389:
506:
557:(or weight-drop) truck is a vehicle-mounted ground impact system that can be used to provide a seismic source. A heavy weight is raised by a hoist at the back of the truck and dropped, generally about three meters, to impact (or "thump") the ground. To augment the signal, the weight may be dropped more than once at the same spot, the signal may also be increased by thumping at several nearby places in an array whose dimensions may be chosen to enhance the seismic signal by spatial filtering.
564:" (AWD), where a high pressure gas (min 7 MPa (1000 lbf/in)) is used to accelerate a heavy weight hammer (5,000 kg (11,000 lb)) to hit a base plate coupled to the ground from a distance of 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in). Several thumps are stacked to enhance signal to noise ratio. AWD allows both more energy and more control of the source than gravitational weight-drop, providing better depth penetration, control of signal frequency content.
381:
2610:
372:. Generally, the explosive charges are placed between 6 and 76 metres (20 and 250 ft) below ground, in a hole that is drilled with dedicated drilling equipment for this purpose. This type of seismic drilling is often referred to as "Shot Hole Drilling". A common drill rig used for "Shot Hole Drilling" is the ARDCO C-1000 drill mounted on an ARDCO K 4X4 buggy. These drill rigs often use water or air to assist the drilling.
38:
521:
633:) on the survey vessel. The high voltages used, typically 3,000 V, required heavy cables and strong safety containers. Recently, low voltage boomers have become available. These use capacitors on the towed sled, allowing efficient energy recovery, lower voltage power supplies and lighter cables. The low voltage systems are generally easier to deploy and have fewer safety concerns.
529:
409:
of a shuttle that is normally held in balance between the two equally pressurised chambers. The instant lowering of air pressure in the first chamber allows the shuttle to move rapidly into the first chamber, releasing a high pressure air reservoir that is behind the shuttle in the second chamber through ports directly into the sea producing a pulse of
537:
414:
the optimum initial shock wave followed by the minimum reverberation of the air bubble(s). Since the shuttle is magnetised, the rapid movement into the first chamber on releasing the solenoid value provides a small current that is in effect a timing signal for the firing gun that is returned to the gun controller. A near-field
451:
413:
energy. Air gun arrays may consist of up to 48 individual air guns with different size chambers or certain air guns volumes may be clustered together. The firing of all of the array is controlled by gun controller and is usually done to within a ± 1 or 2 millisecond tolerance, the aim being to create
349:
Using explosives as seismic sources has been in practice for decades because of the reliability and energy efficiency they provide. Such sources are most commonly used on land and swampy environments because of high thickness in sediments. Typical charge sizes used in the field for reflection surveys
641:
Correlation-based processing techniques also enable seismologists to image the interior of the Earth at multiple scales using natural (e.g., the oceanic microseism) or artificial (e.g., urban) background noise as a seismic source. For example, under ideal conditions of uniform seismic illumination,
625:
Boomer sound sources are used for shallow water seismic surveys, mostly for engineering survey applications. Boomers are towed in a floating sled behind a survey vessel. Similar to the plasma source, a boomer source stores energy in capacitors, but it discharges through a flat spiral coil instead of
567:
Thumping may be less damaging to the environment than firing explosives in shot-holes, though a heavily thumped seismic line with transverse ridges every few meters might create long-lasting disturbance of the soil. An advantage of the thumper (later shared with
Vibroseis), especially in politically
421:
Air gun maintenance is important as guns can misfire; the worst case scenario being an auto-fire where the gun actually fires repeatedly out of synch because of a defect in the gun itself such as a damaged solenoid valve or a leaking gun O-ring. A single auto-firing gun can result in the total array
429:
be fully pressurised to their optimum working pressure on deck and it is normal practice to air down guns to 500 psi to prevent water ingress on deployment and recovery. It is also a poor and dangerous practice to test fire guns on deck in the air at pressure. There must also be an isolation system
408:
chambers that are pressurized with compressed air at pressures from 14 to 21 MPa (2000 to 3000 lbf/in). Air guns are submerged below the water surface and towed behind a seismic ship. When an air gun is fired, a solenoid is triggered that releases high pressure air from one chamber to the back
353:
Though dynamites and other explosives are efficient seismic sources because of their reduced costs, ease of transport in difficult terrains, and lack of regular maintenance compared to other sources, the use of explosives is becoming restricted in certain areas, causing decline and increasing
107:
structure, for engineering site characterization, or to study deeper structures, either in the search for petroleum and mineral deposits, or to map subsurface faults or for other scientific investigations. The returning signals from the sources are detected by seismic sensors
541:
539:
545:
543:
538:
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Air guns are made from the highest grades of corrosion resistant stainless steel. Large chambers (i.e., greater than 1 L or 70 cu in) tend to give low frequency signals, and the small chambers (less than 1 L) give higher frequency signals.
