518:
obligated to accept no more than seventy-five percent of its passive quota. Since the overall annual passive quota for the United States is 42, this means that it was obligated to accept no more than 31 observation flights a year during this three-year period. Only two flights were requested over the United States during 2005, by the
Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus group of states parties (which functions as a single entity for quota allocation purposes). The United States is entitled to 8 of the 31 annual flights available over Russia/Belarus. Additionally, the United States is entitled to one flight over Ukraine, which is shared with Canada.
412:
648:
Sweden); Sweden – three (one joint with
Georgia); U.S. – three; Latvia; Lithuania; Romania; Slovenia; and Yugoslavia. Also since 2002, the U.K. has undertaken a total of 51 open skies missions – 38 were quota missions to the following countries: Ukraine (five); Georgia (seven); and Russia (26); 13 missions were training missions to the following nations: Bulgaria; Yugoslavia; Estonia; Slovenia (three); Sweden (three); US; Latvia, Lithuania, and the Benelux. The flights cost approximately £50,000 per operational mission, and approximately £25,000 for training missions with an approximate annual cost of £175,000.
1119:
populate this world of ours." In this spirit of good will, Eisenhower presented the
Soviets with his Open Skies proposal. In it he proposed that each side provide full descriptions of all their military facilities and allow for aerial inspections to insure the information was correct. The Soviets rejected the proposal. Eisenhower was disappointed, but not surprised. In truth, the Open Skies proposal would have benefited the U.S. much more so than the Soviets – the Russians already knew the location of most American strategic defense facilities, it was the Americans who stood to gain new information.
401:
1897:
387:
636:(DTRA). Until entry into force in January 2002, DTRA support for the treaty involved participating in training and joint trial flights (JTFs). The U.S. has conducted over 70 JTFs since 1993. By March 2003, DTRA had successfully certified 16 camera configurations on the OC-135B aircraft. They also had contributed to the certification of the Bulgarian An-30, Hungarian
508:
for a day/night all weather capability. Photographic image quality will permit recognition of major military equipment (e.g., permit a member state to distinguish between a tank and a truck), thus allowing significant transparency of military forces and activities. Sensor categories may be added and
643:
With entry into force of the treaty, formal observation flights began in August 2002. During the first treaty year, state parties conducted 67 observation flights. In 2004, state parties conducted 74 missions, and planned 110 missions for 2005. On 8 and 9 March 2007, Russia conducted overflights of
444:
aircraft equipped with a "SAMSON" sensor pod to conduct flights over other treaty nations. The pod is a converted CC-130 fuel tank modified to carry the permitted sensors, along with associated on-board mission systems. A consortium of nations consisting of
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada,
120:
is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. It entered into force on 1 January 2002, and currently has 34 party states. The idea of allowing
1118:
The two sides would not meet face-to-face until the Geneva summit of 1955. At the summit, Eisenhower asserted, "I came to Geneva because I believe mankind longs for freedom from war and the rumors of war. I came here because my lasting faith in the decent instincts and good sense of the people who
172:
On 22 November 2020, the United States withdrew from the treaty, and on 15 January 2021, Russia also announced its intention to leave, citing the U.S. withdrawal and the inability of member nations to guarantee that information gathered would not be shared with the U.S. Russia formally withdrew in
713:'s official Twitter account—announced that the six-month period was over and the U.S. was no longer a party to the Treaty. The U.S. said it would share some of its intelligence and reconnaissance information with European allies to make up for any loss of critical information from the withdrawal.
1641:
The
Senators questioned the legitimacy of the Administration's May 22 letter declaring the President's intent to withdraw from the treaty, saying it was a violation of the provision in the law mandating the Administration give 120 days of advanced notification to Congress prior to beginning the
1388:
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said years of what he called violations by Russia had undermined the treaty. Russia "weaponized the Treaty by making it into a tool of intimidation and threat," he said. He cited Moscow's refusal of access to breakaway regions that it controls in the former Soviet
647:
Since 2002, a total of 40 missions have taken place over the U.K. There were 24 quota missions conducted by: Russia – 20; Ukraine – three; and Sweden – one. There were 16 training flights conducted by: Benelux (joint with
Estonia); Estonia (joint with Benelux); Georgia – three (one joint with
517:
Each state party is obligated to receive observation flights per its passive quota allocation. Each state party may conduct as many observation flights – its active quota – as its passive quota. During the first three years after entry into force, each state was
121:
countries to openly surveil each other is thought to prevent misunderstandings (e.g., to assure a potential opponent that one's country is not about to go to war) and limit the escalation of tensions. It also provides mutual accountability for countries to follow through on treaty promises.
