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proposed an escape plan. The
Lusitanians, inflamed by his speech, made him their new commander. His first act was to rescue the trapped and resisting Lusitanians whom he then commanded, first by lining up for battle with the Romans, then scattering the army as they charged. As each wave broke apart and fled in different directions to meet up at a later location, Viriathus with 1,000 chosen men held the army of 10,000 Romans in check by being in a position to attack. Once the rest of the army had fled, he and the thousand men escaped as well. Having effectively saved all of the Lusitanians soldiers, he immediately fortified the loyalty of the people around himself.
1415:
639:
1286:
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542:
317:
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1167:. Since the Romans were better armed, he organized guerrilla tactics and sprang imaginative ambushes. Charging with iron spears, tridents and roars, the Lusitanians defeated Vetilius, killing 4,000 out of 10,000 soldiers, including Vetilius himself. In response, Celtiberians were hired to attack the Lusitanians, but were destroyed. After that incident, the Lusitanians clashed with the armies of
38:
856:, the surrender. The Lusitanians hoped they could at least renew the former treaty made with Atilius. Galba received the Lusitanian embassy politely, and a peace treaty was agreed on the terms proposed by him. He commanded them to leave their homes and remain in open country. The Lusitanians probably lost their city and possessions and their land would have become
881:. When the unarmed Lusitanians, among them Viriathus, were gathered together by Galba to hand over their weapons and to be split into three groups (two of the points of the treaty that had been negotiated) and allocated to new lands, the trap was sprung. With the promise that they would be given new lands they waited unaware while Galba's army
1272:, fair. The senate authorised Q. Servilius Caepio, on his request, to harass Viriathus as long as it was done secretly. The treaty was in effect for one year. During that time Q. Servilius Caepio harassed Viriathus and kept pressuring with his reports until he was authorised publicly to declare war.
744:
as well as war spoils and war prisoners who were sold as slaves. The indigenous towns had to deliver their own treasures to the Romans, which left them only with their yearly earnings to pay the taxes. In 174 BC, when
Publius Furius Philus was accused of paying very little for the cereals that Iberia
204:
Viriathus developed alliances with other Celtic groups, even far away from his usual theatres of war, inducing them to rebel against Rome. He led his army, supported by most of the
Lusitanian and Vetton tribes as well as by other Celtic and Iberian allies, to several victories over the Romans between
1159:
to fight the rebellion. He attacked a group of
Lusitanian warriors who were out foraging, and after several of them were killed, the survivors took refuge in a place that was surrounded by the Roman army. They were about to make a new agreement with the Romans when Viriathus, mistrusting the Romans,
907:
Three years after the massacre, the rebellion was on the verge of defeat when
Viriathus appeared and offered himself as leader. Through his understanding of Roman military methods he saved the rebel Lusitanians by a simple though clever escape plan. Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and
419:
A more modern current claims
Viriathus belonged to an aristocratic Lusitanian clan who were owners of cattle. For Cassius Dio, he did not pursue power or wealth, but carried on the war for the sake of military glory. His aims could then be compared to pure Roman aristocratic ideals of that time: to
784:
was the designation given to peoples who had surrendered themselves after taking up arms against the Romans. The terms offered were such that, as soon as
Atilius returned to Rome, they rebelled and broke the treaty. Then they attacked the tribes that were Roman subjects and that had sided with the
1450:
Viriathus stands as the most successful leader who ever opposed the Roman conquest in Iberia. During the course of his campaigns he was only defeated in battle against the Romans once, and from a military standpoint can be said to have been one of the most successful generals to have ever opposed
836:
Servius
Sulpicius Galba joined forces with Lucius Licinius Lucullus and together started to depopulate Lusitania. While Lucullus invaded the country from the east, Galba attacked it from the south. Unable to sustain a war on two fronts, the Lusitanian troops suffered several losses in engagements
407:
also says that
Viriathus "approved himself to be a prince" and that he said he was "lord and owner of all". His family was unknown to the Romans who were familiar with the native aristocratic warrior society. His personality and his physical and intellectual abilities as well as his skills as a
903:
Galba distributed a little of the plunder to the army and a little to his friends, the native tribes that sided with him, and kept the rest. This incited a massive rebellion, with the entire
Lusitanian tribe mustering as they waged war for three years against Rome, but met with many failures.
