875:
1171:
proposed an escape plan. The
Lusitanians, inflamed by his speech, made him their new commander. His first act was to rescue the trapped and resisting Lusitanians whom he then commanded, first by lining up for battle with the Romans, then scattering the army as they charged. As each wave broke apart and fled in different directions to meet up at a later location, Viriathus with 1,000 chosen men held the army of 10,000 Romans in check by being in a position to attack. Once the rest of the army had fled, he and the thousand men escaped as well. Having effectively saved all of the Lusitanians soldiers, he immediately fortified the loyalty of the people around himself.
1426:
650:
1297:
1024:
553:
328:
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1178:. Since the Romans were better armed, he organized guerrilla tactics and sprang imaginative ambushes. Charging with iron spears, tridents and roars, the Lusitanians defeated Vetilius, killing 4,000 out of 10,000 soldiers, including Vetilius himself. In response, Celtiberians were hired to attack the Lusitanians, but were destroyed. After that incident, the Lusitanians clashed with the armies of
49:
867:, the surrender. The Lusitanians hoped they could at least renew the former treaty made with Atilius. Galba received the Lusitanian embassy politely, and a peace treaty was agreed on the terms proposed by him. He commanded them to leave their homes and remain in open country. The Lusitanians probably lost their city and possessions and their land would have become
892:. When the unarmed Lusitanians, among them Viriathus, were gathered together by Galba to hand over their weapons and to be split into three groups (two of the points of the treaty that had been negotiated) and allocated to new lands, the trap was sprung. With the promise that they would be given new lands they waited unaware while Galba's army
1283:, fair. The senate authorised Q. Servilius Caepio, on his request, to harass Viriathus as long as it was done secretly. The treaty was in effect for one year. During that time Q. Servilius Caepio harassed Viriathus and kept pressuring with his reports until he was authorised publicly to declare war.
755:
as well as war spoils and war prisoners who were sold as slaves. The indigenous towns had to deliver their own treasures to the Romans, which left them only with their yearly earnings to pay the taxes. In 174 BC, when
Publius Furius Philus was accused of paying very little for the cereals that Iberia
215:
Viriathus developed alliances with other Celtic groups, even far away from his usual theatres of war, inducing them to rebel against Rome. He led his army, supported by most of the
Lusitanian and Vetton tribes as well as by other Celtic and Iberian allies, to several victories over the Romans between
1170:
to fight the rebellion. He attacked a group of
Lusitanian warriors who were out foraging, and after several of them were killed, the survivors took refuge in a place that was surrounded by the Roman army. They were about to make a new agreement with the Romans when Viriathus, mistrusting the Romans,
918:
Three years after the massacre, the rebellion was on the verge of defeat when
Viriathus appeared and offered himself as leader. Through his understanding of Roman military methods he saved the rebel Lusitanians by a simple though clever escape plan. Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and
430:
A more modern current claims
Viriathus belonged to an aristocratic Lusitanian clan who were owners of cattle. For Cassius Dio, he did not pursue power or wealth, but carried on the war for the sake of military glory. His aims could then be compared to pure Roman aristocratic ideals of that time: to
795:
was the designation given to peoples who had surrendered themselves after taking up arms against the Romans. The terms offered were such that, as soon as
Atilius returned to Rome, they rebelled and broke the treaty. Then they attacked the tribes that were Roman subjects and that had sided with the
1461:
Viriathus stands as the most successful leader who ever opposed the Roman conquest in Iberia. During the course of his campaigns he was only defeated in battle against the Romans once, and from a military standpoint can be said to have been one of the most successful generals to have ever opposed
847:
Servius
Sulpicius Galba joined forces with Lucius Licinius Lucullus and together started to depopulate Lusitania. While Lucullus invaded the country from the east, Galba attacked it from the south. Unable to sustain a war on two fronts, the Lusitanian troops suffered several losses in engagements
418:
also says that
Viriathus "approved himself to be a prince" and that he said he was "lord and owner of all". His family was unknown to the Romans who were familiar with the native aristocratic warrior society. His personality and his physical and intellectual abilities as well as his skills as a
914:
Galba distributed a little of the plunder to the army and a little to his friends, the native tribes that sided with him, and kept the rest. This incited a massive rebellion, with the entire
Lusitanian tribe mustering as they waged war for three years against Rome, but met with many failures.