651:
A Russian
Defence Ministry spokesman stated on 4 February 2016 that Turkey had refused a Russian Open Skies mission, planned to take place on 1–5 February 2016, to fly over areas adjacent to Syria, as well as over NATO airbases. According to Russia, Turkey gave no explanation regarding the
526:
Imagery collected from Open Skies missions is available to any state party upon request for the cost of reproduction. As a result, the data available to each state party is much greater than that which it can collect itself under the treaty quota system.
378:, islands, and internal and territorial waters. The treaty specifies that the entire territory of a member state is open to observation. Observation flights may only be restricted for reasons of flight safety and not for reasons of national security.
1458:
721:
In
January 2021, Russia announced that it would follow the United States in withdrawing from the Treaty on Open Skies. The Biden administration informed Moscow in May 2021 that it would not re-enter the pact; on 7 June 2021 Russian President
340:
decision by the Open Skies
Consultative Commission (OSCC). Eight countries have joined into the treaty since it entered into force in 2002: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, and Sweden.
1710:"Today, pursuant to earlier notice provided, the United States withdrawal from the Treaty on Open Skies is now effective. America is more secure because of it, as Russia remains in non-compliance with its obligations"
697:
had agreed to proceed with U.S. withdrawal from the Treaty on Open Skies. On 21 May 2020, President Trump announced that the United States would be withdrawing from the treaty due to alleged
Russian violations.
425:
Observation aircraft may be provided by either the observing party or by the observed party (the "taxi option"), at the latter's choice. All Open Skies aircraft and sensors must pass specific certification and
1771:"(2/2) @POTUS has never ceased to put America first by withdrawing us from outdated treaties and agreements that have benefited our adversaries at the expense of our national security." –NSA Robert C. O'Brien"
1900:
701:
On 22 May 2020, the United States submitted notice of withdrawal from the Treaty on Open Skies. Senate Democrats questioned the legality, wisdom, and appropriateness of the planned withdrawal so close to the
1744:"(1/2) "Today marks six months since the United States submitted our notice of withdrawal from the Treaty on Open Skies. We are now no longer a party to this treaty that Russia flagrantly violated for years"
1465:
2306:
2301:
1624:
667:
cited for example Russia's access refusal in the Russian-controlled areas of Georgia. On 20 September 2019, the U.S. and Canada were denied access to a military exercise in central Russia.
509:
capabilities improved by agreement among member states. All sensors used in Open Skies must be commercially available to all signatories. Imagery resolution is limited to 30 centimetres.
640:, SAMSON POD Group (see above) C-130H, Romanian An-30, Russian An-30, and Ukrainian An-30. The United States successfully flew its first Open Skies mission over Russia in December 2002.
2251:
628:
In November 1992, President Bush assigned responsibility for overall training, management, leadership, coordination, and support for U.S. Open Skies observation missions to the
445:
France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain own and operate this system. The costs of maintaining the SAMSON Pod are shared, based on each nation's flight quota and actual use.
2041:
1827:
1229:"Briefing of the Russian Defence Ministry spokesman concerning activities of Rus aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation"
570:
142:; however, the Soviets promptly rejected the concept and it lay dormant for several years. The treaty was eventually signed as an initiative of U.S. president (and former
329:
of the treaty in recognition of their special contributions to the Open Skies process. Depositary countries maintain treaty documents and provide administrative support.
1269:
1214:
1200:
994:
2311:
652:
limitations, and claimed them to indicate illegal military activity in Syrian territory. The OSCC has not commented on the alleged violation of the Treaty by Turkey.
2256:
1321:
2221:
1370:
687:, were against the move, fearing it would license Russia to reduce further or ban overflights, thus reducing their knowledge of Russian military movements.
504:
Open Skies aircraft may have video, optical panoramic, and framing cameras for daylight photography, infrared line scanners for a day/night capability, and
1913:
358:
336:(U.S.S.R.) that have not already become state parties to the treaty may join it at any time. Applications from other interested countries are subject to a
2236:
1402:
2296:
2266:
1347:
1178:
1860:
1228:
2261:
2226:
353:
is the implementing body for the Treaty on Open Skies. It comprises representatives from each state party to the treaty and meets monthly at the
2281:
1939:
740:
452:
for their flights. The Czech Republic also used to use the An-30 for this purpose but apparently retired all of theirs from service in 2003.
