1230:
1899:
981:
1003:
27:
372:
parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method. Standard test methods are written and controlled by a number of national and international committees and organizations. The three main bodies are the CEN / ISO Joint
Working Group on Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM D02.8B Flammability Section and the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.
1911:
992:
360:
153:. In addition to the Penskey-Martens flash point testers, other non-equilibrial testers include TAG and Abel, both of which are capable of cooling the sample below ambient for low flash point materials. The TAG flash point tester adheres to ASTM D56 and has no stirrer, while the Abel flash point testers adheres to IP 170 and ISO 13736 and has a stirring motor so the sample is stirred during testing.
117:. As temperature increases, vapor pressure increases. As vapor pressure increases, the concentration of vapor of a flammable or combustible liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature determines the concentration of vapor of the flammable liquid in the air. A certain concentration of a flammable or combustible vapor is necessary to sustain combustion in air, the
149:
with the liquid. In both these types, the cups are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced. Closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than open cup (typically 5–10 °C or 9–18 °F lower) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the
137:. In open cup devices, the sample is contained in an open cup which is heated and, at intervals, a flame brought over the surface. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface and, at sufficient height, the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the
156:
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured value will vary with equipment and test protocol variations, including temperature ramp rate (in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibrate, sample volume and whether the sample
148:
There are two types of closed cup testers: non-equilibrial, such as Pensky-Martens, where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and equilibrial, such as Small Scale (commonly known as
Setaflash), where the vapours are deemed to be in temperature equilibrium
371:
Flash points of substances are measured according to standard test methods described and defined in a 1938 publication by T.L. Ainsley of South
Shields entitled "Sea Transport of Petroleum" (Capt. P. Jansen). The test methodology defines the apparatus required to carry out the measurement, key test
343:
of the fuel, which is then injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within flammable limits. A diesel-fueled engine has no ignition source (such as the spark plugs in a gasoline engine), so diesel fuel can have a high flash point, but must have a low autoignition temperature.
57:
is the lowest temperature at which the vapors keep burning after the ignition source is removed. It is higher than the flash point, because at the flash point vapor may not be produced fast enough to sustain combustion. Neither flash point nor fire point depends directly on the ignition source
350:
flash points also vary with the composition of the fuel. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have flash points between 38 and 66 °C (100 and 151 °F), close to that of off-the-shelf kerosene. Yet both Jet B and JP-4 have flash points between −23 and −1 °C (−9 and 30 °F).
121:, and that concentration is specific to each flammable or combustible liquid. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to support combustion when an ignition source is applied.
41:
of a material is the "lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture". (EN 60079-10-1)
168:
D93, IP34, ISO 2719, DIN 51758, JIS K2265 and AFNOR M07-019. Determination of flash point by the Small Scale closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D3828 and D3278, EN ISO 3679 and 3680, and IP 523 and 524.
58:
temperature, but ignition source temperature is far higher than either the flash or fire point, and can increase the temperature of fuel above the usual ambient temperature to facilitate ignition.
89:
of fuels. Fuels which have a flash point less than 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) are called flammable, whereas fuels having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible.
1746:
1541:
1734:
172:
CEN/TR 15138 Guide to Flash Point
Testing and ISO TR 29662 Guidance for Flash Point Testing cover the key aspects of flash point testing.
