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In addition to its standard function as a marketplace, a forum was a gathering place of great social significance, and often the scene of diverse activities, including political discussions and debates, rendezvous, meetings, et cetera. In that case, it supplemented the function of a
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of the modern town, which may have originated from a number of different types of ancient civic centers, or more likely was its own type. While similar in use and function to fora, most were created in the Middle Ages and are often not a part of the original city footprint.
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used for open stalls. Many fora were constructed at remote locations along a road by the magistrate responsible for the road, in which case the forum was the only settlement at the site and had its own name, such as
279:, or covered walkway, where the stalls of open-air vendors might be located in bad weather. Note the semi-circular shape and traces of a central podium, similar in function to a theatre.
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whether Latin, Italic, Etruscan, Greek, Celtic, or other. The first forums were sited between independent villages in the period, known only through archaeology. After the rise of the
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itself—served as a model of new construction. By the time of the late
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In new Roman towns the forum was usually located at, or just off, the intersection of the main north–south and east–west streets (the
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in 55 BC. His theatre included a massive forum behind the theatre arcades known as the
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Other major fora are found in Italy. However, they are not to be confused with the
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This article is about the type of ancient civic center. For other uses, see
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554:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 12.
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Abbott, Frank Frost; Johnson, Allan
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222:) had a forum. Fora were the first of any civitas
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1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Julius Paulus
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Fabius Pictor
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Amphitheatres
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Deforestation
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Siege engines
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Establishment
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:Extraordinary
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Promagistrate
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
892:
890:
886:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:Twelve Tables
847:
846:
844:
842:
838:
832:
829:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
762:
758:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
681:
679:
675:
669:
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
642:
640:
636:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
613:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
583:
576:
571:
567:
566:
553:
552:
544:
537:
533:
529:
526:
520:
516:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
465:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
358:
354:
350:
347:
345:
344:MĂ©rida, Spain
341:
337:
334:
332:
328:
324:
321:
319:
315:
312:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
278:
274:
271:The Forum of
269:
265:
262:
257:
254:
249:
245:
241:
240:Pompey Magnus
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
219:
209:
204:
200:
198:
197:
196:conciliabulum
185:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
147:
139:
135:
131:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2467:Institutions
2331:Leptis Magna
2284:Major cities
2191:Philostratus
1978:Quadrigarius
1798:Rufus Festus
1661:Contemporary
1382:Romanization
1305:Architecture
912:Collegiality
901:
761:Constitution
612:Ancient Rome
550:
543:
535:
531:
527:
519:
502:
483:Amphitheatre
430:Civic center
403:Roman temple
369:
363:
361:
282:
258:
213:
194:
191:
178:Forum Popili
157:
153:
145:
137:
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2462:Geographers
