. p. 116.
5961:. Routledge. p. 143.
5903:. SCM Press. p. 125.
5680:Esposito, John L. (2003).
5650:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
5512:. Dar-us-Salam. p. 9.
5015:Esposito, John L. (2003).
4839:Ibn Taymiyya and His Times
4227:December 20, 2016, at the
3681:Al-Radd ala al-Mantiqiyyin
3013:(excommunication) against
2970:
2852:over the authority of the
2833:
2687:Shāh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawi
2484:
2252:House arrest in Alexandria
1862:
1626:
1611:
1480:near the end of his life.
1255:destruction by the Mongols
1139:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
475:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
15076:Muslim critics of atheism
14891:
14830:
14764:
14703:
14650:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
14642:
14591:
14525:
14521:
14503:
14413:
14338:
14203:
14199:
14111:
14064:
14016:
13970:
13860:
13847:
13786:
13683:
13626:
13609:
13496:
13444:
13435:
13374:
13291:
13225:
13202:
13149:
13069:
13054:
12984:
12851:
12694:
12558:
12533:
12509:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
12446:
12346:
12196:
12187:
12183:
12170:
12144:
12089:
12036:
11932:
11925:
11883:
11853:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
11813:
11671:
11568:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
11516:
11486:
11393:
11361:
11302:
11260:
11081:
11035:
11022:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
10997:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
10847:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
10786:
10777:
10745:
10717:
10684:
10656:
10649:
10645:
10620:
10570:
10490:
10462:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
10439:
10411:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
10371:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
10348:
10339:
10282:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
10265:
10200:
10087:
10007:
9954:
9945:
9876:
9841:
9812:
9753:
9732:Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah
9718:
9671:
9624:
9589:
9560:
9540:
9469:Resources in your library
9445:Resources in your library
9137:: 208–237. Archived from
8944:. Usc.edu. Archived from
8881:Goldziher, Ignaz (1981).
8658:10.1163/9789004280649_015
8523:10.1163/9789004280649_014
8447:Freeden, Michael (2013).
8071:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7952:. PublicAffairs. p.
7946:Makdisis, Ussama (2010).
7881:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7839:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7828:– via Google Books.
7756:10.1017/S0041977X04000229
7632:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7620:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7608:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7593:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7552:and Jean-pierre Milelli.
7546:Al Qaeda in Its Own Words
7526:Syracuse University Press
7484:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7472:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7457:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7445:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
7424:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
6311:10.1163/9789004280649_015
6278:10.1163/9789004280649_015
6057:Rougier, Bernard (2008).
5945:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
5243:. Haidarabad. p. 48.
4935:10.1080/10576100590905057
4618:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
4382:Kokoschka, Alina (2013).
4147:Rapoport & Ahmed 2010
3706:Risala fi al-Ruh wa-l-Aql
3599:Majmu' al-Fatawa al-Kubra
2999:modern Islamist movements
2553:Ibn Abd al-Salam al-Batti
1799:An artist illustrated of
1746:until the descent of the
1720:, Ibn Taymiyya appealed:
1328:at the age of seventeen.
1220:
1064:scholarly interpretations
840:International propagation
743:Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad
611:Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi
437:
378:
373:
369:
345:
321:
297:
273:
249:
240:
230:
204:
194:
184:
174:
152:
142:
114:
80:
75:
65:
53:
46:
34:
15051:14th-century Arab people
15046:13th-century Arab people
13538:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
12413:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
12027:The Moderation in Belief
11908:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
11646:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
11217:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
11147:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
10528:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
10421:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
10356:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
9634:(952–1020 CE/341–410 AH)
9027:, BRILL (2014), p. xviii
8763:Shihadeh, Ayman (2007).
8414:Farr, Thomas F. (2008).
7554:Harvard University Press
7279:, Cairo, 1939, pp.149–50
7090:Zargar, Cameron (2014).
7022:Winter, Michael (2004).
6908:A. Saleh, Walid (2004).
6593:Hawting, Gerald (2005).
6093:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012).
5176:Hastings, James (1908).
4833:al-Jamil, Tariq (2010).
4418:macmillan. p. 187.
3829:
3767:The Relief from Distress
3577:
3394:Radd ‘ala al-mantiqiyyın
3175:Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi
3164:The Age of Sacred Terror
2997:Various concepts within
2480:
2447:
2172:Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah
2135:Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah
1997:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
1865:Excommunication in Islam
1681:The Third Battle of Homs
1550:Al-Malik al-Mansur Lajin
1287:disciplines of the Quran
1259:Majd al-Din ibn Taymiyya
1131:early Muslim generations
1015:. A legal jurist of the
1009:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
860:Associated organizations
639:Founders and key figures
47:
15081:Critics of Christianity
14634:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
14583:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
14543:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
13995:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
13391:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
13309:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
13081:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
12020:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
11978:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
11833:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
11237:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
11142:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
11132:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
10972:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
10927:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
10862:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
10391:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
10386:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
10069:Dominicus Gundissalinus
10044:Richard of Saint Victor
9703:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi
9095:Haque, Serajul (1982).
8120:Chopra, Ramesh (2005).
7289:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
7234:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
6864:Islam: The Key Concepts
6510:. New York: Routledge.
5874:. I.B.Tauris. pp.
5536:Leaman, Oliver (2006).
4412:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
4119:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
4079:Spevack, Aaron (2014).
4021:Encyclopædia Britannica
3711:Al-Tawassul wa-l-Wasila
3591:Extant books and essays
3229:nor of the category of
3214:"If he who resides in (
2882:movement, 18th century
2672:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
2298:and the Ilkhanid ruler
2241:tawassul (intercession)
2010:Kāmiliyya Dār al-Haḍīth
1704:, against the renegade
748:Jamia Salafia, Varanasi
707:List of Salafi scholars
569:Theology and Influences
421:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi
14967:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
14917:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
14878:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
14746:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
14573:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
14395:Transcendent theosophy
13667:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
13249:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
12742:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
12237:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
11898:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
11893:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
11828:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
11788:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
11773:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
11453:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
11448:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
11207:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
11117:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
11112:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
11097:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
10967:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
10932:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
10857:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
10574:Renaissance philosophy
10548:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
10533:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
9832:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali
9785:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
9679:Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra
9650:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
7902:July 10, 2013, at the
6893:Clarke, Lynda (2001).
6827:Cooper, Barry (2005).
6556:Aigle, Denise (2007).
6301:Aigle, Denise (2015).
5866:Bearman, Peri (2007).
5483:Michot, Yahya (2012).
5148:S. Rowe, Paul (2019).
4882:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
3724:Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
3701:Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya
3337:
3247:
3073:categorising the world
2764:
2743:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī
2734:
2634:
2625:
2547:Ibn Fadl Allah al-Amri
2499:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
2405:
2285:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
2231:
2026:(legal verdicts) that
1952:
1852:
1812:
1752:
1389:
1362:Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
1119:revolutionary Islamist
1114:and Mongol Ilkhanids.
790:Islamic fundamentalism
728:Umm al-Qura University
586:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
495:Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi
450:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
401:Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
15071:Critics of Shia Islam
14751:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
13936:Wallace Fard Muhammad
12893:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
12400:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
12149:Early Muslim scholars
11957:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
11227:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
10977:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
10887:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
10472:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
10467:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
9939:Medieval philosophers
9632:Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi
8930:on February 22, 2018.
8617:10.4324/9781003228035
8571:Aaron, David (2008).
8482:10.4324/9781003228035
8289:terrorism-info.org.il
7181:Encyclopedia of Islam
7122:Encyclopedia of Islam
6868:. Routledge. p.
6802:. Routledge. p.
6794:Jackson, Roy (2006).
6682:10.4324/9781003228035
6641:10.4324/9781003228035
6565:Mamluk Studies Review
6516:10.4324/9781003228035
6475:10.4324/9781003228035
6429:10.4324/9781003228035
6388:10.4324/9781003228035
6344:10.4324/9781003228035
6237:10.4324/9781003228035
5618:on September 25, 2020
4726:on November 1, 2022.
4309:Third World Quarterly
3815:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
3639:Al-Aqida al-Hamawiyya
3615:Al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya
3561:heretical innovations
3330:Ibn Taymiyya, in
3277:
3240:Ibn Taymiyya, in
3212:
2959:movements across the
2931:Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari
2929:, as well as that of
2747:
2711:
2629:
2627:He also stated that,
2620:
2565:Influence in his time
2516:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
2487:Views of Ibn Taymiyya
2485:Further information:
2399:
2226:
2064:Abd al-Salam al-Faraj
1945:Ibn Taymiyya, in
1930:
1847:al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya
1841:Ibn Taymiyya, in
1834:
1798:
1722:
1612:Further information:
1517:establishment of the
1506:Muhammad's companions
1414:religious innovations
1383:
1354:al-Junayd al-Baghdadi
1141:, the founder of the
1098:against the Shias of
825:Sufi-Salafi relations
780:Ahl-i Hadith movement
509:Ahl-i Hadith movement
359:Al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
217:al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya
15146:Critics of Ibn Arabi
14982:Reza Davari Ardakani
14858:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
14792:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
14741:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
14655:Afdal al-Din Kashani
13587:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
13382:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
12572:Theology of Twelvers
12417:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
11964:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
11763:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
11162:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
11152:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
11137:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
10957:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
10922:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
10912:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
10907:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
10882:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
10538:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
10508:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
10482:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
10457:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
10172:Godfrey of Fontaines
10074:Gilbert de la Porrée
10039:Hugh of Saint Victor
10024:Anselm of Canterbury
9994:John Scotus Eriugena
9744:Zayn al-Din al-Amidi
9644:Abu Ali ibn al-Banna
9154:Hoover, Jon (2019).
