Vietnamese language in the United States

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community and cultural centers. However, there were reportedly some difficulties in spending money, due to the prospect that any Vietnamese language school in a refugee community in the West funded by the Communist Vietnamese government will be immediately boycotted and picketed. Officials have approached Vietnamese academics overseas to offer financial support to develop syllabi and organize classes. These classes were planned to provide "neutral" language learning materials to "update" the "old-fashioned" Vietnamese spoken overseas, provide some professionalism to the classroom and create a forum free of politics, in contrast to the community language classes. However, with the difficulties associated with bringing government-supported teaching materials into diasporic communities, these plans were only possible via electronic means (through the Internet and satellite TV).

1772: 1497: 1475: 1755: 1523: 1453:; this increased to 39,600 in 2002. Vietnamese people account for about 40% of those in this profession nationwide. In California, they account for about 59–80% of workers, and applicants can take tests in Vietnamese to receive their license. In cities with a large presence of Vietnamese people, there are also classes teaching this profession to newly arrived immigrants. In a survey in 2007 among Vietnamese-owned nail salons, 70% of technicians prefer to read publications in Vietnamese. The existence of a large support network in the Vietnamese language for nail technicians in turns attract even more Vietnamese people into this profession. 1357: 2313: 2067: 518: 1206: 1395: 1551:, amended in 2006, requires that state and local governments provide voting material to assist voters who speak minority languages if they are more than 5% of the voting population in a voting district, or if there are more than 10,000 citizens of voting age who do not have the English skills necessary to participate in the voting process. Accordingly, as of 2021 there are 12 voting areas nationwide where Vietnamese-language voting materials must be made available (including six counties in California, a town in 2299:

against morals", counter to the "tradition of modesty" of Vietnamese people when "bombastic" terms devoid of meaning are in wide use, although he conceded that some creative terms are acceptable when used carefully and wisely. In 2018, the Vietnamese History and Culture Research Institute organized a convention to standardize the orthography of the Vietnamese language spoken in the US, attracting many participants. During this convention, participants voted on and agreed to maintain the

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California, there were 16,000 students enrolled in the 86–90 centers, with about 1,600 teachers. The Union of Overseas Vietnamese Language Schools (TAVIET), formerly the Union of Vietnamese Language Centers of Southern California, counts among its members about 100 Vietnamese language schools in Southern California. These schools coordinate to create a common curriculum and to create a common textbook, instead of using textbooks published in Vietnam. Textbooks created by TAVIET include

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third-generation Vietnamese Americans only speak English. However, only 20% of second-generation Vietnamese Americans entirely use English, compared to 46.8% in the first generation. This shows that there are efforts to preserve the language among Vietnamese speakers. Additionally, there are efforts among Vietnamese Americans to bring the language to public school curricula so that their children do not forget their heritage language.

634: 44: 1018: 1817:. In Austin, officials were considering more classes for middle and high school students. Students enrolled in these programs are primarily ethnically Vietnamese, but there are those from other ethnicities as well. In Westminster, the district coordinated with CSU Fullerton to develop the curriculum. By 2021, the programs had spread further, especially in the two areas with high concentration of Vietnamese people in 1226:

bringing their audience melodies that bring back to a time of peace. In contrast to immigrants from other countries, Vietnamese exiles strongly reject cultural productions that originate from their homeland now under communism. In the beginning, Vietnamese Americans watch dubbed Hong Kong and Taiwanese films via VHS for their entertainment needs. Starting from the 1980s and 1990s, the variety show

393: 1388:. Many stores and offices in the area serve a primarily Vietnamese clientele, so they use Vietnamese. In a survey among the Vietnamese American community in the Greater Los Angeles area, more than 50% of first-generation immigrants indicate that they use Vietnamese in their place of work, while the proportions for the 1.5 and 2nd generation are 25–30% and 50%, respectively. 1222:

people composed works full of misery and anger. Hundreds of magazines and newspapers and books were published in Vietnamese with the aim to alert the world about the ordeal of the boat people. In contrast to the nostalgic works of earlier writers, the works of boat people authors paint a picture of Communist Vietnam as hell on earth full of human misery and agony.

1119:, the first Vietnamese-language TV station broadcasting 24 hours a day via cable and satellite nationwide since 2002. SBTN attracts a wide variety of audience in its diverse programming, including news, theatrical films, drama, documentaries, variety shows, talk shows, and children's shows. Besides SBTN, there is also VietFace TV owned by 1416: 787:

States and having at least one parent born in the United States. In 1980, 95% of Vietnamese Americans belong to the first generation, 3% in the second generation, and 2% in the third generation. By 2006, the first generation decreased to 77% while the second increased to 19%, the third generation still at a modest 4%. According to

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learners exposed to the language through their families, who are often from the South or Central regions, were often chastised in class for using "improper", "outdated", or "backwards" vocabularies. Attempting to learn the Northern dialect to communicate with their families would backfire due to the

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If our State doesn't create favorable conditions to teach Vietnamese to overseas Vietnamese people, two things will happen. The first is the next generation will lose their Vietnamese roots entirely, and know nothing about the culture and language of the place they were born. The second is that now

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Vietnamese language schools started to appear from the end of the 1970s. Classes were usually conducted in churches, Buddhist temples, and other similar locations during the weekends. These schools were usually staffed by volunteers, and they were usually provided for free or charged only a nominal

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showed students with higher Vietnamese fluency had better academic achievements even though their schooling was primarily in English. According to Bankston and Zhou, the students' Vietnamese language ability is connected to their ethnic self-identification, which was connected to adults in the social

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provide informational literature in Vietnamese and some offer part of the driving test in Vietnamese. In California, the Dymally–Alatorre Bilingual Services Act require government agencies to provide reading material for languages used by at least 5% of the public being served, so Vietnamese is often

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In music and arts, Vietnamese refugees began to build structures for media and entertainment as soon as they began resettling in the US. In the beginning, refugee musicians recorded and distributed music cassettes reflecting their exile status, strongly critiquing the communist government while also

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became an issue in the Vietnamese-speaking community, especially among the elderly who are not well-versed in English and do not consume mainstream media. In response to the proliferation of fake news, some younger Vietnamese Americans who are fluent in both English and Vietnamese formed groups with

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Many Vietnamese Americans are leery of some Vietnamese words that appeared after 1975 and reject them as "communist" or as being characteristic of the communist regime. When translating material into Vietnamese for the Vietnamese American community in the United States, translators who did not avoid

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After 1975, the Vietnamese language in Vietnam evolved due to increased interaction between the various dialects; at the same time, Vietnamese overseas still maintain the phonetics and vocabulary from South Vietnam prior to 1975. While Vietnamese in the US also has three distinct dialects (Northern,

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The use of Vietnamese government-produced teaching material in the classroom was rejected by most of the Vietnamese community in the United States, particularly the refugees who fled Vietnam to escape communist rule. Those who are opposed contend that Vietnamese government-produced materials are not

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The fluency of the language among Vietnamese Americans is divided by generation. The first generation is defined as those born outside the United States (mainly Vietnam), the second generation are those who are born in the United States, while the third generation consist of those born in the United

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At the local level, many areas with a large presence of Vietnamese people have programs providing assistance in Vietnamese. In San Jose, the Vietnamese American Service Center (VASC) was inaugurated in 2022 aiming to provide health and social services to more than 220,000 Vietnamese people in Santa

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since 1977, Vietnamese literature in the US changed themes to wrath and agony; these new writers left Vietnam with a clear ideological purpose: to seek freedom and to tell the world about the "Vietnam in blood and tears". These themes are not only manifested in literature; in music and art the boat

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in California encountered difficulties due to a ban passed by voters. It wasn't until 2016, after voters repealed the ban, that bilingual education was allowed to flourish. In some school districts with a large Vietnamese American presence, many schools established bilingual classes in English and

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estimates, by 2019 the percentage of foreign-born Vietnamese Americans decreased to 60.3% while those who are born in the US increased to 39.7%. Among those 5 and older, 22.3% only used English at home, while the remaining 77.7% used other languages (primarily Vietnamese) — among those 44.0% don't

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Vietnamese speakers are primarily ethnically Vietnamese, so the language is most spoken in places with a high presence of Vietnamese Americans. In 2019, it was estimated that 71.4% of Vietnamese speakers were born in Vietnam, 23.5% in the US or its territories, and the remaining 5% born in another

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In 1980, Vietnamese had 200,000 speakers and was the 14th-most spoken language in the US. From 1980 to 2010, Vietnamese was the fastest-growing language in the United States, having increased sevenfold. By 2010, Vietnamese had surpassed many other languages to become the sixth-most spoken language

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Conversely, some Vietnamese American activists such as the journalist Trần Phong Vũ contend that the Vietnamese language spoken in Vietnam use many new words inappropriately when considering their original meanings. He stated that some new language developments in Vietnam have the tendency to "go

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like the dialect in Vietnam. The Southern (Saigon) dialect remains the standard and is overwhelmingly used in the Vietnamese American community, whereas in Vietnam the Northern (Hanoi) dialect is promoted by the government as the standard. In the US, speakers of the Northern dialect (as spoken in

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launched a project to spend US$ 500,000 to send language teachers from Vietnam to work overseas "where it is possible". This project was aimed at researching the status of language teaching in overseas Vietnamese communities, building syllabi, publishing study materials and organizing classes in

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In 1998, there were about 8,000 students enrolled in 55 community language schools throughout Southern California. According to a survey by the Vietnamese government, in 2009 there were more than 200 institutions or centers teaching Vietnamese, each with between 100 and 1000 enrolled students. In

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In 2010, the US was one of six countries in a pilot government project to teach Vietnamese to overseas Vietnamese. In an interview, a government representative stated that one of the challenges for "those who participate in maintaining Vietnamese among generations of Vietnamese overseas" is "the

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observed many English influences in the Vietnamese spoken overseas, in usage of vocabulary that seem to be glossed directly from English that seemed strange to speakers inside Vietnam, and in the insertion of English words in mass media, especially in advertising. The author also cited several

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After 1975, many artists, writers, and intellectuals from South Vietnam left the reunified country under communist rule and moved to the US. In the beginning, Vietnamese-language literature published in the US revolved around themes of nostalgia for the past, the feeling of guilt for those who

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However, there are signs that English is increasingly replacing Vietnamese among young people (under 21). In the first and second generations, about 46.8% and 19.9% respectively no longer use Vietnamese; in the third generation, while currently a small percentage of the total, more than 90% use

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percentage of those who speak English "very well" while still able to speak Vietnamese increased considerably (from 20.6% to 31.6%). This indicates a trend consistent with language assimilation theories — Vietnamese immigrants adopting English while maintaining fluency in their native language.