1349:
1039:
688:
1067:
1713:
897:
595:
1758:
1752:
1254:
1629:
614:
1914:
422:"Use and Storage of Flammable & Combustible Liquids | Environmental Health and Safety | Iowa State University"
1942:
1390:
1078:
678:
160:
Methods for determining the flash point of a liquid are specified in many standards. For example, testing by the
653:
469:
1740:
1697:
1369:
1032:
1858:
1811:
1649:
567:
1682:
1614:
1431:
1264:
421:
20:
1249:
1189:
1764:
1599:
1259:
801:
364:
161:
142:
1902:
1708:
1624:
1604:
1581:
1344:
1109:
1025:
902:
381:
340:
331:
flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C (126 and 205 °F). Diesel is suitable for use in a
322:
46:
309:. The fuel is mixed with air within its flammable limits and heated by compression and subject to
1551:
1516:
1364:
1314:
670:
539:
1692:
1571:
1546:
1536:
1244:
1204:
806:
796:
744:
106:
1879:
1853:
1806:
1421:
1309:
1289:
995:
306:
150:
118:
1576:
1436:
1144:
50:
1002:
8:
1937:
1619:
1526:
1406:
1334:
1299:
1294:
1149:
646:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1718:
1609:
1591:
1481:
1319:
1229:
1214:
923:
391:
66:
The flash point is a descriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish between
1816:
1154:
848:
827:
30:
1511:
1446:
1385:
1354:
1329:
1279:
1274:
1088:
1048:
734:
318:
16:
Lowest temperature at which a volatile material's vapors ignite if given a source
508:
1677:
1654:
1639:
1501:
1441:
1411:
1380:
1324:
1284:
1219:
1209:
1104:
960:
714:
704:
336:
321:
caused by residual heat in a hot combustion chamber, the fuel must have a high
310:
114:
102:
1931:
1884:
1874:
1672:
1644:
1561:
1179:
1169:
1139:
1083:
984:
683:
639:
454:"Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester"
332:
277:
1801:
1687:
1566:
1556:
1491:
1456:
1416:
1375:
1339:
1129:
1124:
1094:
935:
876:
719:
210:
67:
1521:
1476:
1466:
1359:
1304:
1269:
965:
881:
855:
724:
453:
411:
Sea
Transport of Petroleum, Jansen and Hayes, Ainsley, South Shields 1938
328:
317:. To ignite, the fuel must have a low flash point, but in order to avoid
238:
110:
86:
79:
1781:
1634:
1134:
1119:
1099:
945:
709:
386:
314:
138:
75:
54:
1703:
1531:
1496:
1486:
1471:
1451:
1426:
1199:
1194:
1159:
1114:
1062:
950:
940:
930:
871:
843:
739:
291:
1006:
26:
1796:
1506:
1461:
1184:
1174:
1073:
918:
480:
347:
302:
264:
251:
71:
1017:
196:
765:
224:
98:
359:
1837:
1791:
822:
780:
775:
1786:
1747:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
770:
760:
662:
165:
955:
596:"Flammability - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
631:
129:
There are two basic types of flash point measurement:
1542:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
568:"Fuels and Chemicals — Autoignition Temperatures"
1929:
45:The flash point is sometimes confused with the
33:with a flash point lower than room temperature.
1033:
647:
367:tester with an integrated fire extinguisher
313:above its flash point, then ignited by the
1350:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1040:
1026:
654:
640:
1735:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
689:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
503:
501:
1068:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
358:
25:
1714:Listing and approval use and compliance
898:International Flame Research Foundation
612:
562:
560:
534:
532:
1930:
590:
588:
498:
1759:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1021:
635:
464:
462:
70:fuels, such as petrol (also known as
1910:
1753:National Fire Protection Association
991:
557:
529:
85:It is also used to characterize the
1047:
585:
13:
1255:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
459:
354:
14:
1954:
1630:Fire alarm notification appliance
1909:
1898:
1897:
1228:
1001:
990:
980:
979:
141:. The best-known example is the
1391:Vehicle fire suppression system
1079:Combustibility and flammability
679:Control of fire by early humans
615:"Auto-Ignition of Cooking Oils"
606:
447:
438:
414:
405:
296:>130 °C (266 °F)
124:
49:, the temperature that causes
1:
1741:Institution of Fire Engineers
1698:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1370:Personal protective equipment
398:
305:(petrol) is a fuel used in a
269:>38 °C (100 °F)
256:>38 °C (100 °F)
243:>52 °C (126 °F)
1812:GHS precautionary statements
1650:Manual fire alarm activation
202:16.6 °C (61.9 °F)
92:
7:
1683:Fire protection engineering
1615:Explosive gas leak detector
1432:Electromagnetic door holder
1265:External water spray system
375:
333:compression-ignition engine
175:
10:
1959:
1859:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1250:Automatic fire suppression
1190:K-factor (fire protection)
286:424 °C (795 °F)
283:327 °C (621 °F)
272:210 °C (410 °F)
259:210 °C (410 °F)
246:210 °C (410 °F)
233:280 °C (536 °F)
230:−43 °C (−45 °F)
219:215 °C (419 °F)
205:363 °C (685 °F)
18:
1893:
1867:
1846:
1774:
1765:Underwriters Laboratories
1727:
1663:
1600:Aspirating smoke detector
1590:
1399:
1260:Detonation flame arrester
1237:
1226:
1055:
974:
911:
890:
864:
836:
815:
789:
753:
697:
669:
365:Pensky-Martens closed cup
339:until it heats above the
162:Pensky-Martens closed cup
1709:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1625:Fire alarm control panel
1605:Carbon monoxide detector
1582:Standpipe (firefighting)
1345:Gaseous fire suppression
1110:Enthalpy of vaporization
903:The Combustion Institute
661:
382:Autoignition temperature
341:autoignition temperature
323:autoignition temperature
216:−4 °C (25 °F)
61:
47:autoignition temperature
1552:Pressurisation ductwork
1517:Firewall (construction)
1365:Passive fire protection
1315:Fire suppression system
613:Buda-Ortins, Krystyna.