408:
warrior were described by several authors. He was a man of great physical strength, probably in the very prime of life, an excellent strategist, and possessor of a brilliant mind. Some authors claim that the ancient authors described Viriathus with the precise features of a Celtic king.
761:
The Lusitanians revolted first in 194 BC against the Romans. Iberia was divided between the tribes that supported Roman rule and the tribes that revolted against Roman rule, as they had been divided before by those who supported the Carthaginian and those who supported Romans.
1264:, who got himself appointed successor to his brother, Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, in the command of the army and administration of affairs in Iberia. In his reports to the Roman Senate he claimed that the treaty was in the highest degree dishonourable to Rome.
1245:, the Romans fell into a Lusitanian ambush. Viriathus did not harm the Romans and let the soldiers and Servilianus go in exchange for a peace treaty that recognised Lusitanian rule over the land they dominated. This agreement was ratified by the
1394:
claims that when Viriathus' assassins asked Quintus Servilius Caepio for their payment he answered that "it was never pleasing to the Romans, that a general should be killed by his own soldiers." Or, in a version more common in modern
332:
For he was, as is agreed by all, valiant in dangers, prudent and careful in providing whatever was necessary, and that which was most considerable of all was, that whilst he commanded he was more beloved than ever any was before
1698:
was not included in the province, since it comprised most of the territory of another province, the aforementioned Gallaecia, but like the Vettonian people in the South, the Galaic tribes living there were also related to
1451:
Rome's expansion. Ultimately, even the Romans recognized that it was more prudent to use treachery rather than open confrontation to defeat the Lusitanian uprising. Some fifty years later, the renegade Roman general
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He was described as a man who followed the principles of honesty and fair dealing and was acknowledged for being exact and faithful to his word on the treaties and alliances he made. Livy gives him the title of
788:
In 151 BC the Celtiberians who had become Roman allies, fearing the revenge of the rebels who considered them traitors, asked the Romans to punish the rebellious tribes who had broken out into war and that the
1117:
And, in fine, he carried on the war not for the sake of personal gain or power nor through anger, but for the sake of warlike deeds in themselves; hence he was accounted at once a lover of war and a master of
937:
1210:. Despite accomplishing the retreat of the Lusitanians in an initial victory, Aemilianus returned to Rome without having taken down Viriathus, and the Romans lost most of his reinforcements in
749:
defended the interests of the native tribes. The exploitation and extortion reached such an extreme degree in the provinces that Rome had to create a special tribunal and laws, like the
1491:
There is a street in Madrid named after him, in Chamberí neighborhood (near the metro station 'Iglesia'). The same is true of Lisbon, Zamora and many other towns in Spain and Portugal.
900:
The relocation of an entire tribe, accompanied by slaughter or their reduction to the status of slaves was a punishment often inflicted on native populations who took part in revolts.
930:
1488:, has eight red stripes, which traditionally have been associated to the eight victories of Viriathus over the Romans. The historical authenticity of this origin is disputed.
860:. The conquest of a territory, unless it had been given special conditions, could imply the acquisition, by the Romans, of the conquered territory and all that it contained.
729:, "speaking of the natural wealth of Lusitania , tells us that owing to the favorable climate both men and animals are very prolific, and the land is constantly productive."
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Viriathus became an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries. In his epic poem
138:
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2333:
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would finally give the Lusitanians the land they originally had asked for before the massacre. Nevertheless, total pacification of Lusitania was only achieved under
765:
This period was marked by a number of broken treaties either by the Roman generals, or their senate, that would not ratify the treaties, or by the native people.
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785:
Romans in helping to attack and plunder the Lusitanian towns. Possibly the Lusitanians recovered some of the booty the Romans had divided with those tribes.
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1172:
1238:
670:. This began Roman involvement in 250 years of subsequent fighting throughout Iberia, resulting in its eventual conquest in 19 BC with the end of the
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Nothing is known about Viriathus until his first feat of war in 149 BC. He was with an army of ten thousand men that invaded southern
1164:
2316:
1261:
1211:
818:
740:
and a certain quantity of cereals. Taxes were not the only source of income; mine exploitation and peace treaties were a source of
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seemed to have a different opinion as he writes it was a stain on Servilianus' military career but comments that the treaty was,
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833:
tribe, after which he ordered his men to kill all the tribe's adult males, of which it is said only a few out of 30,000 escaped.