9141:on November 29, 2016
9125:Hoover, Jon (2016).
9104:Hoover, Jon (2007).
9000:on November 1, 2022.
8948:on February 20, 2009
8909:Risalat Al-'Ubudiyya
8788:Winter, Tim (2008).
8011:. February 4, 2015.
7520:R. Hrair Dekmejian,
7179:Juan Eduardo Campo,
3740:English translations
3729:Al-Hisba fi al-Islam
3716:Sharh Futuh al-Ghayb
3346:Al-Zahiriyah Library
3339:In 2010, a group of
3287:and others from the
3133:Muhammad Rashid Rida
2933:; the eponym of the
2888:Muḥammad al-Shawkānī
2817:polemics across the
2695:Muḥammad al-Shawkānī
2642:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
2616:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
2550:Muhammad ibn al-Manj
2258:Baibars al-Jashnakir
2163:Safi al-Din al-Hindi
1928:(apostasy) as them:
1434:speculative theology
1400:, on the subject of
1147:Muhammad Rashid Rida
1033:speculative theology
721:Notable universities
505:later Hanbali school
15171:Ibn Taymiyya family
15116:Sunni fiqh scholars
14942:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
14863:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
14853:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
14812:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
14322:Medieval psychology
14294:Natural philosophy
13816:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
13563:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
13535:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
13333:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
12995:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
12302:Other Salafi trends
12131:Musta'li Isma'ilism
12047:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
11438:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
11202:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
10852:Zakariyya al-Ansari
10447:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
10366:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
10292:Solomon ibn Gabirol
10213:Marsilius of Inghen
10064:Bernard of Chartres
9867:Fatima al-Fudayliya
9709:Abdul-Razzaq Gilani
9597:Abu Bakr al-Khallal
9357:Sufism and Theology
9173:Laoust, H. (2012).
8765:Sufism and Theology
7426:, p. 7, 15–16.
6860:Ali, Kecia (2007).
6202:"Taymiyyan Studies"
5378:Shadharat al-Dhahab
5342:on October 18, 2017
5241:Tadhkirat al-huffaz
4855:on August 12, 2021.
4681:10.3390/rel13040340
3644:Al-Asma' wa-l-Sifat
3509:Western scholarship
3380:Islamic scholarship
3370:Pre-modern opinions
3151:affiliated scholar
2534:Najm al-Din al-Tufi
2402:Citadel of Damascus
2355:Citadel of Damascus
2078:, etc. made public
2016:Contemporary Impact
1859:of Ilkhanate Allies
1855:Third invasion and
1786:Rashid al-Din Tabib
1582:punitive expedition
1512:Ibn Taymiyya was a
1462:Possible influences
1303:Abu Bakr al-Khallal
1121:movements, such as
1025:visitation of tombs
911:Politics portal
661:Jamal al-Din Qasimi
130:, Mamluk Sultanate
15151:People from Harran
14952:Abdolkarim Soroush
14797:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
14711:Hajji Bektash Wali
14247:medieval astronomy
14193:Islamic philosophy
14115:Other scholars of
14006:Islamic modernists
13980:Modernist Salafism
13636:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
13595:Abdullah ibn Saba'
13530:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
13415:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
13403:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
13394:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
13325:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
12647:Astarabadi (Naimi)
12377:Abdullah al-Harari
12331:Muhammad bin Dawud
12264:Syed Nazeer Husain
11999:Tabsirat al-Adilla
11913:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
11748:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
11595:Syed Nazeer Husain
11518:Salafi Theologians
11270:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
11242:Muhammad Abu Zahra
11027:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
10877:Abdul Qadir Gilani
10248:Lambertus de Monte
10228:Francesc Eiximenis
10097:Robert Grosseteste
10059:Alexander of Hales
9989:Isidore of Seville
9969:Augustine of Hippo
9685:Abdul Qadir Gilani
9609:Abu Bakr al-Ajurri
8914:Epistle on Worship
8575:In Their Own Words
8073:, p. 304–305.
8061:, p. 88, 140.
7915:Esposito, John L.
7841:, p. 300–305.
7030:. BRILL. pp.
5363:Al-'Uqud ad-Dariat
5302:Studia missionalia
3819:al-Durar al-Kamina
3777:The Concise Legacy
3718:– a commentary on
3676:Fatawa al-Misriyya
3657:Kitab al-Safadiyya
3568:Rutgers University
3468:Abu Talib al-Makki
3365:Opinions about him
3356:His view on Sufism
3149:Muslim Brotherhood
3141:Abd al Salam Faraj
3099:for not ruling by
2985:Muslim Brotherhood
2949:Islamic revivalist
2898:; influencing the
2836:Salafiyya Movement
2707:Madrasah-i-Rahimya
2683:Ibrahim al-Kurrani
2678:is a disbeliever.
2416:which are extant;
2406:
2392:His life in prison
2371:(treatise) called
2232:
1813:
1759:targeting various
1594:Lebanese mountains
1396:on Fridays at the
1390:
1358:Abu Talib al-Makki
1253:tribe. Before its
1249:, the land of the
1243:Şanlıurfa Province
1169:Muslim Brotherhood
1104:Kisrawan campaigns
1011:, which ended the
872:Authenticity Party
773:Related ideologies
651:Syed Nazeer Husain
646:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
616:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
382:Influenced by
84:22 January 1263 CE
15161:Scholars of Islam
15023:
15022:
15019:
15018:
15015:
15014:
14868:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
14807:Mahmud Shabistari
14787:Jalaladdin Davani
14736:Nasir al-Din Tusi
14558:Abu Hatim al-Razi
14499:
14498:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14154:
14151:
14150:
14107:
14106:
13916:Muhammad Jaunpuri
13843:
13842:
13769:Sumāma ibn Ashras
13605:
13604:
13456:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
13431:
13430:
13301:Gaylān ibn Marwān
13198:
13197:
13050:
13049:
12713:Abdallah al-Aftah
12529:
12528:
12442:
12441:
12426:Necmettin Erbakan
12268:Siddiq Hasan Khan
12232:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
12166:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12140:
12139:
12080:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
12074:Tashih al-I'tiqad
11985:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
11921:
11920:
11903:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
11870:Idris Imad al-Din
11823:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
11798:Ruhollah Khomeini
11778:Zurarah ibn A'yan
11753:Sharif al-Murtaza
11741:Muhammad al-Mahdi
11726:Muhammad al-Jawad
11706:Muhammad al-Baqir
11607:Siddiq Hasan Khan
11583:Rabee al-Madkhali
11232:Murtada al-Zabidi
11007:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
10773:
10772:
10580:
10579:
10566:
10565:
10335:
10334:
10261:
10260:
10192:William of Ockham
9905:
9904:
9697:Hammad al-Harrani
9638:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
9426:Library resources
9183:; E. van Donzel;
9165:978-1-78607-689-2
9048:978-0-19-994799-7
8923:978-1-903682-48-7
8799:978-0-521-78058-2
8685:. MuslimMatters.
8667:978-90-04-27749-6
8626:978-1-032-13183-2
8590:978-0-8330-4402-0
8532:978-90-04-27749-6
8491:978-1-032-13183-2
8458:978-0-19-958597-7
8433:978-0-19-517995-8
8397:978-0-415-47411-5
8372:978-0-8129-6984-9
8295:on June 25, 2022.
8245:978-0-19-979413-3
8195:978-1-107-68417-1
8106:978-0-367-75836-3
7994:978-0-8156-2635-0
7963:978-1-58648-680-8
7927:on March 18, 2018
7582:978-1-4128-0913-9
7562:978-0-674-02804-3
7534:978-0-8156-2635-0
7507:978-1-107-09645-5
7410:978-0-415-58707-5
7354:978-0-19-547834-1
7302:978-0-09-952327-7
7247:978-0-09-952327-7
7132:978-1-4381-2696-8
6972:978-0-19-547834-1
6944:978-0-415-82852-9
6879:978-0-415-39639-4
6846:978-0-8262-1621-2
6813:978-0-415-35468-4
6749:978-1-62616-116-0
6724:978-0-367-41782-6
6691:978-1-032-13183-2
6650:978-1-032-13183-2
6604:978-0-7007-1393-6
6525:978-1-032-13183-2
6484:978-1-032-13183-2
6438:978-1-032-13183-2
6397:978-1-032-13183-2
6353:978-1-032-13183-2
6320:978-90-04-27749-6
6287:978-90-04-27749-6
6246:978-1-032-13183-2
6171:978-0-5217-6584-8
6147:978-0-7397-3913-6
6104:978-0-521-73298-7
6068:978-0-674-03066-4
6040:978-0-202-36272-4
5993:978-3-8471-0091-1
5968:978-0-19-713600-3
5910:978-0-334-04132-0
5885:978-1-84511-736-8
5827:978-0-674-03456-3
5802:978-0-7486-0630-6
5759:Al-Kutubi, Shakir
5691:978-0-19-516886-0
5659:978-0-19-547834-1
5555:978-0-415-32639-1
5494:978-0-691-13484-0
5410:, pp. 38–44.
