4535:
124:(LFL): The lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). The term is considered by many safety professionals to be the same as the lower explosive level (LEL). At a concentration in air lower than the LFL, gas mixtures are "too lean" to burn. Methane gas has an LFL of 4.4%. If the atmosphere has less than 4.4% methane, an explosion cannot occur even if a source of ignition is present. From the health and safety perspective, the LEL concentration is considered to be
3616:
5204:
5216:
151:(UFL): Highest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Concentrations higher than UFL or UEL are "too rich" to burn. Operating above the UFL is usually avoided for safety because air leaking in can bring the mixture into combustibility range.
3573:
343:
Dusts also have upper and lower explosion limits, though the upper limits are hard to measure and of little practical importance. Lower flammability limits for many organic materials are in the range of 10–50 g/m, which is much higher than the limits set for health reasons, as is the case
296:
Usually atmospheric air supplies the oxygen for combustion, and limits assume the normal concentration of oxygen in air. Oxygen-enriched atmospheres enhance combustion, lowering the LFL and increasing the UFL, and vice versa; an atmosphere devoid of an oxidizer is neither flammable nor explosive for
347:
Flammability limits also depend on the particle size of the dust involved, and are not intrinsic properties of the material. In addition, a concentration above the LEL can be created suddenly from settled dust accumulations, so management by routine monitoring, as is done with gases and vapours, is
135:
designed and calibrated to a specific gas may show the relative concentration of the atmosphere to the LFL—the LFL being 100%. A 5% displayed LFL reading for methane, for example, would be equivalent to 5% multiplied by 4.4%, or approximately 0.22% methane by volume at 20 degrees C. Control of the
388:
Class IB liquids with a flash point less than 73 °F (23 °C) and a boiling point equal to or greater than 100 °F (38 °C) and class IC liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 73 °F (23 °C), but less than 100 °F (38 °C) have a NFPA 704 flammability
392:
Class II liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 100 °F (38 °C), but less than 140 °F (60 °C) and class IIIA liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 140 °F (60 °C), but less than 200 °F (93 °C) have a NFPA 704 flammability rating of
50:
Limits vary with temperature and pressure, but are normally expressed in terms of volume percentage at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. These limits are relevant both in producing and optimising explosion or combustion, as in an engine, or to preventing it, as in uncontrolled explosions of
293:, and the concentration of the oxidizer also influences flammability limits. Higher temperature or pressure, as well as higher concentration of the oxidizer (primarily oxygen in air), results in lower LFL and higher UFL, hence the gas mixture will be easier to explode.
3603:
flammability classifications. This standard uses visual observations of flame propagation in 5 or 12 L spherical glass vessels to measure the flammability limits. Flammable conditions are defined as those for which a flame propagates outside a 90° cone angle.
30:
Mixtures of dispersed combustible materials (such as gaseous or vaporised fuels, and some dusts) and oxygen in the air will burn only if the fuel concentration lies within well-defined lower and upper bounds determined experimentally, referred to as
3578:
3577:
3574:
348:
of no value. The preferred method of managing combustible dust is by preventing accumulations of settled dust through process enclosure, ventilation, and surface cleaning. However, lower flammability limits may be relevant to plant design.
3579:
278:
330:
resins to remove explosive gases before release are also common. Gases can also be maintained safely at concentrations above the UEL, although a breach in the storage container can lead to explosive conditions or intense
3576:
356:
Situations caused by evaporation of flammable liquids into the air-filled void volume of a container may be limited by flexible container volume or by using an immiscible fluid to fill the void volume.
344:
for the LEL of many gases and vapours. Dust clouds of this concentration are hard to see through for more than a short distance, and normally only exist inside process equipment.
3771:
136:
explosion hazard is usually achieved by sufficient natural or mechanical ventilation, to limit the concentration of flammable gases or vapors to a maximum level of 25% of their
3575:
5051:
188:
3750:
1713:
1580:
4846:
196:
102:
is the bursting or rupture of an enclosure or container due to the development of internal pressure from a deflagration or detonation as defined in
2165:
301:). Significantly increasing the fraction of inert gases in an air mixture, at the expense of oxygen, increases the LFL and decreases the UFL.
3035:
5039:
2963:
987:
4186:
Kim, Dennis K.; Klieger, Alexandra E.; Lomax, Peter Q.; Mccoy, Conor G.; Reymann, Jonathan Y.; Sunderland, Peter B. (14 September 2018).
3002:
318:. Methods used to control the concentration of a potentially explosive gas or vapor include use of sweep gas, an unreactive gas such as
4654:
4084:
3880:
4344:
4372:
5018:
125:
396:
Class IIIB liquids with a flash point equal to or greater than 200 °F (93 °C) have a NFPA 704 flammability rating of 1
3981:
3780:
369:
The flammable/explosive limits of some gases and vapors are given below. Concentrations are given in percent by volume of air.
