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that he was alive. With the information that
Khrushchev released, the Americans believed that they would be able to continue with their cover story that the crashed U-2 was a weather research aircraft and not a military spy plane. The cover-up stated that the pilot of the U-2 weather aircraft had radioed in that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties while flying over Turkey. From there they claimed that the aircraft could have continued on its path because of auto-pilot, and that this could be the U-2 that crashed in the Soviet Union. The final attempt to make the cover story seem as real as possible was the grounding of all U-2 aircraft for mandatory inspection of oxygen systems in order to make sure that no other "weather missions" would have the same result as the one that was lost and possibly crashed in the Soviet Union.
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peaceful coexistence was an already established fact. The policy of the United States towards the Soviet Union at that time was defensive and cautionary. Eisenhower also made the point that dialogue at the Four Powers Summit was the type of international negotiation that could lead to a relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union where there would be no need to spy on each other. Eisenhower also laid out a plan for an international agreement that authorized the U.N. to "inspect" any nations willing to submit to its authority for signs of increased militarization and aggressive action. He stated that the United States would be more than willing to submit to such an inspection by the U.N. and that he hoped to circumvent the spying controversy with this alternative international surveillance agreement.
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not let stand. Knowing that he was jeopardizing the Paris Peace Summit, Eisenhower decided to reveal the aerial espionage program and his direct role in it, an unprecedented move for a U.S. president. His speech on 11 May revolved around four main points: the need for intelligence gathering activities; the nature of intelligence gathering activities; how intelligence activities should be viewed (as distasteful, but vital); and finally that
Americans should not be distracted from the real problems of the day. Eisenhower closed passionately by reacting to the Soviet claim that the US acted provocatively and said: "They had better look at their own record." As he finished, he told reporters he was still going to the Paris Peace Summit.
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697:: Khrushchev said that anyone wishing to understand the U-2's mission should "seek a reply from Allen Dulles, at whose instructions the American aircraft flew over the Soviet Union". On 9 May, the Soviet premier told US ambassador Thompson that he "could not help but suspect that someone had launched this operation with the deliberate intent of spoiling the summit meeting". Thompson also wrote in his diplomatic cable that Khrushchev suspected it was Allen Dulles, and that Khrushchev had heard about Senator Mansfield's remarks that Eisenhower did not control his own administration.
50:
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the summit there had been a revitalization of anti-American sentiment within the
Kremlin, with the Soviets blocking a planned trip to Washington D.C. of a Soviet air marshal, inviting Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong to Moscow, and launching an anti-American press campaign designed to critique "American aggression". At this time east and west were divided about how to move forward in Berlin, and the American press characterized Khrushchev's decision to emphasize the U-2 incident at the summit as an attempt to gain leverage on this issue.
659:, stated, "First reports indicate that the President had no knowledge of the plane incident. If that is the case, we have got to ask whether or not this administration has any real control over the federal bureaucracy." Mansfield, more than any other person, highlighted the dilemma Eisenhower faced—Eisenhower could admit responsibility for the U-2 flight, and likely ruin any chances for détente at the Paris Summit, or he could continue to deny knowledge and indicate that he did not control his own administration.
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828:(known as "Anpo" in Japanese) which allowed the United States to maintain military bases on Japanese soil. The Japanese government was forced to admit that U-2 planes were also based at U.S. bases in Japan, which meant that Japan might be subject to attack should a war break out between the United States and the Soviet Union. Accordingly, when the U2 revelations came to light, Japanese protesters felt added urgency in their drive to eliminate the treaty and rid Japan of U.S. military bases.
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Khrushchev publicly advocated a policy of "peaceful coexistence with the United States". The May Day celebrations on 1 May of that year were marked by this newfound cooperative spirit. Absent were the militarized symbols of previous parades, such as artillery and armor. Instead, there were children, white doves, and athletes. But the reaction of the Soviet government to the spy plane incident and the response from the United States doomed any potential meaningful peace agreement.
452:
796:, Khrushchev would go on to say that this incident was the beginning of his decline in power as party chairman, perhaps because he seemed unable to negotiate the international arena and the communist hardliners at home. The collapse of the summit also saw an increased tension between the Soviets and the Americans in the years to come. After this debacle, the arms race accelerated and any considerations for negotiations were dashed for the immediate future.
1021:. In 2010, CIA documents were released indicating that "top US officials never believed Powers's account of his fateful flight because it appeared to be directly contradicted by a report from the National Security Agency" which alleged that the U-2 had descended from 65,000 to 34,000 feet (19,812 to 10,363 m) before changing course and disappearing from radar. One more recent reading of the NSA's story is that they mistakenly tracked the descent of a
180:
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Pentagon or the CIA, Khrushchev arguably might not have felt forced to react so strongly even though he might not believe the denials. Such reasoning, while constrained, is hardly unusual. It is easier for a
President to deal with foreign leaders who are known to have committed violent acts, but have never admitted having done so, than to meet formally with those who have acknowledged 'unacceptable' behavior."
1065:, a Norwegian convicted for spying for the Soviet Union, claimed in his book 'I Was a Russian Spy' that Powers's U-2 had actually been sabotaged. He alleged that a bomb had been placed in the tail of the aircraft by two Soviet spies disguised as mechanics at a Turkish airfield. He claimed to have been told this by Soviet officials shortly after the incident. This may have been a contemporary 1962 theory also.
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apologize and
Khrushchev left the summit one day after it had begun. Even though Eisenhower refused to apologize, he did admit that the flights were "suspended and would not resume". Some public opinion was that Khrushchev had overreacted to the event in an attempt to strengthen his own position, and for that, he was the one to blame for the collapse of the Four Power Paris Summit.
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the U2 did not carry the advanced camera, that the U2 had previously crashed and had been rebuilt by
Lockheed to non-standard specifications, and the hydrogen tank had only been half-filled, meaning it would have run out of fuel over the Soviet Union. The effect of such an operation would be to mislead the Soviet Union about the aircraft's capabilities such as camera resolution.
498:, and the backup pilot, Bob Ericson. On the morning of 29 April, the crew in Badaber was informed that the mission had been delayed by one day. As a result, Bob Ericson flew Article 358 back to Incirlik and John Shinn ferried another U-2C, Article 360, from Incirlik to Peshawar. On 30 April, the mission was delayed one day further because of bad weather over the Soviet Union.
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Although the Four Powers Summit was the first meeting between western and Soviet leaders in five years when it was held, the mood was optimistic that there could be an easing of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. In an effort to present a less hostile, more cordial Soviet Union,
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After
Khrushchev found out about America's NASA cover story, he developed a political trap for Eisenhower. His plan began with the release of information to the world that a spy plane had been shot down in Soviet territory, but he did not reveal that the pilot of this aircraft had also been found and
559:
Because of the U-2's extreme operating altitude, Soviet attempts to intercept the aircraft using fighter aircraft failed. The U-2's course was out of range of several of the nearest SAM sites, and one SAM site even failed to engage the aircraft since it was not on duty that day. The U-2 was shot down
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and in no position to snub
American requests, the British government was amenable to the proposal. Using British pilots allowed Eisenhower to be able to use the U-2 aircraft to spy for American interests in the Soviet Union, while still being able to plausibly deny any affiliation if a mission became
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was an Air Force officer who coordinated covert actions between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the
Central Intelligence Agency. In the 1990's, he gave an interview suggesting the incident was an elaborate disinformation operation with a secondary political goal of sabotaging peace talks. Prouty noted
808:
Before the U-2 incident
Khrushchev and Eisenhower had been getting along well and the summit was going to be an opportunity for the two sides to come together. Also, Eisenhower had been looking forward to a visit to the Soviet Union and was very upset when his invitation was retracted. The two sides
732:
Defense analyst Richard Best, for the Congressional Research Service, writes: "Many observers believed that when President Eisenhower in 1960 accepted responsibility for U-2 overflights of the Soviet Union, he made reaching agreements with Moscow much more difficult; had he blamed the flights on the
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on 23 May to tell their side of the story. The meetings continued for four days with other allegations of spying being exchanged, as well as recriminations over the Paris Summit, and a US offer of an "open skies" proposal to allow reciprocal flights over one another's territory, at the end of which
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Mr. Chairman, on May 1 the Soviet Government captured, 1300 miles inside the boundaries of the Russian Empire, an American plane, operated by an American pilot, under the direction and control of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, and is now holding both the plane and the pilot. The plane was on
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Upon receiving this cable, Eisenhower, who frequently was very animated, was quiet and depressed. The only words he said to his secretary were, "I would like to resign." Meanwhile, the domestic pressure continued to mount. Eisenhower then accepted Dulles's argument that the congressional leadership
776:
In the days directly leading up to the conference, tensions increased dramatically between the United States and the Soviet Union over the U-2 incident. At this point in the negotiations, the hardliners of the Soviet government were applying heavy pressure to Khrushchev. In the weeks leading up to
728:
Still, Eisenhower faced criticism in the press for not controlling his own administration, as Cannon's speech only said the mission was "under the aegis of" the president, not "directed by". Press reports were creating a belief in the public that Eisenhower had lost control, which Eisenhower would
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told his Soviet captors what his mission had been and why he had been in Soviet airspace. He did this in accordance with orders that he had received before he went on his mission. Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on 19 August and sentenced to three years imprisonment and seven
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At the summit, after Khrushchev had blown Eisenhower's cover, Eisenhower did not deny that the aircraft had been spying on Soviet military installations but contended that the action was not aggressive but defensive. He argued that the current state of international relations was not one in which
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was still engaged, even falsely claiming that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties". To bolster this, a U-2 was quickly painted in NASA colors and shown to the media. Under the impression that the pilot had died and that the plane had been
701:
needed to be briefed on the U-2 missions from the last four years. Dulles told the legislature that all U-2 flights were used for aerial espionage and had been flown pursuant to "presidential directives". Still, Dulles played down Eisenhower's direct role in approving every previous U-2 flight.
