557:) which, in good weather, were suitable for coastal navigation. However, since no wrecks of such boats have been found in the North Sea to date, their use for coastal navigation must be assumed to be rare. There were different construction methods for boats. Some were made of large, hollowed out, tree-trunks; others were more like rafts. Both types were difficult to manoeuvre and were used for transporting heavy goods such as rocks. The quarries were often ruined Roman buildings near the Rhine, but there were also quarries in the neighbouring mountain ranges. These boats floated down the river with the current or were hauled upriver as barges pulled by horses or oxen, a technique known as
542:
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406:, practised the art of warfare during the daytime. In the evening, after their wounds had healed, the army of the dead moved into Odin's hall together, where there was always a filled drinking horn and a good meal. Whether this code of honour existed or not, much of their fighting was, in any case, against civilian populations and weakly defended towns and monasteries.
17:
1130:
The news of
Godfrid's successes in the Rhineland and his acquisition of Frisia attracted other Vikings from Denmark. In autumn 883 they landed in Frisia, rowed up the Rhine with Godfrid's consent and set up camp near Duisburg. Once again, they devastated numerous villages that had just been rebuilt.
487:
The
Vikings were not a united people, but a collection of warring tribes; small wars between Viking tribes were frequent, united large-scale attacks were preceded in principle by purposeful diplomatic negotiations. Since the Vikings could only be driven out of the occupied territories at great cost,
965:. The battle was won by the invaders and Bishop Wala fell on the battlefield, alongside many armoured knights and peasants. However, their violent resistance and resultant Viking casualties caused the invaders to turn back, and they retreated north through the Eifel towards their army encampment.
644:. Thus, in the absence of Charles III, the population of the Rhine was almost defenceless and at the mercy of the Vikings' attack, and fleeing was the best course of action to save lives and goods. As a result, the Vikings often captured entire towns, villages and monasteries without fighting.
834:. Apart from Aachen, Prüm was the cultural centre of the Frankish Empire. The abbey had extensive estates; more than a hundred churches were under its administration; its lands extended far into the present-day Netherlands, and the forests along the Moselle also belonged to the monastery.
1399:
As in Prüm, the attack occurred on a major holiday. Since it was the most important
Christian holiday and there had been a break in the fighting after Trier was captured, it can be assumed that the pause and subsequent devastation of Trier were deliberately timed to coincide with
632:
was residing in Italy at this time, his imperial coronation having taken place on 12 February 881 in Rome. For the celebrations he was accompanied by numerous armoured knights; thus many of his best armed warriors were not available to defend their homeland in the winter of 881.
576:
like those of the Rhine, so they were able to ship goods quickly. As a result, trade in the
Rhineland flourished. Since Vikings had also settled in Ireland, England and Russia at the same time, trade goods expanded to include products from and beyond the more distant regions.
853:, which were carried to safety before the Viking onslaught. Of the manuscript collection, however, which was often praised by chroniclers before, only about one tenth of the collection was able to be rescued in front of the marauding Vikings; the rest perished in the flames.
302:. This was the middle kingdom that ran from the North Sea to the Mediterranean Sea with no border crossings between East and West Francia. After this division of the empire, almost all areas of the former great empire experienced conflicts over
1099:
As early as summer 882, Godfrid returned to the
Rhineland with an army reinforced from his homeland for a second raid and devastated Cologne, Bonn and Andernach. Around Andernach, many churches and monasteries were looted and set alight.
1208:
The slave trade of
European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved.
564:
The main building material in the
Frankish Empire was wood. Logs were tied together and rafted downriver to the markets, and other commodities and travellers were transported on rafts which, in some cases, were very long and wide.
1058:
with his army at a safe distance and, after twelve days, began negotiations with them. The result was a withdrawal of the invaders who were also paid from the church's goods. On the condition that the Viking leader
524:
and established permanent winter camps in both towns; Dorestad was razed during the campaign. In 864, they left there on a second campaign into the Lower Rhine territories and ambushed and plundered the city of
468:
up the Seine. The
Parisians bought the raiders off with 7,000 pounds of silver. By 926, thirteen of these payments have been documented in the Frankish Empire. The Elbe estuary and the already fortified city of
1179:
succeeded in recapturing
Duisburg, and the Vikings withdrew from the rest of the Lower Rhine region in return for more payments. Henry defeated most Vikings in East Francia by 885, but then died in the Viking
460:, 795). In 820, the first major attack by Vikings on the Frankish Empire was recorded, taking place around the mouth of the river Seine, and at the same time other Vikings probably invaded Flanders. In 845,
873:, pillaging and murdering, but the city was able to resist them thanks to strong fortifications dating back to Roman times. However, the lands outside its walls were devastated. At the same time, in
652:
In late 881, Vikings, who had overwintered in
Flanders, set off on a military expedition to neighbouring lands. They raided numerous villages in the area of the Meuse and razed the towns of
713:). On their return journey, the same group again demanded payment of a sum of money, which the destitute citizens of Cologne could not afford, whereupon the city was burned to the ground.