5159:978-1-138-64904-0
5001:978-0-367-41782-6
4967:978-0-367-41782-6
4783:978-90-04-51101-9
4752:978-0-367-41782-6
4641:978-0-367-41782-6
4603:978-0-521-78058-2
4425:978-0-09-952327-7
4266:on March 26, 2023
4090:978-1-4384-5370-5
4065:978-0-230-10279-8
3992:978-967-5062-28-5
3948:978-0-367-41782-6
3925:978-1-316-51049-0
3890:978-90-04-43952-8
3733:Islamic economics
3458:(saints) such as
3316:and the like, as
3187:Abbasid caliphate
3153:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3054:militant Islamist
2805:Muath al-Kasasbeh
2781:Abul A`la Maududi
2544:Ibn Qadi al-Jabal
2309:Minhaj al-Karamah
2189:Al-Nasir Muhammad
2076:Ayman al-Zawahiri
1843:Ismail Ibn Kathir
1784:, and his vizier
1757:counter-offensive
1718:Damascene Citadel
1667:pādishāh al-islām
1562:Abbasid Caliphate
1514:religious scholar
1376:Life as a scholar
956:
955:
845:by country/region
656:Siddiq Hasan Khan
525:
524:
490:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
355:
331:
307:
283:
259:
16:(Redirected from
15178:
15091:Shaykh al-Islāms
14997:Hasanzadeh Amoli
14992:Mostafa Malekian
14962:Taha Abdurrahman
14937:Ismail al-Faruqi
14895:
14817:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
14548:Abu Bakr al-Razi
14523:
14522:
14505:
14504:
14330:
14317:Medieval science
14312:
14297:
14279:
14269:
14232:
14221:
14201:
14200:
14186:
14179:
14172:
14163:
14162:
13858:
13857:
13624:
13623:
13442:
13441:
13418:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
13400:Awn ibn Abdullāh
13387:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
13357:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
13223:
13222:
13067:
13066:
13036:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
13005:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
12974:Khashabiyya Shia
12910:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
12868:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
12651:Imadaddin Nasimi
12556:
12555:
12453:
12452:
12324:Salafi Modernism
12227:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
12194:
12193:
12185:
12184:
12172:
12171:
12068:Awail Al Maqalat
11950:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
11930:
11929:
11860:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
11815:Isma'ili Shi'ism
11803:Wilayat al-faqih
11783:Hisham ibn Hakam
11768:Allamah Al-Hilli
10992:Muhammad Mayyara
10784:
10783:
10654:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10622:
10621:
10614:Islamic theology
10607:
10600:
10593:
10584:
10583:
10346:
10345:
10302:Abraham ibn Daud
10272:
10271:
10233:Nicholas of Cusa
10223:Albert of Saxony
10152:Boetius of Dacia
10147:Siger of Brabant
9952:
9951:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9909:
9908:
9803:Haji Bayram Wali
9568:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
9527:
9520:
9513:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9490:Zalta, Edward N.
9412:The Muslim World
9405:The Muslim World
9379:Risāla Aḍḥawiyya
9364:Risāla Aḍḥawiyya
9343:
9335:The Muslim World
9321:The Muslim World
9267:
9248:
9227:
9200:
9178:
9169:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9121:
9100:
9081:
9075:
9066:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9034:
9028:
9021:
9015:
9012:The Muslim World
9008:
9002:
9001:
8996:. Archived from
8977:
8971:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8926:. Archived from
8903:
8897:
8896:
8878:
8872:
8865:
8854:
8853:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8604:
8595:
8594:
8578:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8421:
8411:
8402:
8401:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8181:
8164:
8163:
8145:
8136:
8135:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8074:
8068:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7912:
7906:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7851:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7673:
7662:
7659:
7653:
7650:
7644:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7570:
7564:
7548:, pg. 360. Eds.
7542:
7536:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7380:on March 7, 2016
7365:
7359:
7358:
7340:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7286:
7280:
7273:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7231:
7218:
7217:
7212:`Anhuri, Salim.
7209:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7177:
7171:
7166:George Makdisi,
7164:
7158:
7152:
7137:
7136:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7070:
7063:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7029:
7019:
7002:
6996:
6977:
6976:
6958:
6949:
6948:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6867:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6834:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6801:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6754:
6753:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6628:
6622:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6562:
6553:
6538:
6537:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6462:
6451:
6450:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6197:
6176:
6175:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6109:
6108:
6090:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6026:
6017:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5915:
5914:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5873:
5863:
5832:
5831:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5788:
5767:
5766:
5763:Fawat al-Wafayat
5755:
5749:
5743:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5707:
5696:
5695:
5677:
5664:
5663:
5645:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5603:
5586:
5580:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5543:
5533:
5514:
5513:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5480:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5327:
5306:
5305:
5297:
5268:
5262:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4879:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4851:. Archived from
4830:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4722:. Archived from
4695:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4606:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4409:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4285:Woodward, Mark.
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4259:. Archived from
4248:
4237:
4231:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4169:
4159:
4150:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4116:
4107:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4053:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4013:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3976:
3959:
3956:
3933:
3910:
3898:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3853:
3840:
3811:al-Bahr al-Muhit
3437:Abdul Haq Ansari
3386:anti-rationalist
3341:Islamic Scholars
3335:
3325:and philosophy."
3245:
3131:ideologues like
2430:anthropomorphism
2385:Muhammad's grave
2373:Ziyārat al-Qubūr
2245:Day of Judgement
2228:Citadel of Cairo
2151:anthropomorphism
2122:Mongol invasions
1950:
1918:. Not only were
1850:
1849:, vol. 14, 7–8,
1765:Islamic scholars
1677:Mamluk Sultanate
1647:and implemented
1618:Ilkhanate empire
1546:Al-Adil Kitbugha
1519:Mamluk Sultanate
1299:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1239:Mamluk Sultanate
1206:
1191:Name and lineage
1108:fifth-columnists
1062:), based on his
1049:anthropomorphism
1021:saint veneration
968:
948:
941:
934:
922:Islam portal
920:
919:
918:
909:
908:
882:Takfir wal-Hijra
555:
546:
540:
539:
536:
527:
526:
391:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
365:
364:
349:
341:
340:
325:
317:
316:
315:أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس
301:
293:
292:
277:
269:
268:
253:
161:High Middle Ages
137:
109:
101:Mamluk Sultanate
58:
32:
31:
21:
15186:
15185:
15181:
15180:
15179:
15177:
15176:
15175:
15166:Salafi movement
15131:Proto-Salafists
15096:Offensive jihad
15026:
15025:
15024:
15011:
14977:Fouad Zakariyya
14972:Mohammed Arkoun
14927:Frithjof Schuon
14893:
14887:
14873:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
14826:
14760:
14699:
14638:
14587:
14517:
14495:
14409:
14368:Illuminationism
14334:
14328:
14310:
14295:
14278:(jurisprudence)
14277:
14267:
14230:
14219:
14195:
14190:
14160:
14147:
14103:
14060:
14031:Ahmed Raza Khan
14012:
13966:
13956:Fethullah Gülen
13931:Nation of Islam
13852:
13849:
13839:
13782:
13759:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
13687:
13679:
13617:
13613:
13601:
13522:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
13492:
13427:
13412:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
13370:
13287:
13216:
13213:
13210:
13206:
13194:
13145:
13058:
13046:
12980:
12854:
12847:
12815:Hassan-i Sabbah
12698:
12690:
12562:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12537:
12525:
12490:Hasan al-Utrush
12438:
12404:Ahmed Raza Khan
12350:
12342:
12249:Dawud al-Zahiri
12200:
12179:
12158:
12136:
12085:
12032:
11992:Kitab al-Tawhid
11917:
11879:
11809:
11736:Hasan al-Askari
11711:Ja'far al-Sadiq
11673:Twelver Shi'ism
11667:
11639:Salafi Jihadism
11634:Osama bin Laden
11617:Safar Al-Hawali
11578:Saleh Al-Fawzan
11512:
11482:
11475:Sahib ibn Abbad
11470:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
11435:Ja'far ibn Harb
11400:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
11397:
11389:
11357:
11318:ī (Muqātilīyya)
11298:
11256:
11212:Shah Abdul Aziz
11085:
11077:
11031:
11017:Ahmad al-Dardir
10902:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
10790:
10769:
10741:
10713:
10680:
10641:
10640:
10616:
10611:
10581:
10576:
10562:
10486:
10435:
10381:Matta ibn Yunus
10331:
10257:
10196:
10187:Petrus Aureolus
10162:Meister Eckhart
10107:Albertus Magnus
10089:
10083:
10009:
10003:
9941:
9936:
9906:
9901:
9872:
9837:
9808:
9779:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
9749:
9714:
9667:
9620:
9585:
9556:
9536:
9531:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9458:By Ibn Taymiyya
9455:
9454:
9434:
9433:
9429:
9422:
9417:
9401:Minhāj al-Sunna
9383:Dar' al-Ta'āruḍ
9368:Dar' al-Ta'āruḍ
9341:
9304:Michot, Yahya.
9289:Michot, Yahya.