17:
5063:
5057:
3716:
409:
103:
4266:
4559:
297:
any fuel concentration (except for gases that can energetically decompose even in the absence of an oxidizer, such as
4934:
4317:
5219:
4695:
4383:
51:
build-ups of combustible gas or dust. Attaining the best combustible or explosive mixture of a fuel and air (the
3747:
98:
is a propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium. An
3658:
315:
3834:
5247:
5045:
5002:
4674:
4337:
3634:
79:
5163:
94:
is a propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity less than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium. A
5116:
4954:
3560:
Note that for many chemicals it takes the least amount of ignition energy halfway between the LEL and UEL.
5257:
4987:
4919:
4736:
4569:
1081:
3673:"Current Intelligence Bulletin #66: Derivation of Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) Values"
4554:
4494:
3905:
3757:
56:
5069:
4904:
4564:
5207:
5013:
4929:
4909:
4886:
4649:
4414:
4330:
160:
131:
Percentage reading on combustible air monitors should not be confused with the LFL concentrations.
71:
314:
Controlling gas and vapor concentrations outside the flammable limits is a major consideration in
4856:
4821:
4669:
4619:
3639:
423:
75:
4997:
4876:
4851:
4841:
4549:
4509:
5184:
5158:
5111:
4726:
4614:
4594:
1962:
1781:
1440:
120:
3672:
4881:
4741:
4449:
4199:
3596:
2872:
1671:
166:
4091:
8:
5242:
4924:
4831:
4309:
4241:
4024:
3956:
3855:
3241:
2711:
955:
4203:
4711:
4639:
4604:
4599:
4223:
3705:(Second ed.). New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company. pp. 305&306.
2691:
2452:
1822:
1648:
1417:
1393:
1370:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5023:
4914:
4896:
4786:
4624:
4534:
4519:
4313:
4227:
4215:
2519:
2427:
1735:
1345:
1060:
931:
159:
Flammability limits of mixtures of several combustible gases can be calculated using
3989:
5121:
4459:
4207:
3621:
2755:
2383:
2335:
1801:
1011:
906:
496:
358:
326:
to dilute the explosive gas before coming in contact with air. Use of scrubbers or
4211:
4816:
4751:
4690:
4659:
4634:
4584:
4579:
4393:
4353:
3754:
3584:
3352:
3261:
3150:
2778:
2647:
2499:
2145:
2077:
1940:
1869:
1693:
1627:
1462:
1224:
1036:
564:
4187:
3748:
Working with modern hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents: a guide to flammability
4982:
4959:
4944:
4806:
4746:
4716:
4685:
4629:
4589:
4524:
4514:
4409:
3437:
3331:
3310:
3103:
2735:
2670:
2601:
2579:
2122:
2099:
1533:
1485:
661:
273:{\displaystyle LFL_{\text{mix}}={\frac {1}{\sum _{i}{\frac {x_{i}}{LFL_{i}}}}}}
52:
4277:
4188:"An improved test method for refrigerant flammability limits in a 12 L vessel"
128:, where a more stringent exposure limit does not exist for the flammable gas.
5252:
5236:
5189:
5179:
4977:
4949:
4866:
4484:
4474:
4444:
4388:
4219:
3715:
Britton, L. G "Using
Material Data in Static Hazard Assessment." as found in
3415:
3394:
1984:
1758:
1602:
1200:
811:
758:
637:
378:
64:
60:
5106:
4992:
4871:
4861:
4796:
4761:
4721:
4680:
4644:
4434:
4429:
4399:
3629:
2918:
2895:
2031:
1556:
1272:
1247:
1176:
542:
446:
132:
91:
40:
3592:
4826:
4781:
4771:
4664:
4609:
4574:
4469:
3600:
2825:
2626:
1846:
1509:
1151:
1127:
471:
416:
374:
286:
5086:
4939:
4439:
4424:
4404:
4242:"Periodic Table of Elements: Hydrogen - H (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)"
3372:
2801:
2405:
2008:
959:
859:
327:
95:
44:
5008:
4836:
4801:
4791:
4776:
4756:
4731:
4504:
4499:
4464:
4419:
4367:
4074:
Walsh (1989) Chemical Safety Data Sheets, Roy. Soc. Chem., Cambridge.
3125:
3058:
3012:
2849:
2359:
882:
836:
588:
298:
154:
99:
5101:
4811:
4766:
4489:
4479:
4378:
3527:
3506:
3482:
3172:
2472:
2310:
2238:
2209:
2053:
1321:
1104:
983:
786:
613:
382:
319:
290:
4322:
3680:
The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
3591:
In the U.S. the most common method of measuring LFLs and UFLs is
3285:
3217:
3078:
2984:
2539:
2475:
2260:
1915:
733:
685:
517:
3458:
3194:
2941:
2285:
2213:
1891:
1297:
782:
710:
361:
use displacement of water when filling a tank with petroleum.