837:
A band of peasants from the area resisted the attackers, but were massacred. As a result, the Vikings set all the buildings of the monastery on fire. The abbey burned down to the ground,
224:. To the west its boundary is less well defined, but in general parlance it runs beyond the present state border with the Netherlands, i.e. east of the Meuse. Because the modern state of
248:
lay, for the most part, in territories that were part of the Rhineland. As a result, important sites of Carolingian culture are located here. Of particular note are the city of
905:
1655:
869:, whereupon the army he led against the Vikings was disbanded. The Vikings then moved further up the Rhine. In the course of February and March 882 they attacked as far as
516:
river, a town that competed with the Danish town of Haithabu. In 862, Vikings attacked up the Rhine for the first time and plundered Cologne. In 863, the Normans conquered
1131:
The people of Cologne had previously strengthened their walls and were spared this time. When the Vikings passed by, Cologne's churches and monasteries were still charred
476:
Initially, the attacks took the form of raids and the Vikings withdrew to their homeland afterwards. In the 860s, they changed tactics and established permanent bases in
916:
310:
nature. The Rhineland was also affected by this. When Lothair I died in 855 without an heir to his throne, the power struggles intensified. In 870, following the
2837:
1596:
Die Chronik der Stadt Duisburg. Von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1742. Aus den Duisburgern Intelligenz-Zetteln zusammengestellt und mit Anmerkungen versehen.
1084:
881:
around the city. The Vikings, however, did not move from Koblenz to Mainz, but sailed up the Moselle and reached the Trier countryside during Easter week.
3455:
3017:
825:
900:, 882, the Nordic raiders attacked and destroyed the monasteries, churches and farmsteads outside the city walls of Trier. The imperial monastery of
636:
Despite the invasion of West Francia by the Great Army in 878, no defensive measures had apparently been taken in East Francian Rhineland, since the
1040:
950:
with a few of his followers. Afterwards, some of the Vikings went down the Moselle with their booty to Koblenz, while the rest marched on Metz.
954:
777:
338:
extended to the mouth of the Elbe and beyond. By this time at the latest, the first contacts with the Vikings who, like the Saxons, worshipped
52:
that took place during the final decades of the 9th century. From the Rhineland, which can be regarded as the nucleus of Frankish culture, the
609:(reigned 871–899). The defeated Vikings then set off for continental Europe and transferred their theatre of war to the coastal region of the
1290:
Die Wikinger. Begleitpublikation zur Sonderausstellung „Die Wikinger“ des Landesmuseums Koblenz und des Statens Historiska Museums Stockholm.
1091:. The Vikings left behind under the leadership of Sigfrid in Ascloha were initially discouraged from further pillaging by payments of money.
709:. On their first visit to Cologne in January 882, after tough negotiations, Cologne paid a fortune in silver for their withdrawal (see also
3440:
123:
492:. As a rule, these Viking leaders were expected to be baptized beforehand, since the Frankish empire was considered by the Frankish
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2554:
724:
of the Rhineland on the left bank of the Rhine. The Vikings turned westwards following this road system and plundered towns from
568:
When the Vikings settled on the banks of the Rhine delta, they had a competitive advantage as traders, because their outstanding
2098:
1606:
1493:
1986:
1603:
1554:
1387:
800:, a detachment of Vikings which, according to historical reports, was about 300 strong, attacked the largest Frankish abbey,
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3333:
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in nature. The Frisian islands were affected as well as the Frisian mainland. To ward off the attacks, Charlemagne set up a
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2034:
2509:
1991:
294:. In 843 AD, the Frankish Empire was divided into three kingdoms. Most areas of the Rhineland fell into the dominion of
107:
in which collections of writings from several centuries had been preserved. This shook the essence of Frankish culture.
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2118:
1691:
1588:
1532:
1517:
986:
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1624:
Vol. 10). Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Landesgeschichte und Volkskunde des Trierer Raumes, Trier, 1964, pp. 222–302.
756:
When they had stormed the imperial city, the conquerors, presumably with calculated, strategic intent, desecrated
488:
attempts were occasionally made to involve their leaders in the Empire by means of rich gifts and the granting of
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920:
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in which the offspring of the Frankish nobility were educated. The Abbey also housed one of the most extensive
216:. In the east, the Rhineland ends close to the Rhine itself, being bounded by low mountain ranges such as the
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901:
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1181:
1167:
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1981:
682:, up the Rhine. As they went, they plundered villages and towns or extorted money from their inhabitants (
232:
north of the river is usually seen as belonging to the Rhineland. Areas south of the Moselle, such as the
3218:
2722:
2414:
2309:
1886:
1543:
Vikings on the Rhine. Recent Research on Early Medieval Relations between the Rhinelands and Scandinavia.