9275:
9273:Further reading
9270:
9264:
9245:
9216:10.7488/era/236
9166:
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8869:Islamic Studies
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7686:10.2307/1595400
7678:Studia Islamica
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4896:
4880:
4876:
4872:, (2003), p.194
4868:Kepel, Gilles,
4867:
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4354:Islamic Studies
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4229:Wayback Machine
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3891:
3874:
3870:
3856:Shaykh al-Islam
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3806:
3801:
3787:The Madinan Way
3782:The Goodly Word
3742:
3737:
3671:Fatawa al-Kubra
3593:
3580:
3538:Wahdat al-Wujud
3535:doctrines like
3515:Ignac Goldziher
3511:
3472:Bayazid Bastami
3464:Sahl al-Tustari
3433:Jamaat-e Islami
3382:
3377:
3375:Modern opinions
3372:
3367:
3358:
3336:
3329:
3246:
3239:
3183:
3173:in South Asia,
3160:Daniel Benjamin
3145:Usama bin Laden
2995:
2981:Salafi Jihadism
2969:
2967:Modern Islamism
2838:
2832:
2827:
2797:Osama bin Laden
2789:Hassan al-Banna
2759:Shaykh al-Islam
2699:Islamic scholar
2676:Shaykh al-Islām
2605:Sheikh ul-Islam
2567:
2562:
2559:Umar al-Harrani
2521:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
2494:
2489:
2483:
2463:Maqbara Sufiyya
2450:
2394:
2363:
2335:
2277:
2254:
2221:
2213:Muhanna ibn Isa
2201:Qal'at al-Jabal
2185:
2180:
2155:Aqqush al-Afram
2096:
2072:Usama bin Laden
2044:Mongol imperial
2018:
1951:
1944:
1916:pagan ignorance
1879:Mongol invasion
1875:
1861:
1851:
1840:
1818:
1816:Second invasion
1726:people of Syria
1708:that abandoned
1635:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1501:
1493:Salafi movement
1478:blind-following
1464:
1410:Manasik al-Hajj
1378:
1350:Sahl al-Tustari
1342:Aristotelianism
1318:Arba'un Haditha
1267:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1193:
1161:excommunication
1157:Islamic century
1123:Salafi jihadism
1112:Frank Crusaders
1084:Minhaj al-Sunna
1078:as a source of
967:ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة
952:
916:
914:
903:
897:
896:
862:
852:
851:
820:Salafi jihadism
775:
765:
764:
723:
713:
712:
641:
631:
630:
601:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
571:
561:
544:Salafi movement
542:
541:
534:
531:
530:
521:
518:
514:Salafi movement
443:
442:
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384:
383:
360:
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264:
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232:Alma mater
226:
205:Notable work(s)
170:
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125:
119:
110:
103:
94:
85:
70:Shaykh al-Islām
61:
49:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15184:
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14959:
14954:
14949:
14944:
14939:
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14924:
14919:
14914:
14909:
14907:Muhammad Iqbal
14904:
14898:
14896:
14889:
14888:
14886:
14885:
14883:Hādī Sabzavārī
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14843:Mir Fendereski
14840:
14834:
14832:
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14568:Ikhwan al-Safa
14565:
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14555:
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14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14417:
14415:
14411:
14410:
14408:
14407:
14402:
14400:Traditionalist
14397:
14392:
14391:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14344:
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14051:
14046:
14037:
14022:
14020:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14009:
14008:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13985:Muhammad Abduh
13976:
13974:
13968:
13967:
13965:
13964:
13963:
13962:
13944:
13943:
13942:
13928:
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13877:
13866:
13864:
13855:
13845:
13844:
13841:
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13838:
13837:
13836:
13835:
13830:
13828:Rashad Khalifa
13820:
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13818:
13813:
13811:Muhammad Iqbal
13803:
13798:
13792:
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13784:
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13662:Bektashi Order
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13511:Abu al-Khattab
13502:
13500:
13494:
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13469:Abū Hulmān al-
13462:
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13439:
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13424:Amr ibn Murrah
13422:
13421:Ahmad ibn Hārb
13419:
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13410:
13409:Salm ibn Sālem
13407:
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13341:Sāleh ibn Umar
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13317:Gassān al-Kūfī
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13164:Jābir ibn Zayd
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13048:
13047:
13045:
13044:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13032:Tawussite Shia
13029:
13028:
13027:
13013:
13012:
13011:
12997:
12991:
12989:
12982:
12981:
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12821:
12807:
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12793:
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12779:
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12735:
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12704:
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12598:
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12568:
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12553:
12531:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12524:
12523:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12506:
12505:
12504:
12502:Imams of Yemen
12499:
12497:Yahya ibn Umar
12494:
12493:
12492:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12461:
12459:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12440:
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12410:
12387:
12386:
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12383:
12369:
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12219:
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12208:
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12168:
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12157:
12156:
12151:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12123:
12112:
12105:Kitab al-Majmu
12101:
12093:
12091:
12087:
12086:
12084:
12083:
12076:
12071:
12064:
12057:
12050:
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12023:
12016:
12009:
12002:
11995:
11988:
11981:
11974:
11967:
11960:
11953:
11946:
11943:Asas al-Taqdis
11938:
11936:
11927:
11923:
11922:
11919:
11918:
11916:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
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11817:
11811:
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11808:
11807:
11806:
11805:
11795:
11793:Ja'far Sobhani
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11696:Husayn ibn Ali
11693:
11688:
11677:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11643:
11642:
11641:
11631:
11629:Salman al-Ouda
11626:
11625:
11624:
11622:Sahwa movement
11614:
11612:Zubair Ali Zai
11609:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11592:
11591:
11590:
11580:
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11499:
11492:
11490:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11480:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11460:Al-Zamakhshari
11457:
11456:
11455:
11445:
11439:
11436:
11433:
11430:
11424:
11421:
11418:
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11199:
11197:Ahmad Sirhindi
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
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11159:
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11139:
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11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11093:
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11079:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11065:
11058:Malik ibn Anas
11055:
11044:
11042:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
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10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
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10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10822:Al-Shahrastani
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10798:
10796:
10781:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10768:
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10762:
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10706:
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10474:
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10459:
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10441:
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10408:
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10393:
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10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10343:
10337:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10322:Hasdai Crescas
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10278:
10276:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10243:Paul of Venice
10240:
10238:Vincent Ferrer
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10204:
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10134:
10129:
10127:Thomas Aquinas
10124:
10119:
10114:
10112:Henry of Ghent
10109:
10104:
10099:
10093:
10091:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10079:Alain de Lille
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10034:Anselm of Laon
10031:
10026:
10021:
10013:
10011:
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9963:Church Fathers
9958:
9956:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9935:
9934:
9927:
9920:
9912:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9864:
9863:(1699–1793/94)
9858:
9852:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9820:Mar'i al-Karmi
9816:
9814:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9800:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9757:
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9706:
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9694:
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9682:
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9653:
9647:
9641:
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9548:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9530:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9486:"Ibn Taymiyya"
9477:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:External links
9418:
9416:
9415:
9408:
9397:
9390:
9375:
9360:
9353:
9338:
9331:
9324:
9317:
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9274:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9262:
9249:
9243:
9228:
9201:
9185:W.P. Heinrichs
9176:"Ibn Taymiyya"
9170:
9164:
9151:
9122:
9117:978-9004158474
9116:
9101:
9091:
9089:
9086:
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9082:
9067:
9054:
9047:
9029:
9016:
9003:
8992:
8972:
8959:
8942:"Ibn Taimiyah"
8933:
8922:
8898:
8891:
8873:
8855:
8848:
8830:
8823:
8805:
8798:
8780:
8774:978-0748626052
8773:
8755:
8749:978-1792309021
8748:
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8226:
8219:
8201:
8194:
8165:
8159:978-0195478341
8158:
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8131:978-8182052857
8130:
8112:
8105:
8087:
8075:
8063:
8051:
8044:
8026:
8000:
7993:
7969:
7962:
7938:
7917:"Ibn Taymiyah"
7907:
7885:
7873:
7843:
7831:
7824:
7804:
7797:
7777:
7750:(3): 321–348.
7734:
7727:
7707:
7680:(41): 93–111.
7663:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7634:, p. 191.
7624:
7612:
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7565:
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7476:
7461:
7449:
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7409:
7391:
7360:
7353:
7332:
7327:Yahya Michot,
7320:
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7281:
7265:
7246:
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7204:
7192:
7172:
7159:
7138:
7131:
7111:
7082:
7047:
7041:978-9004132863
7040:
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6978:
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6950:
6943:
6925:
6919:978-9004127777
6918:
6900:
6885:
6878:
6852:
6845:
6819:
6812:
6786:
6784:, p. VII.
6774:
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5269:
5246:
5231:
5183:
5165:
5158:
5140:
5114:
5095:
5075:
5057:978-1589015784
5056:
5036:
5025:
5007:
5000:
4982:
4973:
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4948:
4913:
4894:
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4751:
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4690:
4651:
4640:
4622:
4607:
4586:
4443:
4424:
4401:
4392:
4374:
4344:
4315:(4): 691–704.
4292:
4289:. p. 170.
4277:
4255:
4232:
4213:
4203:
4187:
4181:978-0230102798
4180:
4151:
4136:
4130:978-1438453712
4129:
4108:
4096:
4089:
4071:
4064:
4038:
4017:"Ibn Taymiyya"
4005:
3991:
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3969:
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3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3720:Futuh al-Ghayb
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Naqd al-Ta'sis
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3579:
3576:
3572:fundamentalist
3513:Scholars like
3510:
3507:
3505:(monotheism).