2036:
565:
overflights of each other's territory to reassure each country that the other was not preparing to attack.The fears and suspicions of the
2056:
709:
On 22 November 2020, United States official sources—including U.S. Department of State websites, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and the
644:
Canada under the Treaty. The OSCC continues to address modalities for conducting observation missions and other implementation issues.
1953:
1655:
828:
2291:
1971:
703:
1935:
1516:
1157:
2271:
2231:
2206:
2076:
1766:
1739:
1551:
710:
663:
Both Russia and the United States have alleged that the other is violating the provisions of the treaty. U.S. Secretary of State
1174:
485:
aircraft, registration XS596. Since then the U.K. has used a variety of aircraft including a Saab 340, an An-30, and an OC-135.
2276:
2241:
2211:
2101:
975:
Alejandro Micco, Tomás Serebrisky (2006). "Competition regimes and air transport costs: The effects of open skies agreements".
676:
854:
2246:
1432:
1296:
2286:
2146:
1959:
1929:
1099:
591:
countries. In February 1990, an international Open Skies conference involving all NATO and Warsaw Pact countries opened in
1027:
2216:
2031:
1981:
691:
584:
471:
with the registrations RA-64519 and RA-64525. This aircraft's new sensor suite, though, is being challenged by the US.
1420:
Russia prevented the U.S. and Canada from carrying out a flight near a military exercise in central Russia on Sept. 20
1131:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Austrian State Treaty; Summit and Foreign Ministers Meetings, 1955,
812:
1009:
611:
146:
47:
2141:
1947:
1161:
633:
113:
2136:
547:
464:
136:
1965:
2181:
2176:
2161:
2061:
1943:
1152:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a United States Government publication in the
801:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a United States Government publication in the
2201:
2166:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2071:
2051:
2046:
2011:
1491:
1254:
1232:
2196:
2191:
2171:
2156:
2151:
2131:
2111:
2096:
2066:
540:
143:
26:
1625:"Leading Senate Democrats Question Legality of Trump Administration's Withdrawal from Open Skies Treaty"
2186:
2126:
2021:
2016:
374:
The Open Skies regulations covers the territory over which the parties exercise sovereignty, including
617:
and foreign ministers from 23 other countries. The treaty entered into force on 2 January 2002, after
2006:
1996:
629:
411:
394:
337:
1801:
1134:
2001:
1322:"Russia wants to fly surveillance planes over US with advanced cameras, congressional staffer says"
766:
505:
1828:"Russia plans withdrawal from Open Skies treaty allowing surveillance flights after U.S. pullout"
1407:
1375:
482:
391:
683:
was considering withdrawing from the Open Skies Treaty. NATO allies and partners, in particular
815:
190:
1083:
The Treaty on Open Skies and its practical applications and implications for the United States
332:
The Open Skies treaty is one of unlimited duration, and is open to accession by other states.
2026:
1270:"Russia's 'ahead of us' on technology used in Open Skies observation flights, StratCom warns"
807:
427:
109:
928:
1774:
1747:
1713:
885:
550:
536:
139:
132:
8:
1104:
735:
22:
468:
1053:
434:
333:
1543:
1977:
1868:
1835:
1709:
1573:
580:
573:
419:
230:
150:
1598:
762:
655:
By 2016, Russian aircraft had been using equipment upgraded over initial equipment.
1547:
903:
881:
579:
Thirty-four years later, the Open Skies concept was reintroduced by U.S. President
543:
489:
128:
1631:(Press release). United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 22 June 2020
1371:"U.S. Moving to Leave 'Open Skies' Treaty Designed to Reduce Conflict With Russia"
1770:
1743:
456:
1802:"US formally withdraws from Open Skies Treaty that bolstered European security"
723:
441:
415:
310:
206:
125:
1919:
1680:
467:. Russia is phasing out both An-30 and Tu-154M-ON and replacing them with two
1990:
1872:
1839:
1153:
802:
637:
554:
449:
829:"United States formally withdraws from Open Skies treaty – US & Canada"
680:
562:
558:
726:
signed a law that formalized Russia's exit from the Treaty on Open Skies.
