31:
427:
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43:
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pp. 128–131. Some were released, either becoming part of Roman society or returning home to rule as a Roman client. Others might be kept in custody as they were before the triumph, that is, not in the
Tullianum or any other dungeon, but under the close scrutiny of Roman officials and away from other
239:
in facilities such as the
Tullianum was intended to be a temporary measure prior to trial or execution; abuses of this principle occurred but were officially censured. Located near the law courts, the Tullianum was used as a jail or holding cell for short periods before executions and as a site for
741:
The Roman triumph emphasized splendor and the nobility and ethnicity of captives, sometimes in chains, sometimes not: "The successful general accrues little glory for representing his victory as won by thrashing a mangy band of feeble and unimpressive suppliants. The best conquests are won against
283:
There is no evidence that the
Tullianum was used for long-term incarceration, and the lowest dungeon was unsuited for the purpose; the level above, however, in theory might have been. In general, long-term incarceration was more widely practiced in the later Empire, and from the 4th century, under
409:
points out that the spring had existed long before, and that there is little first hand account of St. Peter's imprisonment there other than being the only single celled prison available for VIPs deemed threats to the state. Saint Paul was a
248:, were held briefly in the Tullianum and executed there for their alleged plot to overthrow the government. In this case, the executions were conducted hastily, without due process of appeal, during the consulship of
303:. The line between being a war captive and a hostage lawfully held by treaty was thin, and conditions of captivity could vary widely, from abject misery and humiliation to relative luxury. As a prisoner of war,
319:'s house in Rome, where he could be trotted out as a dinner-party guest. The Tullianum only rarely played a role in these detentions. Captured foreign rulers or generals were paraded in a Roman conqueror's
873:
Laney, J.C. (2019). "Paul's
Travels After Acts (Rom 15:24; Phil 1:25; 2:24; Phlm 22; 1 Tim 1:3; 3:14; 2 Tim 1:16–17; 4:6–8,13,20; Titus 1:5; 3:12)". In Beitzel, B.J.; Parks, J.; Mangum, D. (eds.).
403:
It has been long referenced that St. Peter was imprisoned at the
Tullianum, and that the spring in the bottom of the pit came into existence miraculously to enable him to conduct baptisms, but the
384:. It is not known when the prison went out of service permanently, but the site has been used for Christian worship since medieval times, and is currently occupied by two superimposed churches:
360:'s triumph, or he may have died in prison several days afterward. Most high-status war captives were neither executed nor held for any substantial length of time in the Tullianum.
295:
means "the" Carcer, or imprisonment in some other facility. High-status prisoners, whether Roman or foreign, were typically held in the custody of individual Romans, sometimes at
323:, and on a few occasions the "most prominent, famous, or dastardly" were executed afterward at the Tullianum. These were "strikingly few" in number, and included the
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was employed for the retention of prisoners awaiting trial or punishment," but "any tendency for it to be used as a place of sentence was always resisted") and
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tough and worthy opponents, not against those who look as though they could not have put up much of a fight in the first place." For an overview, see
891:
921:
166:"a jet of water", in reference to the cistern. The name "Mamertine" is medieval in origin, and may be a reference to a nearby temple of Mars.
1382:
848:
522:, Jewish revolutionary leader. Captured in Judea and brought to Rome to be displayed during the triumphal procession. Executed in 70 AD.
139:
The origins of the prison's names are uncertain. The traditional derivation of "Tullianum" is from the name of one of the Roman kings
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at the mills, mines or quarries. Slaves or lower-status citizens sentenced to hard labor were held in prison camps.
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261:
441:
430:
Gravestone in
Mamertine Prison, with the names of illustrious prisoners who were locked up, awaiting execution.
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Although Saint Paul is said to have been held in
Mamertine Prison, he awaited trial in a house in the southern
750:(Harvard University Press, 2007), chapter 4, "Captives on Parade," pp. 107–142, quotations on pp. 128 and 134.