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3327:
3237:
3182:
3179:
3097:Ilkhanid state
2968:
2965:
2860:Islamic reform
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2793:Abdullah Azzam
2691:Mehmet Birgiwi
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2493:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2459:funeral prayer
2455:Umayyad Mosque
2449:
2446:
2393:
2390:
2377:Shadd al-rihal
2362:
2359:
2334:
2331:
2276:
2273:
2253:
2250:
2220:
2217:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2095:
2092:
2068:Abdullah Azzam
2028:excommunicated
2017:
2014:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1942:
1887:was his third
1860:
1853:
1838:
1829:religious duty
1827:declaring the
1817:
1814:
1775:of the Mongol
1771:, who was the
1714:Battle of Uhud
1706:Arabian tribes
1624:
1623:First invasion
1621:
1609:
1606:
1500:
1497:
1463:
1460:
1398:Umayyad Mosque
1386:Umayyad Mosque
1377:
1374:
1295:its principles
1266:
1263:
1235:Umayyad Mosque
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1192:
1189:
1173:Hizb ut-Tahrir
1090:. He issued a
1017:Hanbali school
954:
953:
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950:
943:
936:
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857:
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832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Sahwa movement
807:
802:
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782:
776:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
755:
750:
745:
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730:
724:
719:
718:
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714:
711:
710:
703:
701:Zubair Ali Zai
698:
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683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
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629:
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623:
621:Ismail Dehlavi
618:
613:
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411:Malik ibn Anas
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387:
381:
380:
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339:تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين
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88:Rabi' al-Awwal
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51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15183:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15033:
15031:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14897:
14890:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14835:
14833:
14829:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14769:
14767:
14763:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14702:
14696:
14695:Shams Tabrizi
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14641:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14629:Nasir Khusraw
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14604:Ibn Miskawayh
14602:
14600:
14597:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14530:
14528:
14524:
14520:
14515:
14511:
14506:
14502:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14418:
14416:
14412:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14375:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14343:
14341:
14337:
14331:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14309:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14276:
14272:
14270:
14266:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14239:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14229:
14224:
14222:
14218:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14187:
14182:
14180:
14175:
14173:
14168:
14167:
14164:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14118:
14114:
14113:
14110:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14069:
14067:
14066:Other beliefs
14063:
14057:
14054:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14041:
14040:Hilmi Tunahan
14038:
14036:
14032:
14029:
14028:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14019:
14015:
14007:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13990:Muhammad Asad
13988:
13986:
13983:
13982:
13981:
13978:
13977:
13975:
13973:
13969:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13950:
13949:
13948:
13945:
13941:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13912:
13909:
13905:
13901:
13900:Sabbatai Zevi
13898:
13897:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13872:
13871:
13868:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13846:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13825:
13824:
13821:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13808:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13785:
13776:
13775:
13773:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:Ali al-Aswarī
13749:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13736:
13735:
13733:
13732:
13730:
13725:
13724:
13723:
13720:
13714:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13700:
13699:
13697:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13686:
13682:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13641:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13629:
13625:
13622:
13619:
13612:
13608:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13577:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13567:
13562:
13561:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13550:
13547:
13546:
13545:
13542:
13537:
13536:
13534:
13529:
13528:
13527:Muʿāmmarīyya
13526:
13521:
13520:
13519:
13516:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13507:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13499:
13495:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13476:
13472:
13468:
13467:
13466:
13463:
13460:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13451:
13449:
13447:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13434:
13423:
13420:
13417:
13414:
13411:
13408:
13405:
13402:
13399:
13396:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13373:
13364:
13363:
13361:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13348:
13347:
13345:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13332:
13331:
13329:
13324:
13323:
13321:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13308:
13307:
13305:
13300:
13299:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13290:
13281:
13278:
13275:
13272:
13269:
13266:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13254:
13251:
13248:
13245:
13242:
13239:
13236:
13235:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13224:
13221:
13218:
13212:
13205:
13201:
13191:
13188:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13148:
13140:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13127:
13126:
13123:
13119:
13116:
13115:
13114:
13111:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13099:
13096:
13095:
13094:
13091:
13086:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13076:
13074:
13072:
13068:
13065:
13062:
13057:
13053:
13043:
13042:Waqifite Shia
13040:
13035:
13034:
13033:
13030:
13026:
13022:
13019:
13018:
13017:
13014:
13010:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12988:
12983:
12975:
12972:
12968:
12967:Ishaq al-Turk
12965:
12961:
12958:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12945:
12944:
12941:
12940:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12927:
12924:
12923:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12916:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12884:
12882:
12881:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12864:
12861:
12860:
12858:
12856:
12850:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12804:
12801:
12797:
12794:
12790:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12769:
12768:
12765:
12764:
12763:
12760:
12759:
12758:
12755:
12751:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12725:Hamdan Qarmat
12723:
12722:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12685:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12672:
12669:
12668:
12667:
12664:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12635:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12627:
12623:
12622:Safavid Islam
12619:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12606:Sheikh Haydar
12604:
12603:
12602:
12599:
12595:
12592:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12575:
12574:
12573:
12570:
12569:
12567:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12536:
12532:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12510:
12507:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12491:
12488:
12487:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12467:
12466:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12445:
12431:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12398:
12397:
12396:
12393:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12382:
12378:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12349:
12345:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12325:
12322:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12303:
12300:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12276:
12273:
12269:
12265:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12246:
12245:
12242:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12220:
12216:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12199:
12198:Ahl al-Hadith
12195:
12192:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12178:
12173:
12169:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12143:
12133:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12122:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12100:
12099:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12069:
12065:
12063:
12062:
12058:
12056:
12055:
12051:
12049:
12048:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12035:
12029:
12028:
12024:
12022:
12021:
12017:
12015:
12014:
12010:
12008:
12007:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11996:
11994:
11993:
11989:
11987:
11986:
11982:
11980:
11979:
11975:
11973:
11972:
11968:
11966:
11965:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11954:
11952:
11951:
11947:
11945:
11944:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11931:
11928:
11924:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11885:Zaydi Shi'ism
11882:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11854:
11851:
11850:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11812:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11716:Musa al-Kazim
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11701:Ali al-Sajjad
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11691:Hasan ibn Ali
11689:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11682:
11679:
11678:
11676:
11674:
11670:
11662:Post-Salafism
11661:
11660:
11659:
11656:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11647:
11644:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11620:
11619:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11593:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11526:Ibn Taymiyyah
11524:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11515:
11507:Mustadrakīyya
11506:
11503:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11485:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11465:Amr ibn Ubayd
11463:
11461:
11458:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11449:
11446:
11443:
11440:
11437:
11434:
11431:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11396:
11392:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11364:
11360:
11353:
11349:
11346:
11342:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11317:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11301:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11263:
11259:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11084:
11080:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10789:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10776:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10716:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10683:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10644:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10608:
10603:
10601:
10596:
10594:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10575:
10569:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10513:Rashid al-Din
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10489:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10401:Abd al-Jabbar
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10264:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10218:Nicole Oresme
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10167:Giles of Rome
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10054:Peter Lombard
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10029:Peter Abelard
10027:
10025:
10022:
10019:
10018:Scholasticism
10015:
10014:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9933:
9928:
9926:
9921:
9919:
9914:
9913:
9910:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9868:
9865:
9862:
9859:
9856:
9853:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9833:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9811:
9804:
9801:
9798:
9795:
9792:
9789:
9786:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9752:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9736:
9733:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9717:
9710:
9707:
9704:
9701:
9698:
9695:
9692:
9689:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9670:
9663:
9660:
9657:
9654:
9651:
9648:
9645:
9642:
9639:
9636:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9616:
9613:
9610:
9607:
9604:
9601:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9588:
9581:
9578:
9575:
9572:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9523:
9521:
9516:
9514:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9497:
9496:
9491:
9487:
9482:
9481:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9413:
9409:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9347:
9339:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9325:
9322:
9318:
9315:
9314:0-9554545-2-2
9311:
9307:
9303:
9300:
9299:9782841615551
9296:
9292:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9265:
9263:9780800698591
9259:
9255:
9250:
9246:
9244:9780195478341
9240:
9236:
9235:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9181:C.E. Bosworth
9177:
9171:
9167:
9161:
9157:
9152:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9123:
9119:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9080:, p. 16.
9079:
9074:
9072:
9064:
9058:
9050:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9026:
9020:
9013:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8993:9780197669419
8989:
8985:
8984:
8976:
8969:
8966:M.M. Sharif,
8963:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8929:
8925:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8910:
8902:
8894:
8892:0-691-07257-4
8888:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8851:
8849:0-231-13220-4
8845:
8841:
8834:
8826:
8824:0-521-81743-9
8820:
8816:
8809:
8801:
8795:
8791:
8784:
8776:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8734:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8688:
8684:
8677:
8669:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8601:
8592:
8586:
8582:
8577:
8576:
8567:
8559:
8557:90-04-07559-3
8553:
8549:
8542:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8460:
8454:
8450:
8443:
8435:
8429:
8425:
8420:
8419:
8410:
8408:
8399:
8393:
8389:
8382:
8374:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8355:
8344:September 12,
8339:
8335:
8328:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8272:
8270:0-19-515435-5
8266:
8262:
8255:
8247:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8222:
8220:0-300-04914-5
8216:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8161:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8142:
8133:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8079:
8072:
8067:
8060:
8055:
8047:
8045:90-04-11803-9
8041:
8037:
8030:
8014:
8010:
8004:
7996:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7942:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7911:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7889:
7882:
7877:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7848:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7825:9781930409019
7821:
7817:
7816:
7808:
7800:
7798:9781107042964
7794:
7790:
7789:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7730:
7728:9783110285406
7724:
7720:
7719:
7711:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7658:
7649:
7640:
7633:
7628:
7622:, p. 283
7621:
7616:
7610:, p. 271
7609:
7604:
7602:
7595:, p. 274
7594:
7589:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7572:David Bukay,
7569:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7509:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7486:, p. 270
7485:
7480:
7474:, p. 305
7473:
7468:
7466:
7459:, p. 269
7458:
7453:
7446:
7441:
7432:
7425:
7420:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7395:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7356:
7350:
7346:
7339:
7337:
7329:
7324:
7313:September 17,
7308:
7304:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7285:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7258:September 17,
7253:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7215:
7208:
7202:, p. 15.
7201:
7196:
7190:
7189:1-4381-2696-4
7186:
7182:
7176:
7169:
7163:
7157:, p. 14.
7156:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7115:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7086:
7067:
7060:
7059:
7051:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7028:
7027:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7001:, p. 12.
7000:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6974:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6929:
6921:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6896:
6889:
6881:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6856:
6848:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6790:
6783:
6778:
6772:, p. 11.