1901:
Norway and Denmark conducting observation flights over Belarus and Russia
1705:
664:
614:
588:
493:
266:
158:
694:
690:
In April 2020, it was reported that Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and
326:
314:
262:
675:
In October 2019, it was reported that according to documents from the
1962:
Video and documents about President Eisenhower's open skies proposal.
1861:"Putin signs law taking Russia out of Open Skies arms control treaty"
1517:"Trump administration determined to exit treaty reducing risk of war"
1433:"Unfriendly Skies: Trump Wants to Scrap Valuable Intelligence Treaty"
258:
214:
124:
The concept of "mutual aerial observation" was initially proposed to
16:
Promoting openness and transparency of military forces and activities
1924:
430:
procedures to ensure that they are compliant with treaty standards.
1904:
604:
596:
576:
to reject Eisenhower's proposal, known as the Open Skies proposal.
566:
475:
400:
375:
290:
286:
278:
194:
162:
1954:
U.S. Starts Air Inspections Over Russian, Belarus Military Objects
882:"Russia has officially withdrawn from the Open Skies Treaty. 314/"
610:
On 24 March 1992, the Open Skies Treaty was signed in Helsinki by
2307:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2302:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1786:
1759:
1725:
1656:"Trump administration pulls out of Open Skies Treaty with Russia"
974:
889:
684:
622:
460:
322:
306:
282:
246:
242:
234:
222:
218:
210:
202:
186:
182:
166:
1909:
1896:
618:
600:
592:
463:
formerly used this type as well until the aircraft was lost in
354:
318:
302:
298:
274:
270:
254:
238:
226:
198:
117:
1400:
1348:"U.S., Russia Trade Charges Over Open Skies Treaty Compliance"
904:"The Open Skies Treaty at a Glance | Arms Control Association"
1368:
404:
386:
294:
250:
1544:"US says it's pulling out of Open Skies surveillance treaty"
1028:"Washington Debates Role of Satellites in Open Skies Treaty"
1403:"Trump Moves Closer to Ending Another Post-Cold War Treaty"
953:
154:
1599:"Open Skies Treaty: US to withdraw from arms control deal"
1765:
1738:
1297:"New Russian Surveillance Jets Able to 'See Underground'"
595:, Canada. Subsequent rounds of negotiations were held in
855:"Russia follows US in withdrawal from Open Skies Treaty"
583:
as a means to build confidence and security between all
2252:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
433:
The official certified U.S. Open Skies aircraft is the
98:
English, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish
344:
2042:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1914:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1401:
Michael R. Gordon; Vivian Salama (27 October 2019).
359:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1910:
Photogallery of flights under the Open Skies Treaty
1158:
On-Site Inspection Operations: Treaty on Open Skies
1960:Open Skies for Peace in the Age of Nuclear Weapons
181:The 32 state parties to the Open Skies Treaty are
2312:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
818:on 23 March 2012, last accessed on 11 April 2012.
1988:
1968:Article in the Cincinnati Post on 1 October 2006
1133:edited by William Z. Slany Washington DC 1988
741:Treaty on Open Skies between Hungary and Romania
521:
481:Until 2008, the U.K. designated aircraft was an
478:aircraft ("OS-100") that was certified in 2004.
21:For the commercial "open skies" agreements, see
2257:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
1369:Michael R. Gordon; James Marson (21 May 2020).
1175:"Russian military to inspect Canada from above"
448:Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine use the
317:signed the treaty but has not yet ratified it.
1642:withdrawal process from the Open Skies Treaty.
1328:. New York. Associated Press. 22 February 2016
821:
2222:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1972:Eisenhower's Open Skies to Reach 500th Flight
1920:YouTube historical video on Open Skies Treaty
1094:
1092:
1010:"Flugbereitschaft erhält zusätzlichen Airbus"
1492:"Storm Clouds Gather over Open Skies Treaty"
1653:
1012:[Open Skies Adds Airbus Aircraft].
757:
755:
658:
153:in 1989. Negotiated by the then-members of
2237:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1654:Mastrangelo, Dominick (22 November 2020).
1089:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
2297:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
2267:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
1541:
752:
704:2020 United States presidential election
410:
399:
385:
2262:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
1976:Century by Tony D. Holmes, Major, USAF
1825:
1294:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1007:
879:
780:
2227:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1989:
1799:
1704:
1267:
670:
716:
2282:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
1944:Open Skies Media Processing Facility
1489:
1139:
1080:
956:. Open Skies Consultative Commission
334:Republics of the former Soviet Union
2037:Treaties entered into force in 2002
625:completed ratification procedures.