544:
542:
238:
116:) in known locations relative to the position of the source. The recorded signals are then subjected to specialist processing and interpretation to yield comprehensible information about the subsurface.
297:
surveys. Impact of sledgehammer contact with the surface can provide sufficient seismic energy for interface depths up to 30 m or more, depending on geological conditions and physical properties.
422:
bubble signature becoming corrupted and if undetected, can result in many seismic lines being re-shot just for one auto-firing gun when the fault is found during initial data processing.
1049:
699:
626:
generating a spark. A copper plate adjacent to the coil flexes away from the coil as the capacitors are discharged. This flexing is transmitted into the water as the seismic pulse.
350:
are 0.25 kg to 100 kg for single hole sources, 0.25 kg to 250 kg or more for multiple hole sources, and may reach 2500 kg or more for refraction surveys.
540:
293:. A seismic energy is generated either by striking the ground directly, or more commonly striking a metal or polyethylene plate on the ground. Typically applied for near-surface
1835:
430:
in place to prevent the accidental firing of guns on deck by observers or navigators by mistake. High pressure air releases on deck can amputate fingers and also result in a
941:
Chinenyeze, Madu. "Types of
Seismic Energy Sources for Petroleum Exploration in Desert, Dry-Land, Swamp and Marine Environments in Nigeria and Other Sub-Saharan Africa".
274:
68:, or it can use more sophisticated technology, such as a specialized air gun. Seismic sources can provide single pulses or continuous sweeps of energy, generating
418:
located at a known measured distance from the gun port can also be used to time the first break signal into the hydrophone for accurate gun timing verification.
598:
to convert the extended source signal into an impulse. The source signal using this method was originally generated by a servo-controlled hydraulic vibrator or
1731:
478:, and then released in an arc across electrodes in the water. The underwater spark discharge produces a high-pressure plasma and vapor bubble, which expands
346:
Upon detonation, explosives release large volumes of expanding gas very quickly, forcing great pressure to the surroundings in the form of seismic waves.
2576:
1080:
1956:
1254:
989:
Crawford, J. M., Doty, W. E. N. and Lee, M. R., 1960, Continuous signal seismograph: Geophysics, Society of
Exploration Geophysicists, 25, 95–105.
592:
over an extended period of time as opposed to the near instantaneous energy provided by impulsive sources. The data recorded in this way must be
696:
1244:
1118:
1004:
Snieder, Roel (2004-04-29). "Extracting the Green's function from the correlation of coda waves: A derivation based on stationary phase".
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148:
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992:
Robert E. Sheriff, Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Applied Geophysics (Geophysical References No. 13) 4th Edition, 2002, 429 pag.
724:
2043:
1711:
1285:
1290:
959:
Sheriff R. E., 1991, Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 376p
968:
Jopling J. M., Forster P. D., Holland D. C. and Hale R. E., 2004, Low
Voltage Seismic Sound Source, US Patent No 6771565
2424:
2103:
1819:
997:
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through the skin, an almost untreatable and deadly injury in a seismic environment. Gunners should wear the required
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1305:
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the correlation of the noise signals between two seismographs provides an estimate of the bidirectional seismic
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795:
Yordkayhun, Sawasdee; Ivanova, Alexandra; Giese, Rüdiger; Juhlin, Christopher; Cosma, Calin (January 2009).
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as the active component, and semi gelatins in which the composition consists mostly of nitroglycerin.
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2073:
1814:
1618:
517:
In 1953, the weight dropping thumper technique was introduced as an alternative to dynamite sources.