5142:
5096:
2186:
323:
5091:
5052:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
332:
3835:"Gases - Explosive and Flammability Concentration Limits"
3659:"Gases - Explosion and Flammability Concentration Limits"
70:
The standard reference work is still that elaborated by
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
199:
169:
4185:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3611:
304:
4306:
CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 72nd edition
4171:
4158:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4065:
4052:
Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001 pg. 226
4014:
Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001 pg. 221
3946:
Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001 pg. 216
3933:
Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001 pg. 211
272:
182:
155:Influence of temperature, pressure and composition
27:Burning within well-defined lower and upper bounds
4847:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
3798:
3769:
3763:
5234:
4192:Science and Technology for the Built Environment
78:specialist, using an apparatus developed by the
3587:) near its LFL in a 12 L ASTM E-681 apparatus.
126:Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
4338:
163:mixing rule for combustible volume fractions
90:Combustion can vary in degree of violence. A
3760:Solvents Industry Group, pg. 7, January 2008
2556:
605:0.017 @ 8.5%; 0.0002 @ 40%, in pure oxygen
143:
114:
4655:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
4345:
4331:
381:less than 100 °F (38 °C) have a
5040:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
85:
4373:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
3571:
39:. Combustion can range in violence from
5019:Listing and approval use and compliance
3700:
14:
5235:
428:@ proportion in air at which achieved
377:less than 73 °F (23 °C) and
5064:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
4326:
4181:
4179:
4177:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3595:. This standard test is required for
402:
5215:
5058:National Fire Protection Association
3095:0.25 @ 5.2%; 0.0021, in pure oxygen
2327:0.016 @ 28%; 0.0012, in pure oxygen
4352:
351:
24:
4560:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
4298:
4174:
3722:
138:lower explosive or flammable limit
25:
5269:
4935:Fire alarm notification appliance
305:Controlling explosive atmospheres
5214:
5203:
5202:
4533:
4304:David R. Lide, Editor-in-Chief;
4167:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4154:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4141:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4128:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4115:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4061:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4048:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
4010:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
3942:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
3929:Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William;
3614:
3342:
3091:
2372:
2348:
2323:
1771:
1475:
1117:
1071:
723:
601:
309:
4696:Vehicle fire suppression system
4384:Combustibility and flammability
4259:
4234:
4161:
4148:
4135:
4122:
4109:
4077:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4017:
4004:
3974:
3949:
3936:
3923:
3898:
3873:
3856:"ICSC 0018 - n-BUTYL MERCAPTAN"
3848:
3709:
3694:
3665:
3651:
3554:
316:occupational safety and health
13:
1:
5046:Institution of Fire Engineers
5003:Fire Safety Evaluation System
4675:Personal protective equipment
4212:10.1080/23744731.2018.1434381
4085:"Encyclopedia.airliquide.com"
3779:. p. 443. Archived from
3645:
3635:Limiting oxygen concentration
2447:398–399 °C; 425 °C
1452:Non flammable, −36.1 °C
80:United States Bureau of Mines
5117:GHS precautionary statements
4955:Manual fire alarm activation
3567:
2489:>38 °C, as jet fuel
1905:Flammable gas, −135 °C
55:proportion) is important in
7:
4988:Fire protection engineering
4920:Explosive gas leak detector
4737:Electromagnetic door holder
4570:External water spray system
3957:"ICSC 0425 - CYCLOHEXANONE"
3701:Morrell, Robert W. (1931).
3607:
1082:1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
1050:−191 °C Flammable gas
406:Flammability limit (%vol.)
399:
364:
57:internal combustion engines
10:
5274:
5164:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
4555:Automatic fire suppression
4495:K-factor (fire protection)
4246:environmentalchemistry.com
4025:"ICSC 0353 - CYCLOPENTANE"
3758:American Chemistry Council
3583:Image of a flame of R-32 (
1431:−10 °C Flammable gas
1335:−90 °C Flammable gas
1095:−65 °C Flammable gas
5198:
5172:
5151:
5079:
5070:Underwriters Laboratories
5032:
4968:
4905:Aspirating smoke detector
4895:
4704:
4565:Detonation flame arrester
4542:
4531:
4360:
3526:
3505:
3481:
3457:
3436:
3414:
3393:
3371:
3351:
3330:
3309:
3305:480 °C; 535 °C
3284:
3260:
3240:
3216:
3193:
3171:
3149:
3124:
3102:
3077:
3057:
3034:
3011:
2983:
2962:
2940:
2917:
2894:
2871:
2848:
2824:
2800:
2777:
2754:
2734:
2710:
2690:
2669:
2646:
2625:
2621:385 °C; 455 °C
2600:
2578:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2518:
2498:
2471:
2451:
2426:
2404:
2382:
2358:
2334:
2309:
2305:225 °C, 233 °C
2284:
2259:
2237:
2208:
2185:
2164:
2144:
2121:
2098:
2076:
2052:
2030:
2007:
1983:
1961:
1939:
1914:
1890:
1868:
1845:
1821:
1800:
1780:
1757:
1734:
1712:
1692:
1670:
1647:
1626:
1601:
1579:
1555:
1532:
1508:
1484:
1461:
1439:
1416:
1392:
1369:
1344:
1320:
1296:
1271:
1246:
1223:
1199:
1175:
1150:
1126:
1103:
1080:
1059:
1035:
1010:
982:
954:
930:
905:
881:
858:
835:
810:
781:
757:
732:
709:
684:
660:
636:
612:
587:
563:
541:
537:465 °C, 485 °C
516:
495:
470:
445:
430:
422:
415:
408:
405:
109:
5014:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4930:Fire alarm control panel
4910:Carbon monoxide detector
4887:Standpipe (firefighting)
4650:Gaseous fire suppression
4415:Enthalpy of vaporization
3906:"IPCS INTOX Site Closed"
385:flammability rating of 4
373:Class IA liquids with a
338:
149:Upper flammability limit
144:Upper flammability limit
121:Lower flammability limit
115:Lower flammability limit
72:Michael George Zabetakis
4857:Pressurisation ductwork
4822:Firewall (construction)
4670:Passive fire protection
4620:Fire suppression system
3770:Matheson Gas Products.