1943:Threshold temperatures
1728:Industry organizations
1693:Fire-resistance rating
1572:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1547:Penetration (firestop)
1537:Packing (firestopping)
1245:Active fire protection
1205:Spontaneous combustion
745:Spontaneous combustion
572:Engineeringtoolbox.com
544:Engineeringtoolbox.com
368:
164:method is detailed in
34:
1880:Template:Firefighting
1854:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1807:GHS hazard statements
1310:Fire sprinkler system
1290:Fire-retardant fabric
600:www.sciencedirect.com
540:"Flash Point — Fuels"
444:Jansen and Hyams.pp62
362:
307:spark-ignition engine
151:lower flammable limit
119:lower flammable limit
29:
1664:Professions, trades,
1577:Smokeproof enclosure
1437:Electromagnetic lock
1145:Flammability diagram
1056:Fundamental concepts
51:spontaneous ignition
19:For other uses, see
1620:Fire alarm call box
1527:Heat and smoke vent
509:"Coleman Fuel MSDS"
426:www.ehs.iastate.edu
1592:Fire alarm systems
1407:Annulus (firestop)
1335:Flashback arrestor
1300:Fire-safe polymers
1295:Fire retardant gel
1150:Flammability limit
369:
143:Cleveland open cup
113:and is subject to
35:
1925:
1924:
1833:Safety data sheet
1828:List of S-phrases
1823:List of R-phrases
1719:Sprinkler fitting
1610:Circuit integrity
1482:Fire extinguisher
1320:Firefighting foam
1215:Thermal radiation
1015:
1014:
924:List of wildfires
392:Safety data sheet
300:
299:
109:of that liquid's
31:Flaming cocktails
1950:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1817:Life Safety Code
1422:Compartmentation
1232:
1155:Flammable liquid
1042:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1005:
994:
993:
983:
982:
828:Death by burning
790:Individual fires
656:
649:
642:
633:
632:
626:
625:
622:Drum.lib.umd.edu
619:
610:
604:
603:
592:
583:
582:
580:
578:
564:
555:
554:
552:
550:
536:
527:
526:
524:
522:
513:
505:
496:
495:
493:
491:
486:on June 17, 2019
485:
479:. Archived from
474:
466:
457:
451:
445:
442:
436:
435:
433:
432:
418:
412:
409:
252:Jet fuel (A/A-1)
180:
179:
101:have a specific
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1889:
1863:
1842:
1770:
1723:
1665:
1659:
1586:
1512:Firestop pillow
1447:Emergency light
1400:Building design
1395:
1386:Tank blanketing
1355:Inerting system
1330:Flame retardant
1280:Fire protection
1275:Fire prevention
1233:
1224:
1089:Dangerous goods
1051:
1049:Fire protection
1046:
1016:
1011:
970:
907:
886:
860:
832:
811:
785:
749:
735:Fire protection
693:
665:
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611:
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594:
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448:
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428:
420:
419:
415:
410:
406:
401:
378:
357:
355:Standardization
190:
178:
127:
95:
78:fuels, such as
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
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1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
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1778:
1776:
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1768:
1762:
1756:
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1744:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Fire insurance
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1655:Smoke detector
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Flame detector
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Fire sprinkler
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:Emergency exit
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Area of refuge
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Spark arrestor
1378:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:Flame arrester
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Fire retardant
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1220:Water pressure
1217:
1212:
1210:Structure fire
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Dust explosion
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
998:
987:
975:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
961:Slash-and-burn
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
927:
926:
915:
913:
909:
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819:
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804:
799:
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791:
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786:
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773:
768:
763:
757:
755:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:Dust explosion
712:
707:
705:Chain reaction
701:
699:
695:
694:
692:
691:
686:
684:Historic fires
681:
675:
673:
667:
666:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
628:
627:
605:
584:
556:
528:
497:
470:"Ethanol MSDS"
458:
446:
437:
413:
403:
402:
400:
397:
396:
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389:
384:
377:
374:
356:
353:
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177:
174:
126:
123:
103:vapor pressure
94:
91:
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1955:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:Template:HVAC
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Template:Fire
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Duct cleaning
1671:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Heat detector
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
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1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Smoke control
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
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1520:
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1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
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1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
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1455:
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1448:
1445:
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1440:
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1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
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1180:Heat transfer
1178:
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1170:Friction loss
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1140:Fire triangle
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1084:Conflagration
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891:Organizations
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278:Vegetable oil
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105:, which is a
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77:
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69:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
32:
28:
22:
1915:
1903:
1802:Flame spread
1688:Fireproofing
1666:and services
1567:Smoke damper
1557:Safety glass
1492:Fire hydrant
1457:Fire curtain
1417:Booster pump
1376:Relief valve
1340:Fusible link
1164:
1130:Fire loading
1125:Fire control
1095:Deflagration
936:Firefighting
877:Fire worship
729:
720:Fire ecology
621:
608:
599:
575:. Retrieved
571:
547:. Retrieved
543:
519:. Retrieved
516:farnell.com/
515:
488:. Retrieved
481:the original
476:
449:
440:
429:. Retrieved
425:
416:
407:
370:
346:
327:
301:
239:Diesel (2-D)
213:(White Gas)
211:Coleman fuel
191:temperature
189:Autoignition
186:Flash point
171:
159:
157:is stirred.