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for a spring in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered through an opening into the lower
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1060:
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510:, guards from the same prison. After being baptized by St. Peter, both were imprisoned awaiting execution.
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516:, soldier and confidant of the Emperor Tiberius. Fell from power, was imprisoned there and then executed.
88:. It is said to have been built in the 7th century BC and was situated on the northeastern slope of the
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1000:
690:
Rome and Her
Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine A. Geffcken
494:, imprisoned there before being crucified. Performed baptisms in a spring at the bottom of the pit.
197:
1118:
743:
594:, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine," in
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482:, tetrarch of Galatia. Imprisoned there for having put all Roman colonists to death at Heracleia.
392:(lower). The Cross on the altar in the lower chapel is upside down, since according to tradition
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The entrance to the prison records that Saint Peter and Saint Paul were imprisoned there
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indicate a growing need to crack down on abuses such as filthy conditions and torture.
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476:, leader of the Gauls during the Gallic War. Executed at Caesar's Triumph in 46 BC.
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Edward M. Peters, "Prison before the Prison: The
Ancient and Medieval Worlds," in
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Christian rule, Roman laws and occasional personal intervention on the part of an
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Ann Thomas
Wilkins, "Sallust's Tullianum: Reality, Description, and Beyond," in
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The Mamertine Prison in Rome, with an altar commemorating the imprisonment of
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The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in West Society
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Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Society and Culture in the Roman Empire
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was held in the Tullianum before his baroque execution, which involved the
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According to tradition, the prison was constructed around 640–616 BC, by
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Catholic Encyclopedia on the prison and related Christian traditions
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Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue
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In some cases, it is unclear whether a source using the word
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444:, Catiline co-conspirator. Executed with other conspirators.
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p. 23; Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour," p. 122 ("the
598:(University of North Carolina Press, 2004), vol. 2, p. 131.
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148:
875:
Lexham Geographic Commentary on Acts through Revelation
488:, King of Numidia. Died of starvation there in 104 BC.
159:); there is an alternative theory that it is from the
421:
896:(Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)
620:
Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour," pp. 123, 131
834:(New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910), vol. 9,
732:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 170.
849:"Archeologists find evidence of St Peter's prison"
264:include a timely death in jail during trial. Some
500:is believed to have been imprisoned there during
454:in his cell and died before he could be executed.
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633:Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour," p. 122ff.
710:Peters, "Prison before the Prison," pp. 19–22.
1378:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome
730:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher
356:, may have been executed at the conclusion of
966:
464:. Arrested then exiled after fall from power.
307:was placed in a foul, overcrowded dungeon at
877:. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press. p. 461.
262:conflicting accounts of the end of Pleminius
914:Virtual tour to the prison and surroundings
450:, Gracchan sympathizer, hit his head on an
1354:
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959:
719:Peters, "Prison before the Prison," p. 18.
701:Peters, "Prison before the Prison," p. 19.
1031:Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)
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830:Maurice Hassett, "Mamertine Prison," in
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252:, who was later exiled for his actions.
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611:(Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 14.
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280:and died before he could be executed.
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817:in Rome: Families and Housefuls," in
276:Herennius Siculus hit his head on an
1383:Crime and punishment in ancient Rome
1359:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
790:prisoners they might incite: Beard,
677:Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome
644:Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome
580:Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome
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692:(Bolchazy-Carducci, 2000), p. 108.
422:People imprisoned at the Tullianum
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208:. "Detention", however, includes
173:. It was originally created as a
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996:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
131:now stands above the Mamertine.
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561:(Profile Books, 2009) p. 128,
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246:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
847:Squires, Nick (25 June 2010).
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502:his final imprisonment in Rome
240:executions. In 63 BC, certain
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268:sympathizers ended up in the
112:. Located between it and the
821:(Eerdmans, 2003), p. 3.
34:Prison of the Holy Apostles
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1011:Temple of Castor and Pollux
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242:co-conspirators of Catiline
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582:(Routledge, 1996), p. 23.