1373:. Crull emerged unhurt, but his airplane overran the runway and slid onto the grass. Eventually, the airplane would be packed off to the US, repaired, and returned to service with Det. B in Turkey. From there, that airplane would make its final flight. It came on May 1, 1960, and its pilot was
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As a result of the spy plane incident and the attempted cover-up, the Four Power Paris Summit was not completed. At the beginning of the talks on 16 May, there was still hope that the two sides could come together even after the events that took place earlier in May, but Eisenhower refused to
780:
The summit itself did not last long, with talks only beginning on 15 May and ending on 16 May. Both Eisenhower and Khrushchev gave statements on the 16th. Khrushchev blasted the United States on the U-2 incident. He pointed out that the policy of secret spying was one of mistrust and that the
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were going to discuss topics such as nuclear arms reduction and also how to deal with increasing tensions surrounding Berlin. According to Eisenhower, had it not been for the U-2 incident, the summit and his visit to the Soviet Union could have greatly helped Soviet and American relations.
533:, an important industrial center of plutonium processing, was another of the targets that Powers was to photograph. A close study of Powers' account of the flight shows that one of the last targets he overflew, before being shot down, was the Chelyabinsk-65 plutonium production facility.
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Also, because of the release of some photographs of the aircraft, there was evidence that most of the covert U-2 technologies had survived the crash. From this Khrushchev was able to openly embarrass the Eisenhower administration by exposing the attempted cover-up.
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an espionage mission ... the activity ... under the aegis of the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, for whom all members of the subcommittee have the highest regard and in whose military capacity they have the utmost confidence.
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Powers bailed out but neglected to disconnect his oxygen hose first and struggled with it until it broke, enabling him to separate from the aircraft. After parachuting safely down onto Soviet soil, Powers was quickly captured. Powers carried with him a modified
183:
884:
In Norway, authorities gave permission for the United States to have a temporary base in Bodø during 1960; the condition was that U-2 missions were only to fly over international waters; the request from the U.S. was made to chief of intelligence
443:. It was clear that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had successfully performed an extraordinarily dangerous but productive intelligence operation. The next flight of the U-2 spy plane from Peshawar airport was planned for late April.
1117:)'s negotiations for Powers's release, but took certain liberties with what really happened. For instance, Powers is shown being tortured by the Soviets, when in reality he was treated well by his captors and spent much of his time doing
769:. It was the first conference to be attended by both Soviet and western leaders in five years. However, prospects for constructive dialogue were dashed by the explosive controversy surrounding the U-2 flight over Soviet territory.
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348:(NSA). Badaber was an excellent location because of its proximity to Soviet central Asia. This enabled the monitoring of missile test sites, key infrastructure and communications. The U-2 "spy-in-the-sky" was allowed to use the
1048:
Though the normal Su-9 service ceiling was 55,000 feet (16,800 m), Mentyukov's aircraft had been modified to achieve higher altitudes, having its weapons removed. With no weapons, the only attack option open to him was
359:
President Eisenhower did not want to fly American U-2 pilots over the Soviet Union because he felt that if one of these pilots were to be shot down or captured, it could be seen as an act of aggression. At a time like the
950:
The incident showed that even high-altitude aircraft were vulnerable to Soviet surface-to-air missiles. As a result, the United States began emphasizing high-speed, low-level flights for its previously high altitude
331:
spy plane to fly from Pakistan. The U-2 flew at altitudes that could not be reached by Soviet fighter jets of the era; it was believed to be beyond the reach of Soviet missiles as well. A facility established in
284:. The U-2 incident shattered the amiable "Spirit of Camp David" that had prevailed for eight months, prompting the cancellation of the summit in Paris and embarrassing the U.S. on the international stage. The
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surface-to-air missiles fired by a battery commanded by Mikhail Voronov. The SA-75 site had been supposedly identified previously by the CIA, using photos taken during Vice President Richard Nixon's visit to
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In the Norwegian Armed Forces, the U2 incident caused "dirty laundry to be aired", but no blame was assigned; as of 2022, the archives from 1960 of Norwegian Intelligence Service have not been declassified.
788:
The meeting during which both parties made their statements lasted just over three hours. During this time Khrushchev rescinded an invitation he had earlier given to Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union.
388:
more accurately, Eisenhower allowed the flying of two more missions before the Four Power Paris Summit, scheduled for 16 May. The final two missions before the summit were to be flown by American pilots.
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The aircraft was detected by the Soviet Air Defense Forces when it had flown more than 250 kilometres (155 mi) over the Soviet national boundary and avoided several attempts at interception by a
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The SAM command center was unaware for more than 30 minutes that the aircraft was destroyed. One of the Soviet MiG-19 fighters pursuing Powers was also destroyed in the missile salvo, and the pilot,
364:, any act of aggression could spark open conflict between the two countries. In order to ease the burden of flying Americans into Soviet airspace the idea developed to have British pilots from the
1540:"Таким образом, всего по Lockheed U-2 и двум МиГ было выпущено семь ракет. Еще одну (восьмую) ракету выпустил зенитный ракетный дивизион соседнего полка под командованием полковника Ф. Савинова."
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I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well ... and now just look how many silly things the Americans have said.
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Khrushchev still attempted to allow Eisenhower to save face, and possibly to salvage the peace summit to some degree, by specifically laying the blame not on Eisenhower himself, but on
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stated that "Pakistan felt deceived because the US had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan's territory", although Pakistan's president
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The original consensus about the cause of the U-2 incident was that the spy plane had been shot down by one of a salvo of 14 Soviet SA-2 missiles. This story was originated by
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Pedlow, Gregory W. and Welzenbach, Donald E., "The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974. History Staff Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. 1998.
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incident had doomed the summit before it even began. He expected the United States and Eisenhower to condemn the spying and pledge to end further reconnaissance missions.
1801:
Congressional Record, 5-9-60, pp. 9979–9987, A3941. "Briefing of Congressional Leadership ... 9 May 1960," Dulles FOIA Papers; quoted in Barrett (2005), pp. 388–389.
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1278:(Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1992) that the personal assistant of Suhrawardy advised embassy staff of the Prime Minister's agreement to the US facility on Pakistan soil.
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On 9 April 1960, a U-2C spy plane of the special CIA unit "10-10", piloted by Bob Ericson, crossed the southern national boundary of the Soviet Union in the area of
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In 1996, Soviet pilot Captain Igor Mentyukov claimed that, at 65,000 feet (19,800 m) altitude, under orders to ram the intruder, he had caught the U-2 in the
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in Turkey. If it's true that the U-2 that fellow Powers was piloting was brought down by delayed charges and not by rockets, it may be this man is implicated."