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Rome's dominion of Iberia met with much opposition. In 197 BC, Rome divided the southeastern coast of Iberia into two provinces,
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and commander of an army. In the year 151 BC, Lucullus "being greedy of fame and needing money", made a peace treaty with the
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1982:
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were sent in and began to massacre all the males of military age. The survivors are said to have been sold into slavery in
284:(pronounced "wee-ree", coming from the Indo-European root above) meaning man, hero, person of courage, honor, and nobility.
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863:
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serve and gain military glory and honor. Viriathus did not fight for war spoils or material gain, like common soldiers.
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Little is known about Viriathus. The only reference to the location of his native tribe was made by the Greek historian
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Most of his life and his war against the Romans are part of legend and Viriathus is considered the earliest Portuguese
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He belonged to the class of warriors, the occupation of the minority ruling elites. He was known to the Romans as the
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described him as a shepherd who became a hunter, then a soldier, thus following the path of most young warriors, the
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1307:
1034:
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475:, given the fact that he was the leader of the confederate tribes of Iberia who resisted Rome. The historian
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1336:
1063:
592:
496:
42:
20:
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There are several possible etymologies for the name Viriathus. The name can be composed of two elements:
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1303:
1030:
559:
1318:
1045:
574:
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1403:, that "Rome does not pay traitors who kill their chief". Quintus Servilius Caepio was refused his
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said, "It seemed as if, in that thoroughly prosaic age, one of the Homeric heroes had reappeared."
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513:, mentions a former Viriathus who would have been a contemporary of Hannibal. He is referenced as
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Knowing that the Lusitanian resistance was largely due to Viriathus' leadership, Caepio bribed
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2240:
His+ania Epigraphica. Tratado de rendición (deditio) de un pueblo lusitano a L. Caelius, Imp.
1843:
1391:
1203:
970:
882:
1961:
The Rhetoric of Gender Terms: 'man', 'woman', and the Portrayal of Character in Latin Prose.
1809:
1529:
1234:
caused many problems in Rome, the most notable being a drop in legionary recruitment rates.
487:, Roman History), commented that Viriathus "killed numerous Romans and showed great skill".
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2250:
1798:
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to Galba to negotiate a peace treaty, although for the Romans it would be perceived as the
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Two years after the massacre, in 148 BC, Viriathus became the leader of a Lusitanian army.
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1971:
915:
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with the implied qualities that were nothing more than the ideals of the ancient virtues.
8:
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842:
465:
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1694:. Its eastern frontier reached the proximities of Toletum, in central Hispania. Current
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1390:). These ambassadors returned to their camp and killed Viriathus while he was sleeping.
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1343:
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1949:
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2117:
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1743:
1552:" (2016) features the story of Viriathus in its first episode entitled "Resistance".
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1452:
1179:, all of whom were defeated. During this period Viriathus inspired and convinced the
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686:
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667:
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147 BC and 139 BC before being betrayed by them and murdered while sleeping. Of him,
108:
2018:
2007:
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After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians kept fighting under the leadership of
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871:
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461:
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170:
247:*uiro- 'man'; and the older forms viros, viri, viro, viron from which derived the
2334:"La bandera de Zamora es única en España: esta es la historia de la Seña Bermeja"
2083:
2025:
1695:
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671:
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1222:. This gave the Lusitanians access to what is today's Spanish territory, modern
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The treaty turned out to be a trap, like the one Lucullus had prepared for the
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194:
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It is cognate to the Welsh name Gwriad and possibly to the Irish name Ferdiad.
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1242:
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caused much grief to the Romans in revenge for the massacre of his people.
790:
696:
369:
1835:
La organización socio-política de los Populi del Noroeste de la Península.