419:
warrior were described by several authors. He was a man of great physical strength, probably in the very prime of life, an excellent strategist, and possessor of a brilliant mind. Some authors claim that the ancient authors described Viriathus with the precise features of a Celtic king.
772:
The Lusitanians revolted first in 194 BC against the Romans. Iberia was divided between the tribes that supported Roman rule and the tribes that revolted against Roman rule, as they had been divided before by those who supported the Carthaginian and those who supported Romans.
1275:, who got himself appointed successor to his brother, Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, in the command of the army and administration of affairs in Iberia. In his reports to the Roman Senate he claimed that the treaty was in the highest degree dishonourable to Rome.
1256:, the Romans fell into a Lusitanian ambush. Viriathus did not harm the Romans and let the soldiers and Servilianus go in exchange for a peace treaty that recognised Lusitanian rule over the land they dominated. This agreement was ratified by the
1405:
claims that when Viriathus' assassins asked Quintus Servilius Caepio for their payment he answered that "it was never pleasing to the Romans, that a general should be killed by his own soldiers." Or, in a version more common in modern
343:
For he was, as is agreed by all, valiant in dangers, prudent and careful in providing whatever was necessary, and that which was most considerable of all was, that whilst he commanded he was more beloved than ever any was before
1709:
was not included in the province, since it comprised most of the territory of another province, the aforementioned Gallaecia, but like the Vettonian people in the South, the Galaic tribes living there were also related to
1462:
Rome's expansion. Ultimately, even the Romans recognized that it was more prudent to use treachery rather than open confrontation to defeat the Lusitanian uprising. Some fifty years later, the renegade Roman general
422:
He was described as a man who followed the principles of honesty and fair dealing and was acknowledged for being exact and faithful to his word on the treaties and alliances he made. Livy gives him the title of
799:
In 151 BC the Celtiberians who had become Roman allies, fearing the revenge of the rebels who considered them traitors, asked the Romans to punish the rebellious tribes who had broken out into war and that the
1128:
And, in fine, he carried on the war not for the sake of personal gain or power nor through anger, but for the sake of warlike deeds in themselves; hence he was accounted at once a lover of war and a master of
948:
1221:. Despite accomplishing the retreat of the Lusitanians in an initial victory, Aemilianus returned to Rome without having taken down Viriathus, and the Romans lost most of his reinforcements in
760:
defended the interests of the native tribes. The exploitation and extortion reached such an extreme degree in the provinces that Rome had to create a special tribunal and laws, like the
1502:
There is a street in Madrid named after him, in Chamberí neighborhood (near the metro station 'Iglesia'). The same is true of Lisbon, Zamora and many other towns in Spain and Portugal.
911:
The relocation of an entire tribe, accompanied by slaughter or their reduction to the status of slaves was a punishment often inflicted on native populations who took part in revolts.
941:
1499:, has eight red stripes, which traditionally have been associated to the eight victories of Viriathus over the Romans. The historical authenticity of this origin is disputed.
871:. The conquest of a territory, unless it had been given special conditions, could imply the acquisition, by the Romans, of the conquered territory and all that it contained.
740:, "speaking of the natural wealth of Lusitania , tells us that owing to the favorable climate both men and animals are very prolific, and the land is constantly productive."
1478:
Viriathus became an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries. In his epic poem
149:
934:
2344:
1446:
would finally give the Lusitanians the land they originally had asked for before the massacre. Nevertheless, total pacification of Lusitania was only achieved under
776:
This period was marked by a number of broken treaties either by the Roman generals, or their senate, that would not ratify the treaties, or by the native people.
1769:
796:
Romans in helping to attack and plunder the Lusitanian towns. Possibly the Lusitanians recovered some of the booty the Romans had divided with those tribes.
2250:
1183:
1249:
681:. This began Roman involvement in 250 years of subsequent fighting throughout Iberia, resulting in its eventual conquest in 19 BC with the end of the
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1179:
1167:
780:
2007:
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1831:
2206:
1843:
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Nothing is known about Viriathus until his first feat of war in 149 BC. He was with an army of ten thousand men that invaded southern
1175:
2327:
1272:
1222:
829:
751:
and a certain quantity of cereals. Taxes were not the only source of income; mine exploitation and peace treaties were a source of
1279:
seemed to have a different opinion as he writes it was a stain on Servilianus' military career but comments that the treaty was,
958:
844:
tribe, after which he ordered his men to kill all the tribe's adult males, of which it is said only a few out of 30,000 escaped.