17:
889:
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1514:
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1336:
1221:
1216:
482:, making a loud sound. Most of the sound produced is between 20 and 200 Hz, useful for both
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pulse underwater. For each firing, electric charge is stored in a large high-voltage bank of
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2012:
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8:
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1981:
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is the active component, ammonia gelatins in which ammonia nitrite with chemical formula
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294:
61:
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392:
Seismologist with 18 liter air gun array secured for transport aboard the R/V Sikuliaq
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Advances in surface-wave processing for nearsurface characterisation in land seismic
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1021:
855:
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129:
30:
This article is about artificial seismic sources. For natural seismic sources, see
768:
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to protect their eyes and their hearing and minimise exposure of uncovered skin.
388:
312:. These dynamites are placed into three subcategories, straight gelatins in which
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2001:
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1033:
828:
313:
1081:
Non-Lethal
Swimmer Neutralization Study by The University of Texas, May 2002
797:"Comparison of surface seismic sources at the CO2SINK site, Ketzin, Germany"
719:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 155–156.
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610:
450:
629:
Originally the storage capacitors were placed in a steel container (the
576:
EMP sources based on the electrodynamic and electromagnetic principles.
380:
27:
Device that generates controlled seismic energy used for seismic surveys
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2153:
1991:
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31:
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1211:
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475:
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850:
Strobbia, C.; Vermeer, P.; Glushchenko, A.; Laake, A. (2009-06-08).
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During normal handling for deployment and recovery, air guns must
2188:
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1968:
104:
50:
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849:
614:
316:, also known as glyceryl trinitrate with the chemical formula C
233:{\displaystyle s(t)=\beta e^{-\alpha t^{2}}\sin(2\pi f_{max}t)}
53:
1048:
Seismic Wave
Propagation Modeling and Inversion, Phil Bording
528:
276:
is the maximum frequency component of the generated waveform.
2287:
2261:
2231:
2193:
2133:
2128:
2123:
697:
Seismic Wave
Propagation Modeling and Inversion, Phil Bording
589:
487:
471:
384:
Litton LP air gun strings using in marine seismic acquisition
142:
The generalized equation that shows all above properties is:
77:
37:
1086:
794:
520:
2515:
2455:
2208:
1686:
609:
The "Vibroseis" exploration technique was developed by the
124:
A seismic source signal has the following characteristics:
2347:
2213:
1986:
613:
during the 1950s and was a trademark until the company's
308:
most widely used as seismic sources are known as gelatin
64:
seismic surveys. A seismic source can be simple, such as
1092:
Illustration of
Vibroseis in 3D land seismic acquisition
1976:
1053:
Derivation of Seismic wave equation can be found here.
717:
An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics
1087:
Vibroseis, Omnilaw International, a Texas Corporation
249:
151:
2577:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
943:
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
568:
unstable areas, is that no explosives are required.
572:
Electromagnetic Pulse Energy Source (Non-Explosive)
404:and refraction surveys. It consists of one or more
103:Seismic sources may be used to investigate shallow
268:
232:
2626:
560:More advanced thumpers use a technology called "
454:Plasma sound source fired in small swimming pool
1012:(4). American Physical Society (APS): 046610.
1112:
470:, is a means of making a very low frequency
354:popularity for alternative seismic sources.
1119:
1105:
747:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 177–178.
495:non-lethal weapon against submerged divers
714:
535:
527:
519:
504:
449:
387:
379:
36:
2039:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1003:
370:Apollo Lunar Active Seismic Experiments
92:and are recorded by receivers, such as
14:
2627:
1913:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1672:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1126:
940:
445:
49:is a device that generates controlled
1100:
854:. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV.
742:
493:There are also plans to use PSS as a
2044:China National Petroleum Corporation
790:
788:
738:
736:
678:R.E. Sheriff (2002) p160 & p 182
138:The generated waves are time-varying
41:An air gun seismic source (30 litre)
606:versions have also been developed.