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Research in 1998 by Min Zhou and Carl Bankston showed that Vietnamese is maintained when it is used at home and in the community. From 1980 to 2006, the percentage of Vietnamese Americans who do not use Vietnamese at home (only speaking English) increased modestly (from 9.4% to 11.8%) while the

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After several decades with no frequent contact with the country of origin, the Vietnamese language outside of Vietnam, especially in the United States, has diverged. Observers have noted some differences between the varieties and observed that the language outside of Vietnam showed signs of

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While not as well known as Spanish or some other European languages, Vietnamese maintains a presence in some aspects of public life. In the media and creative arts, it is mainly used among the Vietnamese American community. It also has a small presence in commerce and administration. Most

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character set using standard keyboards used in the United States (which did not have support for tonal marks). In 1989, the Viet-Std Group was formed to coordinate with international standardization organizations to standardize the various encodings for Vietnamese. Viet-Std proposed the

1309:, etc. Because most Vietnamese people in the United States came from the South, these genres originated from southern Vietnam. Cải lương composers continue to create new works, while mobile theatrical troupes perform nationwide. In larger Vietnamese communities, pop music predominates. 498:

In the early 21st century, Vietnamese began to show signs of losing its hold on new generations of Vietnamese Americans who are born and raised in the United States and having limited connections to Vietnam. Vietnamese is still maintained among recent immigrants while more than 90% of

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group, which in turn provide a support network for the students, promoting academic achievement. These results showed that parents enrolling their children in Vietnamese language schools will not only improve their Vietnamese language ability, but also their academic achievements.

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Outside of primary and secondary schools, some colleges and universities also have Vietnamese language classes as well as classes teaching Vietnamese history, literature, and culture. Efforts to bring Vietnamese language courses to universities were successful in schools such as

1252:), with anti-communist content as the guiding principle to attract audiences. With the changing tastes of the audience as they assimilate into American society, later programs shifted themes away from politics and towards contemporary American culture. After the success of 2372:) for "census". Government agencies that did not consider these subtle differences in their translations have seen increased mistrust, lowering participation rate in government programs, such as voting or responding to the census. In 2010, after the 2303:

of 23 letters (without adding "f" or "j"), place the tonal mark on the main vowel (in accordance with phonetic principles), continue to use both "i" and "y" as vowels, and to use Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in "a proper and judicious manner".

2295:. Vietnamese spoken abroad also tend to create new words using Sino-Vietnamese roots, a tendency that he also observed in domestic media. He also cited some word usage that he described as inaccurate or inappropriate for the context. 1461:, the Silicon Valley Small Business Development Center opened an office to serve local Vietnamese-speaking small business owners with resources in Vietnamese to help them navigate bureaucracy, new technologies and market expansion. 1415: 1908:

elements also organize Vietnamese classes. Some Việt kiều parents who don't want their children to lose Vietnamese resign themselves to shutting their eyes and let their children go to these classes only to have politics brought

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Most Vietnamese language media are published in metropolitan areas with high concentration of Vietnamese people. While small in comparison to English or Spanish language media, Vietnamese language media have flourished in the US.

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provide Vietnamese-language driving instructions, and some states even allow the test to be partly taken in Vietnamese. Vietnamese is an elective subject in many colleges and universities, and is seen less often in high schools.

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Additionally, many Vietnamese American authors achieved success in the mainstream American literary scene, primarily with English-language works describing the experience of Vietnamese people in the United States. They include

2395:" in English instead of "Saigon" as in the Vietnamese text; this ad was quickly removed. In addition, many translations made by government agencies caused confusion when translating too literally, as in documentation for 1418: 4986: 2415:

stigma associated with this dialect among Vietnamese Americans. This would lead to antipathy towards the language and cause the student to abandon learning Vietnamese. Many parents have registered complaints with the

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At many locales in the US, Vietnamese American small business owners form Vietnamese American Chambers of Commerce to support each other and provide training for companies seeking to conduct business in Vietnam. In

1730:). The textbooks produced by TAVIET are also used in some public school districts in California in their dual-language immersion programs. In addition, the National Language Center for Asian Languages (NRCAL) at 706: 1167:, was once broadcast via satellite in the US, but was deemed "boring"; its main audience consists of international students or recent immigrants from Vietnam. VTV4 stopped broadcasting via satellite since 2018. 1737:

In a survey among the Vietnamese American community in Southern California, while only 25% of those from the first generation send their children to Vietnamese language schools, this doubled to 50% in the

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After several decades of development in a multilingual environment independent of the native country, Vietnamese in the United States has some differences from the Vietnamese language currently spoken in

1873:. At UCSD, students were successful in maintaining the program through community contributions after budget shortfalls threatened the program. In addition, about 300 instructors are trained annually at 1404: 1069:

has an English edition for Vietnamese Americans born in the US. Besides these publications, other publications in many other languages are also in circulation in the Vietnamese American community.

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script. The Foundation helped to digitize and make available online many works written in the script. The foundation was dissolved in 2018 after declaring that its initial goals had been achieved.

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Since 1991, the Vietnamese American Arts & Letters Association (VAALA) worked to assist Southeast Asian artists, especially focusing on Vietnamese literature and arts. VAALA has organized the

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Usage of Vietnamese in the public sphere has at times generated controversy. In 2008, two co-valedictorians used a Vietnamese phrase to thank their families during their graduation speech at

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users, their usage of Vietnamese may show characteristic influences from English such as using generic terms translated from English instead of more expressive terms available in Vietnamese (

259:. The United States also ranks second among countries and territories with the most Vietnamese speakers, behind Vietnam. The Vietnamese language became prevalent after the conclusion of the 2259:

much more often than the language spoken in Vietnam. In the variety used in Vietnam, these terms are either replaced by native terms (for example điều giải - hòa giải, đệ nhị thế chiến -

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Researchers found a correlation between Vietnamese language ability and school performance among Vietnamese American students. A 1995 survey among Vietnamese high school students in

1348:. Although their works were written in English, the authors include in them some Vietnamese vocabulary and cite the influence of their native language in their diction and syntax. 1984:

Vietnamese speakers in the United States were instrumental in adding support for the language in computer systems. In the early years of the Internet, Vietnamese users used the

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has the third-highest number of speakers. Vietnamese has a limited presence in larger cities; they have higher concentrations in the suburbs rather than in the inner cities.

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came to the United States. It is used in many aspects of life, including media, commerce, and administration. In several states, it is the third-most spoken language, behind

1970:) are taught to students, and the communist Vietnamese flag is seen in a picture of a stamp. This was seen as proof that "Communist materials are used to teach Vietnamese". 5265: 2036: 1780: 4401: 454:

deteriorated, the number of Vietnamese people gradually increased. By the early 1970s, there were 15,000 Vietnamese; this number doubled to 30,000 by 1975. Following

2013:

also proposed standards and produced software to support Vietnamese. With multiple competing standards, support for Vietnamese on computers was complicated until the

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because the company employed translators from Vietnam who used allegedly "communist terminology". In 2018, a billboard advertising flights to Vietnam operated by

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Dymally–Alatorre Bilingual Services Act: State Agencies Do Not Fully Comply With the Act, and Local Governments Could Do More to Address Their Clients' Needs

2025: 1899:, answered a question about "individuals and organizations teaching Vietnamese to overseas Vietnamese people, without waiting for a project from the State": 1085: 709:

Vietnamese American youths with signs promoting Vietnamese language and culture ("I like to learn Vietnamese" and "I'm proud to be Vietnamese") at a parade.

4229:[Summary of the Convention to Unify Vietnamese Orthography]. Westminster, California: Viện Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử và Văn Hoá Việt Nam. September 6, 2018 8217: 4871: 3559: 1257: 1543:

As one of the largest immigrant languages, Vietnamese is used in government, especially in areas related to immigration. In the federal government, since

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became a connecting bridge between the various Vietnamese communities around the world. The early production titles reflect themes related to exile, like

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Clara County. Some local agencies do not have Vietnamese language translations available but have personnel to translate when needed, such as via phone.

1958:

voiced concerns about a textbook widely used in public schools in the United States, in which terms that are only used inside Vietnam (such as "đăng ký

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In 1969, there were about only 3000 Vietnamese people in the entire United States, including wives of American servicemen who served in Vietnam. As the

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The history of Vietnamese in the United States is fairly short and intimately connected to the presence of Vietnamese people in this country. Prior to

2337: 5197: 4312: 1797:

Vietnamese, principally at the primary level. In the 2016–2017 school year, 4 school districts nationwide had bilingual Vietnamese-English programs:

7820: 1531: 1184: 7546: 3892: 3468: 2267:) or by direct borrowings (for example sinh tố - vitamin, phụ hệ di truyền thể - DNA, Mỹ kim - đô la Mỹ). These also include country names such as 1108:

was cited as helping to attract Vietnamese people from California to resettle in Houston when they hear its programming rebroadcast in California.

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stayed, and exile. The early writers criticized American values such as material pursuit as well as social and moral values. With the arrival of

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with an anti-communist platform and committed to not showing programs produced in Vietnam. These and other networks are broadcast over the air on

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also develops teaching materials based on Vietnamese-American experiences, are more culturally sensitive and in accordance with community needs.