821:
692:
Rome's dominion of Iberia met with much opposition. In 197 BC, Rome divided the southeastern coast of Iberia into two provinces,
401:
2032:
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and commander of an army. In the year 151 BC, Lucullus "being greedy of fame and needing money", made a peace treaty with the
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2049:
1993:
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were sent in and began to massacre all the males of military age. The survivors are said to have been sold into slavery in
295:(pronounced "wee-ree", coming from the Indo-European root above) meaning man, hero, person of courage, honor, and nobility.
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2370:
874:
1361:
1088:
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serve and gain military glory and honor. Viriathus did not fight for war spoils or material gain, like common soldiers.
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Little is known about Viriathus. The only reference to the location of his native tribe was made by the Greek historian
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2106:
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Most of his life and his war against the Romans are part of legend and Viriathus is considered the earliest Portuguese
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1333:
1060:
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He belonged to the class of warriors, the occupation of the minority ruling elites. He was known to the Romans as the
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2481:
2463:
2448:
2433:
2090:
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1787:
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described him as a shepherd who became a hunter, then a soldier, thus following the path of most young warriors, the
2155:
1971:
1523:
1877:
1340:
1067:
596:
2527:
1318:
1045:
574:
138:
1903:
1798:
486:, given the fact that he was the leader of the confederate tribes of Iberia who resisted Rome. The historian
1532:
1347:
1074:
603:
507:
53:
31:
1624:
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There are several possible etymologies for the name Viriathus. The name can be composed of two elements:
2170:
1314:
1041:
570:
1329:
1056:
585:
1729:
2522:
1619:
1414:, that "Rome does not pay traitors who kill their chief". Quintus Servilius Caepio was refused his
248:
220:
said, "It seemed as if, in that thoroughly prosaic age, one of the Homeric heroes had reappeared."
17:
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524:, mentions a former Viriathus who would have been a contemporary of Hannibal. He is referenced as
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1536:
1485:
1307:
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1136:
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563:
245:
2422:
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Knowing that the Lusitanian resistance was largely due to Viriathus' leadership, Caepio bribed
985:
2251:
His+ania Epigraphica. Tratado de rendición (deditio) de un pueblo lusitano a L. Caelius, Imp.
1854:
1402:
1214:
981:
893:
1972:
The Rhetoric of Gender Terms: 'man', 'woman', and the Portrayal of Character in Latin Prose.
1820:
1540:
1245:
caused many problems in Rome, the most notable being a drop in legionary recruitment rates.
498:, Roman History), commented that Viriathus "killed numerous Romans and showed great skill".
2517:
2261:
1809:
1644:
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860:
to Galba to negotiate a peace treaty, although for the Romans it would be perceived as the
411:
Two years after the massacre, in 148 BC, Viriathus became the leader of a Lusitanian army.
278:
1982:
926:
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with the implied qualities that were nothing more than the ideals of the ancient virtues.
8:
1698:
853:
476:
177:
1705:. Its eastern frontier reached the proximities of Toletum, in central Hispania. Current
1553:
1401:). These ambassadors returned to their camp and killed Viriathus while he was sleeping.
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2079:
1528:
1354:
1234:
1081:
792:
719:
610:
124:
2075:
1960:
1946:
1429:
2492:
2477:
2459:
2444:
2429:
2235:
2195:
2128:
2055:
1754:
1563:" (2016) features the story of Viriathus in its first episode entitled "Resistance".
1560:
1463:
1190:, all of whom were defeated. During this period Viriathus inspired and convinced the
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817:
697:
693:
678:
662:
457:
216:
147 BC and 139 BC before being betrayed by them and murdered while sleeping. Of him,
119:
2029:
2018:
1436:
After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians kept fighting under the leadership of
2221:
1238:
1153:
977:
972:
882:
711:
666:
472:
468:
415:
357:
349:
255:
181:
258:*uiro- 'man'; and the older forms viros, viri, viro, viron from which derived the
2345:"La bandera de Zamora es única en España: esta es la historia de la Seña Bermeja"
2094:
2036:
1706:
1006:
682:
513:
282:
217:
1935:
1233:. This gave the Lusitanians access to what is today's Spanish territory, modern
1649:
1585:
1261:
1226:
1121:
991:
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The treaty turned out to be a trap, like the one Lucullus had prepared for the
757:
686:
658:
316:
205:
193:
113:
2142:
1480:
300:
It is cognate to the Welsh name Gwriad and possibly to the Irish name Ferdiad.
