248:
229:
218:
207:
173:
153:
105:
257:
195:
184:
123:
137:
2616:
2626:
522:
883:
2636:
2646:
606:, or "revolution," but he claimed that it lacked popular support. Other historians in Egypt supported this thesis, and even expanded on it, sometimes suffering government censure. During the last years of the monarchy, authors became more critical of the old establishment and especially of the British, and ʻUrabi is sometimes portrayed as a hero of freedom and constitutionalism
425:
and
Egyptian origins also known as "James Sanua", this Paris-based publication was a political satire magazine that often mocked the establishment under European control, and it increasingly irritated the ruling powers as well as the Europeans as it favoured reform and revolutionary movements. It had
29:
485:
lent his support to the revolt when it was at its peak, but later claimed that he was pressured into doing so. ʻUrabi and other leaders of the revolt acknowledged the Copts as potential allies and worked to prevent any targeting of the minority by nationalist
Muslims, but were not always successful.
580:
to determine whether or not Cairo could be advanced on from
Alexandria, However the British concluded that the Egyptian defences were too strong, so in September of that year a British army was landed in the Canal Zone. The motivation for the British intervention is still disputed. The British were
601:
While the
British intervention was meant to be short-term, it persisted until 1956. Egypt was effectively made a colony until 1952. Both the British and the Khedival government did their best to discredit ʻUrabi's name and the revolution, although among the common people ʻUrabi remained a popular
371:
The upper ranks of the civil service, the army, and the business world had become dominated by
Europeans, who were paid more than native Egyptians. Within Egypt, a parallel legal system for suing Europeans separately from the natives was set up. This angered educated and ambitious Egyptians in the
646:
and growing ties with the
Western European bloc, the government played up the desire of the ʻUrabists to draft a constitution and have democratic elections. After the 1952 revolution, the image of ʻUrabi, at least officially, has generally improved, with a number of streets and a square in Cairo
659:
and others arguing that it was little more than a military coup, similar to those made about the 1952 movement. Among
Western European historians, especially British, there was a traditional view that the ʻUrabi revolution was nothing more than a "revolt" or "insurrection" and not a real social
463:
On
January 8, 1882, the French and British sent a joint note that asserted the primacy of the Khedive's authority. The note infuriated the parliamentarians and ʻUrabi. The government collapsed; a new one with ʻUrabi as Minister of War was created. This new government threatened the positions of
445:
army officer, had risen to the rank of colonel. Because of his peasant upbringing and traditional training, he came to be viewed by many as the authentic voice of the people of Egypt. To them, he represented a peasant population frustrated with tax-exempt foreigners and wealthy local landlords.
454:
Tension built over the summer of 1881 as both the
Khedive and the Egyptian officers, now led by ʻUrabi, searched for supporters and gathered allies. In September the Khedive ordered ʻUrabi's regiment to leave Cairo. He refused and ordered the dismissal of the Turco-Circassian generals and the
403:
in the country forced the
Khedive to drastically cut the army. From a height of 94,000 troops in 1874, its strength was cut to 36,000 in 1879, with plans to shrink it even more. This created a large class of unemployed and disaffected army officers within the country. The disastrous
565:. The coastal batteries returned fire. The French fleet, also at Alexandria, refused to participate. A large British naval force then tried to capture the city. Despite encountering heavy resistance, the British forces succeeded, forcing the Egyptians to withdraw.
668:. While this view is still held by many, there has been a growing trend to call the ʻUrabi uprising a real revolution, especially amongst newer historians who tend to emphasize social and economic history and to examine native, rather than European, sources.
372:
military and civil service who felt that the European domination of top positions was preventing their own advancement. The heavily taxed Egyptian peasants were also annoyed by their taxes going to Europeans who lived in relative wealth.