982:
629:
546:
480:, from where they coordinated their raids, and sometimes overwintered in their fortified army camps. The
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2494:
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930:, 5 April, 882, the Vikings captured the city itself. After a few days of rest, they plundered Trier on
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being derived from it. Despite the warlike situation on the northern border, many Vikings were used as
3445:
3404:
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862:
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877:, the dilapidated Roman walls were quickly fortified again and the citizens of Mainz began to dig a
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2434:
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and made small raids from there into the surrounding area, especially the region of Xanten and the
1115:
919:, north of the ancient city wall, were destroyed; the latter never being rebuilt. The monastery of
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raised an army and rushed to help the Rhinelanders. On 20 January, the king died unexpectedly in
679:
3263:
3107:
2757:
773:
720:. In any case, they were very mobile, something that was aided by being able to utilise the old
3213:
2782:
2519:
2324:
2314:
2209:
2044:
179:
3303:
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2184:
1114:
were also torched during this rampage. Near Mainz, the Vikings were defeated by an army under
103:. In addition to these cities, numerous monasteries were also destroyed, together with entire
3258:
3157:
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2762:
2144:
2103:
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1996:
1966:
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The Vikings advancing to Metz were met on 11 April 882 by an army led by the Bishop of Metz,
878:
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392:
line of gods, prepared to fight for the world and its survival. He sent his messengers, the
16:
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participated. The army marched up before the fortified Viking camp named in one source as
678:
In December 881, Vikings of this group sailed on at least three ships under their leader,
8:
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1938:
958:
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618:
484:, the heartland of the Frankish Empire, was little affected by the Vikings at that time.
290:
were also located in the Rhineland and were used by the Franks as centres of trading and
131:
3323:
2917:
2294:
1846:
752:
of the cathedral (top left), the thermal spa (bottom left) and the palace (bottom right)
174:
troops occupied this territory. Previously, this region was mostly named after towns or
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in Trier. Despite its Roman fortifications, Trier was conquered twice by the Vikings.
850:
453:
362:
311:
205:
171:
151:
135:
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1044:
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that are not defined in more detail. It was not designated as such until 1798, when
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189:
The Franconian Frankish kingdoms c. 880; the Rhineland lies in the western part of
100:
2812:
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1439:
edited and translated by Timothy Reuter, Manchester/New York, 1992, p. 92, note 7.
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3117:
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573:
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The Franks were not real seafarers – although there were types of ship (e.g. the
429:
377:
299:
221:
110:
Similar raids affected the regions where the Vikings had originally settled: the
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2013:
990:
437:
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57:
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of individual cities were only reinforced when the Vikings were almost at the
508:
Between 834 and 863 the Vikings laid waste eight times to the trading post of
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1811:
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931:
781:
740:
217:
111:
84:
801:
716:
The Normans, presumably from Denmark, probably also carried horses on their
322:
specified the boundaries more precisely. The map opposite shows the result.
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2952:
2772:
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1943:
1933:
1826:
1538:
1139:
973:
569:
554:
530:
497:
315:
245:
209:
190:
163:
64:
628:
The Vikings then turned their aggression eastwards towards the Rhineland.
585:
3142:
3072:
2927:
2661:
2624:
2609:
2469:
1800:
1734:
1719:
1006:
897:
889:
830:
761:
717:
513:
445:
410:
370:
335:
266:
257:
213:
167:
92:
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841:. Among the monastery's greatest treasures was one of the most precious
536:
233:
2717:
2682:
1876:
1871:
1155:
1088:
721:
657:
641:
637:
381:
175:
115:
1786:
1468:
Die Normannen und das Fränkische Reich bis zur Gründung der Normandie.
725:
345:
196:
The area known today as the Rhineland begins at the confluence of the
3162:
3037:
3007:
2792:
2574:
1896:
1816:
1771:
1739:
1629:
Die hoch- und spätkarolingische Zeit (9. und frühes 10. Jahrhundert).
1562:
Die Normannen und das Fränkische Reich bis zur Gründung der Normandie
1424:
Die hoch- und spätkarolingische Zeit (9. und frühes 10. Jahrhundert).
1262:(in German), Reutlingen: Ensslin & Laiblin Verlag, pp. 30–32
1176:
866:
809:
706:
500:
and so there were no thrones for higher nobles who were unbelievers.
481:
433:
402:
393:
307:
295:
104:
1122:(episcopate 863–889); they probably set fire to Cologne afterwards.
702:
2947:
2907:
2639:
2614:
2086:
2008:
1928:
1866:
1861:
1791:
1781:
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1111:
1080:
1018:
1014:
817:
785:
710:
661:
614:
521:
509:
493:
465:
397:
365:
on the northern border of his empire, the name of today's state of
653:
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2039:
2001:
1906:
1891:
1856:
1744:
1700:
1103:
1076:
1064:
1055:
998:
870:
769:
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and the royal stables. After committing these acts, they set the
749:
690:
602:
517:
477:
470:
449:
425:
366:
350:
279:
271:
197:
146:
127:
68:
49:
45:
1714:
389:
261:
3177:
2897:
2707:
2604:
2584:
2076:
2069:
2049:
1851:
1622:
Schriftenreihe zur trierischen Landesgeschichte und Volkskunde.
1566:
Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur mittleren und neueren Geschichte.
1147:
1107:
1068:
1026:
1010:
994:
735:
729:
526:
457:
331:
283:
249:
185:
119:
88:
76:
53:
1729:
1051:, 882, specifically mentioned in the entry for the year 881).