2506:
1669:
1492:
1467:
1415:
1253:
1242:
1001:
996:
761:
142:
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1419:
1257:
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caused much grief to the Romans in revenge for the massacre of his people.
801:
707:
380:
1846:
La organización socio-política de los Populi del Noroeste de la Península.
1917:
1145:
725:
but remaining an autonomous (Greek: αὐτονόμων) country through treaties (
710:. As with many other tribes of Iberia, the inhabitants of the Lusitanian
453:
189:
185:
92:
1552:(2010–2012) is loosely based on his life and exploits. He was played by
649:
1509:
1321: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1149:, when the fighting involved small groups of combatants and the use of
1135:
The war with Viriathus was called "War of Fire" by the Greek historian
1048: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
825:
577: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
491:
2030:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 887 (v. 3)
414:
Viriathus was thought by some to have a very obscure origin, although
2019:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 85 (v. 2)
1702:
1694:
1664:
1654:
1634:
1614:
1506:
1160:
1150:
788:
517:
483:
375:
259:
209:
74:
1296:
1156:. For many authors Viriathus is the model of the guerrilla fighter.
1023:
552:
535:
The historical Viriathus would be the one who received the title of
2144:
Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales.
1690:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1407:
1397:, who had been sent by Viriathus as an embassy to establish peace (
1230:
1191:
752:
733:
674:
670:
529:
487:
336:
327:
197:
157:
360:, who claims he was from the Lusitanian tribes of the ocean side.
1629:
1604:
1210:
1206:
862:
857:
841:
813:
702:
2487:
Silva, Luis: "Viriathus and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome",
1832:
Flori Epitome de Tito Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC, XXXIII.
1454:, Lusitania and its people gradually acquired Roman culture and
2196:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The Ancient Library.
1659:
1639:
1443:
1398:
743:
The Romans charged the native tribes with heavy taxes: a fixed
397:
201:
1248:
Learning of these events, Rome sent one of its best generals,
308:, meaning the 'highest man' and the Latin equivalent would be
1936:
Historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian. p. 543 to p. 620
1535:, are told by a Portuguese lieutenant to his man, during the
1455:
1411:
1241:. The results of Viriathus's efforts as well as those of the
897:
849:
689:
is one of the most well documented episodes of the conquest.
448:
393:, who devoted themselves to cattle raiding, hunting and war.
332:
289:
153:
146:
2265:, Publicación y difusión electrónica Universidade de Sevilla
2008:
The Dynamic Society: Exploring the Sources of Global Change.
1276:
956:
905:
386:
408:, the flower of the young Lusitanian warriors, in 150 BC.
48:
2278:
Bandits in the roman army. Guerrilla leaders as latrones.
1788:
Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times.
1689:
This Roman province spread over areas comprising most of
365:
30:
For the military leader during the Second Punic War, see
1174:
Viriathus organized an attack against Caius Vetilius in
1732:"...the most of the Lusitanians are called Callaicans."
2426:
História de Portugal I — A Formação do Território
1996:
Temples, Religion, and Politics in the Roman Republic.
779:
In 152 BC the Lusitanians made a peace agreement with
732:
Lusitania's rich land was praised by ancient authors.
1810:
The greatness and decline of the Celts. Hubert, Henry
1922:
Roman History, Fragments of Books XXII through XXIX.
1575:
1271:
However, the peace brought by the treaty displeased
1260:
and Viriathus was declared "amicus populi Romani", (
1201:
To complete the subjugation of Lusitania, Rome sent
856:
would cause in their towns, the Lusitanians sent an
653:
Map of Viriathus' campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula
1772:The Glories of Ireland, Irish Language and Letters
669:, when the senate sent an army to Iberia to block
463:Some authors assert that he was probably from the
1139:. Two types of war were carried on by Viriathus,
251:*uiros, "man", relating to strength and virility;
212:would be finally established after the conquest.
2504:
2263:El Poblamiento Turdetano en el Bajo Guadalquivir
1783:
1781:
665:. The Roman conquest of Iberia began during the
542:
400:, Viriathus was one of the few who escaped when
539:, the "magnanimous ruler of the Iberian land".