3640:Minimum ignition energy
424:Minimum ignition energy
76:fire safety engineering
5033:Industry organizations
4998:Fire-resistance rating
4877:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4852:Penetration (firestop)
4842:Packing (firestopping)
4550:Active fire protection
4510:Spontaneous combustion
4169:Matheson Gas Data Book
4156:Matheson Gas Data Book
4143:Matheson Gas Data Book
4130:Matheson Gas Data Book
4117:Matheson Gas Data Book
4063:Matheson Gas Data Book
4050:Matheson Gas Data Book
4012:Matheson Gas Data Book
3982:"MSDS Cyclopentadiene"
3944:Matheson Gas Data Book
3931:Matheson Gas Data Book
3881:"2-HEXANONE ICSC:0489"
3773:Matheson Gas Data Book
3588:
1348:, 1,2-dichlorobenzene
274:
184:
86:Violence of combustion
5185:Template:Firefighting
5159:Arthur B. Guise Medal
5112:GHS hazard statements
4615:Fire sprinkler system
4595:Fire-retardant fabric
3753:June 1, 2009, at the
3582:
1963:2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
1782:1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1465:, methylene chloride
1441:Dichlorofluoromethane
283:and similar for UFL.
275:
185:
183:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
18:Upper Explosive Limit
5248:Explosion protection
4969:Professions, trades,
4882:Smokeproof enclosure
4742:Electromagnetic lock
4450:Flammability diagram
4361:Fundamental concepts
3786:on 30 September 2019
3719:77 - 2007 Appendix B
3599:and for determining
3597:HAZMAT Class 2 Gases
2873:Nickel tetracarbonyl
1672:1,1-Difluoroethylene
1261:−37 – −38.9 °C
197:
167:
4925:Fire alarm call box
4832:Heat and smoke vent
4204:2018STBE...24..861K
3242:Tetrafluoroethylene
2712:Methyl ethyl ketone
956:Butyl methyl ketone
33:flammability limits
5258:Natural gas safety
4897:Fire alarm systems
4712:Annulus (firestop)
4640:Flashback arrestor
4605:Fire-safe polymers
4600:Fire retardant gel
4455:Flammability limit
3992:on 7 December 2010
3589:
2998:−40 – −49 °C
2692:Methyl ethyl ether
2453:Isopropyl chloride
1823:Dimethyl sulfoxide
1649:1,1-Difluoroethane
1570:−23 – −26 °C
1418:1,1-Dichloroethene
1394:1,2-Dichloroethane
1371:1,1-Dichloroethane
1165:−18 – −20 °C
270:
234:
180:
5230:
5229:
5138:Safety data sheet
5133:List of S-phrases
5128:List of R-phrases
5024:Sprinkler fitting
4915:Circuit integrity
4787:Fire extinguisher
4625:Firefighting foam
4520:Thermal radiation
4312:, Florida; 1991;
3580:
3550:
3549:
2520:2-Mercaptoethanol
2428:Isopropyl alcohol
2228:< −40 °C
1736:Diisopropyl ether
1714:Diisobutyl ketone
1581:Diethyl disulfide
1346:o-Dichlorobenzene
1061:Chlorine monoxide
932:n-Butyl mercaptan
909:, 1-chlorobutane
359:Hydraulic tankers
268:
265:
225:
213:
16:(Redirected from
5265:
5218:
5217:
5206:
5205:
5122:Life Safety Code
4727:Compartmentation
4537:
4460:Flammable liquid
4347:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4276:. Archived from
4271:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4183:
4172:
4165:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4090:. Archived from
4089:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3988:. Archived from
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3953:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3831:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3767:
3761:
3745:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3624:
3622:Chemistry portal
3619:
3618:
3617:
3581:
3561:
3558:
3231:31–32.2 °C
3001:0.18 @ 4.4%, as
2815:31–37.7 °C
2756:Methyl mercaptan
2730:505–515 °C
2384:Isobutyl alcohol
2336:Hydrogen sulfide
2330:500–571 °C
2280:204–215 °C
2233:246–280 °C
1918:, ethyl alcohol
1802:Dimethyl sulfide
1622:160–170 °C
1214:43.9–44 °C
1012:Carbon disulfide
907:n-Butyl chloride
814:, butyl acetate
806:420–500 °C
497:Acetic anhydride
400:
352:Volatile liquids
279:
277:
276:
271:
269:
267:
266:
264:
263:
262:
246:
245:
236:
233:
220:
215:
214:
211:
189:
187:
186:
181:
179:
178:
37:explosive limits
21:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5194:
5168:
5147:
5075:
5028:
4970:
4964:
4891:
4817:Firestop pillow
4752:Emergency light
4705:Building design
4700:
4691:Tank blanketing
4660:Inerting system
4635:Flame retardant
4585:Fire protection
4580:Fire prevention
4538:
4529:
4394:Dangerous goods
4356:
4354:Fire protection
4351:
4301:
4299:Further reading
4296:
4286:
4284:
4283:on 3 March 2016
4280:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3755:Wayback Machine