602:mounted on a mobile base unit, but
588:propagates energy signals into the
579:
361:was the main explosive fill in the
289:The most basic seismic source is a
279:
24:
2104:National Iranian South Oil Company
1820:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1066:Photos of Thumper trucks in action
25:
2651:
2572:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2461:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2114:Oil & Gas Development Company
1059:
785:
733:
620:
549:Seismic vibrator during operation
2609:
2608:
821:10.1111/j.1365-2478.2008.00737.x
745:Seismic Methods and Applications
636:
611:Continental Oil Company (Conoco)
500:
2119:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
983:
971:
962:
953:
934:
925:
916:
907:
284:
119:
2587:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2358:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2024:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
896:
843:
769:"Explosive | chemical product"
761:
708:
690:
681:
672:
432:high pressure injection injury
368:canisters used as part of the
227:
199:
161:
155:
13:
1:
1533:Production sharing agreements
666:
436:personal protective equipment
300:
2567:Canadian petroleum companies
2562:American Petroleum Institute
2099:National Iranian Oil Company
2084:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1071:Arctic Refuge thumper trails
7:
2582:International Energy Agency
1567:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
860:10.3997/2214-4609.201404894
649:
10:
2656:
2169:PTT Public Company Limited
1770:East Midlands Oil Province
1755:List of natural gas fields
1355:Integrated asset modelling
1026:10.1103/physreve.69.046610
903:NASA reference publication
715:Reynolds, John M. (2011).
462:(PSS), otherwise called a
375:
29:
2604:
2554:
2541:Weatherford International
2420:
2270:
2222:
2074:Iraq National Oil Company
2010:
1967:
1952:
1943:
1828:
1745:
1627:
1513:
1407:
1335:
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1237:
1230:
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1134:
84:. Some of the waves then
72:, which travel through a
977:R.E. Sheriff (2002) p295
931:R.E. Sheriff (2002) p357
922:R.E. Sheriff (2002) p328
913:R.E. Sheriff (2002) p6-8
687:R.E. Sheriff (2002) p312
2592:World Petroleum Council
2466:China Oilfield Services
1523:Petroleum fiscal regime
1222:Western Canadian Select
1217:West Texas Intermediate
801:Geophysical Prospecting
773:Encyclopedia Britannica
743:Stark, Andreas (2010).
562:Accelerated Weight Drop
513:, northern Nevada 2012.
269:{\displaystyle f_{max}}
2640:Seismology measurement
2069:Indian Oil Corporation
1555:Submersible pump (ESP)
1500:Underbalanced drilling
1321:of gasoline and diesel
550:
533:
525:
514:
464:spark gap sound source
455:
393:
385:
270:
234:
42:
2446:Cameron International
1888:Petrodollar recycling
1871:fossil fuel phase-out
1434:Differential sticking
1387:Reflection seismology
1360:Petroleum engineering
1202:OPEC Reference Basket
656:Reflection seismology
548:
531:
523:
508:
453:
391:
383:
271:
235:
56:used to perform both
40:
2343:Occidental Petroleum
1657:1990 oil price shock
1483:Shale oil extraction
1456:Drilling engineering
1439:Directional drilling
1365:Reservoir simulation
247:
149:
2491:Naftiran Intertrade
2436:Amec Foster Wheeler
2363:Reliance Industries
2252:Naftiran Intertrade
2064:Hindustan Petroleum
1662:2000s energy crisis
1076:Utah thumper trails
1018:2004PhRvE..69d6610S
813:2009GeopP..57..125Y
460:plasma sound source
446:Plasma sound source
400:is used for marine
2338:Marathon Petroleum
1760:List of oil fields
1370:Reservoir modeling
1128:Petroleum industry
702:2008-02-08 at the
661:Seismic refraction
604:electro-mechanical
551:
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456:
394:
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295:seismic refraction
266:
230:
43:
2622:
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2486:Nabors Industries
2416:
2415:
1614:Well intervention
1589:Petroleum product
1488:Ljungström method
1392:Seismic inversion
1377:Petroleum geology
1331:
1330:
1006:Physical Review E
726:978-0-471-48535-3
546:
359:hexanitrostilbene
16:(Redirected from
2647:
2612:
2611:
2313:Hess Corporation
2034:Bharat Petroleum
1965:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1637:1967 Oil Embargo
1473:Lost circulation
1311:Posted oil price
1235:
1234:
1192:Isthmus-34 Light
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644:impulse response
586:seismic vibrator
580:Seismic vibrator
547:
509:Thumper trucks,
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280:Types of sources
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2546:John Wood Group
2536:Valaris Limited
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2278:APA Corporation
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2218:
2017:
2014:
2006:
1961:
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1945:
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1840:Classification
1824:
1747:
1741:
1677:Nationalization
1647:1979 oil crisis
1642:1973 oil crisis
1623:
1609:Water injection
1577:Steam injection
1572:Gas reinjection
1540:Artificial lift
1509:
1451:Drill stem test
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704:Wayback Machine
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2303:Eneos Holdings
2300:
2295:
2293:ConocoPhillips
2290:
2285:
2283:Cenovus Energy
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
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2259:
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2224:Energy trading
2220:
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2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
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2156:
2151:
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2126:
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2116:
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2106:
2101:
2096:
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2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
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2020:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1908:Swing producer
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
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1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Gulf of Mexico
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:2010s oil glut
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:1980s oil glut
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
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1552:
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1537:
1536:
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1530:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:Drilling fluid
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1399:Seismic source
1396:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
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1239:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Japan Cocktail
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1144:Primary energy
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1060:External links
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1001:
998:978-1560801184
990:
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807:(1): 125–139.