501:
922:
807:
379:, probably of the confederated Lusitanian and
1778:
942:
900:, to prevent them from escaping. Afterwards,
2304:"Appian's History of Rome: The Spanish Wars"
1961:TITI LIVI AB URBE CONDITA LIBER LIV PERIOCHA
2158:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1931:
1929:
1512:was named Viriato in 2019 after Viriathus.
434:The Lusitanians honored Viriathus as their
2131:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.
1143:('war'), when he used a regular army, and
949:
935:
47:
2368:
2238:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1381:Learn how and when to remove this message
1108:Learn how and when to remove this message
828:in Iberia c.150 BC, and at the same time
804:should remain in Iberia to protect them.
637:Learn how and when to remove this message
494:in his book about Iberia (in the section
2047:
1926:
1878:War and Society in the Celtiberian World
1424:
873:
648:
326:
27:Lusitanian leader and rebel (d. 139 BCE)
2369:Domínguez, Rubén Sánchez (2021-05-09).
2342:
1956:
1954:
1693:(the northernmost part was included in
960:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
188:) was the most important leader of the
14:
2505:
1730:Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 3
1515:
1432:'s painting of the death of Viriathus.
196:expansion into the regions of western
930:
281:"twisted armbands" used by warriors (
204:(as the Greeks called it), where the
200:(as the Romans called it) or western
2291:The book of versions. On friendship.
2224:Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.
1951:
1491:The flag of the Spanish province of
1319:adding citations to reliable sources
1290:
1046:adding citations to reliable sources
1017:
575:adding citations to reliable sources
546:
404:, the Roman governor, massacred the
1911:
24:
2415:
1531:, that depicts, episodes from the
1250:Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus
756:was compelled to deliver to Rome,
537:regnator Hiberae magnanimus terrae
471:), in the heart of Lusitania, (in
456:honorifics used by kings like the
373:(protector) of Hispania, or as an
322:
25:
2539:
1906:Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium
1821:Eutropii Breviarium Liber Quartus
1799:The romanization of central Spain
1203:Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus
304:The Celtic elite used the title
2048:Vilatela, Luciano Pérez (2000).
1578:
1524:No, or the Vain Glory of Command
1295:
1268:), an ally of the Roman people.
1022:
848:with the Romans. Fearing a long
551:
2388:
2371:"A vueltas con la Seña Bermeja"
2362:
2336:
2321:
2296:
2283:
2269:
2255:
2244:
2229:
2215:
2209:Histories. The Celtiberian Wars
2200:
2189:
2178:
2164:
2149:
2136:
2122:
2118:Lusitania: Historia y etnología
2111:
2100:
2084:
2068:
2051:Lusitania: Historia y etnología
2041:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1987:
1976:
1965:
1947:Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
1940:
1897:
1882:
1871:
1836:
1825:
1488:exalts Viriathus' great deeds.
1306:needs additional citations for
1033:needs additional citations for
787:, Lusitania's biggest city. In
562:needs additional citations for
369:of the Lusitanian army, as the
319:, Viriathus had a Celtic name.
2458:Ésquilo, 2003 (third edition;
2456:Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade
2443:Ésquilo, 2000 (third edition;
1814:
1803:
1792:
1763:
1748:
1735:
1723:
1683:
1546:The Spanish television series
832:was appointed Governor of the
13:
1:
2491:, South Yorkshire, UK, 2013 (
2343:Serrano, Diana (2022-09-03).
1717:
1543:played the part of Viriathus.
1470:, would meet a similar fate.
1217:who was a personal friend of
1198:to rebel against Roman rule.
706:were assigned to command the
543:Conquest of Lusitania by Rome
2441:Portugal, Terra de Mistérios
2330:Abridgement of Roman History
1743:The History Of Rome, Book IV
1533:military history of Portugal
673:reinforcements from helping
661:started its conquest of the
508:Viriathus (Second Punic War)
502:Viriathus of Silius Italicus
223:
32:Viriathus (Second Punic War)
7:
1625:Bato (Daesitiate chieftain)
1571:
1395:Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus
1219:Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
808:Massacre of the Lusitanians
315:According to the historian
10:
2544:
2476:; Lisboa: Bertrand, 2004 (
1119:
767:
718:, would have been granted
528:, and was a leader of the
505:
29:
2439:Loução, Paulo Alexandre:
2074:Punica, Silius Italicus,
1473:
1466:, at the head of another
1265:
968:
134:
106:
98:
88:
80:
70:
60:
46:
39:
2470:Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
2454:Muñoz, Maurício Pastor:
2097:edition in Latin of 1791
1676:
1620:Battle of Baduhenna Wood
1286:
1273:Quintus Servilius Caepio
852:and the destruction the
830:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
532:and of the Lusitanians.