1906:
1134:
714:
but remaining an autonomous (Greek: αὐτονόμων) country through treaties (
699:. As with many other tribes of Iberia, the inhabitants of the Lusitanian
442:
178:
174:
81:
1541:(2010–2012) is loosely based on his life and exploits. He was played by
638:
1498:
1310: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1138:, when the fighting involved small groups of combatants and the use of
1124:
The war with Viriathus was called "War of Fire" by the Greek historian
1037: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
814:
566: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
480:
2019:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 887 (v. 3)
403:
Viriathus was thought by some to have a very obscure origin, although
2008:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 85 (v. 2)
1691:
1683:
1653:
1643:
1623:
1603:
1495:
1149:
1139:
777:
506:
472:
364:
248:
198:
63:
1285:
1145:. For many authors Viriathus is the model of the guerrilla fighter.
1012:
541:
524:
The historical Viriathus would be the one who received the title of
2133:
Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales.
1679:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1396:
1386:, who had been sent by Viriathus as an embassy to establish peace (
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722:
663:
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518:
476:
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316:
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349:, who claims he was from the Lusitanian tribes of the ocean side.
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1199:
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851:
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830:
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691:
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Silva, Luis: "Viriathus and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome",
1821:
Flori Epitome de Tito Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC, XXXIII.
1443:, Lusitania and its people gradually acquired Roman culture and
2185:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The Ancient Library.
1648:
1628:
1432:
1387:
732:
The Romans charged the native tribes with heavy taxes: a fixed
386:
190:
1237:
Learning of these events, Rome sent one of its best generals,
297:, meaning the 'highest man' and the Latin equivalent would be
1925:
Historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian. p. 543 to p. 620
1524:, are told by a Portuguese lieutenant to his man, during the
1444:
1400:
1230:. The results of Viriathus's efforts as well as those of the
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838:
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is one of the most well documented episodes of the conquest.
437:
382:, who devoted themselves to cattle raiding, hunting and war.
321:
278:
142:
135:
2254:, Publicación y difusión electrónica Universidade de Sevilla
1997:
The Dynamic Society: Exploring the Sources of Global Change.
1265:
945:
894:
375:
397:, the flower of the young Lusitanian warriors, in 150 BC.
37:
2267:
Bandits in the roman army. Guerrilla leaders as latrones.
1777:
Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times.
1678:
This Roman province spread over areas comprising most of
354:
19:
For the military leader during the Second Punic War, see
1163:
Viriathus organized an attack against Caius Vetilius in
1721:"...the most of the Lusitanians are called Callaicans."
2415:
História de Portugal I — A Formação do Território
1985:
Temples, Religion, and Politics in the Roman Republic.
768:
In 152 BC the Lusitanians made a peace agreement with
721:
Lusitania's rich land was praised by ancient authors.
1799:
The greatness and decline of the Celts. Hubert, Henry
1911:
Roman History, Fragments of Books XXII through XXIX.
1564:
1260:
However, the peace brought by the treaty displeased
1249:
and Viriathus was declared "amicus populi Romani", (
1190:
To complete the subjugation of Lusitania, Rome sent
845:
would cause in their towns, the Lusitanians sent an
642:
Map of Viriathus' campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula
1761:The Glories of Ireland, Irish Language and Letters
658:, when the senate sent an army to Iberia to block
452:Some authors assert that he was probably from the
1128:. Two types of war were carried on by Viriathus,
240:*uiros, "man", relating to strength and virility;
201:would be finally established after the conquest.
2493:
2252:El Poblamiento Turdetano en el Bajo Guadalquivir
1772:
1770:
654:. The Roman conquest of Iberia began during the
531:
389:, Viriathus was one of the few who escaped when
528:, the "magnanimous ruler of the Iberian land".
490:
911:
796:
368:, probably of the confederated Lusitanian and
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931:
889:, to prevent them from escaping. Afterwards,
2293:"Appian's History of Rome: The Spanish Wars"
1950:TITI LIVI AB URBE CONDITA LIBER LIV PERIOCHA
2147:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1920:
1918:
1501:was named Viriato in 2019 after Viriathus.
423:The Lusitanians honored Viriathus as their
2120:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.
1132:('war'), when he used a regular army, and
938:
924:
36:
2357:
2227:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1370:Learn how and when to remove this message
1097:Learn how and when to remove this message
817:in Iberia c.150 BC, and at the same time
793:should remain in Iberia to protect them.