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622:
621:Boomer sources
619:
581:
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490:applications.
466:, or simply a
447:
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357:For instance,
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47:seismic source
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2399:
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2373:Suncor Energy
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2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:TotalEnergies
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1946:organisations
1944:Companies and
1942:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Petrocurrency
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Oil shale gas
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:Abbreviations
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Permian Basin
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:United States
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Seven Sisters
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Core sampling
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Indian Basket
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
987:
974:
965:
956:
948:
944:
937:
928:
919:
910:
904:
899:
891:
879:
871:
869:9789462821033
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
774:
770:
764:
756:
754:9781599424439
750:
746:
739:
737:
728:
722:
718:
711:
705:
701:
698:
693:
684:
675:
671:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
647:
645:
637:Noise sources
634:
632:
627:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
577:
569:
565:
563:
558:
556:
555:thumper truck
530:
522:
518:
512:
507:
501:Thumper truck
498:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
480:and collapses
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
452:
443:
439:
437:
433:
428:
423:
419:
417:
412:
407:
403:
399:
390:
382:
373:
371:
367:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
344:
315:
314:nitroglycerin
311:
307:
298:
296:
292:
277:
261:
258:
255:
251:
224:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
202:
196:
193:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
164:
158:
152:
145:
144:
143:
137:
134:
131:
128:Generates an
127:
126:
125:
117:
115:
111:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:or layers of
79:
75:
71:
70:seismic waves
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
2511:Schlumberger
2441:Baker Hughes
2333:Marathon Oil
2323:Imperial Oil
2318:Husky Energy
2308:Galp Energia
2298:Devon Energy
2184:Saudi Aramco
2164:Petrovietnam
2109:NNPC Limited
2013:National oil
1893:Petrofiction
1861:Orphan wells
1829:Other topics
1800:Persian Gulf
1727:Saudi Arabia
1697:Standard Oil
1505:Well logging
1398:
1382:Petrophysics
1009:
1005:
984:Bibliography
973:
964:
955:
946:
942:
936:
927:
918:
909:
898:
851:
845:
804:
800:
776:. Retrieved
772:
763:
744:
716:
710:
692:
683:
674:
640:
630:
628:
624:
608:
599:
594:
583:
575:
566:
561:
559:
554:
552:
516:
511:Noble Energy
492:
467:
463:
459:
457:
440:
426:
424:
420:
397:
395:
366:mortar round
362:
356:
352:
348:
345:
304:
291:sledgehammer
288:
285:Sledgehammer
242:
141:
135:Band-limited
123:
120:Source model
102:
46:
44:
2481:Halliburton
2353:Phillips 66
2174:QatarEnergy
2144:Petrobangla
2079:KazMunayGas
1969:Supermajors
1918:heavy crude
1805:Prudhoe Bay
1785:Niger Delta
1765:Caspian Sea
1528:Concessions
1478:Measurement
1444:Geosteering
1427:Squeeze job
1337:Exploration
1286:Consumption
1245:Consumption
1238:Natural gas
1167:Bonny Light
600:shaker unit
532:Vibroseis 2
114:hydrophones
98:hydrophones
2629:Categories
2531:Transocean
2398:Tullow Oil
2388:TechnipFMC
2154:PetroChina
1992:ExxonMobil
1898:Shale band
1775:East Texas
1748:and fields
1562:Downstream
1515:Production
1422:Completion
1350:Geophysics
1291:Production
1250:Production
1187:Indonesian
1162:Argus Sour
1154:Benchmarks
778:2018-10-09
667:References
595:correlated
476:capacitors
416:hydrophone
402:reflection
306:Explosives
301:Explosives
62:refraction
58:reflection
32:earthquake
2526:TC Energy
2427:companies
2257:Trafigura
2204:Sonatrach
2149:Petrobras
2139:Pertamina
2049:Ecopetrol
2015:companies
1959:companies
1957:petroleum
1933:tight oil
1928:oil shale
1923:oil sands
1903:Shale gas
1844:sweet oil
1815:Venezuela
1790:North Sea
1746:Provinces
1737:Venezuela
1584:Midstream
1279:Petroleum
1139:Petroleum
1034:1539-3755
888:ignored (
878:cite book
829:0016-8025
524:Vibroseis
406:pneumatic
310:dynamites
206:π
197:
179:α
176:−
168:β
110:geophones
94:geophones
18:Vibroseis
2614:Category
2521:Subsea 7
2501:Petrofac
2496:NOV Inc.