5115:"Cross-Linguistic Analysis of Vietnamese and English with Implications for Vietnamese Language Acquisition and Maintenance in the United States" 471:. The newspaper helped to bring news from the homeland to the refugee community, and helped them prepare for a new life in the United States. 4367: 2987: 3834: 2092: 1376:, Vietnamese is ubiquitous: it can be found in signage in front of offices, stores, cemeteries, on billboards advertising companies such as 5317: 1935: 1934:

Since 2005, the Vietnamese government began to compile the curriculum for teaching Vietnamese to overseas Vietnamese people. In 2016, the

1567:). Additionally, many federal agencies also provide materials in Vietnamese to serve people who are not proficient in English, such as the 4476: 4393: 1088:

was formed in 1993, broadcasts in the three areas with large Vietnamese American populations including Southern California, San Jose, and

3665: 1923: 2853: 3603: 3283: 5003: 2890: 419:

was a French colony, so research on the Vietnamese language was primarily conducted by French scholars. In the 1950s, schools such as

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Vietnam) are stigmatized and treated with suspicion as supporters of the Communist government until their political views are known.

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Central and Southern) like in Vietnam, the Northern dialect is phonetically influenced by the Southern and Central dialects due to

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for later generations, Vietnamese speakers have established many language centers and coordinated with public school systems to

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In many Vietnamese classes at the university level, instructors who were trained in Vietnam after 1975 often use the Northern (

2051: 1731: 1313: 1171: 1112: 2001:, developed word processing software that can support Vietnamese on computers. At the same time, other organizations such as 7813: 7717: 7708: 7675: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7434: 2079:

influence from English, and some variations in syntax and vocabulary when compared to the language as spoken inside Vietnam.

1858: 492: 484: 480: 400: 272: 2074:; here many English terms are used instead of Vietnamese ("cashiers" instead of "thu ngân" and "text" instead of "nhắn tin") 9651: 7723: 7702: 7696: 7663: 7657: 7391: 7353: 5574: 5156: 4958: 697: 488: 3530: 1950:

appropriate for Vietnamese American students, and do not fulfill the needs of parents in teaching their children why they

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sparked outrage in the Vietnamese American community in San Jose because it referred to the largest city in Vietnam as "

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Ruggles, Steven; Flood, Sarah; Foster, Sophia; Goeken, Ronald; Pacas, Jose; Schouweiler, Megan; Sobek, Matthew (2021).

3863: 1854: 1802: 4935: 4820: 4797: 4760: 4729: 4708: 4687: 4666: 4645: 4624: 4603: 4580: 4557: 4534: 4511: 2960: 2329: 1979: 1922:

For many years, the Vietnamese government had plans to send language teachers to diasporic communities; in 2004, the

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from Southern California is the largest Vietnamese language newspaper in the United States. From 1999 to 2005, the

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construction "bị/được bởi/do/nhờ" that is rarely used in Vietnam because their usage is still a matter of debate.

1754: 7090: 6140: 5630: 5523: 4789: 4282: 1822: 1065:. Early newspapers focused on local news for Vietnamese Americans; later they expanded to serving other readers. 677: 5933: 3110: 6990: 6047: 5493: 5333: 3014:"'Cultural Brokers for Our Families': Young Vietnamese Americans Fight Online Misinformation for the Community" 2333: 2147:

between 1954 and 1975. The Northern Vietnamese dialect spoken in the US does not merge the initial consonants

1612: 1596: 534: 256: 7075: 2041: 8596: 7915: 6900: 6564: 5988: 4098: 1850: 1604: 676:), Vietnamese is the third-most spoken language, behind English and Spanish. It has a strong presence in the 174: 9661: 9571: 9226: 9187: 8229: 8072: 7536: 5741: 5555: 1673: 1608: 1369: 1283: 1175: 1005: 49: 4203: 1273: 1092:. In additional to locally produced shows, the station also rebroadcast Vietnamese-language programs from 7523: 7399: 7262: 5503: 5461: 5456: 4942: 4472: 2498: 2373: 1896: 1798: 1759: 1743: 1101: 788: 1290:

was the largest Vietnamese-language production center in the world, dwarfing Vietnam by a factor of 10.

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some painful memories in their target audience. For example, Vietnamese Americans prefer "ghi danh" (

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the aim to challenge the fake news and bring accurate news in Vietnamese to the community, including

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proposed rules to require that graduation speeches use only English. Faced with opposition from the

646: 9578: 8511: 7310: 6870: 6674: 6008: 5550: 5446: 5421: 5374: 4405: 2416: 2116: 1866: 1784: 1653: 1568: 1306: 1152: 1116: 53: 3895:[Vietnamese Cultural Center organizes a flag-raising ceremony commemorating Black April]. 8802: 7829: 6817: 6620: 6599: 6539: 6018: 5720: 5713: 5483: 5386: 4142:[Journalist Trần Phong Vũ: Maintaining culture and language overseas is very difficult]. 2578: 1814: 1810: 1664: 1623: 1535: 1474: 98: 6895: 5098:"Exiles in the Land of the Free: Vietnamese Artists and Writers in America, 1975 to the Present" 3562:[Little Saigon unveils Vietnamese language textbooks, helping youths find their roots]. 1233: 1120: 291:, and the community of Vietnamese speakers has consciously tried to preserve those differences. 9585: 9519: 8532: 8506: 7608: 7531: 6780: 6515: 6500: 6232: 6218: 6068: 5873: 5780: 5699: 5513: 2030: 1951: 1870: 1218: 1148: 5915: 4914: 4808: 4779: 4740: 4545: 4522: 4501: 4295: 4108: 3734: 3716: 3590: 3502: 3255: 3225: 3210: 3195: 3153: 2921: 2840: 2825: 2778: 2739: 2674: 2632: 2554: 2479: 1547:

Vietnamese has been one of six languages used in forms people can fill in for the census. The

9628: 9592: 9524: 7669: 7325: 7288: 7064: 7050: 6827: 6809: 6485: 6480: 6406: 6089: 6013: 5983: 5958: 5734: 5635: 5478: 4698: 4591: 4568: 4175: 3943: 3928: 3897: 3868: 3839: 3564: 3270: 3240: 2579:"More Than 1 Million United States Residents Speak Vietnamese at Home, Census Bureau Reports" 1642: 1564: 1486:

A sign directing voters to a voting location in English, Vietnamese and some other languages

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serve the Washington, DC area. Some localities also have Vietnamese language programming on

1037: 1023: 462: 432: 8241: 7780: 5922: 5894: 5247:[The demand for Vietnamese language education among Vietnamese abroad is enormous]. 4989:[Vietnamese language among the Vietnamese American community in the United States]. 2087:

Many Vietnamese speakers in the US are also fluent in English. In daily speech, many people

9599: 9154: 8749: 7564: 7500: 7462: 7457: 7216: 7022: 6985: 6798: 6718: 6639: 6554: 6239: 5953: 5685: 5508: 2895: 2321: 2264: 1818: 1685: 1638: 1634: 1522: 1458: 1333: 1132: 1105: 467:, the first Vietnamese-language daily newspaper in the United States, began publication in 264: 73: 5908: 4841:[Some observations about Vietnamese usage in some overseas Vietnamese newspapers] 4495:"Vietnamese Language and Media Policy in the Service of Deterritorialized Nation-Building" 3410: 2096:

syntactical formations that showed influence from English, such as excessive usage of the

1262: 8: 9401: 8668: 8212: 8047: 8037: 7786: 7452: 7320: 7190: 7043: 6977: 6875: 6354: 6251: 6155: 6040: 5884: 5855: 5798: 5660: 5645: 5545: 5535: 5473: 5468: 5451: 5391: 3446: 3312: 2601:"Top Languages Other than English Spoken in 1980 and Changes in Relative Rank, 1990-2010" 2300: 2071: 2047: 1997:

encoding standard to support Vietnamese characters with tonal marks. Another non-profit,

1793: 1128: 1073: 424: 252: 152: 6860: 5901: 4860:"Grammatical Characteristics of Vietnamese and English in Developing Bilingual Children" 4478:

Selected Population Profile in the United States: Vietnamese alone or in any combination

3750:[Pilot program for teaching Vietnamese to overseas compatriots in 6 countries]. 2021:

standard developed by the Vietnamese government was not widely used outside of Vietnam.

9387: 9280: 8815: 8787: 8569: 8246: 7875: 7842: 7735: 7381: 7330: 7057: 7036: 7015: 7008: 6995: 6931: 6855: 6689: 6613: 6526: 6441: 6395: 6367: 6198: 6107: 5998: 5973: 5948: 5863: 5808: 5727: 5640: 5610: 5411: 5084: 4896: 4859: 4766: 4741:"Vietnamese: Language Use in Little Saigon and Other Greater Los Angeles Neighborhoods" 4317: 3369: 3365:"California DMV to eliminate 25 language options from drivers license tests, memo says" 2388: 2312: 2066: 1846: 1838: 1316:

annually since 2003, showcasing creative works made by or are about Vietnamese people.

