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52:. Each cargo tank is kept full at all times so oil floating on water will be pressed against the top of the tank. A cargo tank initially filled with water is loaded with the desired quantity of oil by pumping oil into the top of the tank displacing water which overflows through an opening at the bottom of the tank. The cargo tank is unloaded by removing oil from the top of the tank as water is admitted at the bottom.
147:. Heating coils must be placed near the top of tanks, where they are less efficient. An hydraulic tanker requires a larger volume of void space for buoyancy than conventionally loaded tanks, because the empty, or ballasted, condition of tanks filled with water is heavier than the loaded condition of tanks filled with oil. A heavier ballasted condition may also increase round trip fuel consumption.
154:
in the water displaced as a tank is loaded with petroleum. The latter disadvantage may be insignificant where navigable waters contain elevated background levels of petroleum products; and the advantages make hydraulic tankers useful
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Many petroleum compounds have limited solubility in water. Low solubility is typically of negligible concern with respect to product loss, but toxic petroleum products may be regarded as
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The hydraulic system is ineffective with heavy or viscous oils and not recommended for greater than
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within the tank, and reduces hardening of residual crude oil deposits remaining after unloading.
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caused by sloshing of fluids in partially filled tanks. Avoiding exposure to
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277:(Second ed.). New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company.
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Shoji, Uchida; Hiroshi, Takeshita; Yajuro, Seike (1977).
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accumulations in pump rooms near the bottom of a ship.
159:recovery ships when their storage tanks may act as
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233:International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings
77:Absence of air space prevents formation of
67:Oil and water will not mix in a full tank.
229:"Development of Oil Spill Recovery Ship"
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235:. 1977 Oil Spill Conference: 367–374.
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268:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company.
70:Water is an inexpensively available
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264:Manning, George Charles (1930).
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113:in partially filled tanks. Ship
60:Hydraulic tanker design bases:
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266:Manual of Naval Architecture
241:10.7901/2169-3358-1977-1-367
38:designed to use water as an
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273:Morrell, Robert W. (1931).
120:are reduced by eliminating
109:is improved by eliminating
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318:
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217:Morrell (1931) pp. 307–312
64:Oil is lighter than water.
45:for loading and unloading
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187:Manning (1930) pp. 47–49
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79:explosive gas mixtures
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208:Morrell (1931) p. 337
199:Morrell (1931) p. 306
178:Morrell (1931) p. 305
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161:oil–water separators
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98:avoid dangerous
32:hydraulic tanker
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145:15-degree Baumé
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122:dynamic loading
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72:hydraulic fluid
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107:Ship stability
94:located on an
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40:incompressible
16:Type of vessel
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139:Disadvantages
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244:. Retrieved
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111:free surface
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297:Oil tankers
275:Oil Tankers
126:atmospheric
103:hydrocarbon
25:San Nazario
23:The tanker
302:Ship types
286:Categories
246:23 January
115:structural
96:upper deck
86:Advantages
36:oil tanker
157:oil spill
152:pollution
133:corrosion
47:petroleum
131:reduces
118:stresses
100:volatile
292:Tankers
258:Sources
129:oxygen
56:Theory
34:is an
167:Notes
92:pumps
50:cargo
43:fluid
248:2017
90:Oil
237:doi
288::
231:.
192:^
163:.
30:A
250:.
239::
81:.
74:.
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