2476:GE Power
2471:Enbridge
2425:services
2247:Mercuria
2237:Glencore
2199:Sonangol
2159:Petronas
2094:Naftogaz
1866:Peak oil
1849:sour oil
1604:Upstream
1599:Refining
1594:Pipeline
1550:Pumpjack
1545:Gas lift
1466:invasion
1409:Drilling
1296:Reserves
1255:Reserves
1042:15169121
837:55497365
700:Archived
650:See also
631:bang box
617:lapsed.
411:acoustic
76:such as
66:dynamite
2189:Sinopec
2179:Rosneft
2059:Gazprom
2054:Equinor
1982:Chevron
1629:History
1495:Tracers
1417:Blowout
1306:Exports
1301:Imports
1265:Exports
1260:Imports
1083:page 42
1014:Bibcode
809:Bibcode
484:seismic
468:sparker
398:air gun
376:Air gun
363:thumper
130:impulse
105:subsoil
90:refract
86:reflect
51:seismic
2555:Others
2506:Saipem
2403:Tüpraş
2393:TNK-BP
2378:Sunoco
2368:Repsol
2328:Lukoil
2271:Others
2242:Gunvor
1876:timing
1810:Russia
1722:Norway
1707:France
1702:Canada
1040:
1032:
996:
866:
835:
827:
751:
723:
615:patent
243:where
132:signal
74:medium
54:energy
2635:Sonar
2422:Major
2288:Cepsa
2262:Vitol
2232:Enron
2194:SOCAR
2134:Pemex
2129:PDVSA
2124:Orlen
2089:Lotos
2029:ANCAP
1997:Shell
1954:Major
1712:India
1316:Price
1270:Price
1212:Urals
1207:Tapis
1177:Dubai
1172:Brent
833:S2CID
590:Earth
488:sonar
472:sonar
427:never
82:rocks
78:water
2516:Snam
2456:CH2M
2209:TPAO
1717:Iraq
1687:OPEC
1682:GECF
1231:Data
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
994:ISBN
890:help
864:ISBN
825:ISSN
749:ISBN
721:ISBN
486:and
324:(ONO
88:and
60:and
2451:CGG
2348:OMV
2214:YPF
1987:Eni
1022:doi
856:doi
817:doi
396:An
194:sin
112:or
96:or
2631::
1977:BP
1619:XT
1036:.
1028:.
1020:.
1010:69
1008:.
945:.
882::
880:}}
876:{{
862:.
831:.
823:.
815:.
805:57
803:.
799:.
787:^
771:.
735:^
646:.
584:A
553:A
497:.
458:A
338:NO
334:NH
100:.
45:A
1120:e
1113:t
1106:v
1044:.
1024::
1016::
1000:.
949:.
947:6
892:)
872:.
858::
839:.
819::
811::
781:.
757:.
729:.
340:3
336:4
330:3
328:)
326:2
322:5
320:H
318:3
262:x
259:a
256:m
252:f
228:)
225:t
220:x
217:a
214:m
210:f
203:2
200:(
187:2
183:t
172:e
165:=
162:)
159:t
156:(
153:s
108:(
34:.
20:)
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