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562:. They had argued the night before and Le Cam rushed back to the houseboat, brandishing a knife, and threatened both Morris and de Trobriand. Morris pushed Le Cam several times before he lunged at her and she produced a 7.65mm revolver. Morris fired four shots, the first two into the air, the following two at Le Cam. He later died in hospital. Morris was arrested and charged with homicide and incarcerated for four days at the La Petite Roquette prison in the
31:
146:
485:
We live in a country made rotten by money and scandals, ruled by speechifiers, schemers and cowards. This country of little people is not worthy of its elders, not worthy of survival. Someday its decay will bring it to the level of a slave, but if I'm still here, I won't be one of the slaves. Believe
675:
group. Resistance members emerged from a hiding spot and opened fire on the car. The three adults and two children in the car were killed. Ruffin claimed that Morris was the target, but Bonnet states this is not clear, given the influence of the
Bailleul family with the Nazis. Morris's body, riddled
473:
In 1930, Morris unsuccessfully sued the FFSF, claiming damages, as she could no longer earn wages competing as an athlete. During the trial, an obscure ordinance from 1800 forbidding women to wear trousers was used against her. Historian Marie-Jo Bonnet claimed that although Morris's homosexuality
447:
Morris's lifestyle in the 1920s was quite different from the traditional role of women. In addition to her wide-ranging athletic activities, Morris was outside traditional behaviours of the time in several other ways. She was homosexual, dressed in men's attire, was a heavy smoker and swore often.
547:
On
Christmas Eve 1937, while having dinner with friends and neighbors Robert and Simone de Trobriand at a restaurant in Neuilly, the trio encountered a drunk and aggressive young man named Joseph Le Cam. The unemployed
470:
After 1928, her auto racing license was revoked on similar moral grounds and Morris started a car-parts store in Paris. Along with her employees, she built racing cars. The business went bankrupt.
556:, Le Cam arrived at Morris' houseboat and another argument took place, this time between Morris and Le Cam. Le Cam left the houseboat, but soon returned after seeing Simone de Trobriand boarding
625:-run organisation that helped the Resistance. He also suggested that, in addition to being a spy for the Nazis, she would have been involved in the torture of suspects during interrogation.
498:
During her athletic career in the 1920s, Morris became friends and associates with many of France's artists and intellectuals. She had longstanding friendships with
American-born entertainer
664:
602:
69:
632:, and drove for the Nazi and Vichy hierarchy, others say that this appears to be the limit of her collaboration. In any case, they note that she had conducted these activities before the
1154:
Cari, Coline; Pruvost, Geneviève; Bonnet, Marie-Jo (2012). "Violence symbolique, violence fantasmée, l'exemple de la « scandaleuse » Violette Morris (1893-1944)".
374:
team even though there was no women's team at the time. She was an avid boxer, often fighting against, and defeating, men. Among the other sports she participated in were
490:
463:. The agency cited her lack of morals, in particular, her penchant for wearing men's clothing. She had also punched a football referee and had been accused of giving
1412:
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552:
became embroiled in a heated argument with Simone de
Trobriand. Morris was able to calm the man after some time. The following evening, after more drinking in
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459:(FFSF) (French Women's Sports Federation) refused to renew her licence amid complaints about her lifestyle and she was barred from participating in the
606:
272:
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and no evidence exists to support Ruffin's claim that she was involved either in spying or torturing. They suggest that she was perhaps a suitable
544:. Living off inheritance annuities, she took up lyrical singing and was successful enough in the hobby to be broadcast performing on the wireless.
700:
640:, especially considering her controversial comments before the war. Whether or not it is accurate, her reputation for involvement in torture and
893:
1459:
454:
1242:
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356:
420:, which she claimed was in order to fit into racing cars more easily. She mainly competed in cyclecar endurance races and used a
370:
In addition to her football career, she was an active participant in many other sports. She was selected for the French national
1540:
1585:
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1500:
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1922, 1923, 1926-8; Paris~Pyrenees 1922, 1923; Paris~Nice 1923, 1927; GP San
Sebastian 1926; Dolomites 1934. She won the 1927
1535:
1505:
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with bullets, was taken to a morgue, where it remained unclaimed for months. She was buried in an unmarked communal grave.
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was not directly targeted in the trial, it was made an issue throughout. One of the lawyers representing the FFSF was
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in 1921–1922. She was later banned from competing for violating "moral standards". She was invited to the
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193:
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667:, Morris's car sputtered and came to a halt. Earlier in the day, the engine had been tampered with by
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Mme
Violette Gouraud-Morris nageuse, 1er août 1920, Bassin Niclausse à Paris, La Villette
398:. Her most successful years were considered to be from 1921 to 1924, when her slogan was
375:
336:
805:"Sporting Champion, Feminist Icon, Nazi Spy? The Extraordinary Life of Violette Morris"
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1291:"Prix Historia 2019 : le palmarès complet, de la biographie au livre jeunesse"
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1021:
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based her character of collaborationist athlete Lou
Villars on Morris in her novel
574:
in March 1938, but was acquitted when the court accepted her plea of self-defense.