496:as its future Open Skies aircraft.
13:
2057:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1181:from the original on 10 March 2007
977:Journal of International Economics
585:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
351:Open Skies Consultative Commission
345:Open Skies Consultative Commission
14:
2323:
1889:
1800:Browne, Ryan (22 November 2020).
1685:United States Department of State
1578:United States Department of State
813:United States Department of State
108:establishes a program of unarmed
90:Governments of Canada and Hungary
1895:
1554:from the original on 21 May 2020
1276:. Omaha, Nebraska, United States
1164:, last accessed on 19 July 2009.
2292:Treaties extended to Montserrat
1948:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
1853:
1819:
1793:
1732:
1698:
1673:
1647:
1617:
1591:
1566:
1535:
1509:
1483:
1451:
1425:
1394:
1362:
1340:
1314:
1295:Sharkov, Damien (8 June 2015).
1288:
1268:Liewer, Steve (27 March 2016).
1261:
1247:
1221:
1207:
1193:
1167:
1162:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1124:
1074:
1046:
1020:
1001:
987:
634:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2272:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
2232:Treaties extended to Greenland
2207:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2077:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1490:King, Iain (27 October 2019).
1350:. AINOnline. 27 September 2017
1008:Wiegold, T. (5 January 2017).
968:
946:
921:
896:
873:
847:
161:, the agreement was signed in
1:
2277:Treaties extended to Guernsey
2242:Treaties extended to Anguilla
2212:Treaties of the United States
2102:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1574:"On the Treaty on Open Skies"
1542:Riechman, Deb (21 May 2020).
1108:. WGBH Educational Foundation
880:@RALee85 (18 December 2021).
746:
677:U.S. House of Representatives
522:Data sharing and availability
176:
46:24 March 1992 (also start of
2247:Treaties extended to Bermuda
808:Open Skies Treaty Fact Sheet
369:
7:
2287:Treaties extended to Jersey
2147:Treaties of the Netherlands
1930:Open Skies Treaty Factsheet
729:
381:
144:Central Intelligence Agency
110:aerial surveillance flights
27:Open skies (disambiguation)
10:
2328:
2217:Treaties extended to Aruba
2032:Treaties concluded in 1990
1956:" MosNews.com 15 June 2005
1767:National Security Council
1740:National Security Council
1459:"Letter to Robert O'Brien"
1160:page at the United States
632:(OSIA), now a part of the
530:
499:
364:
20:
1966:Open Skies to Build Trust
1255:"News and press releases"
929:"View Treaty - Canada.ca"
711:National Security Council
630:On-Site Inspection Agency
512:
395:Boeing OC-135B Open Skies
116:of its participants. The
94:
86:
78:
70:
62:
54:
42:
37:
767:U.S. Department of State
659:Challenges to the treaty
571:Soviet General Secretary
506:synthetic aperture radar
1826:Khurshudyan, Isabelle.
1408:The Wall Street Journal
1376:The Wall Street Journal
1201:"Military Intelligence"
933:www.treaty-accord.gc.ca
612:U.S. Secretary of State
48:provisional application
2142:Treaties of Luxembourg
1681:"Treaty on Open Skies"
1629:www.foreign.senate.gov
1081:Gabriele, Mark David.
1054:"Treaty on open skies"
954:"Treaty on Open Skies"
816:Bureau of Arms Control
422:
408:
397:
191:Bosnia and Herzegovina
25:. For other uses, see
2137:Treaties of Lithuania
459:monitoring aircraft.
428:pre-flight inspection
414:
403:
389:
2182:Treaties of Slovenia
2177:Treaties of Slovakia
2162:Treaties of Portugal
2062:Treaties of Bulgaria
1769:(22 November 2020).
1742:(22 November 2020).
1708:(22 November 2020).
692:Secretary of Defense
357:headquarters of the
169:, on 24 March 1992.