6771:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6751:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6617:Janin, Hunt.
6614:
6606:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6372:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6207:
6203:
6200:Hoover, Jon.
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6127:, p. 10.
6126:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6078:
6070:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6051:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5995:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5765:. p. 35.
5764:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5661:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5565:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5387:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5194:"Diyār Mudar"
5187:
5179:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5102:
5098:
5096:9781107471153
5092:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5026:0-19-512558-4
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4977:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4901:
4897:
4895:9781845112578
4891:
4887:
4886:
4878:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4854:
4850:
4848:9780199402069
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4719:9780195305135
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4436:September 17,
4431:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4281:
4262:
4258:
4256:9781495196805
4252:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4149:, p. 334
4148:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4042:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4010:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:Kitab Al-Iman
3975:
3971:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3935:
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3699:
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3679:
3677:
3674:
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3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:Kitab al-Iman
3648:
3646:– two volumes
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:(also called
3630:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3584:Oliver Leaman
3575:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3563:within them.
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:
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3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:Hatem al-Awni
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3415:According to
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3362:
3353:
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3347:
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3333:
3326:
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3319:
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3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:man-made laws
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:revolutionary
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3111:obliging all
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:Islamic World
3043:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2961:Islamic World
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2896:Islamic World
2893:
2890:(d. 1834) in
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2870:legal schools
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2822:
2820:
2819:Islamic World
2816:
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2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:ahl al-ḥadīth
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2719:
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2710:
2708:
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2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2618:stated that,
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:Al-Ba'labakki
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2475:Sadakat Kadri
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
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2403:
2398:
2389:
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2358:
2356:
2350:
2346:
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2301:
2297:
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2282:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:Ibn Ata Allah
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2178:Life in Egypt
2175:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:Islamic World
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1989:excommunicate
1986:
1985:man-made laws
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Mahmud Ghazan
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1748:Prophet Jesus
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Muslim Caliph
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1665:'s claim to "
1664:
1660:
1659:man-made laws
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:controversy.
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:Mongol Empire
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1387:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:jurisprudence
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:Islamic State
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:" of the 7th
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:prophetic way
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
964:
960:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
923:
913:
912:
907:
901:
900:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:Al-Nour Party
865:
864:
861:
856:
855:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
769:
768:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
717:
716:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Ahl al-Hadith
574:
573:
570:
565:
564:
559:
554:
550:
549:
545:
537:
529:
528:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
502:
501:traditionists
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
445:
444:
436:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:
377:
374:Muslim leader
372:
368:
358:
356:
353:
344:
334:
332:
329:
320:
311:Abū al-ʿAbbās
310:
308:
305:
296:
286:
284:
281:
272:
262:
260:
257:
248:
245:
244:
239:
235:
233:
229:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:Jurisprudence
183:
180:
177:
173:
167:
164:
162:
158:
157:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
113:
107:
102:
98:
93:
89:
83:
79:
74:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
15136:Anti-Shi'ism
15007:Partawi Shah
15002:Javadi Amoli
14987:Ahmad Fardid
14932:Martin Lings
14782:Hajji Bayram
14756:Ibn Taymiyya
14755:
14685:Omar Khayyám
14670:Ayn-al-Quzat
14665:Ahmad Yasavi
14578:Ibn Masarrah
14512:by century (
14510:Philosophers
14405:Contemporary
14307:
14274:
14264:
14227:
14216:
14049:Other orders
13954: /
13947:Nur movement
13918: /
13875:Mirza Ghulam
13806:Tolu-e-Islam
13675:Galibi Order
13673: /
13658:Balım Sultan
13653:Babai revolt
13644:Qalandariyya
13642: /
13544:Mufaḍḍaliyya
13453:Jawārībīyya
13406:Umar ibn Zar
13375:Other Murjīs
13104:Bayhasīyyah
13021:Nuqta-yi Ula
12837:Pir Sadardin
12830: /
12744: /
12740: /
12657: /
12649: /
12636: /
12616: /
12612: /
12608: /
12465:Zayd ibn Ali
12415: /
12402: /
12353:Ilm al-Kalam
12266: /
12259:Ahl-i Hadith
12127:Umm al-kitab
12125:
12114:
12103:
12096:
12078:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12045:
12025:
12018:
12013:Fihi Ma Fihi
12011:
12004:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11976:
11969:
11962:
11955:
11948:
11941:
11681:Twelve Imams
11600:Ahl-i Hadith
11531:Ibnul Qayyim
11411:(Nazzāmīyya)
10892:Ibn al-Jawzi
10832:Al-Taftazani
10807:Al-Baqillani
10553:Ibn Taymiyya
10552:
10543:Ibn al-Nafis
10297:Judah Halevi
10208:Jean Buridan
10137:John Peckham
10102:Michael Scot
9773:Ibn Taymiyya
9772:
9691:Ibn al-Jawzi
9544:by century (
9493:
9484:Jon Hoover.
9464:Online books
9457:
9440:Online books
9431:Ibn Taymiyya
9430:
9411:
9404:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9345:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9305:
9290:
9283:
9253:
9233:
9206:
9188:
9155:
9145:November 29,
9143:. Retrieved
9139:the original
9134:
9130:
9106:
9096:
9062:
9057:
9038:
9032:
9024:
9019:
9011:
9006:
8998:the original
8982:
8975:
8967:
8962:
8950:. Retrieved
8946:the original
8936:
8928:the original
8913:
8908:
8901:
8882:
8876:
8868:
8839:
8833:
8814:
8808:
8789:
8783:
8764:
8758:
8739:
8733:
8721:. Retrieved
8713:The National
8712:
8703:
8691:. Retrieved
8676:
8649:
8643:
8608:
8574:
8566:
8547:
8541:
8514:
8508:
8473:
8467:
8448:
8442:
8417:
8387:
8381:
8361:
8354:
8342:. Retrieved
8327:
8315:. Retrieved
8301:
8293:the original
8288:
8279:
8260:
8254:
8235:
8229:
8210:
8204:
8185:
8149:
8121:
8115:
8096:
8090:
8078:
8066:
8054:
8035:
8029:
8017:. Retrieved
8003:
7979:
7972:
7948:
7941:
7931:February 13,
7929:. Retrieved
7925:the original
7920:
7910:
7888:
7876:
7859:
7855:
7834:
7814:
7807:
7787:
7780:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7717:
7710:
7677:
7657:
7648:
7639:
7627:
7615:
7588:
7573:
7568:
7550:Gilles Kepel
7545:
7540:
7521:
7516:
7497:
7491:
7479:
7452:
7447:, p. 41
7440:
7431:
7419:
7400:
7394:
7384:February 14,
7382:. Retrieved
7378:the original
7373:
7363:
7344:
7328:
7323:
7311:. Retrieved
7291:
7284:
7276:
7256:. Retrieved
7236:
7213:
7207:
7195:
7180:
7175:
7167:
7162:
7121:
7114:
7102:. Retrieved
7092:
7085:
7073:. Retrieved
7057:
7050:
7025:
6962:
6934:
6928:
6909:
6903:
6894:
6888:
6863:
6855:
6830:
6822:
6797:
6789:
6777:
6739:
6733:
6714:
6708:
6673:
6667:
6632:
6626:
6618:
6613:
6594:
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6564:
6507:
6501:
6466:
6420:
6414:
6379:
6335:
6329:
6302:
6296:
6269:
6263:
6228:
6222:
6212:February 14,
6210:. Retrieved
6161:
6156:
6137:
6132:
6094:
6088:
6077:
6058:
6030:
6016:, p. 9.
5983:
5977:
5958:
5952:
5900:
5894:
5869:
5817:
5811:
5792:
5762:
5753:
5748:, p. 7.
5722:February 14,
5720:. Retrieved
5681:
5649:
5622:February 14,
5620:. Retrieved
5616:the original
5611:
5585:, p. 8.
5564:
5539:
5509:
5503:
5484:
5377:
5371:
5365:. p. 3.
5362:
5356:
5346:February 14,
5344:. Retrieved
5340:the original
5335:
5301:
5267:, p. 6.
5240:
5234:
5217:
5210:
5186:
5177:
5149:
5143:
5131:. Retrieved
5126:
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5085:
5078:
5066:. Retrieved
5046:
5039:
5032:governments.
5030:
5016:
5010:
4991:
4985:
4976:
4957:
4951:
4929:(2): 75–97.
4926:
4922:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4884:
4877:
4869:
4853:the original
4838:
4828:
4820:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:
4800:
4772:
4765:
4756:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4724:the original
4700:
4693:
4685:
4671:
4667:
4645:
4631:
4625:
4620:, p. 6.