629:
were likened to ʻUrabi. Nasserist textbooks called the ʻUrabi Revolt a "national revolution," but ʻUrabi was seen as making great strategic mistakes and not being as much of a man of the people as Nasser. During Nasser's experiment with
557:
As the city's garrison was maintaining the coastal defence batteries, an ultimatum was sent demanding the batteries be dismantled under threat of bombardment. The ultimatum was ignored, and the British fleet off Alexandria under Admiral
602:
figure. The government used the state media and educational system to denounce him as a traitor, and the revolution as merely a military mutiny. Egyptian historian Mohammed Rif'at was one of the first to call the events a
438:, making its satire and political pieces understandable to the masses, not just the educated elite. Yaʻqūb Ṣanūʻ claimed that his magazine reached a circulation of 10,000, which was a huge number in those days.
481:
were divided: their close affiliation with Europeans angered many and sometimes made them a target, but the deep rivalry between Coptic and Syrian Christians led many to align with rebels. The
356:
could no longer be repaid, and under pressure from the European banks that held the debt, the country's finances were being controlled by representatives of France and Britain via the
399:
was still the official language of the army and Turks were more likely to be promoted. In the ruling cabinet under Khedive Tewfiq, every member was a Turco-Circassians. The growing
455:
creation of an elected government. Unable to oppose the revolt, Tewfiq agreed and a new chamber of deputies and government were established containing a number of ʻUrabi's allies.
411:
A public consciousness was developing in Egypt during this period, literacy was spreading, and more newspapers were being published in the 1870s and 1880s, such as the influential
2465:
475:, and most of the wealthiest members of society. In contrast, it had the support of most of the population, including lower-level ulama, the officer corps, and local leaders.
1498:
1493:
1488:
871:
550:
businesses and battles broke out in the streets. About fifty Europeans and 250 Egyptians were killed. The exact cause of the revolt is uncertain; both the
849:
501:
hesitated to employ troops against Muslims who opposed foreign colonial rule. ʻUrabi asked the Sultan to depose Tewfiq, but again the Sultan hesitated.
2020:
1004:
609:ʻUrabi's Revolt had a long-lasting significance as the first instance of Egyptian anti-colonial nationalism, which would later play a major role in
1267:
467:
This broad effort at reform was opposed by European interests, many of the large landowners, the Turkish and Circassian elite, the high-ranking
1889:
352:
Egypt in the 1870s was under foreign influence, corruption, misgovernment, and in a state of financial ruin. Huge debts rung up by its ruler
864:
128:
2730:
1515:
1483:
2735:
2344:
1872:
1354:
999:
2356:
1747:
655:
Historians have in general been divided, with one group seeing the revolt as a push for liberalism and freedom on the model of the
1791:
1525:
857:
1068:
569:
188:
696:
and prevent "anarchy", while others argue that it was to protect the interests of British investors with assets in Egypt (see
2593:
559:
199:
2417:
2071:
2015:
1971:
1784:
1458:
1448:
1408:
879:
2265:
692:
Historians have also been divided over the reasons for the British invasion, with some arguing that it was to protect the
617:, the revolt would be regarded as a "glorious struggle" against foreign occupation. The ʻUrabi Revolution was seen by the
2076:
1816:
1702:
391:, who controlled most other elite positions in the government and military. Albanian troops had come to Egypt along with
787:
Cleveland, William L & Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th Edition, Westview Press: 2009, p. 92.
2529:
2460:
2339:
1961:
1838:
1505:
1386:
1313:
1301:
1262:
341:
832:
Ozan, A. Ş. I. K. "On Philip Abrams and a Multi-Faceted 'Historical Event': The Urabi Movement (1879-1882) in Egypt."
2064:
1593:
772:
661:
581:
especially concerned that ʻUrabi would default on Egypt's massive debt and that he might try to gain control of the
2715:
2197:
1860:
1583:
446:ʻUrabi commanded the respect and support of not only the peasantry but also a large portion of the Egyptian army.
2556:
2524:
2277:
2003:
1413:
1133:
989:
966:
916:
994:
2125:
1919:
1882:
1030:
618:
408:
of 1875–1876 also angered the officers, who felt that the government had sent them unwisely into the conflict.
2725:
2412:
2207:
1613:
1138:
1121:
941:
931:
814:
Huffaker, Shauna. "Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism, and the British Press, 1881–1882."