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the Soviet Union overwhelmingly lost a vote on a concise resolution which would have condemned the incursions and requested the US to prevent their recurrence.
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1053:. Mentyukov asserted that Soviet generals concealed these facts to avoid challenging Nikita Khrushchev's faith in the efficiency of Soviet air defenses.
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The weather improved and on 1 May, 15 days before the scheduled opening of the east–west summit conference in Paris, Captain Powers, flying Article 360,
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received considerable press attention when he, not President Eisenhower, revealed the true nature of the U-2 mission. He said to an open session of the
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Soviet C-75 (SA-2) SAM launcher used to shoot down Gary Powers' U2, on display at the Air Defense Forces Museum in Balachinka district, Zarya village
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1659:"The Day We Shot Down the U-2: Nikita Khrushchev's son remembers a great turning point of the Cold War, as seen from behind the Iron Curtain".
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may have known about the operations. Khan visited the USSR in 1965 and apologized for the incident. When Khan invited Soviet foreign minister
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Thompson to State Department, 5-9-60, FRUS: Eastern Europe, 1955–1957, Soviet Union, vol 10, pp. 519–521; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 387.
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That same day on 5 May, the Senate made its first comments on the U-2 incident and began a domestic political controversy for Eisenhower.
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Surface-to-Air Missile Site Near Sverdlovsk USSR, Central Intelligence Agency Photographic Intelligence Brief B-1009-59, 13 August 1959.
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to visit Pakistan, pointing out he'd never visited the country, the latter sarcastically replied "I always keep ahead of the U-2".
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threatened to drop a nuclear bomb on Peshawar, thus warning Pakistan that it had become a target of Soviet nuclear forces. General
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ordered the air-unit commanders "to attack the violator by all alert flights located in the area of foreign plane's course, and to
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1365:, on a local flight, heading back to Atsugi after setting an altitude record. As the U-2's fuel ran low, the airplane suffered a
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2651:"Letter to the editor: Stephen I. Schwartz, Director U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project, Brookings Institution, Washington"
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The incident also reverberated around the world. For example in Japan, the incident contributed to the growth of the ongoing
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Initially, American authorities acknowledged the incident as the loss of a civilian weather research aircraft operated by
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1377:. Powers was flying high over Sverdlovsk, USSR, when his U-2 came under attack by some 14 surface-to-air missiles.
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in Turkey to the US base at Peshawar airport by pilot Glen Dunaway. Fuel for the aircraft had been ferried to
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At the end of Cannon's speech, Democrats and Republicans uncharacteristically rose to their feet to applaud.
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The U-2 flight was expected, and all units of the Soviet Air Defence Forces in the Central Asia, Kazakhstan,
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After the success of the first two British pilots and because of pressure to determine the number of Soviet
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NASA photo of a U-2 with fictitious NASA markings and serial number at the NASA Flight Research Center,
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Whitman Diary, Whitman File, DDE diary, 5-9-60. Box 5, DDE Library; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 387.
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https://www.nrk.no/nordland/kald-krig-og-u2-affaeren-_-norske-arkiver-er-fortsatt-gradert-1.16137711
1369:– forcing Crull to make a dead-stick, wheels-up landing at the Fujisawa glider strip, 10 miles from
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The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 And Oxcart Programs, 1954–1974
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in Norway. At the time, the USSR had six ICBM launch pads, two at Baikonur and four at Plesetsk.
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that the U-2 was a CIA aircraft engaged in aerial espionage over the Soviet Union. Cannon said,
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in Moscow. A small piece of the U-2 was returned to the United States and is on display at the
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2756:"Bridge of Spies: An Opportunity to Bust Myths about the U-2 and the Capture of Gary Powers"
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Diplomacy Shot Down: The U-2 Crisis and Eisenhower’s Aborted Mission to Moscow, 1959–1960
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issued a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of
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49:
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3979:
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3723:
3646:
3522:
3413:
3403:
3105:
2741:
2434:
2047:"Modern History Sourcebook: Khrushchev and Eisenhower: Summit Statements, May 16, 1960"
2019:
1755:
1087:
979:
spy satellite project was accelerated. The CIA also accelerated the development of the
976:
850:
549:
235:
189:
5630:
5459:
3066:
2495:
2275:
2251:
2227:
2203:
2179:
635:. The press release speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the
439:
during the flight. The U-2 left Soviet air space and landed at an Iranian airstrip at
344:, was a cover for a major communications intercept operation run by the United States
5947:
5800:
5745:
5720:
5675:
5605:
5580:
5545:
5535:
5504:
5391:
5275:
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4982:
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3994:
3947:
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3770:
3748:
3588:
3568:
3512:
3500:
3314:
3149:
3118:
2978:
2938:
2931:
Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage
2919:
2900:
2881:
2855:
2840:
2755:
2626:
2569:
2532:
2452:
2404:
2347:
2115:
2077:
1999:
1847:(Report). Congressional Research Service (published 2 February 2009). 21 October 1996
1638:
1613:
1575:
1489:
1426:
1319:
1158:
919:
846:
762:
645:
476:
349:
300:
265:
250:
231:
81:
5924:
5595:
2336:"Cultural Relations Between Pakistan and the Soviet Union During Ayub Khan's Period"
2299:
1810:
Congressional Record, 5-10-60, pp. 9854–9855; quoted in Barrett (2005), pp. 395–397.
648:
used the American misstep to embarrass President Eisenhower and his administration.
5710:
5635:
5565:
5550:
5530:
5477:
5260:
5255:
5235:
5185:
5175:
5002:
4967:
4952:
4901:
4630:
4570:
4410:
4069:
4049:
3758:
3700:
3694:
3661:
3641:
3631:
3480:
3281:
3273:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3072:
2836:
1110:
1100:
927:
766:
401:
196:
983:
OXCART supersonic spyplane that first flew in 1962 and later began developing the
5929:
5785:
5775:
5760:
5740:
5725:
5700:
5645:
5410:
5378:
5270:
5230:
4992:
4987:
4927:
4868:
4600:
4478:
4305:
4270:
4178:
4173:
3897:
3791:
3465:
3398:
3388:
3353:
3309:
3296:
3248:
3051:
3013:
2736:
2478:
2376:
2370:"Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations".
2105:
1665:
1548:
1340:
1217:
1125:
793:
709:
393:
365:
327:
for the U.S. to establish a secret intelligence facility in Pakistan and for the
324:
249:, but were forced to admit the mission's true purpose a few days later after the
3892:
3079:
1964:
5755:
5680:
5670:
5665:
5525:
5265:
5054:
4977:
4705:
4610:
4360:
4300:
3932:
3850:
3753:
3713:
3683:
3583:
3538:
2786:
2333:
1050:
1010:
987:
862:
652:
530:
373:
3006:
2524:
From Controversy to Cutting Edge: A History of the F-111 in Australian Service
1721:
Congressional Record, 5-5-60, pp. 9493–9494; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 384.
1423:
Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon
756:
5972:
5919:
5765:
5660:
5625:
5610:
5570:
5112:
4942:
4680:
4590:
4453:
4433:
4320:
4081:
4059:
4024:
3603:
3598:
3553:
3475:
3435:
3184:
3033:
2867:"Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair: A Forty-six Year Retrospective."
1062:
984:
980:
886:
854:
821:
737:
566:
541:
405:
170:
107:
94:
3068:
U-2 Spy Trial. Ike Hits Powers Case Exploitation By Reds, 1960/08/18 (1960).
5705:
5655:
5585:
5575:
5429:
5417:
5404:
5210:
5037:
4538:
3786:
3636:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3191:
2872:
Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell
2623:
Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940
2573:
1866:
1759:
The Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History
935:
690:
488:
472:
328:
254:
223:
208:
85:
55:
2912:
50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the "Dragon Lady"
268:, around two weeks before the scheduled opening of an east–west summit in
5750:
5355:
5325:
5180:
5170:
5069:
4932:
4725:
4214:
4044:
4029:
3840:
3688:
3656:
3543:
3358:
3263:
3202:
3120:
Powers Case. Ike States Policy on Spies and Open Skies, 1960/05/12 (1960)
1118:
1066:
1038:
998:
939:
890:
451:
377:
356:
to gain vital photo intelligence in an era before satellite observation.