942:
records numerous victims among the population, but Archbishop
126:. Many inhabitants of the affected regions were carted off as
3057:
3047:
3002:
1923:
1836:
1766:
874:
842:
805:
698:
671:
622:
461:
441:
275:
229:
201:
80:
1631:
In: Heinz Heinen, Hans Hubert Anton, Winfried Weber (eds.):
1161:
3182:
2752:
2589:
1831:
1132:
1072:
947:
694:
489:
385:
287:
96:
72:
1669:
239:
1039:
as the place of negotiation, which is often equated with
380:
they are purported to have had, According to legend, the
358:
228:
lies south of the Moselle, the low mountain range of the
1260:
Die Sagen der Germanen: Nordische Götter und Heldensagen
1035:, 882). Another contemporary source, however, refers to
808:
mountains. In the abbey church was the grave of Emperor
20:
Overview map of the Viking raids in the Rhineland. Key:
396:, to escort the bravest warriors killed in a battle to
154:
in 870 – the Rhineland was located in Lorraine (yellow)
1525:
Kings and Vikings. Scandinavia and Europe AD 700–1100.
376:
The Vikings were bold raiders, perhaps because of the
63:
During these raids, the Vikings plundered the ancient
1075:. The peace agreement was additionally sealed by his
968:
839:"since there was no one left alive to fight the fire"
776:, not far from Aachen, as well as the monasteries of
537:
Trade and navigation on the Rhine between 864 and 881
1614:
Das Trierer Land im Merowinger- und Karolingerreich.
1211:
https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7
1637:
Im Umbruch der Kulturen. Spätantike und Mittelalter
1411:
Das Trierer Land im Merowinger- und Karolingerreich
621:with his army also won victory over the Normans at
589:
Viking helmet, probably damaged by a cutting weapon
236:, are also considered to be part of the Rhineland.
1653:
1643:Vol. 38). Paulinus, Trier, 2003, pp. 255–284.
772:on fire. In late December 881, they plundered the
1594:Johann Hildebrand Withof, Albrecht Blank (eds.):
421:and was baptized in Mainz with his wife and son.
409:One of the first Viking kings to be baptized was
3422:
647:
464:was attacked for the first time with about 700
432:sailing their ships up the big rivers from the
208:, where the Rhine divides into the Lek and the
993:in May 882, and raised a large army, in which
957:, the Archbishop of Trier, Bertulf, and Count
452:. Previously, the Vikings had raided England (
1685:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1254:
1241:
1239:
791:
56:had previously conquered almost the whole of
1641:Veröffentlichungen des Bistumsarchivs Trier.
1271:
1269:
1245:Jennifer Striewski: Wikinger am Mittelrhein.
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
736:Raids on cultural centres in the Aachen area
95:was buried and on whose throne the Frankish
812:who died there in 855 after concluding the
3456:Military history of the Carolingian Empire
1692:
1678:
1349:
617:. On 3 August 881, the West Francian king
580:
572:technology enabled them to overcome strong
440:. Such raids mainly affected areas on the
400:. The warriors who gathered there, called
1658:(in German). Portal Rheinische Geschichte
1266:
1216:
1162:884 Frankish campaign against the Vikings
1138:That year, the Vikings withdrew from the
689:Particularly affected were the cities of
593:The situation changed when the so-called
473:were attacked by Danish warriors in 845.
972:
883:
739:
666:
584:
540:
344:
184:
145:
15:
503:
240:The Rhineland in the Carolingian period
3423:
1512:Vol. 1, Greven Verlag, Cologne, 1990,
1510:Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln.
44:were part of a series of invasions of
1673:
1547:Studia Medievalia Septentriolia (SMS)
1125:
1094:
981:After his return from Italy, Emperor
413:who, in 826, became a vassal of King
325:
2555:Cnut the Great's invasion of England
1598:Books on Demand, Norderstedt, 2008,
1378:Gabriele B. Clemens, Lukas Clemens:
1292:Koblenz 1998, pp. 87-94, here p. 88.
138:being a major trade of the vikings.
3441:Medieval history of the Netherlands
2510:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias
1568:Vol. 14). Winter, Heidelberg, 1906.
1286:Nicht nur Nacht- und Nebelaktionen.
856:
597:suffered a severe defeat in 878 at
264:– the latter mainly because of its
182:, or Land of Cleves (Klever Land).
13:
3374:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40
3339:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333
3334:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174
2703:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)
1527:Routledge, London/New York, 1983,
969:Ceasefire of Ascloha in Spring 882
816:. Attached to the monastery was a
14:
3482:
1654:Jennifer Striewski (2013-02-25).
1647:
1087:is said to be a daughter of King
760:(now the cathedral), the tomb of
349:Entry into Valhalla (relief from
162:is used to describe areas on the
1905:
1172:In 884, a body of troops led by
774:imperial abbey of Kornelimünster
314:, the Rhineland was assigned to
141:
60:and established a great empire.
32:= "Viking raid on a monastery",
30:Wikingerüberfall auf ein Kloster
1575:Vikingeskibshallen (Roskilde),
1549:11) Fassbaender, Vienna, 2004,
1482:
1473:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1393:
1372:
1363:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1199:Willemsen (2004), 132, 156-157.
1142:and settled permanently on the
2525:Sack of Santiago de Compostela
1313:
1304:
1295:
1278:
1248:
1202:
1193:
977:Coin with image of Charles III
529:which had been founded by the
150:The Frankish realms after the
1:
3410:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)
3364:Uppland Runic Inscription 158
2540:Siege of Constantinople (860)
1633:Geschichte des Bistums Trier.