512:It has been argued that
1559:The History Channel's "
1537:Portuguese Colonial War
1521:In the Portuguese film
1137:Polybius of Megalopolis
822:Servius Sulpicius Galba
657:In the 3rd century BC,
331:Statue of Viriathus in
1468:insurrection in Iberia
1433:
1166:Rome sent the praetor
1133:
885:
654:
526:primo Viriatus in aeuo
354:
339:
2528:2nd-century BC rebels
2423:Saraiva, José Hermano
2396:"2019 Approved Names"
1428:
1215:Gaius Laelius Sapiens
1125:
879:The Oath of Viriathus
877:
783:, after he conquered
652:
341:
330:
99:Years of service
2421:Ribeiro, Ângelo and
2375:La Opinión de Zamora
1701:and the province of
1645:Gaius Julius Civilis
1549:Hispania, la leyenda
1527:(1990), directed by
1315:improve this article
1042:improve this article
571:improve this article
1516:Film and television
1440:(Greek: Τάυταλος).
854:Roman siege engines
793:peregrini dediticii
764:created in 149 BC.
2276:Thomas Grunewald,
2035:2008-04-16 at the
1893:, ed. Horace White
1541:Luís Miguel Cintra
1529:Manoel de Oliveira
1486:Luís Vaz de Camões
1434:
1252:, to Iberia. Near
886:
700:, and two elected
655:
340:
125:Raid of Carpetania
1844:"Marco Quintela,
1757:O nome de Viriato
1741:Theodor Mommsen,
1567:played Viriathus.
1561:Barbarians Rising
1464:Quintus Sertorius
1391:
1390:
1383:
1365:
1184:Claudius Unimanus
1118:
1117:
1110:
1092:
1015:
1014:
923:The "War of Fire"
834:Hispania Citerior
818:Hispania Ulterior
747:or land-tax, the
698:Hispania Ulterior
694:Hispania Citerior
679:Italian Peninsula
663:Iberian Peninsula
647:
646:
639:
621:
425:vir duxque magnus
190:Lusitanian people
163:
162:
150:Statue of Viriato
139:Statue of Viriato
120:Battle of Tribola
65:Viriato, Viriatus
16:(Redirected from
2535:
2428:QuidNovi, 2004 (
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2306:. Archived from
2300:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2204:
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2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
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2120:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:The Spanish Wars
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1853:. Archived from
1852:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1711:
1687:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1554:Roberto Enríquez
1386:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1323:
1299:
1291:
1267:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1050:
1026:
1018:
978:Celtiberian Wars
973:Second Punic War
963:
961:
951:
944:
937:
928:
927:
883:Vieira Portuense
667:Second Punic War
642:
635:
631:
628:
622:
620:
579:
555:
547:
473:central Portugal
469:Serra da Estrela
416:Diodorus Siculus
358:Diodorus Siculus
352:
350:Diodorus Siculus
54:Statue in Zamora
51:
37:
36:
21:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2523:Celtic warriors
2503:
2502:
2489:Pen & Sword
2418:
2416:Further reading
2413:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2341:
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2230:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2190:
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2179:
2169:
2165:
2160:, London, 1875.