626:Learn how and when to remove this message
483:in his book about Iberia (in the section
2036:
1915:
1867:War and Society in the Celtiberian World
1413:
862:
637:
315:
16:Lusitanian leader and rebel (d. 139 BCE)
2358:Domínguez, Rubén Sánchez (2021-05-09).
2331:
1945:
1943:
1682:(the northernmost part was included in
949:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
177:) was the most important leader of the
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1719:Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 3
1504:
1421:'s painting of the death of Viriathus.
185:expansion into the regions of western
919:
270:"twisted armbands" used by warriors (
193:(as the Greeks called it), where the
189:(as the Romans called it) or western
2280:The book of versions. On friendship.
2213:Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.
1940:
1480:The flag of the Spanish province of
1308:adding citations to reliable sources
1279:
1035:adding citations to reliable sources
1006:
564:adding citations to reliable sources
535:
393:, the Roman governor, massacred the
1900:
13:
2404:
1520:, that depicts, episodes from the
1239:Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus
745:was compelled to deliver to Rome,
526:regnator Hiberae magnanimus terrae
460:), in the heart of Lusitania, (in
445:honorifics used by kings like the
362:(protector) of Hispania, or as an
311:
14:
2528:
1895:Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium
1810:Eutropii Breviarium Liber Quartus
1788:The romanization of central Spain
1192:Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus
293:The Celtic elite used the title
2037:Vilatela, Luciano Pérez (2000).
1567:
1513:No, or the Vain Glory of Command
1284:
1257:), an ally of the Roman people.
1011:
837:with the Romans. Fearing a long
540:
2377:
2360:"A vueltas con la Seña Bermeja"
2351:
2325:
2310:
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2258:
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2198:Histories. The Celtiberian Wars
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2178:
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2153:
2138:
2125:
2111:
2107:Lusitania: Historia y etnología
2100:
2089:
2073:
2057:
2040:Lusitania: Historia y etnología
2030:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1976:
1965:
1954:
1936:Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
1929:
1886:
1871:
1860:
1825:
1814:
1477:exalts Viriathus' great deeds.
1295:needs additional citations for
1022:needs additional citations for
776:, Lusitania's biggest city. In
551:needs additional citations for
358:of the Lusitanian army, as the
308:, Viriathus had a Celtic name.
2447:Ésquilo, 2003 (third edition;
2445:Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade
2432:Ésquilo, 2000 (third edition;
1803:
1792:
1781:
1752:
1737:
1724:
1712:
1672:
1535:The Spanish television series
821:was appointed Governor of the
1:
2480:, South Yorkshire, UK, 2013 (
2332:Serrano, Diana (2022-09-03).
1706:
1532:played the part of Viriathus.
1459:, would meet a similar fate.
1206:who was a personal friend of
1187:to rebel against Roman rule.
695:were assigned to command the
532:Conquest of Lusitania by Rome
2430:Portugal, Terra de Mistérios
2319:Abridgement of Roman History
1732:The History Of Rome, Book IV
1522:military history of Portugal
662:reinforcements from helping
650:started its conquest of the
497:Viriathus (Second Punic War)
491:Viriathus of Silius Italicus
212:
21:Viriathus (Second Punic War)
7:
1614:Bato (Daesitiate chieftain)
1560:
1384:Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus
1208:Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
797:Massacre of the Lusitanians
304:According to the historian
10:
2533:
2465:; Lisboa: Bertrand, 2004 (
1108:
756:
707:, would have been granted
517:, and was a leader of the
494:
18:
2428:Loução, Paulo Alexandre:
2063:Punica, Silius Italicus,
1462:
1455:, at the head of another
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123:
95:
87:
77:
69:
59:
49:
35:
28:
2459:Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
2443:Muñoz, Maurício Pastor:
2086:edition in Latin of 1791
1665:
1609:Battle of Baduhenna Wood
1275:
1262:Quintus Servilius Caepio
841:and the destruction the
819:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
521:and of the Lusitanians.