304:
288:
issued a formal apology to the Soviet Union for its role in the mission.
5509:
5220:
5190:
5144:
5059:
5027:
5019:
4962:
4650:
4365:
4054:
3942:
3548:
3107:
Summit Crisis. Mr. K. In Ugly Mood Over U-2 Incident, 1960/05/16 (1960)
2966:
2957:
Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War
2021:
Summit Crisis. Mr. K. In Ugly Mood Over U-2 Incident, 1960/05/16 (1960)
1572:
A Journey Through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence
1312:
The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown – A New History of the Early Years
1274:, the Pakistani ambassador to the US at the time, narrated in his book
1128:
produced photographs from the time and an interview with Powers's son.
1034:
915:
592:
transponders were not yet switched to the new May codes because of the
561:
467:
The combat crew, distinguished by the destruction of U-2 on May 1, 1960
417:
273:
4163:
1389:
505:
left the base in Peshawar on a mission with the operation's code word
5805:
5650:
5499:
5472:
5285:
5240:
5149:
5117:
5097:
5089:
4418:
4208:
2730:"Coen Brothers to Script Tom Hanks-Steven Spielberg's Cold War Drama"
2594:
1894:
1892:
1774:
Beschloss (1986), pp. 234, 242–252; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 386.
1114:
841:
The U-2 incident severely compromised Pakistan's security and dented
636:
578:
292:
2760:
AirSpaceBlog: Behind The Scenes at the National Air and Space Museum
1515:
761:
The Summit was attended by Eisenhower, Khrushchev, French President
5384:
5225:
5122:
4997:
4816:
4720:
3860:
3718:
3172:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1762:
1541:
1366:
1289:
Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA, and Cold War Aerial Espionage
1250:
736:
Today a large part of the wreck as well as many items from Powers'
641:
480:
421:
361:
341:
320:
281:
41:
4504:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1889:
918:. He served one year and nine months of the sentence before being
704:
The next day on 10 May, without consulting with any agency heads,
5330:
5215:
5205:
5154:
4695:
3440:
931:
869:
593:
537:
509:
to overfly the Soviet Union, photographing targets including the
455:
U-2 "GRAND SLAM" flight plan on 1 May 1960, from CIA publication
440:
333:
295:
and sentenced to three years of imprisonment plus seven years of
2589:"CIA documents show US never believed Gary Powers was shot down"
1922:
522:
5398:
5200:
5139:
4074:
2278: page 17. 26 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
1022:
632:
432:
260:
The incident occurred during the tenures of American president
77:
2467:
2465:
2334:
M. Iqbal; Falak Sher; Rehmat Ullah Awan; Khalid Javed (2011).
1842:
Covert Action: An Effective Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy?
1600:. Vectorsite.net. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007
1361:
On Sept. 24, 1959, Thomas L. Crull was flying a newly arrived
5883:
5839:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
5345:
5128:
3207:
1831:, pp. 403–409, 414–15; quoted in Barrett (2005), pp. 398–400.
1247:Военно-промышленный курьер (Military-Industrial Courier, VPK)
968:
964:
616:
526:
491:
269:
2041:
2039:
757:
Contemporary reactions and effect on the Four Powers Summit
272:, France. Khrushchev and Eisenhower had met face-to-face at
5423:
5305:
3197:
3141:
2462:
2107:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
1513:
1001:, but development was cancelled after Powers was released.
960:
956:
952:
628:
436:
396:
and flew over four Soviet top-secret military objects: the
280:
had raised hopes globally for a peaceful resolution to the
257:
equipment, including photographs of Soviet military bases.
246:
2071:
299:; he was released two years later, in February 1962, in a
5878:
5858:
5853:
2482:
2036:
1732:
CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy
1076:
872:
was formally closed down on 7 January 1970. Further, the
694:
2566:
The Penkovsky Papers: The Russian Who Spied for the West
1900:"1960: East-West summit in tatters after spy plane row"
1873:. National Security Agency – Central Security Service.
1479:
1477:
1154:
United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union
276:
in Maryland in September 1959, and the seeming thaw in
2869:
In: Clifford, J. Garry, and Theodore A. Wilson (eds).
2527:. Canberra, Australia: Air Power Development Centre,
2301:
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: draft resolution
2024:(newsreel). Universal-International News. 16 May 1960
1734:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 384.
640:
destroyed, the Americans had decided to use the NASA
6009:
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
2787:"Gary Powers: The U-2 spy pilot the US did not love"
1969:(newsreel). Universal-International News. 5 May 1960
1474:
1291:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2010), pp. 343–346.
1135:
666:
On 7 May, Khrushchev sprang his trap and announced:
242:. Powers parachuted to the ground and was captured.
1751:
1749:
253:produced the captured pilot and parts of the U-2's
3123:is available for free viewing and download at the
3110:is available for free viewing and download at the
3097:is available for free viewing and download at the
3084:is available for free viewing and download at the
3071:is available for free viewing and download at the
2833:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower
2587:
2074:Eisenhower, Macmillan, and Allied Unity, 1957–1961
1991:Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair
1681:
1679:
1677:
1486:Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident
926:on 10 February 1962. The exchange occurred on the
560:near Kosulino, Ural Region, by the first of three
494:followed, carrying the ground crew, mission pilot
238:(present-day Yekaterinburg), after being hit by a
2305: 23 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
2254: 26 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
2230: 25 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
2206: 24 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
2182: 23 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
1635:Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security
1518:[How Powers was shot down] (in Russian).
831:
599:
5970:
5824:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
2327:
2257:
1746:
1618:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1542:Юрий Кнутов, Олег Фаличев. Бой в небе над Уралом
1448:"The Cold War Atomic Intelligence Game, 1945–70"
4261:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
3668:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3040:Eisenhower's speech addressing the U-2 incident
2314:
2072:Geelhoed, Bruce E.; Anthony O. Edmonds (2003).
1674:
799:
291:Following his capture, Powers was convicted of
2712:"Fletcher Prouty discusses U2 and Gary Powers"
2644:
2642:
2496:"Three days in 300 years: Spies on the bridge"
2397:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb
2154:
2152:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1688:"The U-2 Program: A Russian Officer Remembers"
876:held a lengthy inquiry into the U-2 incident.
127:Intercept American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft
3157:
2784:
2076:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101.
1981:
1458:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
963:bombers, and began developing the supersonic
945:
5900:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3451:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
3061:Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow
2893:Dragon Lady: The History of the U-2 Spyplane
2625:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 679.
2441:
1737:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1483:
1445:
1332:
577:which contained a lethal, shellfish-derived
544:, and later in the USSR European Region and
368:fly these missions in place of the American
4761:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2639:
2340:Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies
2149:
2090:
1651:
1484:Powers, Francis Gary; Gentry, Curt (1970).
1390:"NRO review and redaction guide (2006 ed.)"
1245:[Riddle of May Day 1960 – Part I].
812:The Soviet Union convened a meeting of the
792:According to American broadcast journalist
475:C spy plane, Article 358, was ferried from
5864:United States involvement in regime change
3419:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
3164:
3150:
3094:News Highlights of 1960, 1960/12/31 (1960)
2996:U-2 Spy Plane Incident (online documents).
2753:
2390:
2388:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
6004:20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents
3000:Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
2649:Schwartz, Stephen I. (22 December 1997).
2563:
2520:
2233:
2209:
2185:
2161:
1987:
1935:"Loss of Spy Plane Sabotaged 1960 Summit"
1502:
1338:
993:As a result of the capture, the Russians
6014:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1960
2648:
2620:
2281:
1743:Brugioni and Taylor (2010), pp. 346–347.
1569:
1287:Brugioni, Dino A., and Doris G. Taylor.
1240:
677:
615:
603:
462:
450:
376:still reeling from the aftermath of the
195:
178:
3990:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2514:
2385:
1632:
1420:
1294:
627:Four days after Powers' disappearance,
581:-tipped needle, but he did not use it.
14:
5971:
5834:Russian espionage in the United States
4106:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2602:from the original on 18 September 2011
1994:. New York: Harper & Row. p.
1595:
1402:from the original on 21 September 2019
1309:
1243:"Загадка первомая 1960 года – часть I"
408:strategic bombers were stationed, the
5829:Soviet espionage in the United States
3985:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
3764:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
3429:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3145:
3045:"The CIA and the U-2 Program" (1998).