3746:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3682:. November 2013
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3585:Difluoromethane
3572:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3353:Trinitrobenzene
3262:Tetrahydrofuran
3212:<21 °C
3151:Propylene oxide
2779:Mineral spirits
2648:Methyl chloride
2500:Lithium hydride
2146:Ethyl mercaptan
2078:Ethylene glycol
1941:2-Ethoxyethanol
1870:Epichlorohydrin
1694:Difluoromethane
1684:−126.1 °C
1628:Diethyl sulfide
1523:>62 °C
1463:Dichloromethane
1225:Cyclopentadiene
1037:Carbon monoxide
812:n-Butyl acetate
565:Acetyl chloride
432:
427:
418:
412:
367:
354:
341:
312:
307:
258:
254:
247:
241:
237:
235:
229:
224:
219:
210:
206:
198:
195:
194:
174:
170:
168:
165:
164:
157:
146:
117:
112:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5212:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Fire insurance
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4960:Smoke detector
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:Flame detector
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Fire sprinkler
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Emergency exit
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Area of refuge
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Spark arrestor
4683:
4678:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Flame arrester
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Fire retardant
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4525:Water pressure
4522:
4517:
4515:Structure fire
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Dust explosion
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4267:"Combustibles"
4258:
4233:
4198:(8): 861–866.
4173:
4160:
4147:
4134:
4121:
4108:
4097:on 26 May 2020
4076:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4029:www.inchem.org
4016:
4003:
3973:
3961:www.inchem.org
3948:
3935:
3922:
3897:
3872:
3860:www.inchem.org
3847:
3797:
3762:
3721:
3708:
3693:
3664:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3609:
3606:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:27–32 °C
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:Vinyl chloride
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:Flammable gas
3341:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:Trimethylamine
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:Triethylborane
3307:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:Propyl acetate
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:Flammable gas
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:79–87 °C
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:38–43 °C
2789:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:Methyl formate
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:Methyl alcohol
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:Methyl acetate
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:IEC60079-20-1
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:Flammable gas
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:(natural gas)
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:, isopropanol
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Flammable gas
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:Flammable gas
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:Flammable gas
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:Ethyl chloride
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:Ethylene oxide
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:15–20 °C
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:88–95 °C
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1772:Flammable gas
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:−81.1 °C
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:Diethanolamine
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:Dichlorosilane
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1476:Non flammable
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:−94.4 °C
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1146:426.7 °C
1144:
1142:
1141:−63.9 °C
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:Flammable gas
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1072:Flammable gas
1070:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