1298: 1164: 1147:

in San Jose. Outside of California, Viet-Nam Public Television (VPTV) headquartered in

1140: 681: 673: 455: 420: 6913: 9529: 9485: 9475: 9396: 9320: 9195: 9127: 8721: 8633: 8435: 8430: 8134: 7729: 7105: 7100: 6949: 6890: 6885: 6850: 6845: 6835: 6606: 6579: 6569: 6559: 6446: 6422: 6414: 6387: 6382: 6317: 6286: 6275: 6225: 6183: 6168: 6075: 5818: 5793: 5788: 5748: 5678: 5615: 5396: 5149:"First and largest Vietnamese-language daily newspaper in U.S. to celebrate 40 years" 5088: 4973: 4901: 4883: 4816: 4813:

Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History

4793: 4770: 4756: 4725: 4704: 4683: 4662: 4641: 4620: 4599: 4576: 4553: 4530: 4507: 4254: 3611: 2937:[VTV officially terminated broadcasting via satellite to foreign countries]. 2600: 2411: 2104: 1321: 276: 223: 9345: 8820: 7447: 7442: 4569:"Social and Cultural Influences on the Health of the Vietnamese American Population" 2988:"Young Vietnamese Americans Say Their Parents Are Falling Prey To Conspiracy Videos" 2316:

A trash can with improper Vietnamese in Seattle ("ràc" instead of the correct "rác")

796:

Vietnamese and English speaking ability of Vietnamese Americans by generation, 2006

9428: 9406: 9377: 9330: 9266: 9254: 9231: 9205: 9200: 9177: 9007: 8991: 8981: 8971: 8871: 8739: 8699: 8638: 8608: 8463: 8370: 8321: 8194: 8095: 8006: 8001: 7961: 7941: 7753: 7741: 7687: 7490: 7419: 7404: 7361: 7197: 7167: 7162: 7125: 7115: 7085: 6957: 6880: 6757: 6725: 6711: 6704: 6654: 6631: 6592: 6549: 6490: 6472: 6454: 6377: 6372: 6362: 6335: 6203: 6130: 6120: 6096: 6082: 6061: 5978: 5836: 5826: 5755: 5706: 5665: 5605: 5600: 5363: 5352: 5207:"In Little Saigon, this newspaper has been giving a community a voice for 40 years" 5126: 5076: 5015: 4891: 4875: 4748: 4460: 3781: 3473: 2392: 2325: 1043: 476: 416: 268: 103: 4658:

Songs of the Caged, Songs of the Free: Music and the Vietnamese Refugee Experience

642: 9462: 9361: 9356: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9172: 9043: 8961: 8956: 8898: 8825: 8792: 8548: 8516: 8440: 8404: 8311: 8171: 8032: 7966: 7951: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7870: 7865: 7485: 7472: 7371: 7226: 7120: 7110: 6962: 6920: 6775: 6746: 6739: 6697: 6684: 6679: 6669: 6664: 6649: 6461: 6325: 6193: 6178: 6173: 6163: 6003: 5993: 5844: 5803: 5655: 5650: 5592: 5416: 5302: 5114: 4783: 4719: 4677: 4656: 4635: 4614: 4143: 3810: 3560:"Little Saigon ra mắt Giáo Khoa Việt Ngữ, giúp giới trẻ tìm về cội nguồn dân tộc" 1959: 1509: 1450: 1385: 1361: 1345: 1209:

Vietnamese-American singer Ngọc Hạ performing at a Tết Festival organized by the

90: 7910: 5963: 4879: 4745:

Multilingual La La Land: Language Use in Sixteen Greater Los Angeles Communities

4546:"The Making and Transnationalization of an Ethnic Niche: Vietnamese Manicurists" 4140:"Giữ gìn văn hóa và tiếng nói rất khó khăn tại hải ngoại. Nhà báo Trần Phong Vũ" 3338:"Internal Revenue Service | An official website of the United States government" 1931:

competition for influence among external Vietnamese language teaching centers".

1205: 9622: 9559: 9514: 9498: 9493: 9411: 9351: 9339: 9290: 9285: 9275: 9111: 9106: 9090: 9085: 9075: 9059: 8946: 8923: 8846: 8841: 8772: 8764: 8704: 8683: 8623: 8337: 8150: 8052: 8042: 8022: 7946: 7920: 7885: 7880: 7747: 7476: 7414: 7376: 7221: 7177: 7172: 7157: 7152: 7029: 6967: 6939: 6905: 6770: 6765: 6659: 6584: 6343: 6330: 6188: 6125: 6115: 6054: 6026: 5943: 5831: 5769: 5762: 5670: 5540: 5401: 4858:

Dam, Quynh; Pham, Giang; Potapova, Irina; Pruitt-Lord, Sonja (August 4, 2020).

2353: 2088: 1739: 1228: 530: 404: 141: 108: 5080: 2055: 9645: 9536: 9080: 8986: 8976: 8951: 8866: 8777: 8628: 8564: 8481: 8420: 8388: 8347: 8295: 8280: 8272: 8262: 8166: 8027: 7996: 7976: 7936: 7182: 7095: 7000: 6840: 6790: 6644: 6211: 6033: 5968: 5868: 5692: 5620: 5530: 5406: 4977: 4887: 4752: 3615: 3535: 3533:[So that the Vietnamese language is not forgotten in foreign lands]. 3418:. Sacramento, California: California State Auditor. November 2010. p. 38 2123: 2097: 1552: 1381: 1341: 1057:

ceased publication, two other newspapers replaced it in Northern California:

2961:"Early findings from explorations into the Vietnamese misinformation crisis" 2934: 415:, Southeast Asian languages were virtually unknown in the US. At that time, 9470: 9221: 8810: 8744: 8654: 8425: 8316: 8290: 8285: 8118: 8113: 7956: 7860: 7424: 7409: 7366: 7234: 6785: 6732: 5625: 5441: 5436: 5131: 4905: 4679:

Currencies of Imagination: Channeling Money and Chasing Mobility in Vietnam

3837:[Mayor Tri Ta concerned about Vietnamese textbook in Westminster]. 3469:"San Jose councilman files complaint against TV station over political ads" 2260: 1049: 412: 148: 7798: 4839:"Mấy nhận xét về tiếng Việt trên một số tờ báo của người Việt ở hải ngoại" 3666:"New Alum Rock district bilingual program helps students learn Vietnamese" 2749: 2747: 255:

has more than 1.5 million speakers in the United States, where it is the

8966: 8782: 8754: 8729: 7971: 4226: 3779:[Two sets of book teaching Vietnamese for overseas compatriots]. 2400: 2284: 2091:, mixing English vocabulary in Vietnamese phrases. Đào Mục Đích from the 1905: 1697: 1329: 451: 260: 236: 5067:

Tran, Anh (2008). "Vietnamese Language Education in the United States".

4464: 3313:"Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, Determinations Under Section 203" 9315: 8734: 7541: 6544: 5426: 5174:"Little Saigon school to provide instruction in English and Vietnamese" 4341:"San Jose: Census officials work to gain trust in Vietnamese community" 3984: 3747: 2893:[VNA/TV 57.3 has two new frequencies in San Jose and Houston]. 2744: 2684: 2682: 2144: 1895:, then the deputy chairwoman of the Foreign Relations Committee of the 1446: 1437: 1337: 1123:, also broadcasting 24 hours a day in Orange County and nationwide via 5019: 4550:

Contemporary Asian America (third edition): A Multidisciplinary Reader

3776: 3284:"The first Vietnamese small business center in U.S. opens in San Jose" 2399:, when "insurance marketplace" was translated literally as a physical 641:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

7495: 5560: 2396: 2380: 2341: 2272: 1887: 1179: 210: 198: 184: 166: 5266:"MEDIA: Vietnamese juggernaut 'Paris by Night' struggles to survive" 3893:"Trung Tâm Văn Hóa Việt Nam tổ chức chào cờ Tưởng Niệm Tháng Tư Đen" 2679: 2137: 1758:

Students and staff in the Vietnamese-English bilingual program from

542:

Birthplace distribution of Vietnamese speakers by year (percentage)

5287: 5097: 2410:) dialect to teach, as this was mandated by the Hanoi government. 2292: 2127: 1560: 665: 661: 517: 458:, the number of Vietnamese people in the US drastically increased. 43: 4394:"Lost in translation: Non-English speakers grapple with Obamacare" 4313:"More Asian Immigrants Are Finding Ballots in Their Native Tongue" 3987:[10 years of the Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation]. 1575:

Voting units providing Vietnamese-language voting material (2021)

1017: 4454: 3866:[Some thoughts about the book 'Let's Speak Vietnamese']. 3169:["Decoding" the success of Vietnamese American writers]. 2014: 1144: 1136: 1124: 1089: 1077: 1072:

There are two Vietnamese language radio stations broadcasting in

288: 241:

Distribution of Vietnamese in the United States according to the

4173:[Convention to unify Vietnamese orthography in the US]. 2891:"Đài VNA/TV 57.3 có thêm 2 băng tần mới tại San Jose và Houston" 7556: 5232:"Vietnamese Dual-Language-Immersion School Opens in California" 5119:

Journal of Southeast Asian American Education & Advancement

4917:[Vietnamese language of Vietnamese people in America]. 4739:

Tran, Natalie A.; Do, Bang Lang; Chik, Claire Hitchins (2022).

4201:[Convention to Unify Vietnamese Orthography Overseas]. 3958: 2006: 1994: 1955: 1722:

for students in kindergarten to 7th grade, and the five-volume

1377: 1211:

Union of Vietnamese Student Associations of Southern California

4640:. Vol. 1: A-C. Sage Publications, Inc. pp. 195–211. 4368:"ANA Billboards for San Jose to Vietnam Flights Spark Outrage" 1688:

airtime on Vietnamese-language radio and television programs.

1027:, the largest Vietnamese language newspaper outside of Vietnam 3835:"Thị Trưởng Trí Tạ lo ngại sách dạy tiếng Việt ở Westminster" 3390:"San Jose Vietnamese service center gets infusion of funding" 2407: 2345: 1989: 1556: 669: 5245:"Nhu cầu học tiếng Việt của người Việt ở nước ngoài rất lớn" 2792:"Hoang Xuan Nguyen, prominent Vietnamese editor, dies at 74" 2017:

standard was widely adopted. Due to political reasons, the

1783:

Students and teachers in the Vietnamese language program at

4471: 4402:

Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication

3310: 2753: 2018: 1988:

convention in online forums to express Vietnamese with the

1985: 1156: 1081: 443:, brought the language into their curricula. In 1954, the 428: 5296: 4857: 4634:

McDaniel, Drew O. (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.).

4506:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 195–211. 2255:

According to Đào Mục Đích, Vietnamese spoken overseas use

1127:; and Vietnam America Television (VNA/TV) broadcasting in 392: 283:

to students who are born and raised in the United States.

