276:
580:
reactants in order to remove the stress of added heat. For similar reasons, lower temperatures would favor the exothermic forward reaction, and produce more products. This works in this case, since due to loss of entropy the reaction becomes less exothermic as temperature increases; however reactions that become more exothermic as temperature increases would seem to violate this principle.
240:, George (1857–1935), and André (1861–1929). His mother raised the children by regimen, described by Henry Louis: "I was accustomed to a very strict discipline: it was necessary to wake up on time, to prepare for your duties and lessons, to eat everything on your plate, etc. All my life I maintained respect for order and law. Order is one of the most perfect forms of civilization."
42:
413:
Le
Chatelier in 1901 attempted the direct combination of the two gases nitrogen and hydrogen at a pressure of 200 atm and 600 °C in the presence of metallic iron. An air compressor forced the mixture of gases into a steel Berthelot bomb, where a platinum spiral heated them and the reduced iron
579:
The forward reaction is exothermic and the reverse reaction is endothermic. Viewed by Le
Chatelier's principle a larger amount of thermal energy in the system would favor the endothermic reverse reaction, as this would absorb the increased energy; in other words the equilibrium would shift to the
271:
Despite training as an engineer, and even with his interests in industrial problems, Le
Chatelier chose to teach chemistry rather than pursue a career in industry. In 1887, he was appointed head of the general chemistry to the preparatory course of the École des Mines in Paris. He tried
262:
Le
Chatelier married Geneviève Nicolas, a friend of the family and sister of four fellow students of the Polytechnique. They had seven children, four girls and three boys, five of whom entered scientific fields; two died preceding Le Chatelier's death.
422:
were successful in producing ammonia on a commercial scale. Near the end of his life, Le
Chatelier wrote, "I let the discovery of the ammonia synthesis slip through my hands. It was the greatest blunder of my scientific career”.
235:
into the iron and steel industries, and the rise of railway transportation. Le
Chatelier's father profoundly influenced his son's future. Henry Louis had one sister, Marie, and four brothers, Louis (1853–1928),
364:, and on varying solubility of salts in an ideal solution. He published no fewer than thirty papers on these topics between 1884 and 1914. His results on chemical equilibrium were presented in 1884 at the
401:
in equal parts rendered a flame of more than 3000 celsius, in 1899 Charles Picard (1872-1957) started to investigate this phenomenon but failed because of soot deposits. In 1901 the latter consulted with
670:
in 1887, became "officier" (officer) in 1908, "commandeur" (Knight
Commander) in 1919, and was finally awarded the title of "grand officier" (Knight Grand Officer) in May 1927. He was admitted to the
414:
catalyst. A terrific explosion occurred which nearly killed an assistant. Le
Chatelier found that the explosion was due to the presence of air in the apparatus used. And thus it was left for
453:
ceramics. Henry Louis seems to have encouraged Alfred's workshop and assisted with experiments in the composition of porcelain and the reactions of quartz inclusions, and also designed a
482:; to restore equilibrium, the system will favor a chemical pathway to reduce or eliminate the disturbance so as to restabilize at thermodynamic equilibrium. Put another way,
344:
After four unsuccessful campaigns (1884, 1897, 1898 and 1900), Le
Chatelier was elected to the Académie des sciences (Academy of Science) in 1907. He was also elected to the
1069:
972:
1124:
418:
to succeed where several noted French chemists, including
Thenard, Sainte Claire Deville and even Berthelot had failed. Less than five years later, Haber and
1079:
1089:
1064:
403:
251:
on 25 October 1869. Like all the pupils of the Polytechnique, in September 1870, Le Chatelier was named second lieutenant and later took part in the
247:
in Paris. At the age of 19, after only one year of instruction in specialized engineering, he followed in his father's footsteps by enrolling in the
713:
1109:
607:
Le Chatelier was politically conservative. In 1934, he published an opinion on the French forty-hour work week law in the Brussels publication
539:
If one increases the pressure of the reactants, the reaction will tend to move towards the products to decrease the pressure of the reaction.
410:
industry was born. In 1902 Fouché invented a gas welder tool with French patent number 325,403 and in 1910 Picard developed the needle valve.
1104:
1119:
17:
1039:
1059:
1054:
1074:
983:
687:
378:
Part of Le Chatelier's work was devoted to industry. For example, he was a consulting engineer for a cement company, the
138:
797:
Robert-Hauglustaine, Anne-Catherine (2000). "Les métiers du soudage en France et la création de filières de formation".