1618:Geschichte des Trierer Landes
1577:Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
1571:Annemarieke Willemsen (ed.):
1502:
1187:
1174:Henry, Margrave of the Franks
1118:and the Archbishop of Mainz,
648:Raids in the Rhine-Meuse area
42:Viking raids in the Rhineland
3329:Småland Runic Inscription 48
3229:Danish Runic Inscription 380
3224:Danish Runic Inscription 154
1573:Wikinger am Rhein. 800–1000.
1435:For identification see also
7:
3436:Medieval history of Germany
3219:Danish Runic Inscription 66
2723:Birka female Viking warrior
2415:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu
1699:
1380:Geschichte der Stadt Trier.
744:Artist's impression of the
547:Havhingsten fra Glendalough
545:Reconstructed Viking ship,
10:
3487:
3249:Gunnar's bridge runestones
2595:Viking Age arms and armour
2450:Battle of Strangford Lough
2190:Battle of Brentford (1016)
1490:Chronik der Stadt Duisburg
1288:In: Ulrich Löber (Hrsg.):
1275:Willemsen (2004), 155–157.
1165:
934:. Among their targets was
861:The King of East Francia,
792:First attack on Prüm Abbey
357:These contacts were often
274:. The old Roman cities of
3405:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)
3392:
3379:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone
3201:
3068:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson
2903:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson
2675:
2563:
2440:Battle of Stamford Bridge
2127:
2022:
1952:
1914:
1903:
1707:
1656:"Wikinger am Mittelrhein"
1581:Centraal Museum (Utrecht)
1457:Willemsen (2004), 132–136
1054:Charles III besieged the
3451:History of the Rhineland
2913:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
2818:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir
2652:Raid Warfare and Tactics
2495:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt
2465:Battle of Tara (Ireland)
2435:Battle of Stamford (918)
2430:Battle of Stamford (894)
2335:Battle of Lüneburg Heath
2150:Battle of Anglesey Sound
1328:Willemsen (2004), 64-71.
1319:Willemsen (2004), 55–61.
1182:Siege of Paris (885–886)
1168:Siege of Paris (885–886)
1116:Count Henry of Babenberg
334:(772–804) the empire of
252:, where Charlemagne had
3133:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
3078:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
2808:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
2535:Siege of Chartres (911)
2385:Battle of Reading (871)
2340:Battle of Lyrskov Heath
2330:Battle of London Bridge
2300:Battle of Hingston Down
1607:online bei Google Books
1488:J.H. Withof, A. Blank:
828:in the Empire with its
581:Winter raids of 881/882
373:in Frankish campaigns.
318:. Ten years later, the
3471:Wars involving Francia
3289:Norra Härene Runestone
3214:Baltic area runestones
2728:Bjørn (floruit 856–58)
2515:Raids in the Rhineland
2325:Battle of Leuven (891)
2315:Battle of Islandbridge
2310:Battle of Hjörungavágr
2210:Battle of Cathair Cuan
1448:Willemsen (2004), 164.
1301:Willemsen (2004), 119.
978:
893:
753:
675:
674:from the Viking period
613:, Northern France and
590:
550:
424:During this time, the
354:
193:
155:
37:
3461:9th-century conflicts
3259:Hakon Jarl runestones
3158:Tryggvi the Pretender
3063:Snæfrithr Svásadottir
2998:Ohthere of Hålogaland
2943:Ketil Trout (Iceland)
2763:Eohric of East Anglia
2662:Svinfylking Formation
2470:Battle of Tarbat Ness
2280:Battle of Fýrisvellir
2145:First Battle of Alton
1360:Willemsen (2004), 109
1310:Willemsen (2004), 62.
976:
946:managed to escape to
887:
743:
670:
605:at the hands of King
588:
544:
348:
244:The heartland of the
188:
149:
19:
3369:Varangian runestones
3284:Lingsberg Runestones
3264:Hällestad Runestones
3148:Thorolf Kveldulfsson
3108:Styrbjörn the Strong
3043:Rognvald Eysteinsson
3023:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
2788:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
2758:Egill Skallagrímsson
2505:Burning of Luimneach
2480:Battle of Tettenhall
2445:Battle of Stiklestad
2380:Battle of Rastarkalv
2290:Battle of Hafrsfjord
2255:Battle of Englefield
2215:Battle of Chippenham
2205:Battle of Buttington
2200:Battle of Brunanburh
2195:Battle of Brissarthe
1479:Willemsen (2004), 9.
1437:The Annals of Fulda,
1382:Beck, Munich, 2007,
1346:Fuchs (1990), 89-90.
847:Western Christianity
504:Raids of 862 and 864
456:, 793) and Ireland (
330:After the defeat of
256:built, and also the
226:Rhineland-Palatinate
172:French Revolutionary
124:Mediterranean region
3314:Sigtrygg Runestones
3304:Runestones of Högby
3209:Ballstorp Runestone
3193:Unn the Deep-Minded
3128:Thorfinn the Mighty
3123:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva
3103:Steinunn Refsdóttir
2893:Hemming Halfdansson
2748:Bjorn the Easterner
2475:Battle of Tempsford
2425:Battle of Stainmore
2405:Battle of Rochester
2345:Battle of Mag Femen
2305:Battle of the Holme
2230:Battle of Corbridge
2185:Battle of Brávellir
2135:Tactics and warfare
1939:Viking ship replica
1508:Peter Fuchs (ed.):
1369:Regino of Prüm, 882
1337:Willemsen (2004), 2
959:Adalhard II of Metz
625:in central France.