4987:"Tiếng Việt trong cộng đồng người Mỹ gốc Việt tại Hoa Kỳ" 4596:

Asian America.Net: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cyberspace

4270: 3808:[Vietnam prepares to teach Vietnamese overseas]. 3337: 2935:"Chính thức ngừng phát sóng vệ tinh nước ngoài kênh VTV4" 2002: 1449:

industry in the US. In 1987, there were 3,900 Vietnamese

1097: 48:

A bilingual English–Vietnamese sign welcomes visitors to

4452: 2688: 1704: 1256:, other similar productions soon followed suit, such as 4972:(2). Council of Teachers of Southeast Asian Languages. 4959:"The Cultural Politics of Vietnamese Language Pedagogy" 4571:. In Yoo, Grace G.; Le, Mai-Dung; Oda, Alan Y. (eds.). 4199:"Hội Nghị Thống Nhất Chính Tả Tiếng Việt Tại Hải Ngoại" 2384: 2383:

were initially reluctant to file for compensation from

1293:

Genres of Vietnamese music performed in the US include

5194:"AISD Vietnamese dual-language program in high demand" 5047:

Shin, Hyon B.; Ortman, Jennifer M. (April 21, 2011).

4287: 4285: 3604:"California Voters Repeal Ban on Bilingual Education" 3167:""Giải mã" sự thành công của các nhà văn Mỹ gốc Việt" 2871: 2340:(CODOFIL), as well as Vietnamese-American parents in 5102:

Journal of the American Studies Association of Texas

4594:. In Lee, Rachel C.; Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia (eds.). 4250:"School Board urged to avoid language, prayer rules" 4171:"Hội nghị thống nhất chính tả tiếng Việt tại Hoa Kỳ" 3439:"San Jose councilman's radio program yanked off air" 1880: 774:

Born in the US and having one parent born in the US

529:

Trilingual (English, Spanish, Vietnamese) sign at a

5290:- National Resource Center for Asian Languages at 4809:"Little Saigon and Vietnamese American Communities" 4592:"Virtually Vietnamese: Nationalism on the Internet" 3362: 3164: 680:, with 40% of speakers living in California, while 5332: 4548:. In Zhou, Min; Ocampo, Anthony Christian (eds.). 4503:Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia 4086: 2338:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana 5494:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English 5029:"The Non-Issue of Dialect in Teaching Vietnamese" 4991:Việt Nam học - Kỷ yếu hội thảo quốc tế lần thứ tư 4933: 4721:Basic Reading and Writing for Vietnamese Speakers 3748:"Thí điểm dạy tiếng Việt cho kiều bào tại 6 nước" 2581:. United States Census Bureau. September 11, 2013 2559: 2438: 2138:Differences from other language spoken in Vietnam 715:Percentage of Vietnamese Americans by generation 9643: 5361: 4934:Dietrich, Sandy; Hernandez, Erik (August 2022). 4815:. Vol. 1: A-F. ABC-CLIO. pp. 799–802. 4529:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–145. 3311:United States Census Bureau (December 8, 2021). 2603:. United States Census Bureau. February 14, 2013 2419:but as of 2006, this disconnect still persists. 1405: 1143:of television stations in large cities, such as 33: 5299:- Union of Overseas Vietnamese language schools 4847:Tiếng Việt và Việt Nam học cho người nước ngoài 4717: 4703:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. xv–xix. 3864:"Vài cảm nghĩ về sách 'Let's Speak Vietnamese'" 3861: 3664:Nguyen, Tran; Tran, Sheila (February 3, 2021). 3363:Venteicher, Wes; Bojórquez, Kim (May 7, 2021). 1445:Vietnamese people have a large presence in the 4912: 4543: 4500:. In Lee, Hock Guan; Suryadinata, Leo (eds.). 4011: 3806:"Việt Nam chuẩn bị dạy tiếng Việt ở hải ngoại" 3251: 3221: 2122:or omitting classifiers altogether, not using 7814: 5318: 4984: 4864:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 4029: 3531:"Để tiếng Việt không bị lãng quên ở xứ người" 2703:"Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas" 2249:tịch thâu - tịch thu, thâu video - thu video 2194:tài chánh - tài chính, chánh trị - chính trị 2093:Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 399:, a newsletter for newly arrived refugees at 5036:Journal of Southeast Asian Language Teaching 4966:Journal of Southeast Asian Language Teaching 4872:American Speech–Language–Hearing Association 4836: 4785:Language in Louisiana: Community and Culture 4782:. In Dajko, Nathalie; Walton, Shana (eds.). 4544:Eckstein, Susan; Nguyen, Thanh-Nghi (2016). 4521:Dao, Vy Thuc; Bankston, Carl L. III (2010). 4125: 4080: 4056: 4044: 2115:mặc, mang, đeo, đội), overusing the generic 1684:Politicians in California have sparred over 1407:Bánh mì nóng hổi mới ra lò, mua hai tặng một 1364:branch with a welcome greeting in Vietnamese 7828: 4520: 3498: 2774: 2735: 2628: 2550: 2475: 2348:, the school board rescinded the proposal. 2227:nhứt định - nhất định, chủ nhựt - chủ nhật 2205:binh vực - bênh vực, bịnh viện - bệnh viện 1512:for voters in San Diego County, California 447:began to teach Vietnamese in the military. 7821: 7807: 5325: 5311: 5046: 4738: 4168: 3890: 3803: 3745: 3663: 3586: 3206: 3191: 3149: 3011: 2854:"Radio Saigon lures Vietnamese to Houston" 2821: 2670: 2511: 2434: 2432: 2111:- mang, vác, khiêng, bồng bế, xách, bưng; 2082: 1464: 235: 42: 5263: 5242: 5191: 5130: 5014:. National Museum of Ethnology: 113–122. 4936:"Language Use in the United States: 2019" 4895: 4589: 4492: 4456:IPUMS USA: Version 11.0 [dataset] 3939: 3924: 3832: 3777:"Hai bộ sách dạy tiếng Việt cho kiều bào" 3730: 3712: 3701: 3638: 2967:. University of Washington. June 28, 2021 2917: 2877: 5229: 4718:Tôn, Kim Thu; O'Harrow, Stephen (1996). 4696: 4633: 4566: 4391: 4306: 4304: 4247: 4137: 3601: 3466: 3436: 3373:. Sacramento, California. Archived from 3236: 2985: 2836: 2648: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2523: 2379:, many Vietnamese American fishermen in 2311: 2065: 1753: 1355: 1204: 1016: 391: 27:Vietnamese language in the United States 5584: 3982: 3774: 3557: 3528: 2852:Garza, Cynthia Leonor (July 31, 2007). 2429: 2216:cổ nhơn - cổ nhân, nhơn dịp - nhân dịp 9644: 5292:California State University, Fullerton 5146: 5001: 4777: 4567:Le, Mai-Dung; Nguyen, Tu-Uyen (2012). 4424: 4422: 4291: 4276: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4040: 4038: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 3963:Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation 3953: 3951: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3512: 3510: 3387: 3306: 3304: 3165:Nguyễn Phan Quế Mai (March 14, 2021). 3137: 3133: 3131: 3092: 3090: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3060: 3058: 2789: 2565: 2155:and does not pronounce the consonants 2052:Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation 1732:California State University, Fullerton 1424:Advertisements in Vietnamese over the 1314:Vietnamese International Film Festival 1194: 1113:Saigon Broadcasting Television Network 313: 9557: 9450: 9252: 9152: 8896: 8594: 8461: 8368: 8192: 8093: 7840: 7802: 5360: 5306: 4675: 4654: 4365: 4310: 4301: 4150:from the original on January 22, 2016 3726: 3724: 3648: 3646: 3634: 3632: 3494: 3492: 3467:Giwargis, Ramona (November 3, 2016). 3281: 3266: 2851: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2790:Kaplan, Tracey (September 14, 2014). 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2700: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2541: 2145:migration of Northerners to the South 1749: 1705:Vietnamese language community schools 1047:published a Vietnamese edition named 397:Tân Dân thời-báo ("New People Times") 5264:Roosevelt, Margot (August 2, 2015). 5192:Culpepper, Quita (August 26, 2015). 5171: 5112: 5095: 5066: 5049:"Language Projections: 2010 to 2020" 5026: 4806: 4612: 4598:. Psychology Press. pp. 82–84. 4338: 4092: 4068: 3689: 3652: 3602:Mitchell, Corey (November 9, 2016). 3516: 3282:Kezra, Victoria (February 9, 2019). 3096: 3081: 3064: 3049: 3037: 2986:Johnston, Kate Lý (April 21, 2021). 1954:. In 2015, the mayor of Westminster 627: 9558: 8595: 5230:Mitchell, Corey (August 31, 2015). 4956: 4428: 4419: 4339:Pham, Loan-Anh (February 5, 2020). 4311:Pratt, Timothy (October 18, 2012). 4114: 4074: 4035: 4016: 3985:"10 năm Hội bảo tồn di sản chữ Nôm" 3948: 3913: 3507: 3437:Giwargis, Ramona (April 18, 2016). 3317:United States Department of Justice 3301: 3128: 3087: 3070: 3055: 3012:Bandlamudi, Adhiti (May 12, 2021). 1973: 1728:Vietnamese History through Pictures 1718:(a grammar book), the eight-volume 13: 9627:Languages between parentheses are 8218:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern 5272:. Press Enterprise. Archived from 5204: 4995:Vietnam National University, Hanoi 4851:Vietnam National University, Hanoi 4778:Truitt, Allison (August 1, 2019). 4743:. In Chik, Claire Hitchins (ed.). 4446: 4392:Whiteman, Mauro (March 28, 2014). 4248:Pleasant, Matthew (July 9, 2008). 3862:Nguyễn Mộng Lan (April 29, 2015). 3721: 3643: 3629: 3489: 3108: 2932: 2810: 2759: 2720: 2653: 2637: 2615: 2061: 1936:Ministry of Education and Training 1803:Austin Independent School District 1393: 1163:arm of the Vietnamese state-owned 308: 14: 9673: 9525:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer) 5281: 4619:. University of Minnesota Press. 4573:Handbook of Asian American Health 2352:such terminologies possibly risk 1980:Vietnamese language and computers 1881:Role of the Vietnamese government 7602:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 5432:Inland Northern American English 5147:Brazil, Ben (November 9, 2018). 5069:Language, Culture and Curriculum 4915:"Tiếng Việt của người Việt ở Mỹ" 4616:The American Dream in Vietnamese 2754:United States Census Bureau 2019 2452:"ISO 639-2 Language Code search" 2368:) instead of "điều tra dân số" ( 2011:Vietnamese Professionals Society 1770: 1521: 1495: 1473: 1436:Problems playing this file? See 1413: 1035:Published since the late 1970s, 792:have a good command of English. 696: 632: 516: 7584:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 4957:Lam, Mariam Beevi (Fall 2006). 4790:University of Mississippi Press 4724:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 4552:. NYU Press. pp. 257–286. 4441: 4385: 4366:Handa, Robert (March 6, 2018). 4359: 4332: 4241: 4219: 4191: 4162: 4131: 4062: 4050: 4005: 3976: 3933: 3884: 3855: 3826: 3797: 3768: 3739: 3706: 3695: 3683: 3657: 3595: 3580: 3551: 3522: 3460: 3430: 3403: 3381: 3356: 3330: 3275: 3260: 3245: 3230: 3215: 3200: 3185: 3158: 3143: 3102: 3043: 3031: 3005: 2979: 2953: 2926: 2911: 2883: 2845: 2830: 2783: 2694: 2593: 2571: 2439:Dietrich & Hernandez (2022) 2238:võ lực - vũ lực, cổ võ - cổ vũ 2180:Vietnamese language in Vietnam 507: 502: 300:Vietnamese speakers 5 and above 9657:Languages of the United States 9631:of the language on their left. 9153: 5334:Languages of the United States 5172:Chan, Alex (August 28, 2015). 4921:(in Vietnamese). Viện Việt-Học 4700:A Vietnamese Reference Grammar 4697:Thompson, Laurence C. (1988). 4169:Nguyên Huy (August 16, 2018). 3804:Phương Anh (August 21, 2009). 3388:Nguyen, Tran (June 22, 2022). 2529: 2517: 2505: 2484: 2469: 2444: 2334:American Civil Liberties Union 2330:Terrebonne Parish School Board 1677:one of the offered languages. 535:Santa Clara County, California 1: 5054:. United States Census Bureau 5004:"Vietnamese Music in America" 4575:. Springer. pp. 87–101. 4527:Language Diversity in the USA 4138:Kính Hòa (October 14, 2015). 3983:Lan Anh (December 11, 2008). 3891:Nguyên Huy (April 21, 2015). 3746:Hoàng Tuân (April 23, 2010). 2965:Center for an Informed Public 2422: 2307: 2177:Vietnamese language overseas 1674:departments of motor vehicles 9520:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer) 7841: 7537:Black American Sign Language 7315:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language 5556:Western Pennsylvania English 4913:Đàm Trung Pháp (July 2020). 4807:Zhao, Xiaojian, ed. (2013). 4682:. Cornell University Press. 3833:Thủy Phan (March 31, 2015). 3775:Vĩnh Hà (January 22, 2016). 3529:Mai Anh (January 28, 2009). 3252:Eckstein & Nguyen (2016) 3222:Eckstein & Nguyen (2016) 2261:chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai 1952:left their country of origin 1691: 1111:Television stations include 7: 9652:Vietnamese-American culture 7331:Navajo Family Sign Language 4943:United States Census Bureau 4880:10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00146 4830: 4661:. Temple University Press. 4473:United States Census Bureau 2701:Blatt, Ben (May 13, 2014). 2499:United States Census Bureau 2172:Orthographical differences 1799:Westminster School District 1760:Westminster School District 1351: 10: 9678: 9451: 9253: 8462: 8369: 8193: 8094: 7547:Puerto Rican Sign Language 5243:Như Trang (June 5, 2004). 5205:Do, Anh (March 21, 2019). 5008:Senri Ethnological Reports 4870:(3). Rockville, Maryland: 4637:Encyclopedia of Journalism 4590:Lieberman, Kim-An (2003). 4525:. In Potowski, Kim (ed.). 4493:Caruthers, Ashley (2007). 4459:. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. 3587:Tran, Do & Chik (2022) 3558:Văn Lan (August 7, 2022). 3207:Tran, Do & Chik (2022) 3192:Tran, Do & Chik (2022) 3150:Tran, Do & Chik (2022) 3111:"A big Little Saigon star" 3109:Do, Quyen (May 10, 2008). 2822:Tran, Do & Chik (2022) 2671:Tran, Do & Chik (2022) 2328:. After the incident, the 1977: 1326:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1250:A Drop of Tear for Vietnam 1246:Giọt Nước Mắt Cho Việt Nam 1201:Vietnamese diasporic music 1198: 1161:international broadcasting 1094:international broadcasters 687: 294: 257:sixth-most spoken language 9613: 9566: 9553: 9507: 9484: 9461: 9457: 9446: 9420: 9386: 9370: 9329: 9265: 9261: 9248: 9214: 9186: 9165: 9161: 9148: 9120: 9099: 9068: 9052: 9036: 9029: 9000: 8939: 8932: 8916: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8892: 8859: 8834: 8801: 8763: 8720: 8713: 8692: 8676: 8667: 8647: 8616: 8607: 8603: 8590: 8557: 8541: 8525: 8499: 8490: 8474: 8470: 8457: 8413: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8364: 8330: 8304: 8271: 8255: 8205: 8201: 8188: 8159: 8143: 8127: 8106: 8102: 8089: 8065: 8015: 7992: 7985: 7929: 7853: 7849: 7836: 7622: 7593: 7573: 7555: 7522: 7513: 7471: 7433: 7390: 7352: 7343: 7303: 7270:Anishinaabe Sign Language 7261: 7252: 7207: 7145: 7138: 7074: 6976: 6948: 6930: 6826: 6808: 6756: 6630: 6525: 6471: 6432: 6405: 6353: 6316: 6285: 6249: 6154: 6106: 5932: 5882: 5854: 5817: 5779: 5591: 5573: 5519:Southern American English 5499:Pacific Northwest English 5489:Northern American English 5370: 5351: 5340: 5081:10.1080/07908310802385923 5027:Pham, Andrea Hoa (2008). 4802:– via Google Books. 4780:"Vietnamese in Louisiana" 3499:Dao & Bankston (2010) 2775:Dao & Bankston (2010) 2736:Dao & Bankston (2010) 2629:Dao & Bankston (2010) 2551:Dao & Bankston (2010) 2492:"Language Spoken at Home" 2476:Dao & Bankston (2010) 2364:) and "thống kê dân số" ( 1885:In a 2004 interview with 1672:At the state level, most 1549:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1428:at a San Jose supermarket 1374:Orange County, California 1288:Orange County, California 1115:(SBTN) heardquartered in 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 765: 469:Orange County, California 437:Foreign Service Institute 385: 326:— 243:2000 United States census 234: 222: 208: 196: 182: 164: 159: 138: 126: 87: 79: 69: 61: 41: 32: 25: 20: 6297:San Felipe–Santo Domingo 5551:Western American English 5447:Midland American English 5422:General American English 5375:African-American English 5096:Tran, Qui-Phiet (1989). 