2762:. The National Air and Space Museum.
2754:Karafantis, Layne (27 October 2015).
2103:
1829:Public Papers of the Presidents, 1960
1598:"A History of Biological Warfare (2)"
1339:Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1 July 2008).
1069:, writing his 1963 James Bond novel,
889:, then passed on to defense minister
6069:Soviet Union–United States relations
5905:Soviet Union–United States relations
4256:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
3024:1962 Russia frees US spy plane pilot
2502:from the original on 30 October 2020
2394:
2128:from the original on 3 February 2023
1910:from the original on 23 October 2012
1657:Khrushchev, Sergei (September 2000)
1351:from the original on 7 November 2020
1025:piloted by Sr. Lt. Sergei Safronov.
5869:Soviet involvement in regime change
2797:from the original on 3 January 2016
2679:
1712:Brugioni and Taylor (2010), p. 346.
1241:Samoylov, Boris (1 February 2012).
997:the U-2 and ended up producing the
483:the previous day in a US Air Force
386:intercontinental ballistic missiles
226:territory. Flown by American pilot
153:American aircraft shot down, pilot
24:
6074:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
5910:Soviet Union–United States summits
3384:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3269:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2812:
2692:from the original on 18 March 2020
1945:from the original on 24 March 2013
1488:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
1439:
1395:. National Reconnaissance Office.
1082:
874:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
230:, the aircraft had taken off from
25:
6085:
4671:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4606:United States invasion of Grenada
3876:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
3817:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2989:
2971:Seven Spies Who Changed the World
2766:from the original on 2 April 2016
2529:Department of Defence (Australia)
2053:from the original on 1 April 2013
1877:from the original on 22 June 2008
1685:
1522:from the original on 27 June 2020
1514:Банцер, Сергей (Sergey Bantser).
1028:
1004:
620:U-2 incident exhibit at the US's
6064:Pakistan–United States relations
6039:Espionage scandals and incidents
4746:United States invasion of Panama
4596:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4236:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4199:Communist insurgency in Thailand
4169:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4101:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
3928:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
3856:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3374:Restatement of Policy on Germany
2961:Louisiana State University Press
2785:Jason Caffrey (3 January 2016).
2545:from the original on 30 May 2012
1138:
1056:
843:relations with the United States
688:Director of Central Intelligence
303:for Soviet intelligence officer
48:
6059:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations
5979:1960 in international relations
5466:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4847:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4776:Fall of the inner German border
4676:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4326:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4316:Spanish transition to democracy
4276:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
3903:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
3409:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3290:Occupation of the Baltic states
2778:
2747:
2722:
2704:
2682:"Claim U-2 spy plane sabotaged"
2673:
2614:
2580:
2557:
2488:
2433:. 14 March 2008. Archived from
2417:
2395:Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012).
2362:
2308:
2288:United Nations Security Council
2264:United Nations Security Council
2240:United Nations Security Council
2216:United Nations Security Council
2192:United Nations Security Council
2168:United Nations Security Council
2140:
2065:
2012:
1957:
1859:
1834:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1626:
1589:
1563:
1554:
1534:
1109:was released, which dramatized
1072:On Her Majesty's Secret Service
904:
814:United Nations Security Council
207:On 1 May 1960, a United States
4246:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
3881:Mozambican War of Independence
3320:Indonesian National Revolution
2447:Bogle, Lori Lynn, ed. (2001),
1414:
1382:
1281:
1265:
1234:
832:Fallout in Pakistan and Norway
600:American cover-up and exposure
340:), 10 miles (16 km) from
319:requested permission from the
218:while conducting photographic
58:C similar to the one shot down
13:
1:
6049:Espionage in the Soviet Union
6044:Violations of Soviet airspace
5844:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
4859:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4812:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
4534:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
4499:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4231:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
3518:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
3446:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2728:McNary, Dave (20 May 2014 ).
2621:Schwartz, Stephen I. (1998).
2321:Pen & Sword Books Limited
1671:magazine. Volume 51, Issue 5.
1570:Garthoff, Raymond L. (2001).
1228:
1223:2023 Chinese balloon incident
1188:1960 RB-47 shootdown incident
895:regjeringens sikkerhetsutvalg
765:, and British Prime Minister
315:In July 1958, U.S. President
310:
234:, Pakistan, and crashed near
4837:Fall of communism in Albania
4807:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
4756:Polish Round Table Agreement
4096:1968 Polish political crisis
3913:Eritrean War of Independence
3679:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3574:East German uprising of 1953
3506:Chinese Communist Revolution
3171:
2878:University of Missouri Press
2824:University of Oklahoma Press
2598:. Times Newspapers Limited.
2110:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1633:Burrows, William E. (1986).
1596:Goebel, Greg (1 July 2010).
1574:. The Brooking Institution.
1249:(in Russian). Archived from
800:Consequences of the incident
751:
612:, on 6 May 1960 (NASA photo)
7:
4711:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4439:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4184:Corrective Movement (Syria)
4148:New People's Army rebellion
4143:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3871:Angolan War of Independence
3734:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3614:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3259:Jamaican political conflict
3055:Central Intelligence Agency
1988:Beschloss, Michael (1986).
1871:National Cryptologic Museum
1213:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
1208:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
1131:
868:The communications wing at
746:National Cryptologic Museum
742:Central Armed Forces Museum
622:National Cryptologic Museum
459:, declassified 25 June 2013
370:Central Intelligence Agency
192:about the 1960 U-2 incident
27:Cold War aircraft shootdown
10:
6090:
6024:Cold War history of Norway
4907:Sino-Indian border dispute
4736:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4666:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
4424:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4336:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4286:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
3970:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
3938:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3627:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3394:Asian Relations Conference
3132:wreckage from the incident
3029:The U-2 Spy Plane Incident
2880:, 2007, pp. 137–153.
2317:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
1637:. New York: Random House.
946:New tactics and technology
826:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
350:Pakistan Air Force section
5999:May 1960 events in Europe
5943:
5892:
5814:
5791:William Appleman Williams
5736:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
5518:
5490:
5439:
5371:
5364:
5298:
5163:
5088:
5018:
5011:
4920:
4867:
4799:
4512:
4251:Bangladesh Liberation War
4241:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
4156:
4128:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4116:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
3779:
3554:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3531:
3241:
3179:
3081:Russia, 1960/05/05 (1960)
3020:, Office of the Historian
3007:The U-2 airplane incident
2916:Schiffer Military History
2852:Lockheed U-2; Aerograph 3
2485:.no. Retrieved 2022-10-16
2401:Stanford University Press
1551:Retrieved 13 January 2012
1425:. John Wiley & Sons.
1316:Schiffer Military History
1203:Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident
967:, which would include an
471:On 28 April 1960, a U.S.
414:Soviet Air Defence Forces
216:Soviet Air Defence Forces
161:
149:
144:Soviet Air Defense Forces
139:
131:
123:
71:
63:
47:
39:
34:
5994:1960 in the Soviet Union
5984:1960 in military history
4566:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4401:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4371:1978 Somali coup attempt
4331:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4296:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4121:Revolutionary Government
4015:South African Border War
3807:1960 Turkish coup d'état
3724:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
3579:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3559:1952 Egyptian revolution
3136:International Spy Museum
3018:U.S. Department of State
2897:Motorbooks International
2564:Penkovsky, Oleg (1966).
2425:"Pentagon's new demands"
2315:Martin W Bowman (2017).
2112:Harvard University Press
714:House of Representatives
588:, was killed. The MiGs'
446:
346:National Security Agency
4771:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4716:People Power Revolution
4701:Central American crisis
4641:1986 Black Sea incident
4291:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4189:Western Sahara conflict
4000:1966 Syrian coup d'état
3923:1963 Syrian coup d'état
3866:Portuguese Colonial War
3829:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3594:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3471:Annexation of Hyderabad
3414:1947–1949 Palestine war
2854:. Aerofax, Inc., 1983.
2477:16 October 2022 at the
2158:Tucker (2008), p. 1320.
1819:Barrett (2005), p. 397.
1452:Studies in Intelligence
1421:Harford, James (1997).