254:his imperial palace
178:, for example, the
132:Bukhara slave trade
3344:Sparlösa Runestone
3299:Runestones at Aspa
3294:Orkesta Runestones
3239:England runestones
2858:Halfdan Ragnarsson
2838:Hakon Rognvaldsson
2823:Gunnar Hámundarson
2803:Godfrid Haraldsson
2738:Bjarni Herjólfsson
2688:Amlaíb Cenncairech
2676:Historical figures
2580:Great Heathen Army
2568:and fortifications
2485:Battle of Thetford
2410:Battle of Sasireti
2400:Battle of Ringmere
2285:Battle of Glenmama
2260:Battle of Epiphany
2250:Battle of Edington
2220:Battle of Clontarf
2180:Battle of Benfleet
2160:Battle of Assandun
1997:L'Anse aux Meadows
1822:Old Norse religion
1284:Thorsten Capelle:
1126:Raid of Autumn 883
1095:Raid of Summer 882
1041:Elsloo an der Maas
979:
904:and the abbeys of
894:
796:On 6 January 882,
754:
748:(c. 800) with the
676:
595:Great Heathen Army
591:
551:
549:, mid-11th century
496:to be a gift from
444:and in modern-day
419:Ingelheim am Rhein
355:
326:Vikings and Franks
320:Treaty of Ribemont
194:
156:
38:
3418:
3417:
3384:Viking runestones
3319:Simris Runestones
3309:Sædinge Runestone
3279:Karlevi Runestone
3269:Ingvar runestones
3244:Greece runestones
3153:Thorstein the Red
3138:Thorkell the Tall
3018:Ragnar Ragnarsson
2923:Ivar the Boneless
2848:Haakon Sigurdsson
2798:Garðar Svavarsson
2783:Eiríkr Hákonarson
2778:Eric I of Denmark
2733:Bjorn Asbrandsson
2620:Gjermundbu helmet
2490:Battle of Thimeon
2460:Battle of Sulcoit
2455:Battle of Svolder
2420:Battle of Skyhill
2390:Battle of Renfrew
2370:Battle of Norditi
2355:Battle of Meretun
2275:Battle of Fulford
2270:Battle of Florvåg
2155:Battle of Ashdown
1882:Viking runestones
1627:Burkhard Apsner:
1604:978-3-8370-2530-9
1583:, Utrecht, 2004,
1555:978-3-900538-83-5
1523:Peter H. Sawyer:
1388:978-3-406-55618-0
1032:Annales Fuldenses
888:The city gate of
851:Sandals of Christ
820:and an important
758:St. Mary's Church
623:Saucourt-en-Vimeu
312:Treaty of Meersen
152:Treaty of Meersen
136:Volga trade route
28:= "Viking raid",
24:= "Viking camp",
3478:
3446:History of Trier
3349:Stangeland stone
3324:Sjörup Runestone
3274:Italy runestones
3254:Hagby Runestones
3234:Egtved Runestone
3168:Valtoke Gormsson
3113:Sweyn Asleifsson
3098:Snorri Sturluson
3083:Sigurd the Stout
3028:Ragnall ua Imair
2918:Ingólfr Arnarson
2868:Harald Bluetooth
2853:Halfdan Long-Leg
2395:Battle of Remich
2375:Battle of Pinhoe
2360:Battle of Nesjar
2350:Battle of Maldon
2295:Battle of Helgeå
2265:Battle of Fitjar
2245:Battle of Dollar
2235:Battle of Cynwit
2225:Battle of Confey
2165:Battle of Basing
2030:Viking expansion
1962:North Sea Empire
1909:
1887:Viking Age trade
1762:Germanic deities
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1455:
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1440:
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1243:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1146:. They occupied
1083:. The princess,
963:Battle of Remich
944:Bertulf of Trier
914:
857:882 Moselle raid
798:Three Kings' Day
746:Palace of Aachen
607:Alfred the Great
415:Louis the German
101:Aachen Cathedral
99:were crowned in
26:Wikingerüberfall
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3388:
3359:Runestone U 582
3197:
3118:Sweyn Forkbeard
3033:Raud the Strong
2993:Orm Storolfsson
2988:Olof Skötkonung
2978:Olav Haraldsson
2973:Olaf Tryggvason
2958:Magnus Barefoot
2938:Ketill Flatnose
2883:Harald Wartooth
2878:Harald Hardrada
2873:Harald Fairhair
2843:Haakon the Good
2671:
2667:Varangian Guard
2567:
2559:
2530:Siege of Asselt
2520:Raid on Seville
2320:Battle of Largs
2240:Battle of Derby
2175:Battle of Bauds
2170:Battle of Barry
2140:Battle of Aclea
2123:
2018:
1954:
1948:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1807:Norse mythology
1755:Younger Futhark
1703:
1698:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1560:Walther Vogel:
1505:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1456:
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1447:
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1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
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1336:
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1309:
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1300:
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1283:
1279:
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1244:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1170:
1164:
1128:
1097:
1067:, he was given
971:
936:Trier Cathedral
928:Maundy Thursday
908:
859:
822:monastic school
794:
738:
664:to the ground.