501:It has been argued that
1548:The History Channel's "
1526:Portuguese Colonial War
1510:In the Portuguese film
1126:Polybius of Megalopolis
811:Servius Sulpicius Galba
646:In the 3rd century BC,
320:Statue of Viriathus in
1457:insurrection in Iberia
1422:
1155:Rome sent the praetor
1122:
874:
643:
515:primo Viriatus in aeuo
343:
328:
2517:2nd-century BC rebels
2412:Saraiva, José Hermano
2385:"2019 Approved Names"
1417:
1204:Gaius Laelius Sapiens
1114:
868:The Oath of Viriathus
866:
772:, after he conquered
641:
330:
319:
88:Years of service
2410:Ribeiro, Ângelo and
2364:La Opinión de Zamora
1690:and the province of
1634:Gaius Julius Civilis
1538:Hispania, la leyenda
1516:(1990), directed by
1304:improve this article
1031:improve this article
560:improve this article
1505:Film and television
1429:(Greek: Τάυταλος).
843:Roman siege engines
782:peregrini dediticii
753:created in 149 BC.
2265:Thomas Grunewald,
2024:2008-04-16 at the
1882:, ed. Horace White
1530:Luís Miguel Cintra
1518:Manoel de Oliveira
1475:Luís Vaz de Camões
1423:
1241:, to Iberia. Near
875:
689:, and two elected
644:
329:
114:Raid of Carpetania
1833:"Marco Quintela,
1746:O nome de Viriato
1730:Theodor Mommsen,
1556:played Viriathus.
1550:Barbarians Rising
1453:Quintus Sertorius
1380:
1379:
1372:
1354:
1173:Claudius Unimanus
1107:
1106:
1099:
1081:
1004:
1003:
912:The "War of Fire"
823:Hispania Citerior
807:Hispania Ulterior
736:or land-tax, the
687:Hispania Ulterior
683:Hispania Citerior
668:Italian Peninsula
652:Iberian Peninsula
636:
635:
628:
610:
414:vir duxque magnus
179:Lusitanian people
152:
151:
139:Statue of Viriato
128:Statue of Viriato
109:Battle of Tribola
54:Viriato, Viriatus
2524:
2417:QuidNovi, 2004 (
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2381:
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2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2295:. Archived from
2289:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2208:
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2193:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1880:The Spanish Wars
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1842:. Archived from
1841:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1676:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1543:Roberto Enríquez
1375:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1312:
1288:
1280:
1256:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1039:
1015:
1007:
967:Celtiberian Wars
962:Second Punic War
952:
950:
940:
933:
926:
917:
916:
872:Vieira Portuense
656:Second Punic War
631:
624:
620:
617:
611:
609:
568:
544:
536:
462:central Portugal
458:Serra da Estrela
405:Diodorus Siculus
347:Diodorus Siculus
341:
339:Diodorus Siculus
43:Statue in Zamora
40:
26:
25:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2512:Celtic warriors
2492:
2491:
2478:Pen & Sword
2407:
2405:Further reading
2402:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2330:
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2219:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2149:, London, 1875.
2143:
2139:
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2126:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2026:Wayback Machine
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1893:Valeri Maximi,
1891:
1887:
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1861:
1852:
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1744:Armando Silva,
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1507:
1486:la seña bermeja
1465:
1419:José de Madrazo
1376:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1289:
1278:
1255:Rhômaiôn philos
1113:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1016:
1005:
1000:
996:Cantabrian Wars
953:
948:
946:
944:
914:
799:
759:
672:Cantabrian Wars
632:
621:
615:
612:
569:
567:
557:
545:
534:
503:Silius Italicus
499:
493:
485:Historia Romana
395:flos iuventutis
342:
337:
314:
312:Viriathus' life
229:may come from:
215:
207:Theodor Mommsen
91:147 BC – 139 BC
55:
45:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2530:
2520:
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2232:
2217:
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2177:
2166:
2152:
2137:
2124:
2110:
2099:
2096:España Sagrada
2088:
2072:
2056:
2049:
2029:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1975:
1964:
1953:
1939:
1928:
1914:
1899:
1885:
1870:
1859:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1780:
1766:
1759:Douglas Hyde,
1751:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1670:
1669:
1667:
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1639:John of Gothia
1636:
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1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:History portal
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:Jefferson Hall
1546:
1533:
1506:
1503:
1464:
1461:
1378:
1377:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1202:to strengthen
1194:, with 15,000
1177:Gaius Negidius
1169:Gaius Plautius
1157:Caius Vetilius
1111:Lusitanian War
1109:Main article:
1105:
1104:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Lusitanian War
978:
964:
958:
955:
954:
943:
942:
935:
928:
920:
913:
910:
891:Roman soldiers
813:commanded the
798:
795:
770:Marcus Atilius
758:
755:
676:Lusitanian War
634:
633:
548:
546:
539:
533:
530:
495:Main article:
492:
489:
454:Herminius Mons
335:
313:
310:
291:
290:
286:
285:
275:
256:
251:word for man,
241:
214:
211:
195:Roman province