2154:
2150:
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2137:
2127:
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2112:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2037:Wayback Machine
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1916:
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1904:Valeri Maximi,
1902:
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1764:
1755:Armando Silva,
1753:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1518:
1497:la seña bermeja
1476:
1430:José de Madrazo
1387:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1300:
1289:
1266:Rhômaiôn philos
1124:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1007:Cantabrian Wars
964:
959:
957:
955:
925:
810:
770:
683:Cantabrian Wars
643:
632:
626:
623:
580:
578:
568:
556:
545:
514:Silius Italicus
510:
504:
496:Historia Romana
406:flos iuventutis
353:
348:
325:
323:Viriathus' life
240:may come from:
226:
218:Theodor Mommsen
102:147 BC – 139 BC
66:
56:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2541:
2531:
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2254:
2243:
2228:
2214:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2163:
2148:
2135:
2121:
2110:
2107:España Sagrada
2099:
2083:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1986:
1975:
1964:
1950:
1939:
1925:
1910:
1896:
1881:
1870:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1777:
1770:Douglas Hyde,
1762:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
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1662:
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1652:
1650:John of Gothia
1647:
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1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:History portal
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:Jefferson Hall
1557:
1544:
1517:
1514:
1475:
1472:
1389:
1388:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1213:to strengthen
1205:, with 15,000
1188:Gaius Negidius
1180:Gaius Plautius
1168:Caius Vetilius
1122:Lusitanian War
1120:Main article:
1116:
1115:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Lusitanian War
989:
975:
969:
966:
965:
954:
953:
946:
939:
931:
924:
921:
902:Roman soldiers
824:commanded the
809:
806:
781:Marcus Atilius
769:
766:
687:Lusitanian War
645:
644:
559:
557:
550:
544:
541:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
465:Herminius Mons
346:
324:
321:
302:
301:
297:
296:
286:
267:
262:word for man,
252:
225:
222:
206:Roman province
192:that resisted
168:(also spelled
161:
160:
136:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
114:Lusitanian War
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
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90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
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68:
67:
64:
62:
58:
57:
52:
44:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2540:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:139 BC deaths
2511:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2497:9781781591284
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:972-25-1329-X
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:972-8605-23-4
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:972-8605-04-8
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:989-554-106-6
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2401:
2400:NameExoworlds
2397:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2310:on 2015-11-18
2309:
2305:
2299:
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2258:
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2210:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2156:John Murray,
2152:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2061:9788489512689
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1860:on 2010-04-08
1856:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1671:
1670:Vercingetorix
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
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1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1371:November 2023
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332: –
1331:
1327:
1326:Find sources:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:This section
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Sierra Morena
1251:
1246:
1244:
1243:Numantine War
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:~ Cassius Dio
1130:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1098:November 2023
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059: –
1058:
1054:
1053:Find sources:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1031:This section
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Sertorian War
1000:
998:
997:Numantine War
995:
993:
990:
987:
983:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
962:
952:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
932:
929:
920:
916:
912:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
869:Ager Publicus
866:
864:
859:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
805:
803:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
765:
763:
762:Lex Calpurnia
759:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
641:
638:
630:
627:November 2023
619:
616:
612:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588: –
587:
583:
582:Find sources:
576:
572:
566:
565:
560:This section
558:
554:
549:
548:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:national hero
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
452:), typically
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
432:
428:
426:
420:
417:
412:
409:
407:
403:
399:
396:According to
394:
392:
388:
384:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
361:
359:
351:
345:
338:
334:
329:
320:
318:
313:
311:
307:
306:uiros ueramos
299:
298:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:-, as in the
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
247:
246:Indo-European
243:
242:
241:
239:
235:
231:
221:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
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167:
159:
155:
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144:
140:
137:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
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116:
115:
111:
110:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
63:
59:
55:
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19:
2488:
2473:
2455:
2440:
2425:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:
2390:
2379:. Retrieved
2377:(in Spanish)
2374:
2364:
2353:. Retrieved
2351:(in Spanish)
2348:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2257:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2025:
2014:
2003:
1995:
1994:Eric Orlin,
1989:
1983:Ciência Hoje
1978:
1967:
1942:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1873:
1862:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1845:
1838:
1827:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1685:
1547:
1522:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1479:
1477:
1460:
1442:
1435:
1392:
1377:
1368:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1325:
1313:Please help
1308:verification
1305:
1280:
1270:
1258:Roman Senate
1247:
1200:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1104:
1095:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1052:
1040:Please help
1035:verification
1032:
917:
913:
910:
896:them with a
889:
887:
878:
868:
861:
846:
837:
826:Roman troops
811:
798:
784:
778:
775:
771:
748:
744:
742:
737:
731:
726:
723:stipendiaria
722:
715:
701:
691:
671:Carthaginian
656:
633:
624:
614:
607:
600:
593:
581:
569:Please help
564:verification
561:
536:
534:
525:
521:
511:
495:
481:
464:
462:
447:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
424:
421:
413:
410:
405:
395:
390:
385:
374:
370:
364:
362:
355:
342:
314:
309:
305:
303:
292:
274:
270:
263:
237:
233:
229:
227:
214:
173:
169:
165:
164:
112:
107:Battles/wars
2518:Lusitanians
2328:Eutropius,
1918:Cassius Dio
1699:Extremadura
1539:(1961–74).