4594:
4589:
4434:. Retrieved
4414:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4369:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4332:. Retrieved
4312:
4308:
4286:
4280:
4268:. Retrieved
4261:the original
4242:
4235:
4216:
4206:
4165:
4120:
4080:
4074:
4049:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4020:
3996:. Retrieved
3981:
3974:
3952:
3938:
3929:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3880:
3871:
3855:
3843:
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3807:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3731:– a book on
3728:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3581:
3565:
3546:Henri Laoust
3543:
3536:
3522:
3512:
3500:
3475:
3453:
3445:
3431:
3424:
3421:Majid Fakhry
3419:philosopher
3414:
3407:
3401:
3393:
3383:
3359:
3338:
3331:
3278:
3273:Islamic laws
3266:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3230:
3226:Dar al-Islam
3224:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3163:
3157:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3070:
3039:
3025:
3010:
2996:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2924:
2922:
2908:movement in
2905:
2901:Ahl-i Hadith
2899:
2873:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2808:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2680:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2609:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2556:Ibn al-Wardi
2495:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2451:
2442:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2255:
2233:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2171:
2168:
2159:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2115:
2097:
2084:Muslim world
2079:
2039:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1967:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1931:
1923:
1904:
1893:Mamluk's war
1888:
1882:
1876:
1856:
1846:
1835:
1822:
1819:
1753:
1741:
1723:
1709:
1670:
1666:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1598:
1584:against the
1579:
1566:
1542:
1537:
1534:Henri Laoust
1527:
1523:Yahya Michot
1511:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1409:
1391:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1276:
1268:
1224:
1196:
1194:
1185:Muslim world
1150:
1116:
1083:
1055:
1053:
1035:, primarily
1029:
994:iconoclastic
990:proto-Salafi
982:traditionist
971:Sunni Muslim
959:Ibn Taymiyya
958:
957:
902:
877:People Party
815:Sailaifengye
757:
705:
581:Ibn Taymiyya
580:
416:al-Barbahari
351:
327:
303:
279:
255:
241:
221:
216:
211:
175:Denomination
132:(modern-day
122:Dhu al-Qa'da
104:(modern-day
41:Ibn Taymiyya
29:
15121:Sunni imams
15041:1328 deaths
15036:1263 births
14922:René Guénon
14912:Gohar Shahi
14848:Mulla Sadra
14772:Ibn Khaldun
14383:metaphysics
14329:(mysticism)
14311:(education)
14289:Metaphysics
14268:(dialectic)
14254:Eschatology
14231:(intellect)
14000:Rashid Rida
13848:Independent
13833:Edip Yüksel
13796:Ahle Qur'an
13747:Nazzāmīyya
13744:Ikhshīdiyya
13731:Huzaylīyya
13722:Bahshamiyya
13698:Mā’marīyya
13690:Rationalism
13640:Malamatiyya
13560:Mānsūrīyya
13506:Khaṭṭābiyya
13437:Mu'shabbiha
13397:Sābit Kutna
13330:Sawbānīyya
13314:Gassānīyya
13298:Gaylānīyya
13292:Other sects
13087:Sa'labīyyah
13084:Maymunīyyah
13061:Arbitration
12943:Khurramites
12907:Sam‘ānīyya
12680:Bābā Rexheb
12610:Shah Ismail
12430:Millî Görüş
12348:Ahl ar-Ra'y
12290:Al-Uthaymin
12211:Kullabiyya
12189:Sunni Islam
12090:Independent
11934:Sunni books
11758:Shaykh Tusi
11731:Ali al-Hadi
11721:Ali al-Rida
11658:Yasir Qadhi
11563:Al-Uthaymin
11553:Rashid Rida
11548:Al-Shawkani
11444:(Jāhizīyya)
11429:(Jubbāīyya)
11333:Jawālikīyya
11187:Ali al-Qari
11102:Al-Sarakhsi
11088:Al-Maturidi
10962:Al-Sha'rani
10942:Ibn Khaldun
10817:Al-Qushayri
10779:Theologians
10760:Metaphysics
10666:Eschatology
10633:Theologians
10558:Ibn Khaldun
10396:Ibn Masarra
10327:Joseph Albo
10312:Nachmanides
10287:Saadia Gaon
10253:John Hennon
10177:Duns Scotus
10142:Ramon Llull
10122:Bonaventure
10117:Roger Bacon
9979:Cassiodorus
9857:(1703–1792)
9851:(1701–1774)
9834:(1623–1679)
9828:(1592–1641)
9822:(1580–1624)
9805:(1352-1430)
9799:(1335–1393)
9793:(1310–1362)
9787:(1292–1350)
9781:(1305–1343)
9775:(1263–1328)
9769:(1242-1326)
9763:(1206–1295)
9740:(1230–1284)
9734:(1194–1255)
9728:(1147–1223)
9726:Ibn Qudamah
9711:(1134–1207)
9705:(1146–1203)
9693:(1116–1201)
9687:(1078–1166)
9681:(1105–1165)
9664:(1040–1119)
9658:(1013–1119)
9652:(1006–1088)
8083:Hoover 2019
8059:Hoover 2019
6578:January 29,
5947:, p. 4
5207:Schacht, J.
5203:Pellat, Ch.
5107:December 4,
5068:December 3,
4593:Tim Winter
4582:Laoust 2012
4031:January 16,
3998:January 16,
3864:شيخ الإسلام
3691:Al-Ubudiyya
3633:al-Muwafaqa
3557:Sunni Islam
3533:pantheistic
3232:Dar al-Harb
3195:dar al-`ahd
3137:Sayyid Qutb
3086:dar al-`ahd
3077:unbelievers
3036:Sayyid Qutb
2785:Sayyid Qutb
2777:Rashid Rida
2689:(d. 1762),
2647:Ibn Battūta
2632:statements.
2596:Rashid Rida
2343:Ottoman era
2124:across the
2060:Sayyid Qutb
1978:Riddah wars
1968:Kaafir Asli
1913:pre-Islamic
1801:Ghazan Khan
1769:Ghazan Khan
1767:to talk to
1694:Riddah wars
1663:Ghazan Khan
1247:Diyar Mudar
1216:Early years
1005:Ghazan Khan
681:Al-Uthaymin
666:Rashid Rida
626:Al-Shawkani
485:Sayyid Qutb
335:Taqī al-Dīn
243:Arabic name
15030:Categories
14777:Yunus Emre
14721:Ibn Sab’in
14690:Suhrawardi
14680:Ibn Tufail
14599:Al-Ghazali
14553:Apharabius
14388:psychology
14358:Avicennism
14220:(theology)
14044:Süleymancı
13952:Said Nursî
13911:Mahdavīyya
13862:Messianism
13766:Sumamīyya
13756:Hābītīyya
13649:Baba Ishak
13591:Saba'īyya
13578:Mukhāmmīsa
13569:Mughīrīyya
13556:Ghurābīyya
13518:Bāzīghiyya
13486:Bārāq Bābā
13465:Hulmānīyya
13362:Ziyādīyya
13354:Ubaydīyya
13346:Shamrīyya
13338:Sālehīyya
13322:Tūmanīyya
13306:Yūnusīyya
13267:Sauwāqīyya
13243:Hakāiqīyya
13227:Karrāmīyya
13217:Hanafiyyah
13071:Kharijites
13009:Nuktawiyya
12960:al-Muqanna
12938:Muḥammirah
12926:Abu Muslim
12922:Rezāmīyya
12897:Hārithīyya
12889:Janāhiyya
12879:Hashimiyya
12853:Kaysanites
12800:Badakhshan
12733:Qarmatians
12720:Batiniyyah
12700:Isma'ilism
12671:Demir Bābā
12666:Baktāshism
12659:Bektashism
12638:ibn Nusayr
12634:al-Khaṣībī
12618:Kul Nesîmî
12614:Pir Sultan
12519:Khalafiyya
12514:Dukayniyya
12448:Shia Islam
12390:Maturidism
12312:Madkhalism
12215:Ibn Kullab
12038:Shia books
11588:Madkhalism
11488:Najjārīyya
11378:al-Qībtī (
11352:Karramiyya
11348:Ibn Karram
11304:Mu'jassimā
11192:Al-Maydani
11182:Ali Qushji
11107:Al-Bazdawi
11083:Maturidism
11068:Al-Shafi'i
10937:Al-Baydawi
10897:Qadi Ayyad
10872:Ibn Tumart
10827:Al-Ghazali
10812:Al-Juwayni
10802:Al-Bayhaqi
10793:al-Ash'ari
10765:Philosophy
10686:Philosophy
10523:al-Qazwini
10498:Ibn Sab'in
10477:Ibn Tufayl
10431:al-Kirmani
10317:Gersonides
10307:Maimonides
9791:Ibn Muflih
9761:Ibn Hamdan
9640:(990–1066)
9615:Ibn Battah
9580:Abu Dawood
9224:1842/36935
9078:Haque 1982
8723:October 4,
8317:August 23,
8019:August 18,
7544:Index of
7200:Haque 1982
7155:Haque 1982
6999:Haque 1982
6782:Haque 1982
6770:Haque 1982
6125:Haque 1982
6014:Haque 1982
5746:Haque 1982
5583:Haque 1982
5408:Haque 1982
5265:Haque 1982
5216:Volume II:
4906:August 12,
4792:1296947160
4674:(4): 344.
4360:(2): 218.