2324:
2720:
2388:
2192:
2160:
1976:
1608:
1478:
1401:
956:
2639:
2551:
2393:
2135:
2025:
1848:
1643:
1510:
1453:
1349:
1224:
622:
527:
357:
35:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2546:
2351:
2248:
2231:
2214:
2155:
1981:
1936:
1867:
1806:
1779:
1423:
1282:
1061:
842:
Reid, Donald Malcolm. . "The Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879–1882." in M. W. Daly, ed.
808:
405:
364:
against this foreign intervention, he was deposed by the British and replaced by his more pliable son
2512:
2455:
2422:
2187:
2097:
2059:
2054:
2042:
1941:
1633:
1603:
1588:
1340:
936:
809:
Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's ʻUrabi Movement
562:
744:
Donald Malcolm Reid. "The Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879-1882." in M. W. Daly, ed.
2588:
2568:
2376:
2202:
1998:
1986:
1823:
1801:
1468:
1418:
1359:
1318:
1194:
1189:
1155:
1116:
974:
926:
906:
577:
464:
Europeans in the government and also began laying off large numbers of Turco-Circassian officers.
2497:
2120:
1855:
1707:
1680:
1665:
1660:
1396:
1296:
1020:
887:
643:
586:
534:
On the afternoon of June 11, 1882 the political turmoil exploded into violence on the streets of
516:
482:
233:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2649:
2578:
2507:
2329:
2297:
1991:
1929:
1924:
1638:
1103:
1035:
1025:
979:
800:
Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim. "The Transformation of the Egyptian Élite: Prelude to the 'Urābī Revolt."
435:
2670:
2583:
2475:
2445:
2334:
2314:
2260:
2172:
1811:
1769:
1764:
1742:
1550:
1540:
1325:
1204:
1172:
1054:
672:
392:
330:
2450:
2400:
2270:
1374:
1364:
951:
837:
8:
2561:
2541:
2361:
2309:
2304:
2243:
2145:
1828:
1759:
1754:
1473:
1177:
911:
554:
and ʻUrabi have been blamed for starting it, but there is no proof of either allegation.
472:
353:
2371:
2282:
2182:
2049:
1877:
1843:
1796:
1774:
1670:
1572:
1443:
1330:
1277:
697:
634:, the ʻUrabi revolt was also sometimes put in a Marxist context. Also during President
614:
510:
395:
and helped him to take control of the country and were highly favoured by the Khedive.
388:
337:
310:
278:
109:
81:
59:
2625:
2519:
2319:
2226:
2177:
2130:
2115:
2030:
1946:
1833:
1731:
1712:
1545:
1219:
1214:
1145:
1128:
1111:
768:
676:
656:
2381:
2480:
2437:
2407:
2255:
2037:
1966:
1908:
1623:
1618:
1598:
1520:
1335:
1236:
1167:
1150:
1091:
984:
946:
610:
2292:
647:
bearing his name, indicating the honored position he has in the official history.
2470:
2287:
2238:
2140:
1956:
1692:
1675:
1306:
1231:
626:
589:. ʻUrabi was captured and eventually exiled to the British colony of Ceylon (now
431:
396:
298:
211:
157:
75:
2619:
2573:
2427:
2366:
2150:
1951:
1463:
1391:
1250:
1184:
631:
490:
380:
376:
326:
256:
194:
183:
2664:
2502:
2490:
2485:
2165:
1255:
498:
400:
268:
222:
2629:
2219:
1628:
573:
551:
494:
422:
365:
322:
177:
113:
765:
The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the ʻUrabi Revolt, 1882-1983
642:(economic liberalisation) period, in which there was growing, controlled,
585:. On September 13, 1882, the British forces defeated ʻUrabi's army at the
1648:
1379:
1369:
1162:
827:
The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982
733:
The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982
635:
413:
384:
314:
306:
142:
442:
1697:
1655:
921:
819:
693:
582:
535:
418:
274:
2536:
2008:
685:
590:
521:
361:
28:
1209:
318:
1241:
1199:
1046:
679:
and have an important role in the cultural life of Ireland—was
539:
1272:
1077:
882:
660:
revolution. By far the most influential Englishman in Egypt,
547:
543:
478:
468:
1685:
340:
and the British takeover of the country, beginning the
313:
from 1879 to 1882. It was led by and named for Colonel
689:
newspaper) in support of Ahmed ʻUrabi and his revolt.