650:
611:English Channel
583:
539:
506:
430:Frankish Empire
328:
298:and were named
292:episcopal seats
270:and associated
242:
222:Bergisches Land
144:
12:
11:
5:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3466:Military raids
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Viking warfare
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Viking revival
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
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3065:
3060:
3055:
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3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Ragnar Lodbrok
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Olaf the White
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
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2800:
2795:
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2765:
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2743:Björn Ironside
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2690:
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2637:
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2550:Siege of Paris
2547:
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2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Battle of York
2497:
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2365:Battle of Niså
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1989:
1984:
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1977:Orkney Islands
1974:
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1964:
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1950:
1949:
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1936:
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1917:and navigation
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1648:External links
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1499:
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1413:. pp. 284–286.
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1079:to a Frankish
1045:Regino of Prüm
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940:Regino of Prüm
917:St. Symphorian
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814:Treaty of Prüm
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770:imperial baths
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684:Brandschatzung
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378:code of honour
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3026:
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3019:
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3009:
3006:
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2999:
2996:
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2814:
2813:Grímur Kamban
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2799:
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2768:Eric Bloodaxe
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2698:Amlaíb Conung
2696:
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2693:Amlaíb Cuarán
2691:
2689:
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2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
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2657:Shield-maiden
2655:
2653:
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2647:Ring Fortress
2645:
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2638:
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2545:Sack of Paris
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2037:
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2035:British Isles
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:North America
1990:
1988:
1987:Faroe Islands
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
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1951:
1945:
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1815:
1813:
1812:Norse rituals
1810:
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1798:
1797:Norse funeral
1795:
1793:
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1750:Elder Futhark
1748:
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1589:90-5983-009-1
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1533:0-415-04590-8
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1256:Edmund Mudrak
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1109:
1106:on the River
1105:
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1034:
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1008:
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1000:
996:
992:
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987:Imperial Diet
984:
975:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:Easter Sunday
929:
924:
922:
918:
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903:
899:
891:
886:
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659:
655:
645:
643:
639:
634:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:in southwest
600:
596:
587:
578:
575:
571:
566:
562:
560:
556:
548:
543:
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
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483:
479:
474:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
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443:
439:
435:
431:
428:attacked the
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
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395:
391:
387:
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379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:civil warlike
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Siebengebirge
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
192:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
148:
142:The Rhineland
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:British Isles
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:imperial city
83:and also the
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:Wikingerlager
18:
3173:Vagn Åkesson
3093:Skalla-Grímr
3088:Sitric Caech
2953:Leif Erikson
2933:Ketilsdóttir
2773:Erik the Red
2565:Arms, armour
2514:
2093:
1955:and colonies
1944:Visby lenses
1934:Viking ships
1827:Raven banner
1660:. Retrieved
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Eugen Ewig:
1595:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1539:Rudolf Simek
1524:
1509:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1426:pp. 273–274.
1423:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:, pp. 70-71.
1379:
1374:
1365:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1259:
1250:
1213:. p. 256-257
1204:
1195:
1177:of Babenberg
1171:
1140:Middle Rhine
1137:
1129:
1102:
1098:
1053:
1048:
1036:
1030:
1022:
980:
952:
925:
923:was spared.
921:St. Paulinus
895:
860:
838:
836:
829:
795:
755:
718:Viking ships
715:
688:
683:
677:
651:
635:
627:
592:
570:shipbuilding
567:
563:
558:
555:Utrecht ship
552:
507:
486:
475:
423:
408:
401:
375:
356:
329:
316:East Francia
265:
246:Carolingians
243:
204:and ends at
195:
191:East Francia
159:
157:
109:
62:
41:
39:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3143:Thorir Hund
3073:Sigurd Ring
2928:Jomsvikings
2625:Yarm helmet
2060:Isle of Man
2014:Kievan Rus'
1847:Skíðblaðnir
1801:ship burial
1720:Brisingamen
1422:B. Apsner:
1144:Lower Rhine
1110:and nearby
1007:Thuringians
983:Charles III
909: [
902:St. Maximin
898:Easter Week
890:Porta Nigra
831:scriptorium
762:Charlemagne
722:Roman roads
630:Charles III
454:Lindisfarne
446:Netherlands
411:Harald Klak
388:, from the
371:mercenaries
336:Charlemagne
267:scriptorium
258:Benedictine
168:Lower Rhine
93:Charlemagne
91:, in which
3425:Categories
3202:Runestones
2718:Berle-Kari
2683:Airdeconut
1877:Viking art
1872:Viking Age
1662:2014-02-18
1503:Literature
1492:. p. 118 (
1466:W. Vogel:
1188:References
1166:See also:
1156:Ruhrgebiet
1089:Lothair II
906:St. Martin
658:Maastricht
642:city gates
638:city walls
382:god of war
340:pagan gods
300:Lothringen
212:to form a
180:Gelderland
134:along the
116:Baltic Sea
67:cities of
36:= "battle"
3163:Turgesius
3038:Reginheri
3008:Palnatoke
2793:Freygeirr
2575:Berserker
2099:Pomerania
2094:Rhineland
2023:Expansion
1972:Greenland
1953:Homelands
1897:Yggdrasil
1817:Old Norse
1772:Hnefatafl
1740:Einherjar
1409:E. Ewig:
999:Bavarians
867:Frankfurt
863:Louis III
826:libraries
810:Lothair I
707:Andernach
619:Louis III
482:Rhineland
466:longships
434:North Sea
403:Einherjar
394:valkyries
296:Lothair I
260:abbey in
160:Rhineland
158:The term
105:libraries
3188:Uí Ímair
2968:Náttfari
2948:Lagertha
2908:Hvitserk
2640:Ingelrii
2635:Ulfberht
2615:Dane axe
2087:Normandy
2082:Brittany
2065:Scotland
2009:Jomsborg
1982:Shetland
1929:Longship
1867:Valkyrie
1862:Valhalla
1792:Norsemen
1782:Leysingi
1777:Holmgang
1725:Danegeld
1635:Band 1.