928:
927:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
903:
902:
899:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
879:
878:
875:
873:
872:22–27 °C
870:
868:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
779:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
730:
729:
727:
725:
724:Flammable gas
722:
719:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
682:
681:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
662:Allyl chloride
658:
657:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
634:
633:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
603:
602:Flammable gas
600:
597:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
547:
545:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
514:
513:
511:
509:
506:
503:
501:
499:
493:
492:
489:
487:
486:39–43 °C
484:
481:
478:
475:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
429:
421:
414:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
390:
386:
366:
363:
353:
350:
340:
337:
311:
308:
306:
303:
281:
280:
261:
257:
253:
250:
244:
240:
232:
228:
223:
218:
209:
205:
202:
177:
173:
161:Le Chatelier's
156:
153:
145:
142:
116:
113:
111:
108:
87:
84:
65:diesel engines
53:stoichiometric
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5270:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5223:
5222:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5190:Template:HVAC
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Template:Fire
5178:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Duct cleaning
4976:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Heat detector
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Smoke control
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Heat transfer
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Friction loss
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Fire triangle
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Conflagration
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4318:0-8493-0565-9
4315:
4311:
4308:; CRC Press;
4307:
4303:
4302:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3911:
3910:www.intox.org
3907:
3901:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3541:27.2 °C
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Vinyl acetate
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:Vegetable oil
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:−108 °C
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Fuel oil No.1
2163:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Ethyl acetate
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1930:12.8 °C
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Dimethylamine
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Diethyl ether
1600:
1597:
1595:
1593:38.9 °C
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1311:46.1 °C
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Cyclohexanone
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:0.009 @ 7.8%
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
884:
880:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
861:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
838:
834:
830:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
760:
759:1,3-Butadiene
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
720:
717:
714:
712:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
638:Acrylonitrile
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
604:
598:
595:
592:
590:
586:
582:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
562:
558:
556:
553:
550:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
502:
500:
498:
494:
490:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
436:
431:Autoignition
425:
420:
411:
401:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:boiling point
376:
372:
371:
370:
362:
360:
349:
345:
336:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
310:Gas and vapor
302:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
259:
255:
251:
248:
242:
238:
230:
226:
221:
216:
207:
203:
200:
193:
192:
191:
175:
171:
162:
152:
150:
141:
139:
134:
133:Explosimeters
129:
127:
123:
122:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
19:
5220:
5208:
5107:Flame spread
4993:Fireproofing
4971:and services
4872:Smoke damper
4862:Safety glass
4797:Fire hydrant
4762:Fire curtain
4722:Booster pump