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Entraînement de Melle
Violette Moriss i.e. Morris, boxant avec un sparing partner
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and during the war she drove ambulances and worked as a courier including at the
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Although Morris sourced black-market petrol for the Nazis, ran a garage for the
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regime. She became known as the "Hyena of the
Gestapo" and was killed by the
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it resulted in her becoming known popularly as the "hyena of the
Gestapo".
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61:
613:. The nature of her alleged collaboration varies. Some, such as writer
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Morris played football for FĂ©mina Sports from 1917 until 1919, and for
30:
1335:
327:. She married Cyprien Édouard Joseph Gouraud on 22 August 1914 in the
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888:
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637:
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1014:"Bonnet Marie-Josèphe, Violette Morris, histoire d'une scandaleuse"
660:
311:
Violette Morris was born to Baron Pierre Jacques Morris, a retired
111:
1243:"'Lovers at the Chameleon Club' and the Stories We Tell Ourselves"
663:
with the Bailleul family, who were favourably positioned with the
652:
514:, invited Cocteau to stay with them at their houseboat docked at
387:
320:
331:. They divorced in May 1923. Morris learned how to drive during
383:
151:
837:"Meet The Woman Who Cut Off Her Breasts To Be A Better Racer"
404:(English: "Anything a man can do, Violette can do!"). At the
315:
cavalry captain, and Élisabeth Marie Antoinette Sakakini, of
884:"Violette Morris: Pioneering Female Athlete Turned Nazi Spy"
1454:
Morris is the subject of Francine Prose's historical novel
955:. Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 171 (index).
481:
A quote attributed to Morris after the trial was censored:
1214:
324:
271:(18 April 1893 – 26 April 1944) was a French athlete and
1359:, éd. Fleuve Noir, coll. « Crime Story », 1994
1064:"La championne Violette Morris perd son procès en 1930"
577:
382:
racing, car racing, airplane racing, horseback riding,
1095:"Le " DB58 " aux Archives de la Préfecture de Police"
733:
La championne Violette Morris perd son procès en 1930
1458:, Paris 1932 (Harper, 2014): hear Prose interviewed
529:
494:
Morris in front of her Paris automotive store, 1928
243:
224:
1371:L'Honneur ratatiné d'une athlète lesbienne en 1930
1153:
478:, a noted campaigner for French women's rights.
1467:
1048:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
205:
186:
167:
1496:Executed French collaborators with Nazi Germany
1186:Eros en chemise brune. Tome 2: Hitler prédateur
534:In January 1933 Morris moved into a houseboat,
1158:(in French). La Découverte. pp. 201–272.
401:"Ce qu'un homme fait, Violette peut le faire!"
275:who won two gold and one silver medal at the
1210:"Novel Humanizes The 'Hyena Of The Gestapo'"
1030:. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019
953:Fast Ladies. Female Racing Drivers 1888-1970
915:L'équipe féminine de football de l'Olympique
567:
557:
535:
519:
452:
408:she won gold medals in discus and shot put.
399:
1601:Nazis assassinated by the French resistance
1414:Violette Morris, histoire d'une scandaleuse
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1007:
1005:
1003:
785:Violette Morris, histoire d'une scandaleuse
594:has said that Morris was an honored guest.
510:. In 1939, Morris and her partner, actress
1462:. Morris' character is called Lou Villars.
950:
355:from 1920 to 1926. She also played on the
319:origin. Morris spent her adolescence in a
29:
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691:(2014). Morris is the title character in
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689:Lovers at the Chameleon Club, Paris 1932
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1591:French civilians killed in World War II
1395:Violette Morris, la hyène de la Gestapo
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868:
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798:
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647:On 26 April 1944, while driving in her
1468:
1270:de Cortanze, GĂ©rard (2 January 2019).
1179:
1177:
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1147:
831:
829:
827:
825:
803:Papirblat, Schlomo (28 January 2019).
782:
455:Fédération Féminine Sportive de France
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1012:Bertrand, Mickaël (1 December 2011).
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578:Nazi collaboration and assassination
518:. There he wrote the three-act play
416:Morris had her breasts removed by a
1172:
822:
436:24-hour car race at the wheel of a
13:
975:
951:Bouzanquet, Jean-francois (2009).