664:, wrote a scathing assessment of the ʻUrabists in his
426:
a wide reach since, unlike many other publications,
758:
756:
754:
497:called on the sultan to quell the revolt, but the
2662:
751:
572:voted in favour of a larger intervention. The
1062:
1005:Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)
865:
767:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
716:
568:As revolts spread across Egypt, the British
449:
683:(1882), a pamphlet (originally a letter to
1069:
1055:
872:
858:
576:launched a probing/scouting attack at the
844:The Cambridge History of Egypt (Volume 2)
746:The Cambridge History of Egypt (Volume 2)
520:
888:Major revolts and riots in modern Egypt
458:
133:
16:1879–1882 nationalist uprising in Egypt
2663:
829:(University Presses of Florida, 1988).
735:(University Presses of Florida, 1988).
650:
489:An effort to court the Ottoman Sultan
2095:
1906:
1729:
1570:
1089:
1050:
1000:Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)
853:
762:
560:Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester
2645:
721:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 40–41.
2635:
504:
302:
13:
811:(Princeton University Press, 1993)
794:
441:During this time, Ahmed ʻUrabi, a
360:. When Ismaʻil tried to rouse the
342:history of Egypt under the British
14:
2747:
2731:African resistance to colonialism
2016:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
2736:Resistance to the British Empire
2644:
2634:
2624:
2615:
2614:
1873:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
1076:
881:
255:
246:
227:
216:
205:
193:
182:
171:
151:
135:
121:
103:
27:
2357:Identification card controversy
985:Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
917:1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt
671:The earliest published work of
1263:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
1031:Egyptian National Action Group
781:
738:
725:
710:
336:The uprising was ended by the
1:
1571:
942:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
717:Featherstone, Donald (1993).
703:
406:war with the Ethiopian Empire
82:British intervention in Egypt
1890:Twin towns and sister cities
1730:
1402:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
957:2008 Egyptian general strike
932:Corrective Revolution (1971)
816:Victorian Periodicals Review
596:
375:Egyptians resented not only
333:influence over the country.
7:
2418:Vehicle registration plates
2096:
2072:Water supply and sanitation
1907:
1090:
1021:2017 Warraq Island protests
990:2012–2013 Egyptian protests
980:2011 Maspero demonstrations
967:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
528:The Illustrated London News
525:Portrayal of the revolt by
358:Caisse de la Dette Publique
347:
36:The Illustrated London News
33:Portrayal of the revolt by
10:
2752:
2077:Water resources management
514:
508:
2610:
2436:
2108:
2104:
2091:
1972:Impact on the environment
1962:Entrepreneurship policies
1915:
1902:
1738:
1725:
1579:
1566:
1534:
1436:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1013:
995:2013 Egyptian coup d'état
965:
937:1977 Egyptian bread riots
894:
450:ʻUrabi's seizure of power
317:and sought to depose the
239:
164:
93:
42:
26:
21:
1743:Administrative divisions
1419:2011 Egyptian revolution
1360:1952 Egyptian revolution
1156:Lighthouse of Alexandria
975:2011 Egyptian revolution
927:1952 Egyptian revolution
907:1919 Egyptian revolution
902:Urabi revolt (1879–1882)
895:Major events before 2010
578:Battle of Kafr El Dawwar
379:domination but also the
2716:19th-century rebellions
1947:Egyptian stock exchange
681:Arabi and His Household
644:economic liberalization
587:Battle of Tell El Kebir
517:Battle of Tell El Kebir
2278:International rankings
1283:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
1036:2020 Egyptian protests
1026:2019 Egyptian protests
763:Mayer, Thomas (1988).