1481:Os Lusíadas
1330:"Viriathus"
1146:latrocinium
1057:"Viriathus"
881:, c. 1799,
865:in dicionem
586:"Viriathus"
454:Hellenistic
381:Celtiberian
285:XXIII, 39);
279:Celtiberian
184:; died 139
172:; known as
61:Native name
2507:Categories
2405:2023-09-23
2381:2023-10-18
2355:2023-10-17
2349:El Español
2332:, Book IV.
2314:2020-03-26
2222:Seyffert,
2211:, Book 35.
2207:Polybius,
2173:Histories.
2171:Polybius,
1864:2007-10-14
1718:References
1697:), all of
1510:HD 45652 b
1452:Roman rule
1341:newspapers
1209:and 2,000
1161:Turdetania
1068:newspapers
894:surrounded
597:newspapers
492:Alexandria
477:Beira Alta
438:, (Greek:
436:Benefactor
310:summus vir
178:Portuguese
89:Allegiance
2076:Liber III
1703:Salamanca
1695:Gallaecia
1665:Tribigild
1655:Spartacus
1635:Fritigern
1615:Autaritus
1495:, called
1403:Eutropius
1194:and some
1192:Numantine
1151:guerrilla
840:, of the
789:Roman law
785:Oxthracae
738:Histories
720:peregrina
520:entitled
518:epic poem
516:, in his
475:) or the
458:Ptolemies
440:euergetes
376:imperator
260:Old Irish
224:Etymology
210:Lusitania
166:Viriathus
135:Memorials
93:Lusitania
75:Lusitania
41:Viriathus
2474:Viriato
2240:, p. 40.
2033:Archived
1889:Appian,
1691:Portugal
1610:Arminius
1600:Alaric I
1595:Ambiorix
1572:See also
1456:language
1450:. Under
1448:Augustus
1438:Tautalus
1408:Portugal
1231:Alentejo
1207:soldiers
753:denarius
749:tributum
745:vectigal
734:Polybius
716:citanias
703:praetors
675:Hannibal
530:Gallaeci
488:Appianus
479:region.
446:(Greek:
391:iuventus
383:tribes.
371:adsertor
347:—
337:Portugal
317:Schulten
198:Hispania
170:Viriatus
158:Portugal
18:Viriatus
2236:Smith,
2129:Smith,
1707:Galicia
1630:Boudica
1605:Ardaric
1418:by the
1416:Triumph
1355:scholar
1235:Granada
1211:cavalry
1176:Tribola
1154:tactics
1082:scholar
890:Caucaei
863:Deditio
858:embassy
842:Vaccaei
838:Caucaei
814:praetor
802:legions
768:Revolts
736:in his
712:castros
708:legions
677:in the
611:scholar
442:), and
182:Spanish
174:Viriato
2495:
2480:
2462:
2447:
2432:
2095:German
2091:Punica
2058:
1660:Totila
1640:Gainas
1507:planet
1493:Zamora
1474:Legacy
1444:Laenas
1420:Senate
1399:Appian
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1281:aequis
1239:Murcia
1223:Ossuma
1141:bellum
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
986:Second
727:foedus
685:. The
613:
606:
599:
592:
584:
522:Punica
444:Savior
398:Appian
275:viriae
269:from *
256:Celtic
202:Iberia
143:Zamora
84:139 BC
1858:(PDF)
1851:(PDF)
1745:p.22.
1710:them.
1677:Notes
1412:Spain
1362:JSTOR
1348:books
1287:Death
1262:Greek
1225:and
1196:Gauls
1089:JSTOR
1075:books
982:First
898:ditch
850:siege
714:, or
618:JSTOR
604:books
449:soter
402:Galba
333:Viseu
290:Latin
283:Pliny
234:Athus
194:Roman
154:Viseu
152:, at
147:Spain
141:, at
2493:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2078:and
2056:ISBN
1505:The
1410:and
1334:news
1277:Livy
1237:and
1227:Beja
1186:and
1129:war.
1061:news
906:Gaul
812:The
758:Cato
696:and
659:Rome
590:news
387:Livy
344:him.
293:viri
288:the
254:the
249:root
244:the
238:Viri
232:and
230:Viri
180:and
81:Died
71:Born
1317:by
1229:in
1044:by
816:of
729:).
573:by
490:of
366:dux
277:or
271:uei
264:fir
208:of
176:in
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2054:.
1953:^
1928:^
1920:,
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186:BC
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1352:·
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608:·
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