1094:
412:(SAM) test site of the
398:Semipalatinsk Test Site
5065:Neoclassical economics
4576:Gulf of Sidra incident
4133:1969 Libyan revolution
3824:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3609:1954 Geneva Conference
3369:Turkish straits crisis
3364:Corfu Channel incident
2680:UPI (4 October 1981).
2430:The News International
1867:"U-2 Incident Exhibit"
1761:. (Santa Barbara, CA:
1547:6 January 2014 at the
1310:Pocock, Chris (2000).
1198:Hainan Island incident
845:. After the incident,
740:are on display at the
723:
683:
672:
624:
613:
610:Edwards Air Force Base
468:
460:
410:surface-to-air missile
240:surface-to-air missile
204:
193:
6054:Aerial reconnaissance
5915:Russia–NATO relations
5796:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5080:Democratic capitalism
5075:Supply-side economics
5043:American conservatism
4842:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4731:Bougainville conflict
4646:South Yemen civil war
4581:Martial law in Poland
4444:Nicaraguan Revolution
4419:Dirty War (Argentina)
4226:1971 JVP insurrection
4040:Years of Lead (Italy)
3918:North Yemen civil war
3836:Berlin Crisis of 1961
3812:Albanian–Soviet split
3744:1959 Tibetan uprising
3709:Syrian Crisis of 1957
3564:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
3424:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3134:is on display at the
3050:5 August 2009 at the
2948:Thompson, William J.
2835:. State College, PA:
2830:Khrushchev, Sergei N.
2451:, Routledge, p. 104.
1765:, 2008) pp. 1319–1320
1124:In January 2016, the
973:Strategic Air Command
893:, then passed on to "
718:
681:
668:
619:
607:
569:the previous summer.
466:
454:
278:U.S.-Soviet relations
220:aerial reconnaissance
214:was shot down by the
199:
188:
108:56.72639°N 60.98611°E
6034:Diplomatic incidents
5336:Non-Aligned Movement
4958:Peaceful coexistence
4912:North Borneo dispute
4827:German reunification
4822:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
4520:Salvadoran Civil War
4469:Grand Mosque seizure
4464:Yemenite War of 1979
4356:Mozambican Civil War
4311:Carnation Revolution
4266:Yemenite War of 1972
4204:1970 Polish protests
4035:1967 Hong Kong riots
4010:Argentine Revolution
3960:Guatemalan Civil War
3888:Cuban Missile Crisis
3802:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3674:1956 Poznań protests
3652:Geneva Summit (1955)
3254:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3233:Non-Aligned Movement
3012:25 July 2020 at the
2975:Secker & Warburg
2935:Simon & Schuster
2876:Columbia, Missouri:
2865:Pickett, William B.
2818:Geelhoed, E. Bruce.
2375:4 March 2012 at the
2104:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1341:"When Secrets Crash"
1193:Cuban Missile Crisis
1182:Analogous incidents:
1171:Cold War (1953–1962)
1017:agent who spied for
706:House Appropriations
657:Senate Majority Whip
338:Peshawar Air Station
317:Dwight D. Eisenhower
286:Pakistani government
262:Dwight D. Eisenhower
203:, pilot of the plane
5781:Alex von Tunzelmann
5771:Vladimir Tismăneanu
5696:Thomas J. McCormick
5691:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
5591:Robert Hugh Ferrell
5454:Crusade for Freedom
5251:Illiberal democracy
5135:Ho Chi Minh Thought
4938:Eisenhower Doctrine
4791:Peaceful Revolution
4786:Romanian Revolution
4766:Revolutions of 1989
4751:1988 Polish strikes
4661:Operation INFEKTION
4656:1987 Lieyu massacre
4561:Eritrean Civil Wars
4544:Peruvian Revolution
4494:1979 Herat uprising
4484:Sino-Vietnamese War
4449:Uganda–Tanzania War
4429:Egyptian–Libyan War
4396:Third Indochina War
4391:Sino-Albanian split
4381:Ethiopian Civil War
4281:Eritrean Civil Wars
4221:Ping-pong diplomacy
4194:Cambodian Civil War
4020:Korean DMZ Conflict
4005:Cultural Revolution
3975:Dominican Civil War
3953:Tlatelolco massacre
3739:1959 Mosul uprising
3729:1958 Lebanon crisis
3456:Al-Wathbah uprising
3379:First Indochina War
3349:Iran crisis of 1946
3016:, according to the
2568:. London: Collins.
2437:on 16 October 2008.
2380:The Defence Journal
2346:(3). Archived from
1664:7 June 2012 at the
1516:"Как сбили Пауэрса"
1462:on 24 December 2011
1375:Francis Gary Powers
1176:Operation Sandblast
1146:Soviet Union portal
519:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
515:Baikonur Cosmodrome
426:Baikonur Cosmodrome
228:Francis Gary Powers
201:Francis Gary Powers
155:Francis Gary Powers
104: /
6019:Cold War conflicts
5935:Russian Revolution
5731:Mary Elise Sarotte
5716:William B. Pickett
5641:Patrick J. Hearden
5621:Gabriel Gorodetsky
5616:Timothy Garton Ash
5601:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5196:Ethnic nationalism
4948:Hallstein Doctrine
4832:Yemeni unification
4621:1985 Geneva Summit
4586:Casamance conflict
4489:New Jewel Movement
4474:Iranian Revolution
4459:Chadian–Libyan War
4406:Cambodian conflict
4386:Lebanese Civil War
4376:Western Sahara War
4351:June 1976 protests
4346:Cambodian genocide
4111:17 July Revolution
4065:Nigerian Civil War
3980:Rhodesian Bush War
3965:Colombian conflict
3908:Ramadan Revolution
3647:Bandung Conference
3523:Operation Valuable
3404:Partition of India
3138:in Washington, DC.
2952:(1995) pp 220–230.
2735:7 May 2018 at the
2661:on 17 October 2009
2521:Lax, Mark (2010).
2114:. pp. 21–22.
1966:Russia, 1960/05/05
1756:Tucker, Spencer C.
1730:David M. Barrett,
1686:Orlov, Alexander.
1446:Oleg A. Bukharin.
1345:Air Force Magazine
995:reverse-engineered
909:Upon his capture,
859:Muhammad Ayub Khan
851:Khalid Mahmud Arif
684:
625:
614:
550:Yevgeniy Savitskiy
469:
461:
264:and Soviet leader
205:
194:
190:Universal Newsreel
113:56.72639; 60.98611
67:Aircraft shootdown
5966:
5965:
5953:List of conflicts
5801:Rudolph Winnacker
5746:Giles Scott-Smith
5721:Ronald E. Powaski
5676:Melvyn P. Leffler
5606:John Lewis Gaddis
5581:Robert D. English
5546:Warren H. Carroll
5536:Michael Beschloss
5505:Nuclear arms race
5486:
5485:
5392:Neues Deutschland
5294:
5293:
5276:White nationalism
5246:Liberal democracy
4983:Ulbricht Doctrine
4973:Brezhnev Doctrine
4781:Velvet Revolution
4525:Soviet–Afghan War
4341:Angolan Civil War
4138:Goulash Communism
3995:ASEAN Declaration
3948:Mexican Dirty War
3846:Annexation of Goa
3797:1960 U-2 incident
3771:Sino-Soviet split
3749:Laotian Civil War
3589:Bricker Amendment
3569:Mau Mau rebellion
3513:Malayan Emergency
3501:Chinese Civil War
3461:Tito–Stalin split
3315:Division of Korea
2538:978-1-920800-54-3
2410:978-0-8047-8480-1
2350:on 9 January 2013
2083:978-0-333-64227-6
2005:978-0-06-015565-0
1669:American Heritage
1495:978-0-340-14823-5
1363:U-2C, Article 360
1325:978-0-7643-1113-0
1159:Second-term curse
847:Nikita Khrushchev
763:Charles de Gaulle
646:Nikita Khrushchev
477:Incirlik Air Base
301:prisoner exchange
266:Nikita Khrushchev
251:Soviet government
186:
177:
176:
82:Sverdlovsk Oblast
35:1960 U-2 incident
16:(Redirected from
6081:
6029:Combat incidents
5989:1960 in politics
5711:David S. Painter
5636:John Earl Haynes
5566:Nicholas J. Cull
5551:Adrian Cioroianu
5531:Thomas A. Bailey
5478:Voice of America
5369:
5368:
5281:White separatism
5261:Social democracy
5256:Guided democracy
5236:Authoritarianism
5186:Ultranationalism
5176:Anti-imperialism
5103:Marxism–Leninism
5016:
5015:
5003:Kinmen Agreement
4968:Johnson Doctrine
4953:Kennedy Doctrine
4869:Frozen conflicts
4852:1991 August Coup
4741:Afghan Civil War
4636:Reykjavík Summit
4631:Somali Rebellion
4571:Ugandan Bush War
4549:Gdańsk Agreement
4070:Protests of 1968
4050:War of Attrition
3759:Cuban Revolution
3695:We will bury you
3662:Cyprus Emergency
3642:Kashmir Princess
3632:Jebel Akhdar War
3481:Western betrayal
3166:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3125:Internet Archive
3112:Internet Archive
3099:Internet Archive
3086:Internet Archive
3073:Internet Archive
2955:Watry, David M.