155:
147:
134:
130:
128:
96:
87:fire hazards
84:
65:
44:
38:
36:
1522:Grease duct
1477:Fire escape
1467:Fire damper
1360:Intumescent
1305:Fire safety
1270:Fire bucket
1165:Flash point
966:Fire making
882:Terra preta
856:Firefighter
730:Flash point
725:Fire piston
521:November 3,
329:Diesel fuel
319:preignition
311:Boyle's Law
227:(gasoline)
125:Measurement
115:Boyle's Law
111:temperature
76:combustible
39:flash point
1938:Combustion
1932:Categories
1819:(NFPA 101)
1782:CE marking
1635:Fire drill
1238:Technology
1135:Fire point
1120:Fire class
1100:Detonation
1007:Wiktionary
946:Fire whirl
844:Pyromanias
802:By country
754:Components
710:Combustion
577:January 4,
549:January 4,
490:January 4,
456:, ASTM.org
431:2021-11-10
399:References
387:Fire point
363:Automatic
337:compressed
315:spark plug
139:fire point
135:closed cup
55:fire point
21:Flashpoint
1775:Standards
1704:Fire test
1532:Occupancy
1497:Fire pump
1487:Fire hose
1472:Fire door
1452:Exit sign
1427:Crash bar
1200:Pyrolysis
1195:Pool fire
1160:Flashover
1115:Explosive
1063:Backdraft
951:Blue lava
941:Firestorm
931:Backdraft
919:Wildfires
872:Cremation
740:Pyrolysis
477:Nafaa.org
335:. Air is
292:Biodiesel
280:(canola)
93:Mechanism
68:flammable
1904:Category
1868:See also
1797:EN 16034
1507:Firestop
1462:Fire cut
1185:Jet fire
1175:Gas leak
1091:(HAZMAT)
1074:Boilover
985:Category
376:See also
348:Jet fuel
303:Gasoline
265:Kerosene
176:Examples
131:open cup
107:function
72:gasoline
1916:Commons
1749:(NCEES)
1070:(BLEVE)
996:Commons
865:Culture
807:By year
797:By type
698:Science
671:History
197:Ethanol
145:(COC).
99:liquids
74:), and
1847:Awards
1761:(SFPE)
1755:(NFPA)
1737:(FEMA)
1700:(FSES)
1000:
989:
978:
837:People
766:Oxygen
225:Petrol
199:(70%)
80:diesel
53:. The
1838:UL 94
1792:EN 54
1743:(IFE)
1372:(PPE)
912:Other
849:Child
823:Arson
816:Crime
781:Smoke
776:Flame
618:(PDF)
512:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
473:(PDF)
394:(SDS)
183:Fuel
62:Fuels
1787:EN 3
1767:(UL)
771:Heat
761:Fuel
663:Fire
579:2014
551:2014
523:2019
492:2014
166:ASTM
133:and
97:All
37:The
956:Ash
1934::
620:.
598:.
587:^
570:.
559:^
542:.
531:^
514:.
500:^
475:.
461:^
424:.
325:.
82:.
1041:e
1034:t
1027:v
655:e
648:t
641:v
624:.
602:.
581:.
553:.
525:.
494:.
434:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