1258:(1961),
1152:Duisburg
1120:Liutbert
1112:Deventer
1081:princess
1065:baptised
1049:Chronica
1019:Lombards
1015:Frisians
1003:Swabians
985:held an
818:hospital
786:Ardennes
768:and the
711:Danegeld
662:Tongeren
615:Flanders
599:Edington
574:currents
559:treideln
522:Nijmegen
510:Dorestad
494:nobility
490:fiefdoms
398:Valhalla
234:Hunsrück
206:Emmerich
200:and the
176:counties
122:and the
118:region,
34:Schlacht
3393:Related
2963:Naddodd
2888:Hastein
2863:Hagrold
2833:Guthrum
2828:Guthred
2713:Bagsecg
2610:Skeggöx
2600:Halberd
2128:Battles
2104:Estonia
2040:Danelaw
2002:Vinland
1967:Iceland
1892:Wergeld
1857:Tyrfing
1842:Seeress
1787:Mjölnir
1745:Futhark
1708:Culture
1701:Vikings
1470:p. 300.
1400:Easter.
1104:Zutphen
1077:wedding
1061:Godfrid
1056:Normans
1029:in the
1023:Ascloha
961:in the
871:Koblenz
804:in the
784:in the
782:Malmedy
750:octagon
726:Zülpich
691:Cologne
680:Godfrid
603:England
518:Utrecht
512:on the
478:Francia
471:Hamburg
450:Belgium
426:Vikings
367:Denmark
359:warlike
351:Gotland
280:Cologne
272:library
198:Moselle
69:Cologne
50:Vikings
48:by the
46:Francia
3178:Veborg
2898:Hervor
2708:Auisle
2605:Atgeir
2585:Hersir
2114:Dublin
2109:Iberia
2077:France
2070:Wessex
2050:Mercia
2045:Anglia
1852:Thrall
1602:
1587:
1553:
1531:
1516:
1494:online
1386:
1148:Xanten
1108:IJssel
1069:Frisia
1037:Haslon
1027:Asselt
1011:Saxons
995:Franks
849:, the
843:relics
778:Stablo
766:palace
730:Aachen
703:Jülich
531:Romans
527:Xanten
458:Dublin
332:Saxony
284:Xanten
250:Aachen
164:Middle
130:, the
128:slaves
120:Russia
114:, the
89:Aachen
77:Xanten
54:Franks
3058:Rusla
3053:Rorik
3048:Rollo
3003:Ottir
2630:Sword
2119:Italy
1924:Knarr
1915:Ships
1837:Skald
1832:Sagas
1767:Gothi
1735:Eddas
1133:ruins
1071:as a
991:Worms
913:]
879:ditch
875:Mainz
806:Eifel
699:Neuss
672:Hoard
654:Liège
462:Paris
442:Seine
363:march
306:of a
304:power
276:Trier
230:Eifel
214:delta
202:Rhine
97:kings
81:Trier
65:Roman
3183:Ubba
2753:Cnut
2590:Hird
2055:York
1715:Blót
1616:In:
1600:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1150:and
1073:fief
1063:was
1017:and
955:Wala
948:Metz
915:and
802:Prüm
780:and
705:and
695:Bonn
660:and
520:and
448:and
436:and
386:Odin
288:Bonn
286:and
262:Prüm
210:Waal
166:and
73:Bonn
40:The
1730:Dís
1639:(=
1620:(=
1564:(=
989:at
926:On
896:In
845:of
728:to
686:).
514:Lek
498:God
417:at
390:Asa
220:or
87:of
3427::
1579:,
1545:(=
1541::
1496:).
1351:^
1268:^
1218:^
1184:.
1158:.
1135:.
1047:,
1013:,
1009:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
938:.
911:de
788:.
732:.
701:,
697:,
693:,
656:,
561:.
533:.
384:,
282:,
278:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
1803:)
1799:(
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1665:.
1609:.
1591:.
1557:.
1535:.
1520:.
1043:(
1025:(
353:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