2837:Penn State Press
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2751:
2745:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2657:. Archived from
2646:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2392:
2383:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2306:
2285:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2213:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:. Archived from
1683:
1672:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1238:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1111:James B. Donovan
1101:Steven Spielberg
971:variant for the
928:Glienicke Bridge
767:Harold Macmillan
372:(CIA). With the
354:Peshawar Airport
325:Feroze Khan Noon
187:
165:1; Soviet pilot
140:Executed by
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
52:
32:
31:
21:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6078:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5939:
5930:Second Cold War
5888:
5816:
5810:
5786:Odd Arne Westad
5776:Patrick Vaughan
5761:Athan Theoharis
5741:Ellen Schrecker
5726:Yakov M. Rabkin
5701:Timothy Naftali
5646:Tvrtko Jakovina
5631:Jussi Hanhimäki
5514:
5492:
5482:
5460:Paix et Liberté
5435:
5379:Active measures
5360:
5290:
5271:White supremacy
5231:Totalitarianism
5159:
5084:
5007:
4993:Reagan Doctrine
4988:Carter Doctrine
4928:Truman Doctrine
4916:
4863:
4795:
4690:Soviet reaction
4601:Ndogboyosoi War
4508:
4479:Saur Revolution
4306:1973 oil crisis
4271:Munich massacre
4179:Alcora Exercise
4174:Black September
4152:
3898:Sino-Indian War
3792:Simba rebellion
3775:
3619:Capture of the
3527:
3466:Berlin Blockade
3399:May 1947 crises
3389:Truman Doctrine
3354:Greek Civil War
3343:Blacklist Forty
3310:Gouzenko Affair
3297:Cursed soldiers
3249:Morgenthau Plan
3237:
3175:
3170:
3117:The short film
3104:The short film
3091:The short film
3078:The short film
3065:The short film
3052:Wayback Machine
3031:– slideshow by
3014:Wayback Machine
2992:
2959:. Baton Rouge:
2929:Taubman, Phil.
2910:Pocock, Chris.
2895:. Osceola, WI:
2891:Pocock, Chris.
2815:
2813:Further reading
2810:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2737:Wayback Machine
2727:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:Wayback Machine
2470:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2393:
2386:
2377:Wayback Machine
2368:Hamid Hussain.
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2332:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2286:
2282:
2268:Verbatim Report
2262:
2258:
2244:Verbatim Report
2238:
2234:
2220:Verbatim Report
2214:
2210:
2196:Verbatim Report
2190:
2186:
2172:Verbatim Report
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2102:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1906:. 17 May 1960.
1898:
1897:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1694:on 13 July 2006
1684:
1675:
1666:Wayback Machine
1656:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1627:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1549:Wayback Machine
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1482:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1308:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1253:on 25 July 2020
1239:
1235:
1231:
1218:Rudolf Anderson
1144:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1106:Bridge of Spies
1097:
1088:Fletcher Prouty
1085:
1083:Fletcher Prouty
1059:
1037:of his unarmed
1031:
1007:
948:
907:
834:
802:
794:Walter Cronkite
759:
754:
710:Clarence Cannon
602:
586:Sergei Safronov
556:if necessary".
521:, then land at
449:
424:missile range (
394:Pamir Mountains
366:Royal Air Force
323:prime minister
313:
179:
167:Sergei Safronov
112:
110:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
89:
88:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6087:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:Timothy Snyder
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5686:Vojtech Mastny
5683:
5681:Geir Lundestad
5678:
5673:
5671:Walter Laqueur
5668:
5666:Walter LaFeber
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:André Fontaine
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5526:Gar Alperovitz
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Third-Worldism
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:Libertarianism
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5033:Chicago school
5030:
5024:
5022:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Nixon Doctrine
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4921:Foreign policy
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:Operation RYAN
4703:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:Able Archer 83
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Oromo conflict
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Yom Kippur War
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3933:Aden Emergency
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Papua conflict
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3754:Kitchen Debate
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Sputnik crisis
3711:
3706:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3684:Polish October
3681:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Pact of Madrid
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3539:Bamboo Curtain
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3058:
3042:
3037:
3026:
3021:
3004:
2991:
2990:External links
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:978-0436566035
2964:
2953:
2946:
2927:
2924:978-0764323461
2914:. Atglen, PA:
2908:
2905:978-0879383930
2889:
2886:978-0826217479
2863:
2848:
2845:978-0271019277
2827:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2777:
2746:
2721:
2703:
2672:
2638:
2631:
2613:
2579:
2556:
2537:
2531:. p. 15.
2513:
2487:
2461:
2457:978-0815337218
2440:
2416:
2409:
2403:. p. 43.
2384:
2361:
2326:
2323:. p. 243.
2307:
2280:
2256:
2232:
2208:
2184:
2160:
2148:
2139:
2120:
2089:
2082:
2064:
2035:
2011:
2004:
1980:
1956:
1921:
1888:
1858:
1833:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1673:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1588:
1580:
1562:
1553:
1533:
1501:
1494:
1473:
1438:
1431:
1413:
1381:
1331:
1324:
1314:. Atglen, PA:
1293:
1280:
1264:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1130:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1058:
1055:
1051:aerial ramming
1030:
1029:Igor Mentyukov
1027:
1011:Oleg Penkovsky
1006:
1005:Later versions
1003:
988:unmanned drone
947:
944:
906:
903:
882:
881:
863:Andrei Gromyko
839:
838:
833:
830:
801:
798:
758:
755:
753:
750:
653:Mike Mansfield
601:
598:
531:Chelyabinsk-65
496:Francis Powers
448:
445:
402:Dolon Air Base
374:United Kingdom
312:
309:
175:
174:
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6086:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
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6050:
6047:
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6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
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6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:War on terror
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:Espionage and
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:Andrew Thorpe
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Gabriel Kolko
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Fred Halliday
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5611:Lloyd Gardner
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Norman Davies
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:John Costello
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5491:Technological
5489:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:Pro-communist
5370:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:Organizations
5297:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Eurocommunism
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:Domino theory
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:South Ossetia
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:8888 Uprising
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Iran–Iraq War
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Falklands War
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:NDF Rebellion
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:German Autumn
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Metapolitefsi
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4082:Prague Spring
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Al-Wadiah War
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:12-3 incident
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3818:
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3607:
3605:
3604:Domino theory
3602:
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3599:Petrov Affair
3597:
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3476:Madiun Affair
3474:
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3436:Marshall Plan
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3185:United States
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3034:Life magazine
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2850:Miller, Jay.
2849:
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2121:9780674988484
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2100:
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2068:
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2023:
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2015:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1944:
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1936:
1930:
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1926:
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1644:0-394-54124-3
1640:
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1581:0-8157-0102-0
1577:
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1432:0-471-14853-9
1428:
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1136:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:feature film
1102:
1099:In 2015, the
1092:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:Selmer Nilsen
1057:Selmer Nilsen
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
986:
985:Lockheed D-21
982:
981:Lockheed A-12
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
887:Vilhelm Evang
879:
878:
877:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
855:Pakistan Army
852:
848:
844:
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
822:Anpo protests
818:
815:
810:
806:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
768:
764:
749:
747:
743:
739:
738:survival pack
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
696:
692:
689:
680:
676:
671:
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664:
660:
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649:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
623:
618:
611:
606:
597:
595:
594:1 May holiday
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
575:silver dollar
570:
568:
563:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:Extreme North
543:
539:
534:
532:
529:, then named
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:sites at the
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
490:
487:transport. A
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
458:
453:
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438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
387:
382:
381:compromised.