140:Dwight D. Eisenhower
106:Treaty on Open Skies
38:Treaty on Open Skies
2202:Treaties of Ukraine
2167:Treaties of Romania
2122:Treaties of Iceland
2117:Treaties of Hungary
2107:Treaties of Germany
2092:Treaties of Finland
2087:Treaties of Estonia
2082:Treaties of Denmark
2072:Treaties of Croatia
2052:Treaties of Belgium
2047:Treaties of Belarus
2012:Aviation agreements
1389:republic of Georgia
1105:American Experience
908:www.armscontrol.org
763:"Open Skies Treaty"
736:Freedoms of the air
671:American withdrawal
455:Russia also uses a
407:monitoring aircraft
34:
23:Freedoms of the air
2197:Treaties of Turkey
2192:Treaties of Sweden
2172:Treaties of Russia
2157:Treaties of Poland
2152:Treaties of Norway
2132:Treaties of Latvia
2112:Treaties of Greece
2097:Treaties of France
2067:Treaties of Canada
1936:Treaty Information
1925:Text of the treaty
1471:on 12 October 2019
1274:Omaha World-Herald
1032:Air Force Magazine
835:. 22 November 2020
717:Russian withdrawal
553:proposed that the
435:OC-135B Open Skies
423:
409:
398:
32:
2187:Treaties of Spain
2127:Treaties of Italy
2022:Cold War treaties
2017:Military treaties
1439:. 15 October 2019
1235:on 9 October 2016
1100:"Foreign Affairs"
1034:. 9 December 2019
861:. 15 January 2021
811:published by the
581:George H. W. Bush
574:Nikita Khrushchev
537:Geneva Conference
420:Russian Air Force
151:George H. W. Bush
133:Geneva Conference
102:
101:
33:Open Skies Treaty
2319:
2007:2002 in aviation
1997:1990 in aviation
1899:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1702:
1696:
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1677:
1671:
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1668:
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1645:
1644:
1638:
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1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1548:Associated Press
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1464:. Archived from
1463:
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1437:The Bulwark
1038:10 December
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665:Mike Pompeo
615:James Baker
607:, Finland.
599:, Hungary;
589:Warsaw Pact
587:(NATO) and
494:Airbus A319
267:Netherlands
213:(including
159:Warsaw Pact
135:of 1955 by
1991:Categories
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1811:4 December
1475:17 October
1443:17 October
1239:7 February
865:19 January
833:Al Jazeera
747:References
695:Mark Esper
551:Eisenhower
457:Tu-154M-ON
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315:Kyrgyzstan
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546:in 1955,
370:Territory
338:consensus
259:Lithuania
215:Greenland
114:territory
95:Languages
79:Ratifiers
71:Condition
63:Effective
1905:Wikinews
1603:BBC News
1552:Archived
1527:10 April
1332:18 April
1326:Fox News
1306:18 April
1280:18 April
1179:Archived
1136:Volume V
1066:24 March
730:See also
605:Helsinki
597:Budapest
567:Cold War
561:conduct
476:Saab 340
469:Tu-214ON
382:Aircraft
376:mainland
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291:Slovenia
287:Slovakia
279:Portugal
195:Bulgaria
163:Helsinki
157:and the
147:Director
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1865:Reuters
1787:Twitter
1760:Twitter
1726:Twitter
1660:TheHill
1185:8 March
1112:28 July
913:6 March
890:Twitter
859:AP NEWS
685:Ukraine
623:Belarus
531:History
500:Sensors
461:Germany
365:Summary
323:Hungary
307:Ukraine
283:Romania
247:Iceland
243:Hungary
235:Germany
231:Georgia
223:Finland
219:Estonia
211:Denmark
203:Croatia
187:Belgium
183:Belarus
167:Finland
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619:Russia
601:Vienna
593:Ottawa
513:Quotas
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319:Canada
303:Turkey
299:Sweden
275:Poland
271:Norway
265:, the
255:Latvia
239:Greece
227:France
205:, the
199:Canada
118:treaty
43:Signed
1775:Tweet
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1469:(PDF)
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638:An-26
535:At a
405:An-30
295:Spain
251:Italy
1978:ISBN
1880:2021
1869:ISSN
1847:2021
1836:ISSN
1813:2022
1783:2020
1756:2020
1722:2020
1692:2020
1667:2020
1637:2020
1611:2020
1585:2020
1560:2020
1529:2019
1503:2019
1496:CSIS
1477:2019
1445:2019
1416:2020
1384:2020
1356:2018
1334:2017
1308:2017
1282:2017
1241:2016
1187:2007
1114:2013
1068:2023
1061:OSCE
1040:2019
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940:2023
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867:2021
841:2020
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