4681:Relief valve
4645:Fusible link
4454:
4435:Fire loading
4430:Fire control
4400:Deflagration
4305:
4285:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4273:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:
4236:
4195:
4191:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4092:the original
4079:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3990:the original
3985:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3875:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3788:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3772:
3765:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3679:
3667:
3653:
3630:Flammability
3590:
3556:
3546:530 °C
3501:525 °C
3406:327 °C
3326:−20 °C
3321:−20 °C
3302:0.24 @ 4.1%
3299:4.4 °C
3280:321 °C
3275:−14 °C
3236:490 °C
3145:458 °C
3098:480 °C
3053:420 °C
3028:0.28 @ 3.3%
3007:260 °C
2936:379 °C
2919:Nitromethane
2896:Nitrobenzene
2867:425 °C
2862:−29 °C
2844:540 °C
2820:310 °C
2796:258 °C
2769:−53 °C
2682:−41 °C
2671:Methyl ether
2661:−46 °C
2592:−10 °C
2563:580 °C
2560:0.21 @ 8.5%
2494:210 °C
2378:462 °C
2302:0.24 @ 3.8%
2299:−22 °C
2277:0.24 @ 3.4%
2263:, n-heptane
2251:199 °C
2200:−36 °C
2136:−50 °C
2113:−20 °C
2090:111 °C
2072:490 °C
2032:Ethylbenzene
2022:−17 °C
2003:460 °C
1935:365 °C
1910:515 °C
1841:215 °C
1813:−49 °C
1749:−28 °C
1639:−10 °C
1619:0.19 @ 5.1%
1616:−45 °C
1575:312 °C
1557:Diethylamine
1547:169 °C
1528:210 °C
1499:−28 °C
1457:552 °C
1412:413 °C
1365:648 °C
1316:210 °C
1292:498 °C
1289:0.17 @ 6.3%
1273:Cyclopropane
1267:361 °C
1248:Cyclopentane
1242:640 °C
1219:420 °C
1195:300 °C
1177:Cyclohexanol
1171:245 °C
1168:0.22 @ 3.8%
1055:609 °C
1025:−30 °C
1002:−80 °C
978:423 °C
950:225 °C
901:340 °C
877:415 °C
854:405 °C
831:370 °C
803:0.25 @ 4.7%
800:−60 °C
775:0.13 @ 5.2%
772:−85 °C
753:560 °C
747:−11 °C
705:651 °C
675:−32 °C
654:0.16 @ 9.0%
627:−26 °C
608:305 °C
583:390 °C
559:524 °C
543:Acetonitrile
534:1.15 @ 4.5%
531:−17 °C
491:463 °C
466:175 °C
460:−39 °C
447:Acetaldehyde
433:temperature
368:
355:
346:
342:
313:
295:
285:
282:
158:
148:
147:
137:
130:
119:
118:
92:deflagration
89:
69:
49:
41:deflagration
36:
32:
29:
4827:Grease duct
4782:Fire escape
4772:Fire damper
4665:Intumescent
4610:Fire safety
4575:Fire bucket
4470:Flash point
4274:afcintl.com
3840:9 September
3703:Oil Tankers
3686:11 February
3601:refrigerant
3518:17 °C
3496:25 °C
3428:−8 °C
3385:35 °C
3185:20 °C
3116:13 °C
3036:iso-Pentane
2954:13 °C
2931:35 °C
2909:88 °C
2890:60 °C
2826:Naphthalene
2725:−6 °C
2627:Methylamine
2616:11 °C
2604:, methanol
2442:12 °C
2418:84 °C
2396:28 °C
2288:, n-hexane
2274:−4 °C
1998:−4 °C
1975:56 °C
1953:43 °C
1882:31 °C
1860:12 °C
1847:1,4-Dioxane
1726:49 °C
1510:Diesel fuel
1407:13 °C
1384:14 °C
1360:65 °C
1340:38 °C
1190:68 °C
1152:Cyclohexane
1128:Cyclobutane
1031:90 °C
990:, 1-butene
973:25 °C
921:−6 °C
896:35 °C
849:29 °C
826:24 °C
750:0.2 @ 4.7%
699:11 °C
508:54 °C
472:Acetic acid
389:rating of 3
375:flash point
287:Temperature
5243:Combustion
5237:Categories
5124:(NFPA 101)
5087:CE marking
4940:Fire drill
4543:Technology
4440:Fire point
4425:Fire class
4405:Detonation
4310:Boca Raton
3790:30 October
3646:References
3373:Turpentine
2964:iso-Octane
2885:4 °C
2802:Morpholine
2638:8 °C
2406:Isophorone
2009:Ethylamine
1236:0 °C
988:1-butylene
960:2-hexanone
945:2 °C
860:Isobutanol
651:0 °C
578:5 °C
554:2 °C
474:(glacial)
403:Substance
328:adsorption
96:detonation
45:detonation
5080:Standards
5009:Fire test
4837:Occupancy
4802:Fire pump
4792:Fire hose
4777:Fire door
4757:Exit sign
4732:Crash bar
4505:Pyrolysis
4500:Pool fire
4465:Flashover
4420:Explosive
4368:Backdraft
4228:139489210
4220:2374-4731
3593:ASTM E681
3568:ASTM E681
3293:6.75–7.1
3290:1.2–1.27
3126:Propylene
3086:9.5–10.1
3059:Phosphine
3013:n-Pentane
3003:2-pentane
2850:Neohexane
2545:ISO10156
2360:Isobutane
883:n-Butanol
837:2-Butanol
589:Acetylene
299:acetylene
227:∑
100:explosion
5209:Category
5173:See also
5102:EN 16034
4812:Firestop
4767:Fire cut
4490:Jet fire
4480:Gas leak
4396:(HAZMAT)
4379:Boilover
4287:18 March
4251:18 March
4034:18 March
3996:18 March
3986:ox.ac.uk
3966:18 March
3915:18 March
3890:18 March
3865:18 March
3751:Archived
3608:See also
3528:p-Xylene
3507:o-Xylene
3483:m-Xylene
3466:6.7–7.0
3463:0.9–1.0
3173:Pyridine
2480:0.6–0.7
2473:Kerosene
2311:Hydrogen
2239:Glycerol
2210:Gasoline
2054:Ethylene
1899:12–12.4