181:that resisted
157:(also spelled
150:
149:
125:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
103:Lusitanian War
97:
93:
92:
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75:
74:
71:
67:
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61:
57:
56:
53:
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47:
46:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2529:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:139 BC deaths
2500:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2486:9781781591284
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:972-25-1329-X
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:972-8605-23-4
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:972-8605-04-8
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:989-554-106-6
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2389:NameExoworlds
2386:
2380:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2299:on 2015-11-18
2298:
2294:
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2255:
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2247:
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2201:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2145:John Murray,
2141:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2050:9788489512689
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1849:on 2010-04-08
1845:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1659:Vercingetorix
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1360:November 2023
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321: –
1320:
1316:
1315:Find sources:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1293:This section
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Sierra Morena
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:Numantine War
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1120:~ Cassius Dio
1119:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1087:November 2023
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048: –
1047:
1043:
1042:Find sources:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1020:This section
1018:
1014:
1009:
1008:
997:
994:
992:
991:Sertorian War
989:
987:
986:Numantine War
984:
982:
979:
976:
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
951:
941:
936:
934:
929:
927:
922:
921:
918:
909:
905:
901:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
869:
865:
861:
859:
858:Ager Publicus
855:
853:
848:
844:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
794:
792:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
754:
752:
751:Lex Calpurnia
748:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
640:
630:
627:
619:
616:November 2023
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577: –
576:
572:
571:Find sources:
565:
561:
555:
554:
549:This section
547:
543:
538:
537:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:national hero
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
441:), typically
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
415:
409:
406:
401:
398:
396:
392:
388:
385:According to
383:
381:
377:
373:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
356:
350:
348:
340:
334:
327:
323:
318:
309:
307:
302:
300:
296:
295:uiros ueramos
288:
287:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
262:-, as in the
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
236:
235:Indo-European
232:
231:
230:
228:
224:
220:
210:
208:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
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160:
156:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
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100:
99:
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90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2477:
2462:
2444:
2429:
2414:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2368:. Retrieved
2366:(in Spanish)
2363:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2340:(in Spanish)
2337:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2287:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2246:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2180:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2075:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1984:
1983:Eric Orlin,
1978:
1972:Ciência Hoje
1967:
1956:
1931:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1834:
1827:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1783:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1674:
1536:
1511:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1466:
1449:
1431:
1424:
1381:
1366:
1357:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1314:
1302:Please help
1297:verification
1294:
1269:
1259:
1247:Roman Senate
1236:
1189:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1041:
1029:Please help
1024:verification
1021:
906:
902:
899:
885:them with a
878:
876:
867:
857:
850:
835:
826:
815:Roman troops
800:
787:
773:
767:
764:
760:
737:
733:
731:
726:
720:
715:
712:stipendiaria
711:
704:
690:
680:
660:Carthaginian
645:
622:
613:
603:
596:
589:
582:
570:
558:Please help
553:verification
550:
525:
523:
514:
510:
500:
484:
470:
453:
451:
436:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
413:
410:
402:
399:
394:
384:
379:
374:
363:
359:
353:
351:
344:
331:
303:
298:
294:
292:
281:
263:
259:
252:
226:
222:
218:
216:
203:
162:
158:
154:
153:
101:
96:Battles/wars
2507:Lusitanians
2317:Eutropius,
1907:Cassius Dio
1688:Extremadura
1528:(1961–74).