275:
611:. However, in spite of certain anti-parliamentarian convictions, he kept away from any extremist or radical movements.
371:
Le Chatelier also carried out extensive research on metallurgy and was one of the founders of the technical newspaper
1044:
588:
It was then typical for scientists and engineers to have a very scientific vision of industry. In the first issue of
345:
1094:
754:
1084:
252:
283:
227:
and Louise Durand. His father was an influential figure who played important roles in the birth of the French
1114:
272:
unsuccessfully to get a position teaching chemistry at the École polytechnique in 1884 and again in 1897.
473:
361:
208:
99:
211:, used by chemists and chemical engineers to predict the effect a changing condition has on a system in
365:
314:
Theory of chemical equilibria, high temperature measurements and phenomena of dissociation (1898–1899)
1099:
504:
This qualitative law enables one to envision the displacement of equilibrium of a chemical reaction.
488:
929:
1049:
683:
597:
349:
507:
For example: a change in concentration of a reaction in equilibrium for the following equation:
360:
In chemistry, Le Chatelier is best known for his work on his principle of chemical equilibrium,
84:
630:
232:
66:
667:
592:, Le Chatelier published an article describing his convictions on the subject, discussing the
291:
248:
223:
Le Chatelier was born on 8 October 1850 in Paris and was the son of French materials engineer
175:
775:
672:
593:
1034:
1029:
864:
479:
212:
828:
8:
679:
427:
295:
237:
179:
127:
103:
868:
810:
224:
117:
256:
383:
244:
941:
872:
802:
722:
449:(alias Jean Lahor), listed the workshop as one of the best producers in France of
430:, a former soldier, opened the Atelier de Glatigny in the rural area of Glatigny (
335:
Some practical applications of the fundamental principles of chemistry (1906–1907)
569:
543:
199:
555:
478:
Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system always acts to oppose changes in
454:
1023:
547:
446:
393:
On the advice of a paper of Le Chatelier that the combustion of a mixture of
299:
1012:
945:
726:
407:
386:
Cement. His 1887 doctoral thesis was dedicated to the subject of mortars:
492:
450:
415:
877:
852:
841:
4. "Henri Le Chatelier: His Publications," Ceram. Abs., 16, (Oct., 1937)
814:
691:
637:
Recherches expérimentales sur la constitution des mortiers hydrauliques
431:
419:
388:
Recherches expérimentales sur la constitution des mortiers hydrauliques
255:. After brilliant successes in his technical schooling, he entered the
145:
107:
601:
457:
442:
435:
398:
228:
165:
806:
522:
511:
496:
438:
88:
529:
390:(Experimental Research on the Composition of Hydraulic Mortars).
204:
562:
394:
499:, the equilibrium will shift in order to minimize that change.
41:
461:
62:
778:. SIPPAF. Système d'Information Patrons et Patronat Français
711:
Desch, C. H. (1938). "Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850–1936".
487:
If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in
406:
and together they obtain a perfectly stable flame and the
518:
294:
as chair of inorganic chemistry. Later he taught at the
348:
in 1907. In 1924, he became an Honorary Member of the
207:
of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He devised
897:
1007:"Henry LE CHATELIER (1850–1936) Sa vie, son œuvre."
915:
H.L. Le Chatelier, "Role of Science in Industry" in
885:
755:"President of honour and honorary members of PTChem"
796:
323:
General methods of analytical chemistry (1901–1902)
203:; 8 October 1850 – 17 September 1936) was a French
290:At the Collège de France, Le Chatelier succeeded
1070:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1021:
934:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
714:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
326:General laws of analytical chemistry (1901–1902)
305:At the Collège de France, Le Chatelier taught:
280:The Sorbonne. Professor Henry Louis Le Chatelier
666:Le Chatelier named "chevalier" (knight) of the
434:), near Versailles, in 1897. The workshop made
973:"Alfred Le Chatelier et l'Atelier de Glatigny"
550:, the second stage is a reversible reaction:
380:Société des chaux et ciments Pavin de Lafarge
1125:Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
853:"Le Chatelier and the synthesis of ammonia"
467:
338:Properties of metals and some alloys (1907)
1090:Academic staff of the University of Paris
1065:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
876:
850:
542:However consider another example: in the
329:General laws of chemical mechanics (1903)
649:Introduction à l'étude de la métallurgie
274:
1080:Academic staff of the Collège de France
790:
768:
14:
1110:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
1022:
970:
903:
891:
317:Properties of metal alloys (1899–1900)
243:As a child, Le Chatelier attended the
930:"Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850–1936"
710:
661:
198:
1105:Foreign members of the Royal Society
332:Silica and its compounds (1905–1906)
940:(6). Royal Society: 250–259. 1938.