4200:Haque 1982
3954:al-Harrani
3842:Full name
3825:References
3804:Lost works
3497:Maturidite
3481:Sufi order
3350:Ibn Muflih
3318:philosophy
2971:See also:
2880:Kadizadeli
2834:See also:
2703:revivalist
2685:(d.1690),
2651:Al-Maqrizi
2526:Ibn Muflih
2511:Al-Dhahabi
2503:Ibn Kathir
2262:Alexandria
2108:Ash'arites
1909:jahiliyyah
1897:obligatory
1863:See also:
1683:and reach
1627:See also:
1574:Ash'arites
1307:Ibn Qudama
1135:polytheism
1127:monotheism
1080:corruption
1041:Maturidism
997:theologian
795:Madkhalism
696:Ibn Jibrin
606:Ibn Muflih
596:Al-Dhahabi
591:Ibn Kathir
470:Ibn Kathir
465:al-Dhahabi
460:Ibn Muflih
441:Influenced
406:Ibn Qudama
299:Teknonymic
275:Patronymic
14838:Mir Damad
14831:17th–19th
14765:14th–16th
14731:al-Abharī
14726:Ibn Arabi
14660:Ahi Evren
14619:Bahmanyār
14378:cosmology
14363:Averroism
14296:(physics)
14242:astrology
14237:Cosmology
13972:Modernism
13904:Sabbatean
13892:Kabbalist
13870:Ahmadiyya
13801:Kala Kato
13774:Kā‘bīyya
13705:Bishriyya
13685:Muʿtazila
13618:al-Juhani
13611:Qadariyah
13481:Kalandars
13461:Hāshwīyya
13349:Abū Shamr
13282:Zarībīyya
13279:Wāhidīyya
13270:Sūramīyya
13264:Razīnīyya
13240:Dhīmmīyya
13209:Hasan ibn
13183:Wahbiyyah
13130:Abu Qurra
13056:Muhakkima
13000:Hurufiyya
12987:Mahdiists
12902:Riyāhīyya
12883:Hārbīyya
12824:Aga Khans
12819:Assassins
12782:Sulaymani
12746:ad-Darazi
12684:Hārābātīs
12601:Qizilbash
12594:Shaykhism
12470:Jarudiyya
12381:Al-Ahbash
12362:Ash'arism
12295:Al-Albani
12275:Wahhabism
12120:Ahmadiyya
12061:Al-Khisal
11971:Al-Irshad
11926:Key books
11573:Al-Albani
11541:Wahhabism
11395:Mu'tazila
11384:Qadariyah
11262:Mu'attila
11177:Ibn Kemal
11172:Khidr Bey
11052:Hanafiyah
10987:Al-Bahūtī
10982:Ibn Ashir
10947:Ibn Arafa
10842:Ibn Furak
10837:Al-Maziri
10788:Ash'arism
10755:Cosmology
10732:Cosmology
10727:Astronomy
10699:Education
10572:See also
10518:Ibn Arabi
10426:al-Biruni
10416:Miskawayh
10361:al-Nazzam
9947:Christian
9869:(d. 1831)
9842:12th/18th
9826:Al-Buhūtī
9813:11th/17th
9797:Ibn Rajab
9767:Al-Yunini
9746:(d. 1312)
9699:(d. 1202)
9646:(d. 1079)
9605:(867–941)
9191:. Brill.
9110:. Brill.
8635:249087588
8500:249087588
7772:161811279
7702:170132816
7183:, p 340.
7170:, p. 123.
7075:August 6,
6700:249087588
6659:249087588
6534:249087588
6493:249087588
6447:249087588
6406:249087588
6362:249087588
6255:249087588
5386:cite book
5226:495469475
5199:Lewis, B.
5133:August 3,
4815:March 21,
4776:. Brill.
4668:Religions
4329:145364873
4270:April 13,
3966:Citations
3519:Hanbalite
3493:Ash'arite
3483:himself.
3477:Qadiriyya
3398:syllogism
3311:Pharaonic
3309:from the
3298:Messenger
3269:Ilkhanids
3257:jāhilīyah
3124:Jahiliyya
3118:mushrikun
3018:Ilkhanate
2957:Salafiyya
2935:Ash'arite
2906:Salafiyya
2865:Salafiyya
2815:anti-Shia
2769:Wahhabism
2541:Al-Bazzar
2438:Ibn Arabi
2321:caliphate
2036:apostates
1960:Jihadists
1920:Ilkhanate
1869:Takfirism
1777:Ilkhanate
1601:Isma`ilis
1430:Hellenist
1370:Ibn Arabi
1338:Sibawayhi
1265:Education
1211:Biography
1143:Wahhabism
1088:heretical
1058:(creedal
1037:Ash'arism
835:Wahhabism
691:Al-Fawzan
686:Al-Albani
455:Ibn Rajab
426:Ibn Rushd
347:Toponymic
48:ابن تيمية
18:Taymiyyah
15086:Hanbalis
14675:Averroes
14614:Ibn Hazm
14609:Avicenna
14563:Al Amiri
14533:Al-Kindi
14526:9th–10th
14436:ʼIjtihād
14421:ʻAṣabīya
14414:Concepts
14353:Farabism
14308:Madrasah
14089:Tawakkul
14056:Tawassul
14018:Taṣawwuf
13940:doctrine
13788:Quranism
13582:Namiriya
13211:Muḥāmmad
13204:Murji'ah
12918:Rawendis
12841:Satpanth
12762:Musta'li
12757:Fatimids
12655:Hurufism
12642:Alawites
12547:Sects in
12539:Mahdiist
12475:Batriyya
12421:Deobandi
12372:Shafi'is
12307:Jihadism
12254:Salafism
12222:Hanbalis
12203:Atharism
12116:Malfūzāt
12054:Al-Amali
11651:Hazimism
11363:Murji'ah
11287:Jahmīyya
11275:Mu'jbira
10867:Ibn Aqil
10452:Ibn Hazm
10406:Al-Amiri
10275:Medieval
10182:Durandus
10049:Roscelin
9974:Boethius
9754:8th/14th
9719:7th/13th
9672:6th/12th
9662:Ibn Aqil
9625:5th/11th
9617:(d. 997)
9611:(d. 970)
9599:(d. 923)
9590:4th/10th
9582:(d. 889)
9576:(d. 872)
9187:(eds.).
8717:Archived
8687:Archived
8338:Archived
8311:Archived
8013:Archived
7900:Archived
7868:26195671
7818:. ISCA.
7556:, 2008.
7528:, 1995.
7307:Archived
7252:Archived
7098:Archived
7066:Archived
6569:Archived
6206:Archived
5761:(1881).
5716:Archived
5209:(eds.).
5127:HuffPost
5101:Archived
5062:Archived
4943:55948737
4900:Archived
4430:Archived
4366:23643961
4225:Archived
4211:Ruprecht
4025:Archived
3931:beliefs.
3487:scholar
3446:Tasawwuf
3426:al-salaf
3417:Lebanese
3328:—
3314:Atheists
3307:Jahmites
3296:and His
3289:Bedouins
3283:and the
3238:—
3171:Islamism
3129:Islamist
3066:al-Qaeda
3058:Al-Qaeda
3007:Jihadist
3003:Islamist
2989:Al Qaeda
2977:Jihadism
2973:Islamism
2855:madh'hab
2846:and the
2830:Salafism
2755:mujaddid
2726:and the
2670:scholar
2668:Maturidi
2614:scholar
2572:Hanbalis
2492:Students
2304:Al-Hilli
2197:munazara
2193:munazara
2104:Jahmites
2056:Jihadist
2052:Islamist
2046:code of
2032:Ilkhanid
1943:—
1839:—
1702:Abu Bakr
1685:Damascus
1586:Alawites
1471:Ahmad's
1334:al-Kitab
1272:Damascus
1177:al-Qaeda
1165:Islamist
1152:Mujaddid
1100:Kisrawan
1094:to wage
1060:Salafism
1045:Atharism
1001:Ilkhanid
892:al-Qaeda
830:Hazimism
785:Islamism
535:a series
532:Part of
396:Ibn Hazm
251:Personal
143:Religion
128:Damascus
76:Personal
15111:Salafis
15066:Atharis
14894:present
14456:Maslaha
14340:Schools
14327:Sufism
14211:Alchemy
14138:Shafi'i
14128:Hanbali
14094:Tewafuq
14074:Sadaqah
14035:Barelvi
14026:Ṭarīqah
13880:Qadiani
13853:beliefs
13628:Alevism
13475:Dimashq
13261:Nūnīyya
13255:Maʿīyya
13215:ibn al-
13190:Azzabas
13151:Ibadism
13139:Nukkari
13093:Azariqa
13078:Ajardi
13025:Bábīyya
12931:Sunpadh
12863:Mukhtār
12828:Nizaris
12803:Alevism
12777:Dawoodi
12767:Tayyibi
12729:Sevener
12708:Fathite
12582:Akhbari
12577:Ja'fari
12564:Twelver
12543:Shi'ite
12480:Imamate
12457:Zaydism
12408:Barelvi
12395:Hanafis
12367:Malikis
12336:Maqrizi
12285:Ibn Baz
12244:Zahiris
12006:Masnavi
11558:Ibn Baz
11372:Dimashq
11072:Shafi‘i
11002:'Illish
10737:Physics
10719:Science
10341:Islamic
10132:Vitello
10090:century
10088:13–14th
10010:century
10008:11–12th
9892:Shafi'i
9561:3rd/9th
9492:(ed.).
9088:Sources
8952:June 9,
8693:May 29,
8336:. CNN.
7764:4145798
7694:1595400
7104:May 19,
4334:June 6,
3749:Shaytan
3455:Awliyaa
3435:leader
3409:Falsafa
3323:Judaism
3302:viziers
3220:Muslims
3113:Muslims
2953:prophet
2884:Wahhabi
2773:Senussi
2660:Dhahabi
2612:Shafi'i
2583:madhabs
2577:ijtihad
2434:Ash'ari
2339:divorce
2317:Imamate
2300:Öljaitü
2147:Ash'ari
2117:Falsafa
2005:Ramadan
1938:Muslims
1805:Mamluks
1590:Shiites
1439:ijtihad
1426:Shafi'i
1322:Baibars
1129:of the
1110:of the
1066:of the
1007:at the
986:ascetic
974:scholar
805:Qutbism
676:Ibn Baz
560:, Qatar
323:Epithet
267:أَحْمَد
189:Hanbali
14486:Tawḥīd
14446:ʻIrfān
14259:Ethics
14217:Aqidah
14204:Fields
14143:Zahiri
14133:Maliki
14123:Hanafi
14099:Thawab
14079:Sunnah
14004:Other
13960:Hizmet
13924:Zikris
13895:Dönmes
13885:Lahori
13851:Muslim
13671:Rifa`i
13616:Ma'bad
13498:Tajsīm
13446:Tamsīl
13173:Ifrani
13113:Najdat
13016:Shayki
12985:Other
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