2146:Dioscorides
2126:Cassius Dio
1748:Cassiodorus
1651:Renaissance
1257:Agriculture
1229:Auxiliaries
1170:Engineering
1007:Magistrates
859:Citizenship
854:Mos maiorum
789:Late Empire
455:Town square
398:Roman baths
232:Roman Forum
208:Roman Forum
2542:Categories
2351:Mediolanum
2291:Alexandria
2256:Themistius
2221:Porphyrius
2048:Tertullian
1983:Quintilian
1973:Propertius
1868:Lactantius
1818:Fulgentius
1753:Censorinus
1575:Sanitation
1560:Metallurgy
1517:Technology
1482:Demography
1430:Patricians
1397:Spectacles
1355:Literature
1350:Hairstyles
1187:Technology
937:Praefectus
889:Government
879:Litigation
864:Auctoritas
809:Centuriate
696:Principate
691:Pax Romana
651:Foundation
511:References
493:Hippodrome
224:synoecized
218:municipium
182:Forum Livi
165:municipium
148:; English
106:April 2013
76:newspapers
2507:Quaestors
2437:Empresses
2427:Dynasties
2417:Dictators
2392:and other
2381:Volubilis
2376:Vindobona
2336:Londinium
2261:Theodoret
2231:Procopius
2211:Polyaenus
2186:Pausanias
2088:Vitruvius
2033:Symmachus
2028:Suetonius
1938:Petronius
1923:Obsequens
1888:Macrobius
1883:Lucretius
1808:Frontinus
1783:Eutropius
1768:Columella
1718:Augustine
1708:Appuleius
1656:Neo-Latin
1631:Classical
1622:Versions
1530:Aqueducts
1472:Patronage
1392:Sexuality
1365:Mythology
1340:Education
1330:Cosmetics
1155:Campaigns
1150:Structure
1103:Decemviri
962:Imperator
661:overthrow
371:decumanus
188:Functions
167:, or any
152:: either
2512:Tribunes
2502:Praetors
2452:Generals
2432:Emperors
2341:Lugdunum
2326:Eboracum
2316:Carthage
2301:Aquileia
2216:Polybius
2206:Plutarch
2176:Libanius
2166:Josephus
2161:Herodian
2053:Tibullus
1968:Priscian
1943:Phaedrus
1903:Manilius
1848:Jordanes
1833:Hydatius
1763:Claudian
1743:Catullus
1733:Boëthius
1728:Ausonius
1646:Medieval
1618:Alphabet
1590:Theatres
1565:Numerals
1550:Concrete
1540:Circuses
1507:Bagaudae
1497:Adoption
1492:Marriage
1465:Assembly
1370:Religion
1345:Folklore
1325:Clothing
1320:Calendar
1277:Currency
1267:Commerce
1165:Strategy
1127:Military
1113:Triumvir
1093:Dictator
1088:Interrex
1067:Governor
1052:Quaestor
1015:Ordinary
997:Province
987:Tetrarch
977:Augustus
942:Vicarius
932:Officium
869:Imperium
819:Plebeian
779:Republic
701:Dominate
668:Republic
629:Timeline
528:*dĘ°worom
461:See also
393:Macellum
388:Basilica
376:basilica
300:Bulgaria
2482:Legions
2442:Fiction
2412:Consuls
2407:Climate
2361:Ravenna
2356:Pompeii
2346:Lutetia
2311:Bononia
2306:Berytus
2296:Antioch
2271:Zosimus
2266:Zonaras
2241:Sozomen
2226:Priscus
2201:Photius
2043:Terence
2038:Tacitus
2023:Statius
2008:Servius
1993:Sallust
1948:Plautus
1928:Orosius
1908:Martial
1863:Juvenal
1838:Hyginus
1823:Gellius
1682:Writers
1613:History
1595:Thermae
1585:Temples
1535:Bridges
1502:Slavery
1450:Equites
1422:Society
1402:Theatre
1375:Deities
1335:Cuisine
1315:Bathing
1297:Culture
1272:Finance
1249:Economy
1140:Borders
1135:History
1037:Tribune
1032:Praetor
922:Legatus
917:Emperor
804:Curiate
774:Kingdom
769:History
745:History
728:decline
686:History
656:Kingdom
639:History
624:Outline
445:Plateia
331:Lebanon
296:Plovdiv
169:civitas
90:scholar
2492:Nomina
2477:Legacy
2457:Gentes
2394:topics
2390:Lists
2371:Smyrna
2251:Strabo
2181:Lucian
2171:Julian
2121:Arrian
2116:Appian
2106:Aelian
2083:Vergil
1858:Justin
1843:Jerome
1828:Horace
1813:Fronto
1803:Florus
1778:Ennius
1758:Cicero
1738:Caesar
1636:Vulgar
1460:Tribes
1387:Romans
1197:Legion
1180:castra
1057:Aedile
1027:Censor
1022:Consul
982:Caesar
952:Lictor
874:Status
814:Tribal
794:Senate
784:Empire
678:Empire
614:topics
440:Piazza
327:Beirut
285:Empire
273:Jerash
261:piazza
158:forums
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2156:Galen
2098:Greek
2068:Varro
1878:Lucan
1690:Latin
1605:Latin
1580:Ships
1570:Roads
1555:Domes
1487:Women
1435:Plebs
1360:Music
902:Forum
897:Curia
536:dvorĹ
523:From
450:Plaza
425:Agora
365:cardo
336:Forum
323:Forum
314:Forum
305:Forum
292:Forum
173:stoas
162:Roman
138:forum
134:Latin
130:forum
97:JSTOR
83:books
2472:Laws
2447:Film
2366:Roma
1933:Ovid
1873:Livy
1641:Late
1455:Gens
1412:Wine
1224:Navy
1192:Army
831:SPQR
733:fall
711:fall
532:door
368:and
351:and
338:and
277:stoa
236:Rome
206:The
154:fora
146:fora
69:news
1626:Old
1310:Art
1083:Rex
927:Dux
841:Law
355:of
342:of
325:of
316:of
307:of
294:of
234:in
180:or
156:or
150:pl.
142:pl.
52:by
2544::
329:,
298:,
199:.
184:.
144::
136::
128:A
604:e
597:t
590:v
250:(
132:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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