506:, and poet, author, and filmmaker
346:
14:
1612:
745:
720:
582:Morris was invited to attend the
530:Arrest and acquittal for homicide
287:and was an honored guest. During
80:166 cm (5 ft 5 in)
1222:from the original on 9 July 2021
896:from the original on 9 July 2021
849:from the original on 9 July 2021
242:
223:
204:
185:
166:
144:
1596:20th-century French LGBT people
1289:Oury, Antoine (23 April 2019).
1260:
1202:
1122:
1086:
1056:
969:
944:
486:me, it’s not in my temperament.
411:
394:, swimming, weightlifting, and
1357:Violette Morris, la Gestapiste
1310:Champagne, Roland A. (2020). "
1274:(1st ed.). Albin Michel.
1018:Genre, sexualité & société
982:World Sports Racing Prototypes
932:
920:
908:
783:Bonnet, Marie Josèphe (2011).
766:. raymond-ruffin.over-blog.com
424:cyclecar. She competed in the
1:
1586:LGBT track and field athletes
1561:Women's World Games medalists
1516:French people of Arab descent
1501:French female discus throwers
1397:, Ă©d. Le Cherche Midi, 2004
1241:Leach, Diane (29 July 2015).
1156:Penser la violence des femmes
713:
359:. She won gold medals at the
306:
1536:French women in World War II
1506:French female racing drivers
1456:Lovers at the Chameleon Club
619:Special Operations Executive
564:11th arrondissement of Paris
442:
357:France women's national team
7:
1531:French women in World War I
1486:Deaths by firearm in France
1188:(in French). Camion Blanc.
710:for best historical novel.
603:German occupation of France
329:8th arrondissement of Paris
10:
1617:
1581:People acquitted of murder
1576:Assassinated French people
1566:French lesbian sportswomen
1541:French women's footballers
1511:French female shot putters
1349:
16:French athlete (1893–1944)
1407:
1184:Angebert, Michel (2014).
671:of the French Resistance
426:Tour de France Automobile
158:
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105:
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92:
84:
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53:
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1546:French LGBT sportspeople
1314:by GĂ©rard de Cortanze".
1093:Bard, Christine (1999).
291:, she collaborated with
88:68 kg (150 lb)
651:on a country road from
566:. She was tried in the
57:26 April 1944 (aged 51)
1364:Histoire de la Gestapo
742:. musea.univ-angers.fr
649:Citroën Traction Avant
568:
558:
536:
520:
495:
488:
453:
400:
365:1922 Women's Olympiads
1521:French racing drivers
1451:, n° 260, 3 June 1925
1409:Bonnet, Marie-Josèphe
1328:10.1353/tfr.2020.0154
845:. 13 September 2012.
699:, which won the 2019
665:Nazi regime in France
605:, Morris served as a
493:
483:
406:1924 Women's Olympiad
396:Greco-Roman wrestling
1491:Female wartime spies
1431:on 13 September 2021
1355:Jean-Emile Neaumet,
1134:musea.univ-angers.fr
1130:"Femmes au masculin"
1074:on 13 September 2021
978:"Pre-war races 1927"
892:. 24 February 2017.
584:1936 Summer Olympics
461:1928 Summer Olympics
281:1936 Summer Olympics
70:Nazi-occupied France
41:Personal information
1556:Athletes from Paris
1526:French women boxers
1068:archive.wikiwix.com
941:. Library of France
929:. Library of France
917:. Library of France
738:13 May 2016 at the
522:Les Monstres sacrés
467:to other players.
376:road bicycle racing
337:Battle of the Somme
277:Women's World Games
160:Women's World Games
25:
1373:, éd. Kimé, 1999
1366:, Ă©d. Fayard, 1996
988:on 29 January 2009
693:GĂ©rard de Cortanze
680:In popular culture
609:for the Nazis and
496:
353:Olympique de Paris
323:, L'Assomption de
21:
1449:Miroir des Sports
1424:978-2-262-03557-0
1362:Jacques Delarue,
1332:Project MUSE
1316:The French Review
762:Ruffin, Raymond.
731:Bard, Christine.
301:French Resistance
273:Nazi collaborator
266:
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1571:Lesbian feminism
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1445:, 14 April 1921
1443:Miroir du Sport
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289:World War II
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129:Medal record
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1476:1893 births
1435:16 December
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504:Jean Marais
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313:French Army
120:auto racing
1470:Categories
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1139:6 December
992:4 November
714:References
669:maquisards
592:Anne Sebba
559:La Mouette
554:Montmartre
537:La Mouette
418:mastectomy
380:motorcycle
372:water polo
307:Early life
251:1922 Paris
638:scapegoat
630:Luftwaffe
443:Lifestyle
428:in 1923;
256:Shot put
218:Shot put
199:Shot put
101:Athletics
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