625:, and both Nasser and
621:as a precursor to the
619:Free Officers movement
531:
436:Modern Standard Arabic
165:Commanders and leaders
1883:Terrorism and tourism
1341:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1173:Library of Alexandria
947:2000 Kosheh lynchings
818:45.4 (2012): 375-405
673:Augusta, Lady Gregory
524:
515:Further information:
2726:Revolutions in Egypt
2594:World Heritage Sites
2413:Units of measurement
1868:Proposed new capital
1614:Environmental issues
1375:United Arab Republic
1268:Muhammad Ali dynasty
952:2005 Alexandria riot
538:. Rioters attacked
459:Foreign intervention
293:, also known as the
2721:Rebellions in Egypt
2266:Freedom of religion
2161:Mass sexual assault
1526:Timekeeping devices
1424:2013 Rabaa massacre
1397:Egyptian–Libyan War
912:Helwan riots (1945)
802:Middle East Journal
651:Views of historians
613:. Especially under
443:native non-European
2456:Art (contemporary)
2136:Capital punishment
2026:Telecommunications
1703:Towns and villages
1671:Qattara Depression
1484:Muslim Brotherhood
1454:Cigarette industry
1314:British occupation
1225:Crusader invasions
1195:Rashidun Caliphate
846:(1999) pp 217–238.
748:(1999) pp 217-238.
698:Anglo-Egyptian War
675:—later to embrace
615:Gamal Abdel Nasser
563:bombarded the city
532:
511:Anglo-Egyptian War
338:Anglo-Egyptian War
311:Khedivate of Egypt
234:Mahmoud el-Baroudi
110:Khedivate of Egypt
71:Revolt suppressed
2711:Conflicts in 1882
2706:Conflicts in 1881
2701:Conflicts in 1880
2696:Conflicts in 1879
2658:
2657:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2530:Football stadiums
2461:Botanical gardens
2340:Catholic dioceses
2232:Gender inequality
2156:Human trafficking
2087:
2086:
2021:Tallest buildings
1982:Military industry
1898:
1897:
1839:Political parties
1792:Islamic extremism
1780:Foreign relations
1721:
1720:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1302:French occupation
1220:Fatimid Caliphate
1215:Ikhshidid dynasty
1044:
1043:
922:Cairo fire (1952)
719:Tel El-Kebir 1882
677:Irish nationalism
657:French Revolution
473:Syrian Christians
471:(Muslim clergy),
295:ʻUrabi Revolution
287:
286:
200:Beauchamp Seymour
89:
88:
2743:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2423:Waste management
2188:Academic grading
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2065:Railway stations
2043:Cultural tourism
1942:Economic regions
1904:
1903:
1727:
1726:
1568:
1567:
1237:Mamluk Sultanate
1168:Diocese of Egypt
1151:Battle of Actium
1100:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
886:
885:
874:
867:
860:
851:
850:
804:(1967): 325–344.
788:
785:
779:
778:
760:
749:
742:
736:
729:
723:
722:
714:
611:Egyptian history
570:House of Commons
505:British invasion
483:Coptic Patriarch
377:Western European
327:Imperial British
309:uprising in the
304:
279:irregular troops
260:
259:
251:
250:
249:
232:
231:
230:
221:
220:
219:
210:
209:
208:
198:
197:
187:
186:
176:
175:
174:
156:
155:
154:
145:
141:
139:
138:
127:
125:
124:
108:
107:
106:
44:
43:
31:
19:
18:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2598:
2589:Public holidays
2579:National anthem
2432:
2345:Coptic Churches
2288:Egyptian Arabic
2198:Medical schools
2100:
2083:
1999:Nuclear program
1911:
1894:
1824:Nationality law
1817:Supreme Council
1802:Law enforcement
1734:
1717:
1693:Sinai Peninsula
1676:Red Sea Riviera
1575:
1554:
1530:
1432:
1319:1919 revolution
1307:Revolt of Cairo
1232:Ayyubid dynasty
1210:Tulunid dynasty
1094:
1081:
1075:
1045:
1040:
1009:
961:
890:
880:
878:
825:Mayer, Thomas.