4788:. Jackson, Mississippi: 4753:10.4324/9780429507298-17 4655:Reyes, Adelaida (1999). 4486: 4406:Arizona State University 4227:"Bản Đúc Kết HNTNCTTV 1" 3445:. San Jose, California: 2512:Shin & Ortman (2011) 2417:University of California 2370:population investigation 2360:) instead of "đăng ký" ( 1966:and "đăng ký kết hôn" - 1807:Portland School District 1785:Garden Grove High School 1569:Internal Revenue Service 1153:public access television 1012: 998: 132:United States Vietnamese 54:Garden Grove, California 8549:Somray (Northern Chong) 7830:Austroasiatic languages 7273:Blackfoot Sign Language 5484:New York Latino English 5387:American Indian English 5140: 5113:Tang, Giang M. (2007). 4676:Small, Ivan V. (2019). 4523:"Vietnamese in the USA" 2083:Influences from English 2054:aiming to preserve the 1815:King County, Washington 1811:Highline Public Schools 1536:Westminster, California 1465:Government and politics 83:1.6 million (2019) 7609:Henniker Sign Language 7532:American Sign Language 7276:Cheyenne Sign Language 6141:Central Siberian Yupik 6136:Central Alaskan Yup'ik 5631:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 5541:Upper Michigan English 5514:Puerto Rican Englishes 5270:Orange County Register 5196:. KVUE. Archived from 5132:10.7771/2153-8999.1085 5002:Nguyen, Phong (2001). 4985:Ngô Hữu Hoàng (2013). 4347:. San Jose, California 3477:. San Jose, California 3237:Le & Nguyen (2012) 2317: 2075: 1920: 1871:University of Colorado 1829:school districts) and 1763: 1538:written in Vietnamese 1406: 1398: 1365: 1219:Vietnamese boat people 1213: 1149:Falls Church, Virginia 1028: 408: 34: 7311:Hawai'i Sign Language 7294:Ktunaxa Sign Language 7289:Plateau Sign Language 7051:Northern Sierra Miwok 6991:Southern Sierra Miwok 6300:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos 6048:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie 5536:Transatlantic English 5479:New York City English 5469:New Mexican Englishes 5452:New England Englishes 4837:Đào Mục Đích (2003). 4613:Lieu, Nhi T. (2011). 4012:Đàm Trung Pháp (2020) 2933:PV (March 31, 2018). 2796:San Jose Mercury News 2366:population tabulation 2315: 2257:Sino-Vietnamese words 2069: 1978:Further information: 1968:marriage registration 1938:published two books, 1901: 1757: 1397: 1359: 1208: 1199:Further information: 1187:, VietCOVID.org, and 1044:San Jose Mercury News 1020: 995:English exclusively. 395: 277:maintain the language 265:refugees from Vietnam 35:Tiếng Việt tại Hoa Kỳ 7759:Serbo-Croatian (0.3) 7627:in 2021 in millions) 7565:Samoan Sign Language 7282:Navajo Sign Language 7217:Afro-Seminole Creole 6986:Central Sierra Miwok 6565:North Straits Salish 5989:Mescalero-Chiricahua 5509:Philadelphia English 5276:on October 26, 2020. 4792:. pp. 246–257. 4400:. Phoenix, Arizona: 4030:Ngô Hữu Hoàng (2013) 2896:Vien Dong Daily News 2322:Ellender High School 2070:A "hiring" sign for 1686:campaign advertising 1583:Administrative unit 1555:, three counties in 1334:MacArthur Fellowship 1234:Thúy Nga Productions 1121:Thúy Nga Productions 1106:Radio Saigon Houston 740:Born outside the US 445:Army Language School 74:Vietnamese Americans 9662:Vietnamese language 9572:Proto-Austroasiatic 9227:Southern Nicobarese 8617:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam 7625:(number of speakers 7623:Immigrant languages 7321:Inuit Sign Language 5546:Utah Mormon English 5474:New Orleans English 5392:Appalachian English 5217:on October 10, 2021 5108:(October): 101–110. 4465:10.18128/D010.V11.0 4279:, pp. 246–247. 4126:Đào Mục Đích (2003) 4081:Đào Mục Đích (2003) 4057:Đào Mục Đích (2003) 4045:Đào Mục Đích (2003) 3447:Bay Area News Group 2689:Ruggles et al. 2021 2456:Library of Congress 2173: 1964:family registration 1794:bilingual education 1792:From 1998 to 2016, 1576: 1269:Vân Sơn Productions 1195:Arts and literature 1141:digital subchannels 1129:Southern California 1086:Little Saigon Radio 1074:Greater Los Angeles 797: 716: 543: 441:Department of State 301: 263:in 1975, when many 153:Vietnamese alphabet 7400:Pennsylvania Dutch 7279:Cree Sign Language 7091:Havasupai–Hualapai 7037:Kings River Yokuts 7016:Buena Vista Yokuts 6996:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts 5504:Pennsylvania Dutch 5427:High Tider English 5412:California English 4345:San Jose Spotlight 4318:The New York Times 4258:. Houma, Louisiana 3670:San José Spotlight 3370:The Sacramento Bee 3288:San José Spotlight 2899:. December 1, 2019 2318: 2171: 2126:, or using simple 2076: 1946:for this purpose. 1787:parading in 2015. 1764: 1750:Mainstream schools 1724:Sử Việt Bằng Tranh 1720:Giáo Khoa Việt Ngữ 1574: 1399: 1366: 1258:Asia Entertainment 1242:Farewell to Saigon 1214: 1165:Vietnam Television 1029: 931:English very well 795: 714: 541: 456:Operation New Life 409: 299: 9639: 9638: 9623:extinct languages 9609: 9608: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8855: 8854: 8663: 8662: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8061: 8060: 7796: 7795: 7618: 7617: 7509: 7508: 7339: 7338: 7253:Manual Indigenous 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7134: 7133: 6509:Northeastern Pomo 6496:Southeastern Pomo 6269:Northern Kalapuya 5569: 5568: 5397:Baltimore English 5211:Los Angeles Times 5178:Los Angeles Times 5153:Los Angeles Times 5020:10.15021/00002101 4993:(in Vietnamese). 4849:(in Vietnamese). 4255:The Houma Courier 4207:. August 18, 2018 4032:, p. 734-735 3692:, p. 262-264 3115:Los Angeles Times 3067:, p. 107-108 3052:, p. 105-106 3040:, p. 102-104 2858:Houston Chronicle 2412:Heritage language 2375:Deepwater Horizon 2279:for Afghanistan, 2253: 2252: 2105:heritage language 2072:Lee's Supermarket 1999:TriChlor Software 1897:National Assembly 1827:Franklin–McKinley 1762:parading in 2023. 1744:second generation 1670: 1669: 1534:A street sign in 1510:"I Voted" sticker 1419: 1344:, and cartoonist 1332:who received the 1324:who received the 1322:Viet Thanh Nguyen 1172:COVID-19 pandemic 1021:Headquarters for 988: 987: 873:English not well 801:Language ability 784: 783: 654: 653: 626: 625: 435:, as well as the 390: 389: 250: 249: 9669: 9555: 9554: 9459: 9458: 9448: 9447: 9263: 9262: 9250: 9249: 9163: 9162: 9150: 9149: 9034: 9033: 8937: 8936: 8914: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8894: 8893: 8718: 8717: 8674: 8673: 8614: 8613: 8605: 8604: 8592: 8591: 8497: 8496: 8472: 8471: 8459: 8458: 8379: 8378: 8366: 8365: 8226: 8203: 8202: 8190: 8189: 8104: 8103: 8091: 8090: 7990: 7989: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7837: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7520: 7519: 7491:Louisiana Creole 7350: 7349: 7259: 7258: 7143: 7142: 6434:Plateau Penutian 6262:Central Kalapuya 5589: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5364:American English 5358: 5357: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5277: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5239: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5213:. Archived from 5201: 5200:on May 26, 2016. 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5155:. Archived from 5136: 5134: 5109: 5092: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5043: 5033: 5023: 4998: 4981: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4919:Tập-San Việt-Học 4909: 4899: 4854: 4844: 4826: 4803: 4774: 4735: 4714: 4693: 4672: 4651: 4630: 4609: 4586: 4563: 4540: 4517: 4499: 4482: 4468: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4308: 4299: 4289: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4112: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3959:"About the VNPF" 3955: 3946: 3940:Lieberman (2003) 3937: 3931: 3925:Lieberman (2003) 3922: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3743: 3737: 3731:Caruthers (2007) 3728: 3719: 3713:Caruthers (2007) 3710: 3704: 3702:Như Trang (2004) 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3650: 3641: 3639:Culpepper (2015) 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3474:The Mercury News 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3443:Internal Affairs 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3085: 3079: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2930: 2924: 2918:Caruthers (2007) 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2819: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2651: 2646: 2635: 2626: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2393:Ho Chi Minh City 2326:Houma, Louisiana 2301:current alphabet 2174: 2170: 2045: 2034: 1974:Computer support 1918: 1904:in many places, 1774: 1577: 1573: 1563:and a county in 1525: 1499: 1477: 1451:nail technicians 1421: 1420: 1409: 1396: 1277: 1266: 1238:Giã Biệt Sài Gòn 844:Vietnamese only 798: 794: 789:US Census Bureau 717: 713: 700: 660:In four states ( 636: 635: 628: 544: 540: 520: 315: 310: 302: 298: 281:teach Vietnamese 239: 230: 201: 192: 187: 178: 177: 169: 144: 93: 46: 37: 18: 17: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9634: 9605: 9579:Proto-Palaungic 9562: 9560:Proto-languages 9541: 9503: 9480: 9453: 9434: 9416: 9382: 9366: 9325: 9257: 9236: 9210: 9182: 9157: 9132: 9116: 9095: 9064: 9048: 9017: 8996: 8928: 8901: 8876: 8851: 8830: 8797: 8759: 8709: 8688: 8659: 8643: 8599: 8597:Khasi–Palaungic 8574: 8553: 8537: 8521: 8492: 8486: 8466: 8445: 8409: 8393: 8373: 8352: 8326: 8300: 8267: 8251: 8220: 8197: 8176: 8155: 8139: 8123: 8098: 8077: 8057: 8011: 7981: 7925: 7845: 7832: 7827: 7797: 7792: 7626: 7624: 7614: 7589: 7569: 7551: 7515: 7505: 7467: 7429: 7386: 7345: 7335: 7299: 7254: 7240: 7209: 7203: 7130: 7077: 7070: 6972: 6944: 6926: 6871:Northern Paiute 6822: 6818:Coast Tsimshian 6804: 6752: 6626: 6521: 6467: 6428: 6401: 6349: 6312: 6281: 6245: 6150: 6102: 6009:Upper Kuskokwim 5935: 5928: 5878: 5850: 5813: 5775: 5576: 5575:Oral Indigenous 5565: 5561:Yeshiva English 5417:Chicano English 5366: 5347: 5336: 5331: 5284: 5254: 5252: 5251:(in Vietnamese) 5220: 5218: 5182: 5180: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5031: 4961: 4947: 4945: 4938: 4924: 4922: 4842: 4833: 4823: 4800: 4763: 4732: 4711: 4690: 4669: 4648: 4627: 4606: 4583: 4560: 4537: 4514: 4497: 4489: 4449: 4447:Primary sources 4444: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4309: 4302: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4179:(in Vietnamese) 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4144:Radio Free Asia 4136: 4132: 4128:, p. 63-65 4124: 4115: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071:, p. 24-25 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4047:, p. 65-66 4043: 4036: 4028: 4017: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3993:(in Vietnamese) 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3923: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3901:(in Vietnamese) 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3872:(in Vietnamese) 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3843:(in Vietnamese) 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3814:(in Vietnamese) 3811:Radio Free Asia 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3785:(in Vietnamese) 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3756:(in Vietnamese) 3744: 3740: 3729: 3722: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3568:(in Vietnamese) 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3539:(in Vietnamese) 3527: 3523: 3515: 3508: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3377:on May 7, 2021. 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3344:(in Vietnamese) 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3280: 3276: 3265: 3261: 3250: 3246: 3235: 3231: 3220: 3216: 3205: 3201: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3173:(in Vietnamese) 3163: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3107: 3103: 3099:, p. 86-87 3095: 3088: 3084:, p. 81-82 3080: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2941:(in Vietnamese) 2931: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2846: 2837:McDaniel (2009) 2835: 2831: 2820: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2798:. Knight Ridder 2788: 2784: 2773: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2734: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2669: 2654: 2649:Mitchell (2015) 2647: 2638: 2627: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2542: 2536:Thompson (1988) 2534: 2530: 2526:, pp. xvii 2524:Thompson (1988) 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2336:(ACLU) and the 2310: 2140: 2085: 2064: 2062:Characteristics 2039: 2028: 1982: 1976: 1919: 1915:Tôn Nữ Thị Ninh 1913: 1893:Tôn Nữ Thị Ninh 1883: 1833:in California. 