1322:Diborane
1112:32–42.6
1109:6.0–6.6
1105:Cyanogen
984:Butylene
787:n-butane
715:4.5–5.1
614:Acrolein
525:12.8–13
383:NFPA 704
365:Examples
320:nitrogen
291:pressure
61:gasoline
59:such as
43:through
5221:Commons
5054:(NCEES)
4375:(BLEVE)
4200:Bibcode
4101:25 June
3885:oit.org
3459:Xylenes
3286:Toluene
3218:Styrene
3079:Propane
2985:Pentane
2540:Methane
2476:Jet A-1
2315:4/18.3
2261:Heptane
1916:Ethanol
734:Benzene
686:Ammonia
518:Acetone
5152:Awards
5066:(SFPE)
5060:(NFPA)
5042:(FEMA)
5005:(FSES)
4316:
4226:
4218:
3195:Silane
2942:Octane
2607:6–6.7
2483:4.9–5
2352:0.068
2318:75/59
2286:Hexane
2214:octane
1921:3–3.3
1892:Ethane
1827:2.6–3
1610:36–48
1607:1.9–2
1502:0.015
1490:4–4.7
1298:Decane
1252:1.5–2
1208:9–9.4
1205:1–1.1
1159:7.8–8
817:1–1.7
783:Butane
711:Arsine
522:2.6–3
441:Upper
438:Lower
417:Flash
413:class
110:Limits
5143:UL 94
5097:EN 54
5048:(IFE)
4677:(PPE)
4281:(PDF)
4270:(PDF)
4224:S2CID
4095:(PDF)
4088:(PDF)
3784:(PDF)
3777:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3423:13.4
3403:IIIB
3142:0.28
3133:11.1
3043:9.16
3040:1.32
2971:5.94
2968:0.79
2926:22.2
2906:IIIA
2857:7.58
2854:1.19
2836:IIIA
2809:10.8
2763:21.8
2655:17.4
2652:10.7
2551:14.3
2528:IIIA
2266:1.05
2212:(100
2187:Furan
2130:15.4
2069:0.07
1833:IIIB
1766:14.4
1698:14.4
1679:21.3
1564:10.1
1520:IIIA
1447:54.7
1425:15.5
1357:IIIA
1280:10.4
1264:0.54
1239:0.67
1187:IIIA
1135:11.1
1089:17.9
1019:50.0
996:9.65
993:1.98
939:10.2
924:1.24
915:10.1
890:11.2
867:10.9
820:8–15
696:IIIB
678:0.77
669:11.1
645:17.0
630:0.13
480:19.9
463:0.37
454:57.0
426:(mJ)
419:point
339:Dusts
333:fires
324:argon
5253:Fire
5092:EN 3
5072:(UL)
4314:ISBN
4289:2018
4253:2018
4216:ISSN
4103:2023
4036:2018
3998:2018
3968:2018
3917:2018
3892:2018
3867:2018
3842:2013
3792:2013
3717:NFPA
3688:2018
3535:6.0
3532:1.0
3487:1.1
3475:0.2
3442:3.6
3420:2.6
3377:0.8
3225:6.1
3222:1.1
3199:1.5
3155:2.9
3130:2.0
3083:2.1
3020:7.8
3017:1.4
2992:7.8
2989:1.5
2923:7.3
2833:5.9
2830:0.9
2806:1.8
2786:6.5
2783:0.7
2760:3.9
2716:1.8
2571:4.4
2548:5.0
2367:9.6
2364:1.8
2340:4.3
2294:7.5
2291:1.2
2269:6.7
2222:7.6
2219:1.4
2170:0.7
2127:3.8
2107:100
2058:2.7
2039:7.1
2036:1.0
2013:3.5
1763:2.8
1676:5.5
1653:3.7
1585:1.2
1561:1.8
1517:7.5
1514:0.6
1422:6.5
1326:0.8
1305:5.4
1302:0.8
1277:2.4
1255:9.4
1156:1.3
1132:1.8
1086:6.2
1016:1.0
936:1.4
912:1.8
887:1.4
864:1.7
844:9.8
841:1.7
794:8.4
791:1.6
763:2.0
741:7.8
738:1.2
702:680
666:2.9
642:3.0
618:2.8
596:100
593:2.5
569:7.3
451:4.0
410:NFPA
106:69.
104:NFPA
74:, a
4208:doi
3538:IC
3515:IC
3493:IC
3469:IC
3445:33
3382:IC
3361:IA
3340:IA
3296:IB
3272:IB
3269:12
3250:IA
3228:IB
3205:IA
3202:98
3180:12
3161:IA
3158:36
3136:IA
3089:IA
3067:IA
3046:IA
3023:IA
2995:IA
2880:34
2812:IC
2766:IA
2744:IA
2722:IB
2719:10
2700:IA
2679:IA
2658:IA
2635:IA
2613:IB
2610:36
2587:16
2574:17
2554:IA
2508:IA
2486:II
2461:IA
2439:IB
2436:12
2391:11
2370:IA
2346:IA
2343:46
2321:IA
2246:19
2225:IB
2197:IA
2194:14
2154:IA
2133:IA
2110:IA
2085:22
2064:IA
2061:36
2019:IA
2016:14
1995:IA
1992:12
1948:18
1927:IB
1924:19
1902:IA
1877:21
1857:IB
1854:22
1830:42
1810:IA
1790:IB
1769:IA
1746:IB
1743:21
1659:IA
1656:18
1636:IB
1613:IA
1590:II
1567:IB
1544:IB
1541:13
1496:IA
1493:96
1471:66
1468:16
1428:IA
1404:IB
1401:16
1381:IB
1378:11
1332:IA
1329:88
1308:II
1283:IA
1258:IB
1233:IB
1211:II
1162:IB
1138:IA
1115:IA
1092:IA
1069:IA
1047:IA
1044:75
1041:12
1022:IB
999:IA
970:IC
942:IB
918:IB
893:IC
823:IB
797:IA
769:IA
766:12
744:IB
721:IA
718:78
693:28
690:15
672:IB
648:IB
624:IB
621:31
599:IA
575:IB
572:19
551:IB
528:IB
505:II
483:II
457:IA
322:or
212:mix
63:or
35:or
5239::
4272:.
4244:.
4222:.
4214:.
4206:.
4196:24
4194:.
4190:.
4176:^
4027:.
3984:.
3959:.
3908:.
3883:.
3858:.
3800:^
3724:^
3678:.
3490:7
3266:2
3177:2
3111:8
3108:2
2949:7
2946:1
2903:9
2900:2
2877:2
2584:3
2433:2
2413:4
2410:1
2388:2
2243:3
2216:)
2191:2
2173:5
2104:3
2082:3
1989:2
1970:8
1967:2
1945:3
1896:3
1874:4
1851:2
1740:1
1721:6
1718:1
1538:2
1398:6
1375:6
1354:9
1351:2
1184:9
1181:1
986:,
967:8
964:1
958:,
785:,
477:4
335:.
289:,
190::
140:.
82:.
67:.
47:.
4346:e
4339:t
4332:v
4291:.
4255:.
4230:.
4210::
4202::
4105:.
4038:.
4000:.
3970:.
3919:.
3894:.
3869:.
3844:.
3794:.
3690:.
3661:.
393:2
260:i
256:L
252:F
249:L
243:i
239:x
231:i
222:1
217:=
208:L
204:F
201:L
176:i
172:x
20:)
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