797:
795:Further reading
792:
791:
786:
782:
775:
761:
752:
743:
739:
731:Thomas Mayer,
730:
726:
715:
711:
706:
653:
627:Muhammad Neguib
623:1952 revolution
599:
519:
513:
507:
461:
452:
432:Egyptian Arabic
430:was written in
417:. Published by
397:Ottoman Turkish
362:Egyptian people
350:
303:الثورة العرابية
283:
254:
253:
247:
245:
228:
226:
225:
217:
215:
214:
206:
204:
192:
191:
189:Garnet Wolseley
181:
180:
172:
170:
152:
150:
136:
134:
122:
120:
119:
104:
102:
62:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2525:Football clubs
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Animal welfare
2118:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2004:Power stations
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Egyptian pound
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1856:Prime Minister
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Northern coast
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Yom Kippur War
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
848:
847:
840:
836:6.1: 170–184.
830:
823:
812:
805:
796:
793:
790:
789:
780:
773:
750:
737:
724:
708:
707:
705:
702:
652:
649:
632:Arab socialism
598:
595:
509:Main article:
506:
503:
491:Abdul Hamid II
460:
457:
451:
448:
349:
346:
285:
284:
282:
281:
271:
264:
262:
242:
241:
237:
236:
202:
167:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
146:
129:United Kingdom
118:
117:
99:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:
68:
64:
63:
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2748:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:1882 in Egypt
2689:
2687:
2686:1881 in Egypt
2684:
2682:
2681:1880 in Egypt
2679:
2677:
2676:1879 in Egypt
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Art (ancient)
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Blasphemy law
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:Sign Language
2296:
2294:
2293:Saʽidi Arabic
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:National Bank
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:Ottoman Egypt
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
968:
964:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
852:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
798:
784:
776:
774:0-8130-0889-1
770:
766:
759:
757:
755:
747:
741:
734:
728:
720:
713:
709:
701:
699:
695:
690:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
658:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
561:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
529:
523:
518:
512:
502:
500:
499:Sublime Porte
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
476:
474:
470:
465:
456:
447:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
415:
409:
407:
402:
401:fiscal crisis
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Ismaʻil Pasha
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
296:
292:
291:ʻUrabi revolt
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
265:
263:
261:40,560 (1882)
258:
252:36,000 (1879)
244:
243:
238:
235:
224:
223:Mahmoud Fehmy
213:
203:
201:
196:
190:
185:
179:
169:
168:
163:
159:
149:
144:
132:
131:
130:
115:
111:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
30:
25:
22:ʻUrabi revolt
20:
2671:Urabi revolt
2476:Coat of arms
2446:Architecture
2335:Christianity
2315:Prostitution
2261:Human rights
2220:Abaza family
2208:Universities
2173:Demographics
2126:Billionaires
1770:Constitution
1765:Conscription
1748:Governorates
1629:Halfaya Pass
1499:1954–present
1459:Constitution
1414:2010s Crisis
1326:World War II
1288:Urabi revolt
1287:
1205:Islamization
1139:31st Dynasty
1134:27th Dynasty
1014:2017–present
901:
843:
833:
826:
815:
807:Cole, Juan.