922:
688:Foreign Member of the Royal Society
445:and glassware. In 1901, the critic
24:
821:
600:. In 1928, he published a book on
355:
231:industry, the introduction of the
25:
1136:
1011:, special edition, January 1937.
1001:
639:(1904; English translation, 1905)
346:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
982:(in French) (26), archived from
831:. TRACES DE FRANCE. 13 May 2018.
40:
1120:French male non-fiction writers
909:
744:, special edition, January 1937
609:Revue économique internationale
844:
835:
747:
734:
704:
460:to measure temperature in the
311:Phenomena of combustion (1898)
298:university, where he replaced
13:
1:
857:Journal of Chemical Education
851:Silverman, Alexander (1938).
731:See signature on second page.
697:
627:High Temperature Measurements
218:
1060:20th-century French chemists
1055:19th-century French chemists
633:(1901; second edition, 1902)
623:(1896; second edition, 1902)
621:Cours de chimie industrielle
7:
583:
284:Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne
10:
1141:
1075:University of Paris alumni
1040:École Polytechnique alumni
963:
690:in 1913 and awarded their
655:La silice et les silicates
471:
200:[ɑ̃ʁilwiləʃɑtəlje]
27:French chemist (1850–1936)
266:
185:
171:
161:
154:
134:
123:
113:
95:
73:
48:
39:
32:
1045:Mines Paris - PSL alumni
919:, n°1, 1904 page 1 to 10
684:Iron and Steel Institute
614:
598:Frederick Winslow Taylor
474:Le Chatelier's principle
468:Le Chatelier's principle
362:Le Chatelier's principle
233:Martin-Siemens processes
209:Le Chatelier's principle
192:Henry Louis Le Chatelier
100:Le Chatelier's principle
34:Henry Louis Le Chatelier
18:Henri Louis Le Chatelier
917:La revue de métallurgie
686:in 1911, admitted as a
590:La revue de métallurgie
373:La revue de métallurgie
350:Polish Chemical Society
320:Iron alloys (1900–1901)
1095:French science writers
946:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005
727:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005
546:for the production of
502:
287:
1085:Scientists from Paris
971:Arthur, Paul (2017),
829:"LE CHALUMEAU (1902)"
673:Academie des Sciences
643:Leçons sur le carbone
594:scientific management
484:
375:(Metallurgy Review).
366:Académie des sciences
278:
196:French pronunciation:
1009:Révue de Métallurgie
742:Révue de métallurgie
480:chemical equilibrium
213:chemical equilibrium
104:Thermal flame theory
85:Miribel-les-Échelles
1115:Bessemer Gold Medal
878:10.1021/ed015p289.3
869:1938JChEd..15R.289S
799:Le Mouvement Social
680:Bessemer Gold Medal
678:He was awarded the
428:Alfred Le Chatelier
249:École Polytechnique
176:École Polytechnique
128:Alfred Le Chatelier
662:Honours and awards
288:
259:in Paris in 1871.
238:Alfred (1855–1929)
225:Louis Le Chatelier
118:Louis Le Chatelier
382:, today known as
189:
188:
156:Scientific career
77:17 September 1936
16:(Redirected from
1132:
1100:French inventors
1016:
996:
995:
994:
988:
977:
957:
956:
954:
952:
926:
920:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
882:
880:
848:
842:
839:
833:
832:
825:
819:
818:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
776:"Fouché, Edmond"
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
751:
745:
738:
732:
730:
708:
668:Légion d'honneur
629:, translated by
202:
197:
150:
143:
80:
58:
56:
44:
30:
29:
21:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1050:Corps des mines
1020:
1019:
1014:
1004:
999:
992:
990:
986:
975:
966:
961:
960:
950:
948:
928:
927:
923:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
849:
845:
840:
836:
827:
826:
822:
807:10.2307/3779979
795:
791:
781:
779:
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
752:
748:
739:
735:
709:
705:
700:
682:of the British
664:
617:
586:
573:
566:
559:
544:contact process
533:
526:
515:
476:
470:
441:, high-quality
358:
356:Scientific work
269:
257:École des Mines
221:
195:
178:
148:
144:
141:
106:
102:
91:
82:
78:
69:
60:
54:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1003:
1002:External links
1000:
998:
997:
967:
965:
962:
959:
958:
921:
908:
906:, p. 112.