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
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294:
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267:
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258:
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248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
202:
198:
191:
172:
171:friendly fire
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5925:Brinkmanship
5817:intelligence
5706:Marius Oprea
5656:Harvey Klehr
5586:Herbert Feis
5576:Willem Drees
5541:Archie Brown
5458:
5446:
5428:
5418:Trybuna Ludu
5416:
5409:
5405:Radio Moscow
5397:
5390:
5383:
5211:Anti-Zionism
5127:
5050:Keynesianism
5038:Conservatism
4902:Transnistria
4882:China-Taiwan
4539:Gera Demands
4412:
4213:
4088:
3893:El Porteñazo
3796:
3787:Congo Crisis
3702:
3637:Algerian War
3620:
3496:Western Bloc
3491:Eastern Bloc
3486:Iron Curtain
3342:
3334:
3326:
3303:
3283:
3275:
3192:Soviet Union
3190:
3183:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3032:
2998:
2970:
2956:
2949:
2933:. New York:
2930:
2911:
2892:
2871:
2851:
2832:
2819:
2799:. Retrieved
2791:BBC magazine
2790:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2759:
2749:
2740:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2654:
2622:
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2593:
2582:
2565:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2523:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2490:
2449:The Cold War
2448:
2443:
2435:the original
2428:
2419:
2396:
2382:, June 2002.
2379:
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2343:
2339:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2106:
2073:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2026:. Retrieved
2020:
2014:
1990:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1938:
1912:. Retrieved
1903:
1879:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1836:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1758:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1668:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1602:. Retrieved
1591:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1485:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1451:
1441:
1422:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1362:
1360:
1353:. Retrieved
1344:
1334:
1311:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1246:
1236:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1163:
1126:BBC magazine
1123:
1104:
1098:
1086:
1071:
1060:
1047:
1032:
1008:
992:
949:
936:East Germany
908:
905:Pilot's fate
899:
894:
883:
867:
840:
824:against the
819:
811:
807:
803:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
735:
731:
727:
724:
719:
703:
699:
691:Allen Dulles
685:
673:
669:
665:
661:
650:
626:
583:
571:
558:
535:
506:
502:
500:
489:US Air Force
473:Lockheed U-2
470:
456:
430:
391:
383:
358:
314:
290:
259:
255:surveillance
244:
222:deep inside
206:
86:Soviet Union
56:Lockheed U-2
40:Part of the
29:
18:U-2 incident
5751:Shen Zhihua
5561:Michael Cox
5493:competition
5440:Pro-Western
5430:Soviet Life
5356:Safari Club
5326:Warsaw Pact
5181:Nationalism
5171:Imperialism
5070:Reaganomics
4933:Containment
4726:Perestroika
4215:Realpolitik
4045:Six-Day War
4030:Greek junta
3841:Berlin Wall
3689:Suez Crisis
3657:Vietnam War
3544:McCarthyism
3359:Baruch Plan
3304:Unthinkable
3264:Dekemvriana
3203:Warsaw Pact
3130:A piece of
2967:West, Nigel
2696:30 November
2303: S/4321
1881:10 February
1851:10 December
1604:31 December
1466:18 December
1355:18 February
1119:handicrafts
1067:Ian Fleming
1039:Sukhoi Su-9
999:Beriev S-13
940:West Berlin
930:connecting
924:Rudolf Abel
911:Gary Powers
891:Nils Handal
378:Suez Crisis
305:Rudolf Abel
297:hard labour
111: /
5973:Categories
5519:Historians
5510:Space Race
5411:Rudé právo
5365:Propaganda
5221:Neo-Nazism
5191:Chauvinism
5145:Trotskyism
5060:Monetarism
5028:Liberalism
5020:Capitalism
5012:Ideologies
4963:Ostpolitik
4686:Solidarity
4651:Toyota War
4554:Solidarity
4411:Operation
4366:Ogaden War
4055:Dhofar War
3943:Shifta War
3701:Operation
3549:Korean War
3341:Operation
3333:Operation
3325:Operation
3302:Operation
3282:Operation
3274:Operation
2973:. London:
2950:Khrushchev
2943:0684856999
2860:0942548043
2822:. Norman:
1229:References
1035:slipstream
916:hard labor
567:Sverdlovsk
562:S-75 Dvina
507:GRAND SLAM
420:, and the
418:Saryshagan
311:Background
274:Camp David
236:Sverdlovsk
162:Casualties
135:1 May 1960
99:60°59′10″E
96:56°43′35″N
5806:Ken Young
5651:Tony Judt
5500:Arms race
5473:Red Scare
5341:NN States
5286:Apartheid
5241:Autocracy
5150:Stalinism
5118:Guevarism
5108:Castroism
5098:Communism
5090:Socialism
4616:Star Wars
4209:Koza riot
3335:Beleaguer
3327:Masterdom
2801:4 January
2595:The Times
2354:21 August
1698:8 January
1272:Amjad Ali
1115:Tom Hanks
1061:In 1981,
920:exchanged
914:years of
752:Aftermath
637:autopilot
579:saxitoxin
321:Pakistani
293:espionage
212:spy plane
124:Objective
5958:Timeline
5948:Category
5893:See also
5385:Izvestia
5226:Islamism
5123:Hoxhaism
4998:Rollback
4877:Abkhazia
4817:Gulf War
4721:Glasnost
4091:incident
3861:Sand War
3719:Ifni War
3228:Rio Pact
3173:Cold War
3048:Archived
3010:Archived
2977:, 1991.
2937:, 2003.
2918:, 2005.
2899:, 1989.
2839:, 2000.
2795:Archived
2764:Archived
2733:Archived
2690:Archived
2600:Archived
2543:Archived
2500:Archived
2475:Archived
2373:Archived
2292:Document
2276:S/PV/860
2252:S/PV/860
2228:S/PV/859
2204:S/PV/858
2180:S/PV/857
2126:Archived
2051:Archived
1943:Archived
1908:Archived
1904:BBC News
1875:Archived
1763:ABC-CLIO
1662:Archived
1614:cite web
1545:Archived
1520:Archived
1397:Archived
1367:flameout
1349:Archived
1276:Glimpses
1165:General:
1132:See also
837:Pakistan
693:and the
642:cover-up
481:Peshawar
422:Tyuratam
362:Cold War
342:Peshawar
282:Cold War
232:Peshawar
157:captured
72:Location
42:Cold War
5448:Amerika
5331:Comecon
5216:Fascism
5206:Zionism
5155:Titoism
4696:Contras
4164:Détente
3441:Comecon
2963:, 2014.
2826:, 2020.
2770:4 April
2742:Variety
2716:YouTube
2665:20 June
2574:2714427
2549:22 June
2298:.
2274:.
2250:.
2226:.
2202:.
2178:.
1939:NPR.org
1526:4 April
1406:27 June
969:FB-111A
932:Potsdam
870:Badaber
853:of the
538:Siberia
503:56–6693
441:Zahedan
334:Badaber
150:Outcome
5399:Pravda
5201:Racism
5140:Maoism
4892:Kosovo
4413:Condor
4089:Pueblo
4075:May 68
3703:Gladio
3621:Tuapse
3284:Jungle
3276:Priboi
2981:
2941:
2922:
2903:
2884:
2858:
2843:
2629:
2572:
2535:
2506:2 June
2455:
2407:
2294:
2270:
2246:
2222:
2198:
2174:
2132:7 June
2118:
2080:
2057:22 May
2028:22 May
2002:
1973:22 May
1949:22 May
1914:22 May
1641:
1578:
1492:
1429:
1371:Atsugi
1322:
1257:21 May
1043:MiG-19
1023:MiG-19
977:Corona
975:. The
880:Norway
708:Chair
655:, the
644:plan.
633:Turkey
435:and a
433:MiG-19
404:where
400:, the
224:Soviet
78:Aramil
5884:Stasi
5351:SAARC
5346:ASEAN
5311:SEATO
5164:Other
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