801:
783:
764:
745:
740:
732:
727:
718:
712:
691:
684:
680:
670:
666:Modern Egypt
665:
654:
639:
608:
603:
600:
574:British army
567:
556:
533:
526:
495:Tewfik Pasha
488:
477:
466:
462:
453:
440:
434:rather than
427:
419:Yaʻqūb Ṣanūʻ
412:
410:
393:Muhammad Ali
374:
370:
366:Tewfik Pasha
351:
335:
323:Tewfik Pasha
294:
290:
288:
212:Ahmed ʻUrabi
178:Tewfik Pasha
94:Belligerents
70:
34:
2640:WikiProject
2401:Scientology
2271:LGBT rights
2193:Law schools
1977:Lighthouses
1920:Agriculture
1649:Mount Sinai
1609:Earthquakes
1409:Mubarak era
1380:Six-Day War
1370:Suez Crisis
1365:Land reform
1112:Prehistoric
662:Lord Cromer
636:Anwar Sadat
428:Abu Naddara
421:, a Jew of
414:Abu Naddara
385:Circassians
315:Ahmed Urabi
307:nationalist
114:Khedivalist
2665:Categories
2552:Newspapers
2542:Mass media
2394:Synagogues
2362:Irreligion
2310:Literature
2305:Liberalism
2244:Healthcare
2146:Corruption
1829:Parliament
1760:Corruption
1755:Civil Code
1698:Suez Canal
1656:Nile Delta
1541:Alexandria
1511:Population
1506:Parliament
1474:Healthcare
1355:Nasser era
1129:Achaemenid
1104:Chronology
834:Mavi Atlas
704:References
694:Suez Canal
583:Suez Canal
536:Alexandria
325:, and end
275:reservists
158:ʻUrabilist
2547:Magazines
2537:Egyptians
2372:Ahmadiyya
2283:Languages
2249:Hospitals
2183:Education
2050:Transport
2009:Aswan Dam
1937:Companies
1878:Terrorism
1844:President
1807:Massacres
1797:Judiciary
1775:Elections
1644:Mountains
1573:Geography
1551:Port Said
1494:1939–1954
1489:1928–1938
1444:Anarchism
1387:Sadat era
1331:Sultanate
1278:Khedivate
1178:Christian
1146:Ptolemaic
686:The Times
597:Aftermath
591:Sri Lanka
389:Albanians
305:), was a
50:1879–1882
2620:Category
2584:Olympics
2520:Football
2352:Hinduism
2320:Religion
2227:Feminism
2215:Families
2178:Diaspora
2141:Censuses
2131:Cannabis
2116:Abortion
2060:Airports
2055:Airlines
2031:Internet
1834:Passport
1812:Military
1785:Missions
1732:Politics
1713:Wildlife
1437:By topic
1350:Republic
1185:Sassanid
348:Prologue
269:regulars
240:Strength
55:Location
2650:Commons
2569:Museums
2513:regions
2481:Cuisine
2466:Castles
2438:Culture
2408:Smoking
2389:Judaism
2377:Mosques
2256:Housing
2203:Schools
2109:General
2098:Society
2038:Tourism
1967:Fishing
1925:Banking
1909:Economy
1634:Islands
1624:Geology
1619:Fossils
1604:Deserts
1599:Climate
1589:Borders
1535:By city
1521:Saladin
1469:Genetic
1449:Capital
1336:Kingdom
1251:Ottoman
1117:Ancient
1092:History
640:infitah
604:thawrah
552:Khedive
548:Italian
544:Maltese
493:began.
423:Italian
319:khedive
273:50,000
267:11,300
116:forces)
2630:Portal
2471:Cinema
2325:Baháʼí
2239:Health
1987:Mining
1957:Energy
1681:Rivers
1594:Cities
1516:Postal
1297:Modern
1242:Mamluk
1200:Fustat
1190:Muslim
1122:topics
1080:topics
838:online
820:online
771:
331:French
299:Arabic
160:forces
140:
126:
78:exiled
76:ʻUrabi
67:Result
2574:Music
2557:Radio
2498:Films
2428:Women
2382:Niqāb
2367:Islam
2151:Crime
1992:Mines
1708:Wadis
1666:Oases
1639:Lakes
1584:Biota
1546:Cairo
1464:Copts
1273:Nahda
1163:Roman
1078:Egypt
540:Greek
479:Copts
469:ulama
381:Turks
143:India
60:Egypt
2508:list
2503:Flag
2491:Wine
2486:Beer
2166:Rape
1861:list
1849:list
1686:Nile
1479:Jews
769:ISBN
546:and
387:and
329:and
289:The
277:and
47:Date
700:).
638:'s
593:).
2667::
2562:TV
753:^
542:,
383:,
368:.
344:.
321:,
301::
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
873:e
866:t
859:v
822:.
777:.
297:(
112:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