896:
894:, p. 110.
884:
843:
834:
820:
801:(193): 29–59.
789:
767:
746:
733:
721:(6): 250–259.
702:
701:
699:
696:
663:
660:
659:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
624:
616:
613:
585:
582:
577:
576:
571:
564:
557:
537:
536:
531:
524:
513:
472:Main article:
469:
466:
455:thermoelectric
357:
354:
342:
341:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
292:Schützenberger
268:
265:
253:Siege of Paris
245:Collège Rollin
220:
217:
187:
186:
183:
182:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
152:
151:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
97:
96:Known for
93:
92:
83:
81:(aged 85)
75:
71:
70:
61:
59:8 October 1850
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
989:on 2018-01-16
985:
981:
974:
969:
968:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
918:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
838:
830:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
777:
771:
756:
750:
743:
737:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
707:
703:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
669:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:G. K. Burgess
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
552:
551:
549:
548:sulfuric acid
545:
540:
534:
527:
520:
516:
510:
509:
508:
505:
501:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:concentration
483:
481:
475:
465:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
447:Henri Cazalis
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
424:
421:
417:
411:
409:
405:
404:Edmond Fouché
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
303:
301:
300:Henri Moissan
297:
293:
285:
281:
277:
273:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
234:
230:
226:
216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
193:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
147:
140:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
76:
72:
68:
64:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1008:
991:, retrieved
984:the original
979:
949:. Retrieved
937:
933:
924:
916:
911:
899:
887:
860:
856:
846:
837:
823:
798:
792:
780:. Retrieved
770:
758:. Retrieved
749:
741:
740:L. Guillet,
736:
718:
712:
706:
677:
665:
654:
648:
642:
636:
626:
620:
608:
606:
589:
587:
578:
541:
538:
506:
503:
486:
485:
477:
426:His brother
425:
412:
408:oxyacetylene
392:
387:
379:
377:
372:
370:
359:
343:
304:
289:
279:
270:
261:
242:
222:
191:
190:
172:Institutions
155:
79:(1936-09-17)
1035:1936 deaths
1030:1850 births
1015:(in French)
951:8 September
904:Arthur 2017
892:Arthur 2017
760:23 February
493:temperature
451:Art Nouveau
416:Fritz Haber
1024:Categories
993:2018-02-25
863:(6): 289.
698:References
692:Davy Medal
596:theory of
432:Le Chesnay
420:Carl Bosch
368:in Paris.
219:Early life
146:Davy Medal
108:Detonation
55:1850-10-08
694:in 1916.
675:in 1907.
602:Taylorism
495:or total
458:pyrometer
443:porcelain
436:sandstone
399:acetylene
229:aluminium
166:Chemistry
130:, brother
124:Relatives
584:Politics
497:pressure
439:ceramics
296:Sorbonne
286:, NuBIS)
180:Sorbonne
139:ForMemRS
964:Sources
865:Bibcode
815:3779979
568:(g) ⇌ 2
528:(g) ⇌ 2
384:Lafarge
205:chemist
980:Sèvres
813:
782:30 May
657:(1914)
651:(1912)
645:(1908)
561:(g) +
395:oxygen
267:Career
162:Fields
149:(1916)
142:(1913)
135:Awards
114:Father
67:France
987:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
811:JSTOR
615:Works
521:) + 3
462:kilns
89:Isère
63:Paris
953:2020
784:2022
762:2020
397:and
74:Died
49:Born
942:doi
873:doi
803:doi
723:doi
575:(g)
535:(g)
1026::
978:,
936:.
932:.
871:.
861:15
859:.
855:.
809:.
717:.
604:.
570:SO
556:SO
530:NH
491:,
464:.
352:.
302:.
215:.
87:,
65:,
955:.
944::
938:2
881:.
875::
867::
817:.
805::
786:.
764:.
729:.
725::
719:2
572:3
565:2
563:O
558:2
554:2
532:3
525:2
523:H
519:g
517:(
514:2
512:N
282:(
194:(
57:)
53:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