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192:was not a sentence under
1388:Defunct prisons in Italy
1056:Temple of Venus and Roma
1051:Shrine of Venus Cloacina
1001:Temple of Divus Augustus
216:; the wearing of chains
147:(the latter is found in
116:(record house) were the
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904:in Hülsen's Foro Romano
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380:that became the church
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406:Catholic Encyclopedia
390:San Pietro in Carcere
382:San Paolo alla Regola
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122:Arx of the Capitoline
48:Saints Peter and Paul
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1167:Arch of Constantine
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578:Richard A. Bauman,
204:and throughout the
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1214:Clivus Capitolinus
1108:Basilica Sempronia
942:41.89333; 12.48444
787:The Roman Triumph,
761:The Roman Triumph,
728:W. Jeffrey Tatum,
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398:crucified that way
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339:"Cilician" pirates
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237:(publica custodia)
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458:Quintus Pleminius
448:Herennius Siculus
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96:and the imperial
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760:
755:
747:
737:
729:
724:
715:
706:
697:
689:
684:
679:, pp. 27–38.
676:
671:
663:
658:
647:
643:
638:
629:
621:
616:
608:
603:
595:
587:
579:
574:
558:
553:
404:
402:
388:(upper) and
375:
292:
290:
282:
272:, where the
269:
244:, including
236:
234:
226:Imperial era
217:
210:debt bondage
190:Imprisonment
188:
168:
163:
138:
126:
86:ancient Rome
75:
71:
67:
55:
53:
38:(Mamertinum)
1393:Roman Forum
1338:Velian Hill
1298:Lapis Niger
1276:Curia Julia
982:Roman Forum
940: /
858:22 December
492:Saint Peter
394:Saint Peter
309:Alba Fucens
297:their homes
155:, and also
1372:Categories
1328:Tabularium
928:12°29′04″E
925:41°53′36″N
796:et passim.
744:Mary Beard
545:References
462:propraetor
452:architrave
352:, king of
341:, and the
278:architrave
260:, and the
230:hard labor
114:Tabularium
1219:Via Sacra
1086:Basilicas
776:, p. 130.
622:et passim
533:Lautumiae
480:Adiatorix
346:Adiatorix
198:detention
196:, though
179:oubliette
106:Vespasian
77:oubliette
68:Tullianum
18:Tullianum
1343:Vulcanal
1250:Comitium
900:Chapter
675:Bauman,
666:, p. 79.
662:Watkin,
642:Bauman,
527:See also
486:Jugurtha
350:Jugurtha
343:Galatian
313:Tigranes
274:haruspex
266:Gracchan
110:Augustus
82:Comitium
1202:Streets
1176:Columns
989:Temples
815:Insulae
785:Beard,
772:Beard,
759:Beard,
652:p. 130.
514:Sejanus
354:Numidia
337:, some
325:Samnite
321:triumph
317:praetor
286:emperor
254:Sejanus
212:in the
175:cistern
164:tullius
157:Sallust
60:Italian
1323:Rostra
1140:Arches
902:Carcer
893:Carcer
648:carcer
565:
358:Marius
330:, the
293:carcer
270:Carcer
250:Cicero
222:slaves
206:Digest
108:, and
98:forums
72:carcer
1318:Regia
1261:Curia
1238:Other
811:Domus
153:Varro
102:Nerva
94:Curia
50:there
860:2018
813:and
563:ISBN
416:Nero
396:was
332:Gaul
149:Livy
54:The
809:, "
299:or
185:Use
143:or
100:of
84:in
1374::
851:.
746:,
460:,
418:.
400:.
348:.
181:.
151:,
124:.
104:,
62::
1252:(
1122:)
1116:(
1110:)
1106:(
1100:)
1096:(
1072:)
1068:(
1047:)
1043:(
1017:)
1013:(
974:e
967:t
960:v
862:.
624:.
569:.
504:.
58:(
20:)
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