1809:in Oregon, and 1801:in California, 1790: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1752: 1716:Sổ Tay Chính Tả 1707: 1694: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1467: 1443: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1414: 1411: 1400: 1394: 1386:bus advertising 1362:Bank of America 1354: 1346:Trung Le Nguyen 1280:Hollywood Night 1271: 1260: 1203: 1197: 1185:Viet Fact Check 1015: 1001: 757:Born in the US 712: 711: 710: 708: 703: 702: 701: 690: 650: 637: 633: 539: 538: 537: 528: 523: 522: 521: 510: 505: 297: 246: 228: 197: 190: 183: 173: 172: 165: 145: 140: 122: 94: 91:Language family 89: 57: 12: 11: 5: 9675: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9625: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9467: 9465: 9455: 9454: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9393: 9391: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9259: 9258: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9159: 9158: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8911: 8903: 8902: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8715: 8714:East Palaungic 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8693:West Palaungic 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8611: 8601: 8600: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8494: 8491:Western Pearic 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8468: 8467: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8375: 8374: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8209: 8207: 8199: 8198: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8100: 8099: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7846: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7630: 7628: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7517: 7514:Manual settler 7511: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7443:Caló (Chicano) 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7326:Keresan Pueblo 7323: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7265: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7222:Chinook Jargon 7219: 7213: 7211: 7208:Mixed or trade 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7194: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7030:Gashowu Yokuts 7026: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6917: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6901:Ute-Chemehuevi 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6621:Upper Chehalis 6617: 6610: 6603: 6600:Lower Chehalis 6596: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6540:Columbia-Moses 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6294:Cochiti Pueblo 6291: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6019:Western Apache 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5721:Mohegan-Pequot 5717: 5714:Miami-Illinois 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5402:Boston English 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5283: 5282:External links 5280: 5279: 5278: 5261: 5240: 5236:Education Week 5227: 5202: 5189: 5169: 5159:on May 5, 2021 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5110: 5093: 5075:(3): 256–268. 5064: 5044: 5024: 4999: 4982: 4954: 4931: 4910: 4855: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4821: 4804: 4798: 4775: 4761: 4736: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4652: 4646: 4631: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4587: 4581: 4564: 4558: 4541: 4535: 4518: 4512: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4469: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4418: 4384: 4358: 4331: 4300: 4281: 4269: 4240: 4218: 4190: 4161: 4130: 4113: 4097: 4095:, pp. 23. 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4034: 4015: 4004: 3975: 3947: 3932: 3912: 3883: 3854: 3825: 3796: 3767: 3738: 3720: 3705: 3694: 3682: 3656: 3642: 3628: 3608:Education Week 3594: 3579: 3550: 3521: 3506: 3488: 3459: 3429: 3402: 3380: 3355: 3329: 3300: 3274: 3259: 3244: 3229: 3214: 3199: 3184: 3157: 3142: 3127: 3101: 3086: 3069: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3004: 2978: 2952: 2925: 2910: 2882: 2878:Roosevelt 2015 2870: 2844: 2829: 2809: 2782: 2758: 2743: 2719: 2693: 2678: 2652: 2636: 2614: 2592: 2570: 2558: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2483: 2468: 2443: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2309: 2306: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2139: 2136: 2084: 2081: 2063: 2060: 2026:Ngô Thanh Nhàn 1975: 1972: 1940:Tiếng Việt vui 1911: 1882: 1879: 1875:CSU Long Beach 1843:Michigan State 1779: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1751: 1748: 1740:1.5 generation 1706: 1703: 1693: 1690: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1619:Massachusetts 1616: 1615: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1559:, a county in 1530: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1504: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1433: 1423: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1384:, and even on 1353: 1350: 1254:Paris by Night 1229:Paris by Night 1196: 1193: 1189:The Intepreter 1176:2020 elections 1014: 1011: 1000: 997: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 928: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 815: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 768: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 734: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 705: 704: 695: 694: 693: 692: 691: 689: 686: 652: 651: 640: 638: 631: 624: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 604: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 564: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 531:VTA light rail 525: 524: 515: 514: 513: 512: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 405:fall of Saigon 403:following the 388: 387: 383: 382: 379: 376: 372: 371: 368: 365: 361: 360: 357: 354: 350: 349: 346: 343: 339: 338: 335: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 317: 316: 311: 306: 296: 293: 248: 247: 240: 232: 231: 226: 220: 219: 214: 206: 205: 202: 194: 193: 188: 180: 179: 170: 162: 161: 160:Language codes 157: 156: 146: 142:Writing system 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 118: 117: 116: 97: 95: 88: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 62:Native to 59: 58: 47: 39: 38: 30: 29: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9674: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9630: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9586:Proto-Khmeric 9583: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9552: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9499:Bugan (Pakan) 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166:Chaura-Teresa 9164: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8533:Western Chong 8531: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8507:Central Chong 8505: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7817: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7621: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7512: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7342: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7001:Valley Yokuts 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781:Southern Tiwa 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6740:Tutelo-Saponi 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535:Coeur d'Alene 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6516:Northern Pomo 6513: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501:Southern Pomo 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309:Laguna Pueblo 6308: 6305: 6303:Western Keres 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6233:Susquehannock 6230: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6219:Neutral Huron 6216: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6146:Chevak Cup’ik 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6069:Plains Apache 6066: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5874:Upper Chinook 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5700:Nawathinehena 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Texan English 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5442:Maine English 5440: 5438: 5437:Miami English 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:Cajun English 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5342:Languages in 5339: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4874:: 1212–1225. 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4853:Press: 62–67. 4852: 4848: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4822:9781598842401 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4799:9781496823908 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4762:9780429507298 4758: 4754: 4750: 4747:. Routledge. 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4731:9780824817800 4727: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4710:9780824811174 4706: 4702: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4689:9781501716898 4685: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4668:9781439905333 4664: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4647:9781452261522 4643: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4626:9780816665693 4622: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4605:9780415965606 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4582:9781461422273 4578: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4559:9781479822782 4555: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4536:9781139491266 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4513:9789812304827 4509: 4505: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4431:, p. 8-9 4430: 4425: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4398:Cronkite News 4395: 4388: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4273: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4228: 4222: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4008: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3572:September 11, 3567: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3519:, p. 257 3518: 3513: 3511: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3140:, p. 114 3139: 3138:Nguyen (2001) 3134: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2993: 2992:BuzzFeed News 2989: 2982: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2863:September 10, 2859: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2602: 2596: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2538:, pp. xv 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2514:, pp. 10 2513: 2508: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:reduplication 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2098:passive voice 2094: 2090: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Arizona State 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1831:Orange County 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1773: 1761: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Massachusetts 1550: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1524: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1484: 1476: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1439: 1427: 1410: 1408: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:Little Saigon 1363: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:Le Ly Hayslip 1339: 1336:, journalist 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303:đờn ca tài tử 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284:Little Saigon 1281: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053:. After the 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1010: 1007: 996: 992: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 960:English only 959: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 902:English well 901: 900: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 816: 799: 793: 790: 779: 776: 773: 770: 769: 762: 759: 756: 753: 752: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 735: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 718: 707: 699: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 648: 647:MediaWiki.org 644: 639: 630: 629: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 605: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 585: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 565: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 545: 536: 532: 527: 519: 500: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 472: 470: 466: 465: 459: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 406: 402: 398: 394: 384: 380: 377: 374: 373: 369: 366: 363: 362: 358: 355: 352: 351: 347: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 330: 329: 325: 322: 319: 318: 312: 307: 304: 303: 292: 290: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 244: 238: 233: 227: 225: 221: 218: 215: 213: 212: 207: 203: 200: 195: 189: 186: 181: 176: 171: 168: 163: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 137: 131: 130: 129: 125: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 99:Austroasiatic 96: 92: 86: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65:United States 64: 60: 55: 51: 50:Little Saigon 45: 40: 36: 31: 28: 24: 19: 16: 9618: 9598: 9593:Proto-Aslian 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9427: 9421:unclassified 9344: 8441:Phong-Kniang 8234: 7651: 7607: 7600: 7582: 7574: 7463:Sabine River 7458:Puerto Rican 7410:Plautdietsch 7344:Oral settler 7287: 7235:Mohawk Dutch 7233: 7196: 7189: 7065:Plains Miwok 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6919: 6912: 6797: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6514: 6507: 6486:Eastern Pomo 6481:Central Pomo 6460: 6453: 6421: 6394: 6342: 6306:Acoma Pueblo 6274: 6267: 6260: 6250: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6095: 6090:Upper Umpqua 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6014:Upper Tanana 5984:Lower Tanana 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5883: 5843: 5781:Austronesian 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5735:Narragansett 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5636:Massachusett 5362:Dialects of 5346:are extinct. 5343: 5274:the original 5269: 5253:. 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Retrieved 2455: 2446: 2441:, pp. 3 2405: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2319: 2297: 2288: 2281:Phi Luật Tân 2280: 2276: 2268: 2263:, túc cầu - 2254: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2131: 2119: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2086: 2077: 2048:John Balaban 2023: 1983: 1967: 1963: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1902: 1886: 1884: 1835: 1791: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1695: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1542: 1455: 1444: 1435: 1367: 1318: 1311: 1292: 1282:. 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