1470:Os Lusíadas
1319:"Viriathus"
1135:latrocinium
1046:"Viriathus"
870:, c. 1799,
854:in dicionem
575:"Viriathus"
443:Hellenistic
370:Celtiberian
274:XXIII, 39);
268:Celtiberian
173:; died 139
161:; known as
50:Native name
2496:Categories
2394:2023-09-23
2370:2023-10-18
2344:2023-10-17
2338:El Español
2321:, Book IV.
2303:2020-03-26
2211:Seyffert,
2200:, Book 35.
2196:Polybius,
2162:Histories.
2160:Polybius,
1853:2007-10-14
1707:References
1686:), all of
1499:HD 45652 b
1441:Roman rule
1330:newspapers
1198:and 2,000
1150:Turdetania
1057:newspapers
883:surrounded
586:newspapers
481:Alexandria
466:Beira Alta
427:, (Greek:
425:Benefactor
299:summus vir
167:Portuguese
78:Allegiance
2065:Liber III
1692:Salamanca
1684:Gallaecia
1654:Tribigild
1644:Spartacus
1624:Fritigern
1604:Autaritus
1484:, called
1392:Eutropius
1183:and some
1181:Numantine
1140:guerrilla
829:, of the
778:Roman law
774:Oxthracae
727:Histories
709:peregrina
509:entitled
507:epic poem
505:, in his
464:) or the
447:Ptolemies
429:euergetes
365:imperator
249:Old Irish
213:Etymology
199:Lusitania
155:Viriathus
124:Memorials
82:Lusitania
64:Lusitania
30:Viriathus
2463:Viriato
2229:, p. 40.
2022:Archived
1878:Appian,
1680:Portugal
1599:Arminius
1589:Alaric I
1584:Ambiorix
1561:See also
1445:language
1439:. Under
1437:Augustus
1427:Tautalus
1397:Portugal
1220:Alentejo
1196:soldiers
742:denarius
738:tributum
734:vectigal
723:Polybius
705:citanias
692:praetors
664:Hannibal
519:Gallaeci
477:Appianus
468:region.
435:(Greek:
380:iuventus
372:tribes.
360:adsertor
336:—
326:Portugal
306:Schulten
187:Hispania
159:Viriatus
147:Portugal
2225:Smith,
2118:Smith,
1696:Galicia
1619:Boudica
1594:Ardaric
1407:by the
1405:Triumph
1344:scholar
1224:Granada
1200:cavalry
1165:Tribola
1143:tactics
1071:scholar
879:Caucaei
852:Deditio
847:embassy
831:Vaccaei
827:Caucaei
803:praetor
791:legions
757:Revolts
725:in his
701:castros
697:legions
666:in the
600:scholar
431:), and
171:Spanish
163:Viriato
2484:
2469:
2451:
2436:
2421:
2084:German
2080:Punica
2047:
1649:Totila
1629:Gainas
1496:planet
1482:Zamora
1463:Legacy
1433:Laenas
1409:Senate
1388:Appian
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1270:aequis
1228:Murcia
1212:Ossuma
1130:bellum
1073:
1066:
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1044:
975:Second
716:foedus
674:. The
602:
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511:Punica
433:Savior
387:Appian
264:viriae
258:from *
245:Celtic
191:Iberia
132:Zamora
73:139 BC
1847:(PDF)
1840:(PDF)
1734:p.22.
1699:them.
1666:Notes
1401:Spain
1351:JSTOR
1337:books
1276:Death
1251:Greek
1214:and
1185:Gauls
1078:JSTOR
1064:books
971:First
887:ditch
839:siege
703:, or
607:JSTOR
593:books
438:soter
391:Galba
322:Viseu
279:Latin
272:Pliny
223:Athus
183:Roman
143:Viseu
141:, at
136:Spain
130:, at
2482:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2067:and
2045:ISBN
1494:The
1399:and
1323:news
1266:Livy
1226:and
1216:Beja
1175:and
1118:war.
1050:news
895:Gaul
801:The
747:Cato
685:and
648:Rome
579:news
376:Livy
333:him.
282:viri
277:the
243:the
238:root
233:the
227:Viri
221:and
219:Viri
169:and
70:Died
60:Born
1306:by
1218:in
1033:by
805:of
718:).
562:by
479:of
355:dux
266:or
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253:fir
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